201
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Pesci L, Baydar M, Glueck S, Faber K, Liese A, Kara S. Development and Scaling-Up of the Fragrance Compound 4-Ethylguaiacol Synthesis via a Two-Step Chemo-Enzymatic Reaction Sequence. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pesci
- Institute
of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maik Baydar
- Institute
of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Glueck
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute
of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Institute
of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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202
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Lee N, Yu ML, Jun H, Ko SY. Extending the Synthetic Utilities of the Tandem Cyclic Sulfate Rearrangement-Opening Process: Synthesis of β-Hydroxy-γ-phenyl-γ-lactam. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagum Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Min Lee Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Hyeyeon Jun
- Department of Chemistry; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Soo Y. Ko
- Department of Chemistry; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
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203
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Bruneau C, Gramage-Doria R. One-Pot Directing Group Formation/C−H Bond FunctionalizationviaCopper(I) and Ruthenium(II) Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bruneau
- Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis Laboratory; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, CNRS; Université de Rennes 1; Avenue du Général Leclerc 263 35042 Rennes France
| | - Rafael Gramage-Doria
- Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis Laboratory; Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, CNRS; Université de Rennes 1; Avenue du Général Leclerc 263 35042 Rennes France
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204
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Giorgi PD, Miedziak PJ, Edwards JK, Hutchings GJ, Antoniotti S. Bicatalytic Multistep Reactions En Route to the One-Pot Total Synthesis of Complex Molecules: Easy Access to Chromene and 1,2-Dihydroquinoline Derivatives from Simple Substrates. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal D. Giorgi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Parc Valrose; 06108 Nice cedex 2 France
| | - Peter J. Miedziak
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Jennifer K. Edwards
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Graham J. Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Sylvain Antoniotti
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Parc Valrose; 06108 Nice cedex 2 France
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205
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Copper(II)-Substituted Polyoxotungstates Immobilized on Amine-Functionalized SBA-15: Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Liquid Phase Oxidative Reaction. Catal Letters 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-016-1874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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206
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Abstract
Abstract
Green chemistry can advance both the health of the environment and the primary objectives of the chemical enterprise: to understand the behavior of chemical substances and to use that knowledge to make useful substances. We expect chemical research and manufacturing to be done in a manner that preserves the health and safety of workers; green chemistry extends that expectation to encompass the health and safety of the planet. While green chemistry may currently be treated as an independent branch of research, it should, like safety, eventually become integral to all chemistry activities. While enormous progress has been made in shifting from “brown” to green chemistry, much more effort is needed to effect a sustainable economy. Implementation of new, greener paradigms in chemistry is slow because of lack of knowledge, ends-justify-the-means thinking, systems inertia, and lack of financial or policy incentives.
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207
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Romashov LV, Ananikov VP. Synthesis of HIV-1 capsid protein assembly inhibitor (CAP-1) and its analogues based on a biomass approach. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10593-10598. [PMID: 27714265 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01731b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A biomass-derived platform chemical was utilized to access a demanded pharmaceutical substance with anti-HIV activity (HIV, human immunodeficiency virus) and a variety of structural analogues. Step economy in the synthesis of the drug core (single stage from cellulose) is studied including flexible variability of four structural units. The first synthesis and X-ray structure of the inhibitor of HIV-1 capsid protein assembly (CAP-1) is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Romashov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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208
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Hugentobler KG, Sharif H, Rasparini M, Heath RS, Turner NJ. Biocatalytic approaches to a key building block for the anti-thrombotic agent ticagrelor. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8064-7. [PMID: 27470519 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01382a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
three complementary biocatalytic routes were examined for the synthesis of the cyclopropyl amine (1R,2S)-2, which is a key building block for the anti-thrombotic agent ticagrelor 1. By employing either a ketoreductase, amidase or lipase biocatalyst, the key building blocks for synthesis of the amine 2 were obtained in 99.9, 92.5 and 46.3 ee, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina G Hugentobler
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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209
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Winnacker M, Rieger B. Biobased Polyamides: Recent Advances in Basic and Applied Research. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1391-413. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Winnacker
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85474 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85474 Garching bei München Germany
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210
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Roudier M, Constantieux T, Quintard A, Rodriguez J. Triple Iron/Copper/Iminium Activation for the Efficient Redox Neutral Catalytic Enantioselective Functionalization of Allylic Alcohols. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Roudier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | | | - Adrien Quintard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
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211
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212
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Reetz MT. What are the Limitations of Enzymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry? CHEM REC 2016; 16:2449-2459. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T. Reetz
- Fachbereich Chemie (15) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein Straße; 35032 Marburg Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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213
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Strappaveccia G, Angelini T, Bianchi L, Santoro S, Piermatti O, Lanari D, Vaccaro L. Synthesis of β-Cyano Ketones Promoted by a Heterogeneous Fluoride Catalyst. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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214
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Deng S, Ma X, Sun M, Wei D, Su E. Efficient enzymatic synthesis of ampicillin using mutant Penicillin G acylase with bio-based solvent glycerol. CATAL COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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215
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Sutradhar M, Alegria ECBA, Guedes da Silva MFC, Martins LMDRS, Pombeiro AJL. Aroylhydrazone Cu(II) Complexes in keto Form: Structural Characterization and Catalytic Activity towards Cyclohexane Oxidation. Molecules 2016; 21:425. [PMID: 27043506 PMCID: PMC6274421 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of the Schiff base (3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide (H3L) with a copper(II) salt of a base of a strong acid, i.e., nitrate, chloride or sulphate, yielded the mononuclear complexes [Cu(H2L)(NO3)(H2O)] (1), [Cu(H2L)Cl]·2MeOH (2) and the binuclear complex [{Cu(H2L)}2(µ-SO4)]·2MeOH (3), respectively, with H2L(-) in the keto form. Compounds 1-3 were characterized by elemental analysis, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) and single crystal X-ray crystallography. All compounds act as efficient catalysts towards the peroxidative oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexyl hydroperoxide, cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, under mild conditions. In the presence of an acid promoter, overall yields (based on the alkane) up to 25% and a turnover number (TON) of 250 (TOF of 42 h(-1)) after 6 h, were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Sutradhar
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Elisabete C B A Alegria
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia da Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - M Fátima C Guedes da Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Luísa M D R S Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior de Engenharia da Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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216
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Winnacker M, Neumeier M, Zhang X, Papadakis CM, Rieger B. Sustainable Chiral Polyamides with High Melting Temperature via Enhanced Anionic Polymerization of a Menthone-Derived Lactam. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:851-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Winnacker
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching bei München
| | - Michael Neumeier
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching bei München
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Physics; Soft Matter Physics Group; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 1 85747 Garching bei München
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Department of Physics; Soft Matter Physics Group; Technische Universität München; James-Franck-Str. 1 85747 Garching bei München
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching bei München
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217
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Morozov OS, Gribanov PS, Asachenko AF, Dorovatovskii PV, Khrustalev VN, Rybakov VB, Nechaev MS. Hydrohydrazination of Arylalkynes Catalyzed by an Expanded Ring N-Heterocyclic Carbene (er-NHC) Gold Complex Under Solvent-Free Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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218
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Kobayashi S. Flow "Fine" Synthesis: High Yielding and Selective Organic Synthesis by Flow Methods. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:425-36. [PMID: 26337828 PMCID: PMC4770433 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The concept of flow "fine" synthesis, that is, high yielding and selective organic synthesis by flow methods, is described. Some examples of flow "fine" synthesis of natural products and APIs are discussed. Flow methods have several advantages over batch methods in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety. However, synthesis by flow methods is more difficult than synthesis by batch methods. Indeed, it has been considered that synthesis by flow methods can be applicable for the production of simple gasses but that it is difficult to apply to the synthesis of complex molecules such as natural products and APIs. Therefore, organic synthesis of such complex molecules has been conducted by batch methods. On the other hand, syntheses and reactions that attain high yields and high selectivities by flow methods are increasingly reported. Flow methods are leading candidates for the next generation of manufacturing methods that can mitigate environmental concerns toward sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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219
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A Mini Review on New Emerging Trends for the Synthesis of Adipic Acid from Metal-Nano Heterogeneous Catalysts. Catal Letters 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-015-1682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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220
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Deng S, Ma X, Su E, Wei D. Efficient cascade synthesis of ampicillin from penicillin G potassium salt using wild and mutant penicillin G acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis. J Biotechnol 2016; 219:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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221
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Dam B, Pal AK, Gupta A. Nano-Fe3O4@silica sulfuric acid as a reusable and magnetically separable potent solid acid catalyst in Biginelli-type reaction for the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of fused dihydropyrimidine derivatives: A greener NOSE and SFRC approach. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1135955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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222
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Doherty S, Knight JG, Carroll MA, Clemmet AR, Ellison JR, Backhouse T, Holmes N, Thompson LA, Bourne RA. Efficient and selective oxidation of sulfides in batch and continuous flow using styrene-based polymer immobilised ionic liquid phase supported peroxotungstates. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11157b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Good conversion and high selectivity for sulfoxidation have been achieved under segmented and continuous flow using a polystyrene-based polymer immobilised ionic liquid phase (PIILP) peroxotungstate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Doherty
- NUCAT
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - J. G. Knight
- NUCAT
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - M. A. Carroll
- NUCAT
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - A. R. Clemmet
- NUCAT
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - J. R. Ellison
- NUCAT
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - T. Backhouse
- NUCAT
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - N. Holmes
- Institute of Process Research & Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
| | - L. A. Thompson
- Institute of Process Research & Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
| | - R. A. Bourne
- Institute of Process Research & Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
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223
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Vierucci S, Muzzioli S, Righi P, Borzatta V, Gorni G, Zama I. A greener procedure for the synthesis of [Bu4N]2-cis-[Ru(4-carboxy-4′-carboxylate-2,2′-bipyridine)2(NCS)2] (N719), a benchmark dye for DSSC applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A previously reported protocol for the synthesis of the commercial dye N719 was thoroughly optimized in terms of the amount of input materials needed, reaction times and temperatures achieving significant reductions in all the three synthetic steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Vierucci
- Daunia Solar Cell s.r.l
- v. Brigata Ebraica
- 50 – 48123 Mezzano (RA)
- Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM)
| | - S. Muzzioli
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM)
- Bologna Research Unit at Dept of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- Subunit 2 “Energy and Environment”
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - P. Righi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM)
- Bologna Research Unit at Dept of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”
- Subunit 2 “Energy and Environment”
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - V. Borzatta
- Daunia Solar Cell s.r.l
- v. Brigata Ebraica
- 50 – 48123 Mezzano (RA)
- Italy
| | - G. Gorni
- Daunia Solar Cell s.r.l
- v. Brigata Ebraica
- 50 – 48123 Mezzano (RA)
- Italy
| | - I. Zama
- Daunia Solar Cell s.r.l
- v. Brigata Ebraica
- 50 – 48123 Mezzano (RA)
- Italy
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224
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Mahdavi M, Lijan H, Bahadorikhalili S, Ma’mani L, Rashidi Ranjbar P, Shafiee A. Copper supported β-cyclodextrin grafted magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient recyclable catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoldibenzodiazepinone derivatives via click reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu immobilized into β-cyclodextrin covalently attached to magnetic nanoparticles (denoted as [Cu@β-CD@SPIONs]) is reported as an efficient and recoverable catalyst for “click” and multicomponent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdavi
- Drug design and development research center
- Tehran University of Medical Science
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Hosein Lijan
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Leila Ma’mani
- Department of Nanotechnology
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII)
- Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)
- Karaj
- Iran
| | | | - Abbas Shafiee
- Department of Medical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Research Center
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
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225
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Martins NMR, Mahmudov KT, Guedes da Silva MFC, Martins LMDRS, Pombeiro AJL. Copper(ii) and iron(iii) complexes with arylhydrazone of ethyl 2-cyanoacetate or formazan ligands as catalysts for oxidation of alcohols. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cooperative coordination and ionic interactions assisted E/Z isomerization of arylhydrazone ligands lead to a variety of CuII complexes, which effectively catalyse the homogeneous oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. R. Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Av. Rovisco Pais
- 1049-001 Lisbon
| | - Kamran T. Mahmudov
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Av. Rovisco Pais
- 1049-001 Lisbon
| | | | - Luísa M. D. R. S. Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Av. Rovisco Pais
- 1049-001 Lisbon
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Av. Rovisco Pais
- 1049-001 Lisbon
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226
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Herbst A, Janiak C. Selective glucose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) instead of levulinic acid with MIL-101Cr MOF-derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01399f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MOFs are also making progress in catalytic biomass transformation, here in the 5-HMF production with increased yield from glucose in low boiling solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Herbst
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie
- Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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227
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Hu C, Shaughnessy KH, Hartman RL. Influence of water on the deprotonation and the ionic mechanisms of a Heck alkynylation and its resultant E-factors. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5re00034c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water influences the catalysis of Heck alkynylation. The hydrophilic ligand concentration also influences the E-factor, and it can induce mass transport limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
| | | | - Ryan L. Hartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
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228
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Yang X, Mueanngern Y, Baker QA, Baker LR. Crotonaldehyde hydrogenation on platinum–titanium oxide and platinum–cerium oxide catalysts: selective CO bond hydrogen requires platinum sites beyond the oxide–metal interface. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00858e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated a series of Pt–TiO2 and Pt–CeO2 catalysts for crotonaldehyde hydrogenation with the goal of better understanding the kinetics of CO bond hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- The Ohio State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Yutichai Mueanngern
- The Ohio State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Quinn A. Baker
- The Ohio State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Columbus
- USA
| | - L. Robert Baker
- The Ohio State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Columbus
- USA
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229
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Thanh Chau NT, Menuel S, Colombel-Rouen S, Guerrero M, Monflier E, Philippot K, Denicourt-Nowicki A, Roucoux A. Active hydrogenation Rh nanocatalysts protected by new self-assembled supramolecular complexes of cyclodextrins and surfactants in water. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21851b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New supramolecular assemblies as protective agents of rhodium(0) nanoparticles for hydrogenation of various substrates in water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Menuel
- Université d'Artois
- CNRS UMR 8181
- Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin
- F-62307 Lens Cedex
- France
| | - Sophie Colombel-Rouen
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7
- France
| | - Miguel Guerrero
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- F-31077 Toulouse
- France
- Université de Toulouse
| | - Eric Monflier
- Université d'Artois
- CNRS UMR 8181
- Faculté des Sciences Jean Perrin
- F-62307 Lens Cedex
- France
| | - Karine Philippot
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- F-31077 Toulouse
- France
- Université de Toulouse
| | | | - Alain Roucoux
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes
- CNRS UMR 6226
- 35708 Rennes Cedex 7
- France
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230
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Yin JG, Gong Y, Zhang XY, Zheng GW, Xu JH. Green access to chiral Vince lactam in a buffer-free aqueous system using a newly identified substrate-tolerant (−)-γ-lactamase. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00786d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel (−)-γ-lactamase with high catalytic efficiency, strong substrate tolerance and environmental friendliness was identified for green access to chiral Vince lactam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- PR China
| | - Yi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- PR China
| | - Gao-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- PR China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- PR China
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231
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Kumar S, Saleem F, Singh AK. ‘Click’ generated 1,2,3-triazole based organosulfur/selenium ligands and their Pd(ii) and Ru(ii) complexes: their synthesis, structure and catalytic applications. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11445-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01406b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sonogashira and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling were catalyzed with Pd(ii) complexes (0.001–2 mol%), and transfer hydrogenation (in water–glycerol) was catalyzed with Ru(ii) complexes (≤0.4 mol%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Fariha Saleem
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Ajai K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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232
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Giannerini M, Vila C, Hornillos V, Feringa BL. One-pot sequential 1,2-addition, Pd-catalysed cross-coupling of organolithium reagents with Weinreb amides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1206-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient sequential 1,2-addition/cross-coupling of Weinreb amides with two organolithium reagents is reported. This synthetic approach allows access to a wide variety of functionalized ketones in a modular way and in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Giannerini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - C. Vila
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - V. Hornillos
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - B. L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- Groningen
- The Netherlands
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233
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Naghdi M, Taheran M, Brar SK, Verma M, Surampalli RY, Valero JR. Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:2354-76. [PMID: 26734527 PMCID: PMC4685792 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, researchers paid great attention to the concept of "Green Chemistry", which aims at development of efficient methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) in terms of the least possible impact on human life and environment. Generally, several reagents including precursors, reducing agents, stabilizing agents and solvents are used for the production of NPs and in some cases, energy is needed to reach the optimum temperature for reduction. Therefore, to develop a green approach, researchers had the opportunity to investigate eco-friendly reagents and new energy transfer techniques. In order to substitute the harmful reagents with green ones, researchers worked on different types of saccharides, polyols, carboxylic acids, polyoxometalates and extracts of various plants that can play the role of reducers, stabilizers or solvents. Also, there are some reports on using ultraviolet (UV), gamma and microwave irradiation that are capable of reducing and provide uniform heating. According to the literature, it is possible to use green reagents and novel energy transfer techniques for production of NPs. However, these new synthesis routes should be optimized in terms of performance, cost, product quality (shape and size distribution) and scale-up capability. This paper presents a review on most of the employed green reagents and new energy transfer techniques for the production of metallic NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Naghdi
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Mehrdad Taheran
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - M Verma
- CO2 Solutions Inc., 2300, rue Jean-Perrin, Québec, Québec G2C 1T9 Canada
| | - R Y Surampalli
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, N104 SEC PO Box 886105, Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, USA
| | - J R Valero
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
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234
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Martelli T, Ravera E, Louka A, Cerofolini L, Hafner M, Fragai M, Becker CFW, Luchinat C. Atomic-Level Quality Assessment of Enzymes Encapsulated in Bioinspired Silica. Chemistry 2015; 22:425-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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235
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Lu D, Ma C, Yuan S, Zhou L, Zeng Q. Synthesis of Chiral 3-Substituted 1,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1,4-benzo- diazepin-2-onesviaa Domino Copper-Catalyzed SN2/Coupling Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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236
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Abstract
Solvents are widely recognized to be of great environmental concern. The reduction of their use is one of the most important aims of green chemistry. In addition to this, the appropriate selection of solvent for a process can greatly improve the sustainability of a chemical production process. There has also been extensive research into the application of so-called green solvents, such as ionic liquids and supercritical fluids. However, most examples of solvent technologies that give improved sustainability come from the application of well-established solvents. It is also apparent that the successful implementation of environmentally sustainable processes must be accompanied by improvements in commercial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, UK
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237
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Shridevi DD, Ningaiah S, Kuduva NU, Yhya RK, Rai KML. Solvent-Free Green Synthesis of Azines and Their Conversion to 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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238
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Development of a nanostabilized biocatalyst using an extremophilic microorganism for ribavirin biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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239
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García-Álvarez J. Deep Eutectic Mixtures: Promising Sustainable Solvents for Metal-Catalysed and Metal-Mediated Organic Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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240
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Study on catalytic property of NaOH-cationic surfactant solutions for efficient, green and selective synthesis of flavanone. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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241
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Wilkinson S, McManus I, Daly H, Thompson J, Hardacre C, Sedaie Bonab N, ten Dam J, Simmons M, D’Agostino C, McGregor J, Gladden L, Stitt E. A kinetic analysis methodology to elucidate the roles of metal, support and solvent for the hydrogenation of 4-phenyl-2-butanone over Pt/TiO2. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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242
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Oxodiperoxomolybdenum complex immobilized onto ionic liquid modified SBA-15 as an effective catalysis for sulfide oxidation to sulfoxides using hydrogen peroxide. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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243
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Sabio JC, Domier RC, Moore JN, Shaughnessy KH, Hartman RL. Palladium Theory of Aqueous-Phase Heck Alkynylations for Intensification of Discovery and Manufacture. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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244
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Solvent-Free Microwave-Assisted Peroxidative Oxidation of Alcohols Catalyzed by Iron(III)-TEMPO Catalytic Systems. Catal Letters 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-015-1616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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245
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246
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Direct aqueous synthesis of non-protected glycosyl sulfoxides; weak inhibitory activity against glycosidases. Carbohydr Res 2015; 413:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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247
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Winnacker M, Rieger B. Recent progress in sustainable polymers obtained from cyclic terpenes: synthesis, properties, and application potential. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:2455-71. [PMID: 26130456 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization and polymerization of biobased monocyclic terpenes and their derivatives for the synthesis of sustainable polymers is described, especially in view of the synthetic routes and properties of the obtained macromolecular architectures. Comparison of these procedures and the obtained materials with "classical" oil-based approaches, and also with alternative biobased routes, gives interesting insights into the potential of these small terpene building-block structures for modern polymer science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Winnacker
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München (Germany).
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München (Germany)
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248
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Continuous flow reactions in water for the synthesis of propargylamines via a metal-free decarboxylative coupling reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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249
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Ballerini E, Maggi R, Pizzo F, Piermatti O, Gelman D, Vaccaro L. An Efficient and Waste-Minimized One-Pot Procedure for the Preparation of N-Boc-γ-amino Alcohols Starting from α,β-Unsaturated Ketones in Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ballerini
- Laboratory
of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, CEMIN − Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia Via Elce di
Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Raimondo Maggi
- “Clean
Synthetic Methodology Group”, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Pizzo
- Laboratory
of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, CEMIN − Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia Via Elce di
Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Piermatti
- Laboratory
of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, CEMIN − Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia Via Elce di
Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Dmitri Gelman
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory
of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, CEMIN − Dipartimento
di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia Via Elce di
Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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250
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Xiao T, Shirvani T, Inderwildi O, Gonzalez-Cortes S, AlMegren H, King D, Edwards PP. The Catalyst Selectivity Index (CSI): A Framework and Metric to Assess the Impact of Catalyst Efficiency Enhancements upon Energy and CO2 Footprints. Top Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHeterogeneous catalysts are not only a venerable part of our chemical and industrial heritage, but they also occupy a pivotal, central role in the advancement of modern chemistry, chemical processes and chemical technologies. The broad field of catalysis has also emerged as a critical, enabling science and technology in the modern development of “Green Chemistry”, with the avowed aim of achieving green and sustainable processes. Thus a widely utilized metric, the environmental E factor—characterizing the waste-to-product ratio for a chemical industrial process—permits one to assess the potential deleterious environmental impact of an entire chemical process in terms of excessive solvent usage. As the many (and entirely reasonable) societal pressures grow, requiring chemists and chemical engineers not only to develop manufacturing processes using new sources of energy, but also to decrease the energy/carbon footprint of existing chemical processes, these issues become ever more pressing. On that road to a green and more sustainable future for chemistry and energy, we note that, as far as we are aware, little effort has been directed towards a direct evaluation of the quantitative impacts that advances or improvements in a catalyst’s performance or efficiency would have on the overall energy or carbon (CO2) footprint balance and corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of chemical processes and manufacturing technologies. Therefore, this present research was motivated by the premise that the sustainability impact of advances in catalysis science and technology, especially heterogeneous catalysis—the core of large-scale manufacturing processes—must move from a qualitative to a more quantitative form of assessment. This, then, is the exciting challenge of developing a new paradigm for catalysis science which embodies—in a truly quantitative form—its impact on sustainability in chemical, industrial processes. Towards that goal, we present here the concept, definition, design and development of what we term the Catalyst Sensitivity Index (CSI) to provide a measurable index as to how efficiency or performance enhancements of a heterogeneous catalyst will directly impact upon the fossil energy consumption and GHG emissions balance across several prototypical fuel production and conversion technologies, e.g. hydrocarbon fuels synthesized using algae-to-biodiesel, algae-to-jet biofuel, coal-to-liquid and gas-to-liquid processes, together with fuel upgrading processes using fluidized catalytic cracking of heavy oil, hydrocracking of heavy oil and also the production of hydrogen from steam methane reforming. Traditionally, the performance of a catalyst is defined by a combination of its activity or efficiency (its turnover frequency), its selectivity and stability (its turnover number), all of which are direct manifestations of the intrinsic physicochemical properties of the heterogeneous catalyst itself under specific working conditions. We will, of course, retain these definitions of the catalytic process, but now attempt to place discussions about a catalyst’s performance onto a new foundation by investigating the effect of improvements in the catalyst’s efficiency or performance on the resulting total energy and total CO2 footprint for these prototypical fuel production and fuel conversion processes. The CSI should help the academic and industrial chemical communities, not only to highlight the current ‘best practice catalysts’, but also draw specific conclusions as to what energy and CO2 emissions saving one could anticipate with higher efficiency/higher performance from heterogeneous catalysts in a particular fuel synthesis or conversion process or technology. Our aim is to place discussions about advances in the science and technology of catalysis onto a firm foundation in the context of GHG emissions. We believe that thinking about (and attempting to quantify) total energy and CO2 emissions reductions associated with advances in catalysis science from a complete energy life cycle analysis perspective is extremely important. The CSI will help identify processes where the most critical advances in catalyst efficiency are needed in terms of their potential impact in the transition to a more sustainable future for fuel production and conversion technologies.
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