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Cuddihy SL, Ali SS, Musiek ES, Lucero J, Kopp SJ, Morrow JD, Dugan LL. Prolonged α-Tocopherol Deficiency Decreases Oxidative Stress and Unmasks α-Tocopherol-dependent Regulation of Mitochondrial Function in the Brain. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6915-24. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702572200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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202
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Atkinson J, Epand RF, Epand RM. Tocopherols and tocotrienols in membranes: a critical review. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:739-64. [PMID: 18160049 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The familiar role of tocols (tocopherols and tocotrienols) as lipid-soluble chain-terminating inhibitors of lipid peroxidation is currently in the midst of a reinterpretation. New biological activities have been described for tocols that apparently are not dependent on their well-established antioxidant behaviour. These activities could well be real, but there remain large gaps in our understanding of the behaviour of tocols in membranes, especially when it comes to the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-chroman methylation patterns and the seemingly special nature of tocotrienols. It is inappropriate to make conclusions and develop models based on in vivo (or cell culture) results with reference to in vitro measurements of antioxidant activity. When present in biological membranes, tocols will experience a large variation in the local composition of phospholipids and the presence of neutral lipids such as cholesterol, both of which would be expected to change the efficiency of antioxidant action. It is likely that tocols are not homogeneously dispersed in a membrane, but it is still not known whether any specific combination of lipid head group and acyl chains are conferred special protection from peroxidation, nor do we currently appreciate the structural role that tocols play in membranes. Tocols may enhance curvature stress or counteract similar stresses generated by other lipids such as lysolipids. This review will outline what is known about the location and behaviour of tocols in phospholipid bilayers. We will draw mainly from the biophysical literature, but will attempt to extend the discussion to biologically relevant phenomena when appropriate. We hope that it will assist researchers when designing new experiments and when critically assessing the results, in turn providing a more thorough understanding of the biochemistry of tocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
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203
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Siekmeier R, Steffen C, März W. Role of oxidants and antioxidants in atherosclerosis: results of in vitro and in vivo investigations. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2008; 12:265-82. [PMID: 18172221 DOI: 10.1177/1074248407299519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that oxidants are central in the development of atherosclerosis. Consequently, additional studies evaluated the protective effects of various natural and synthetic antioxidants, alone and in combination, with most studies focusing on alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Here, we summarize the role of oxidants in the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis. We also discuss epidemiological studies and others focused on the protective effect of vitamin E against atherosclerosis. Other antioxidants are also considered if they were included in studies involving vitamin E. The protective effect of antioxidants on atherosclerotic pathomechanisms has been confirmed in vitro, but only in some animal studies. Various epidemiological and observational studies have produced conflicting results on the protective effect of antioxidants. Most studies of primary or secondary prevention failed to show a protective effect. These conflicting results are biased by a number of factors, including differences between the study groups. Therefore, we describe these studies in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Siekmeier
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany.
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204
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Measurement of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:511-8. [PMID: 18313403 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the oxidative status and antioxidant defense in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). DESIGN AND METHODS We measured concentrations of plasmatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), serum protein carbonylation, whole blood catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as the plasmatic and erythrocyte thiol levels and serum vitamin E concentration. This study was performed on 80 children with ALL divided into 4 groups: just diagnosed, remission induction, remission maintenance and out-of-treatment. RESULTS TBARS levels and serum protein carbonylation were higher in ALL patients than in controls and reduced levels of antioxidants were found in these patients. CONCLUSION These findings may indicate a possible link between decreased antioxidants and increased levels of cells alterations due to oxidative damage, supporting the idea that there is a persistence of oxidative stress in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Kotyla T, Kuo F, Moolchandani V, Wilson T, Nicolosi R. Increased bioavailability of a transdermal application of a nano-sized emulsion preparation. Int J Pharm 2008; 347:144-8. [PMID: 17706902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the transdermal application of a nano-sized emulsion versus a micron-sized emulsion preparation of delta tocopherol as it relates to particle size and bioavailability. Two separate experiments were performed using seven F1B Syrian Golden hamsters, 1 week apart. Each emulsion preparation consisted of canola oil, polysorbate 80, deionized water and delta tocopherol; the only difference between the two preparations was processing the nano-sized emulsion with the Microfluidizer Processor. Both were formulated into a cream and applied to the shaven dorsal area. The particle size of the micron-sized emulsion preparation was 2788 nm compared to 65 nm for the nano-sized emulsion formulation. Two hours post-application, hamsters that were applied the nano-sized emulsion had a 36-fold significant increase of plasma delta tocopherol, where as hamsters that were applied the micron-sized emulsion only had a 9-fold significant increase, compared to baseline, respectively. At 3h post-application, plasma delta tocopherol had significantly increased 68-fold for hamsters applied the nano-sized emulsion, whereas only an 11-fold significant increase was observed in hamsters applied the micron-sized emulsion, compared to baseline, respectively. Significant differences were also observed between the nano-sized and micron-sized emulsion at 2 and 3h post-application. This study suggests that nano-sized emulsions significantly increase the bioavailability of transdermally applied delta tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kotyla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, Center for Health and Disease Research, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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207
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Lipophilic Microconstituents of Milk. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 606:109-25. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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208
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de Azeredo VB, Trugo NMF. Retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols in the milk of lactating adolescents and relationships with plasma concentrations. Nutrition 2007; 24:133-9. [PMID: 18053685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We determined the concentrations of retinol, carotenoids, and tocopherols in breast milk of adolescents and evaluated their associations with plasma levels and with maternal characteristics (period of lactation, body mass index, age of menarche, and years postmenarche). METHODS This was a single cross-sectional survey of retinol, carotenoid, and tocopherol composition of milk and plasma of lactating adolescent mothers (n = 72; 30-120 d postpartum) attending public daycare clinics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Milk and plasma components were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Nutrient concentrations (micromoles per liter, mean +/- SE) in plasma and milk were, respectively, retinol 2.1 +/- 0.5 and 0.62 +/- 0.44, beta-carotene 0.18 +/- 0.19 and 0.016 +/- 0.017, alpha-carotene 0.05 +/- 0.04 and 0.0035 +/- 0.002, lutein plus zeaxanthin 0.15 +/- 0.11 and 0.025 +/- 0.024, lycopene 0.1 +/- 0.11 and 0.016 +/- 0.025, alpha-tocopherol 10.8 +/- 5.3 and 2.7 +/- 1.8, gamma-tocopherol 2.6 +/- 2.3 and 0.37 +/- 0.15. The milk/plasma molar ratios of retinol and tocopherols were two times higher than those of carotenoids. Significant correlations (P < 0.001) between milk and plasma nutrient levels were observed for beta-carotene (r = 0.41), alpha-carotene (r = 0.60), and lutein plus zeaxanthin (r = 0.57), but not for lycopene, retinol, and tocopherols. Nutrient concentrations in plasma and in milk were not associated with the maternal characteristics investigated. CONCLUSION Concentrations of the nutrients studied, especially retinol and alpha-tocopherol, in mature milk of lactating adolescents were, in general, lower than in milk of adult lactating women. Milk concentrations were associated with plasma concentrations only for beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and lutein plus zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma B de Azeredo
- Departamento de Nutrição e Dietética, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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209
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Maçao LB, Wilhelm Filho D, Pedrosa RC, Pereira A, Backes P, Torres MA, Fröde TS. Antioxidant therapy attenuates oxidative stress in chronic cardiopathy associated with Chagas' disease. Int J Cardiol 2007; 123:43-9. [PMID: 17328977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is common in inflammatory processes of many diseases, including the Chagas' disease, which is characterized by chronic inflammation. The present study is a sequence of a related publication [Oliveira TB, Pedrosa RC, Wilhelm Filho D. Oxidative stress in chronic cardiopathy associated with Chagas' disease. Int J Cardiol in press.] on the same subjects, which showed an increase in oxidative stress associated with the progression of the severity of the disease. Components of the antioxidant system and oxidative biomarkers present in the blood were measured in the same chronic chagasic patients (n=40), before and after vitamin E (800 IU/day) and vitamin C (500 mg/day) supplementation for 6 months. Antioxidant enzymes and contents of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and plasma TBARS contents were analyzed in four groups of patients in different stages of chronic Chagas heart disease (n=10 each group, groups I, II, III, and IV) according to the Los Andes classification. After the combined vitamin supplementation, TBARS and protein carbonyl levels were decreased in plasma, whilst red cell GSH contents were increased in group I. The vitamin E contents found in the plasma were inversely related to the severity of the disease. No differences in gamma-glutamiltransferase activities were detected but the myeloperoxidase levels were decreased in patients at the initial stages, whilst seric nitric oxide levels were increased in groups II and III. After the antioxidant supplementation, CAT activity was increased in group II, GPx activity was increased in group I, GR activity was increased in groups I and II, whilst the GST activity was decreased in groups II, III and IV. The results clearly indicate that the antioxidant supplementation was able to counteract the progressive oxidative stress associated with the disease. New perspectives for the treatment of Chagas' disease might include an antioxidant therapy in order to attenuate the consequences of oxidative insult related to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonilda Banki Maçao
- Departamento Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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210
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Brigelius-Flohé R. Adverse effects of vitamin E by induction of drug metabolism. GENES & NUTRITION 2007; 2:249-56. [PMID: 18850180 PMCID: PMC2474942 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-007-0055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Observational studies with healthy persons demonstrated an inverse association of vitamin E with the risk of coronary heart disease or cancer, the outcome of large-scale clinical trials conducted to prove a benefit of vitamin E in the recurrence and/or progression of such disease, however, was disappointing. Vitamin E did not provide benefits to patients with cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or hypertension. Even harmful events and worsening of pre-existing diseases were reported, which are hard to explain. Since vitamin E is metabolized along the same routes as xenobiotics and induces drug-metabolizing enzymes in rodents, it is hypothesized that a supplementation with high dosages of vitamin E may also lead to an induction of the drug-metabolizing system in patients that depend on drug therapy. Compromising essential therapy might therefore outweigh any benefit of vitamin E in patients. It is recommended to work out at which threshold the drug-metabolizing system can be induced in humans before new trials with high dosages of vitamin E are started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brigelius-Flohé
- Department Biochemistry of Micronutrients, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany,
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211
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Thomson MJ, Puntmann V, Kaski JC. Atherosclerosis and oxidant stress: the end of the road for antioxidant vitamin treatment? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007; 21:195-210. [PMID: 17484034 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-007-6027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive experimental data have revealed a central role for oxidative stress in atherogenesis and suggested a potential role for 'antioxidant' treatment in cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1-11]. Experimental data, however, have not translated into clinical benefit: most antioxidant vitamin trials have failed to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [12]. Moreover, recent clinical trials have suggested that mono-therapy with certain antioxidant vitamins like vitamin E may, in fact, be detrimental [13]. As a result of the disappointing outcome of 'antioxidant' vitamin trials, some authors have questioned both the utility of 'antioxidant' treatment in CVD and the supposedly central role of oxidative stress in atherogenesis [14-19]. Other investigators, however, sustain that the beneficial effects of lipid lowering and anti-hypertensive treatment are at least, in part, due to their 'antioxidant' properties, in addition to their specific pharmacological properties [20, 21]. Oxidant stress plays a pivotal role in atherogenesis, however, the clinical promise of antioxidant vitamins has failed to translate into clinical benefit. Increasing evidence suggests that more rigorous clinical trial designs are necessary to effectively divulge antioxidant utility and that a multifaceted antioxidant approach to atherosclerosis may yield the most clinical reward. This article reviews currently available evidence on the role of oxidant stress in atherosclerosis, analyzes the results of large anti-oxidant trials, and suggests ways to investigate the true role of antioxidant treatment in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika J Thomson
- Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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212
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Rigotti A. Absorption, transport, and tissue delivery of vitamin E. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:423-36. [PMID: 17320165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is one of the most abundant lipid-soluble antioxidant agents found in plasma and cells of higher mammals. The uptake, transport and tissue delivery of alpha-tocopherol, a key vitamin E form, involves molecular, biochemical, and cellular processes closely related to overall lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis. This review highlights recent findings that have led to a better understanding of vitamin E transport, including intestinal absorption, hepatic transport, and cellular uptake of alpha-tocopherol in vivo. This new information may be critical for manipulation of vitamin E homeostasis in a variety of oxidative stress-related disease conditions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Rigotti
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Hospital UC, Marcoleta 367, Santiago, Chile.
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213
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Batista EDS, Costa AGV, Pinheiro-Sant'ana HM. Adição da vitamina E aos alimentos: implicações para os alimentos e para a saúde humana. REV NUTR 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732007000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ingestão de vitamina E em doses acima das estabelecidas pelas Dietary Reference Intake, na forma de alimentos ou suplementos, está relacionada à prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, à estimulação do sistema imune e à modulação dos processos degenerativos relacionados ao envelhecimento. Por outro lado, a adição de vitamina E aos alimentos com o intuito de alcançar tais efeitos ainda não é comum, porque não há consenso sobre a dose a ser consumida. Em muitas populações tem sido necessário ingerir alimentos fortificados com vitamina E, para alcançar os níveis recomendados para a ingestão adequada. Este trabalho enfoca o papel da vitamina E como um componente antioxidante utilizado pela indústria alimentícia, como um composto que exerce funções específicas no organismo humano e no alimento e como um importante nutriente que, quando adicionado aos alimentos, é capaz de atuar contra a lipoperoxidação e contribuir para o aumento de sua ingestão, além de poder reduzir os efeitos deletérios dos processos oxidativos que ocorrem no organismo humano, prevenindo as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.
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214
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Zingg JM. Vitamin E: An overview of major research directions. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:400-22. [PMID: 17624418 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last 90 years since the discovery of vitamin E, research has focused on different properties of this molecule, the focus often depending on the specific techniques and scientific knowledge present at each time. Originally discovered as a dietary factor essential for reproduction in rats, vitamin E has revealed in the meantime many more important molecular properties, such as the scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with consequent prevention of oxidative damage associated with many diseases, or the modulation of signal transduction and gene expression in antioxidant and non-antioxidant manners. Research over the last 30 years has also resolved the biosynthesis and occurrence of vitamin E in plants, the proteins involved in the cellular uptake, tissue distribution and metabolism, and defined a congenital recessive neurological disease, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED), characterized by impaired enrichment of alpha-tocopherol in plasma as a result of mutations in the liver alpha-tocopherol transfer gene. This review is giving a brief introduction about vitamin E by following the major research directions since its discovery with a historical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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215
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Birringer M, Kuhlow D, Pfluger PT, Landes N, Schulz TJ, Glaubitz M, Florian S, Pfeiffer A, Schuelke M, Brigelius-Flohé R, Ristow M. Improved glucose metabolism in mice lacking alpha-tocopherol transfer protein. Eur J Nutr 2007; 46:397-405. [PMID: 17882348 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-007-0679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting evidence suggests a possible role for vitamin E in mammalian glucose metabolism and the protection from type 2 diabetes. The alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP) mediates the transfer of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOH) from hepatocytes to very-low-density lipoproteins, thereby controlling plasma levels of alpha-TOH. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the putative impact of alpha-TTP knock-out on glucose metabolism in mice. METHODS Mice deficient for alpha-TTP and wild-type control littermates were fed a diet containing 200 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate per kg to ameliorate alpha-TOH deficiency in knock-out mice. We investigated fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels of both groups of mice at different ages. All genotypes and age groups were further subjected to glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and number of insulin-producing islets of Langerhans were determined. RESULTS Plasma alpha-TOH levels of knock-out mice were 34% the levels of wild-type controls: Any signs of alpha-TOH deficiency were absent at any age. Unexpectedly, serum glucose levels both in the fasted and in the fed state were lower in alpha-TTP-deficient mice at any age. Removal rates for intraperitoneally injected glucose were found to be significantly increased in young alpha-TTP-deficient mice. This improved glucose tolerance was caused by increased insulin secretion in response to an intraperitoneal glucose challenge due to an increased number of pancreatic islets, as well as by increased sensitivity to intraperitoneally injected insulin, both significantly promoting glucose metabolism in alpha-TTP-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that alpha-TTP-deficiency in states of alpha-TOH supplementation unexpectedly promotes glucose tolerance in mice due to both increased insulin secretion and insulin action, suggesting differential roles of alpha-TTP and alpha-TOH in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Birringer
- Dept. of Human Nutrition, Inst. of Nutrition, University of Jena, Dornburger Strasse 29, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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216
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Abstract
Mast cells play an important role in the immune system by interacting with B and T cells and by releasing several mediators involved in activating other cells. Hyperreactivity of mast cells and their uncontrolled accumulation in tissues lead to increased release of inflammatory mediators contributing to the pathogenesis of several diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and allergic disorders such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Interference with mast cell proliferation, survival, degranulation, and migration by synthetic or natural compounds may represent a preventive strategy for the management of these diseases. Natural vitamin E covers a group of eight analogues-the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols and the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienols, but only alpha-tocopherol is efficiently retained by the liver and distributed to peripheral tissues. Mast cells preferentially locate in the proximity of tissues that interface with the external environment (the epithelial surface of the skin, the gastrointestinal mucosa, and the respiratory system), what may render them accessible to treatments with inefficiently retained natural vitamin E analogues and synthetic derivatives. In addition to scavenging free radicals, the natural vitamin E analogues differently modulate signal transduction and gene expression in several cell lines; in mast cells, protein kinase C, protein phosphatase 2A, and protein kinase B are affected by vitamin E, leading to the modulation of proliferation, apoptosis, secretion, and migration. In this chapter, the possibility that vitamin E can prevent diseases with mast cells involvement by modulating signal transduction and gene expression is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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217
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Nagy K, Courtet-Compondu MC, Holst B, Kussmann M. Comprehensive Analysis of Vitamin E Constituents in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7087-96. [PMID: 17696496 DOI: 10.1021/ac0708689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes the development and validation of a normal-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (NP-HPLC-MS) method for the screening and quantification of vitamin E constituents in human plasma and food matrixes. Liquid-liquid extraction combined with isotope dilution was applied to extract the lipophilic target analytes. Baseline separation of alpha-tocopherylacetate, alpha-tocopherol, alpha-tocotrienol, alpha-tocopherylquinone, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, beta-tocotrienol, gamma-tocotrienol, delta-tocopherol, and delta-tocotrienol was achieved utilizing a normal-phase amine column operated with n-hexane and 1,4-dioxane as solvents. Detection was achieved by positive-ion atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Key features of the method are lower limits of detection, 3-51 nmoles/L; lower limits of quantification, 8-168 nmoles/L; linearity coefficients, 0.9778-0.9989; linear ranges, 0.01-29 micromol/L; recoveries, 53-92%; accuracies, 99-103%; intraday precisions, 2-17%; interday precisions, 5-18%; and suppression values, 0-29%. Fragmentation of tocopherols was studied by tandem mass spectrometry, and a fragmentation scheme for tocotrienols/tocopherols is postulated. Neutral-loss and precursor-ion scan experiments were performed for targeted discovery of oxidation products of tocopherols in human blood and fish oil, the latter being an important food component. The presented data suggest that this method will help to expand the number of quantified/discovered vitamin E constituents detected in food products and analyzed during human/animal trials in order to give a more comprehensive picture to nutritionists about the fate of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Nagy
- Functional Genomics Group and Nutrient Bioavailability Group, BioAnalytical Science Department, Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne, Switzerland.
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218
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Munteanu A, Zingg JM. Cellular, molecular and clinical aspects of vitamin E on atherosclerosis prevention. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:538-90. [PMID: 17825403 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Randomised clinical trials and epidemiologic studies addressing the preventive effects of vitamin E supplementation against cardiovascular disease reported both positive and negative effects, and recent meta-analyses of the clinical studies were rather disappointing. In contrast to that, many animal studies clearly show a preventive action of vitamin E in several experimental settings, which can be explained by the molecular and cellular effects of vitamin E observed in cell cultures. This review is focusing on the molecular effects of vitamin E on the cells playing a role during atherosclerosis, in particular on the endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages, T cells, and mast cells. Vitamin E may act by normalizing aberrant signal transduction and gene expression in antioxidant and non-antioxidant manners; in particular, over-expression of scavenger receptors and consequent foam cell formation can be prevented by vitamin E. In addition to that, the cellular effects of alpha-tocopheryl phosphate and of EPC-K1, a composite molecule between alpha-tocopheryl phosphate and l-ascorbic acid, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Munteanu
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania
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219
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Jeschke U, Mayr D, Schiessl B, Mylonas I, Schulze S, Kuhn C, Friese K, Walzel H. Expression of galectin-1, -3 (gal-1, gal-3) and the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen in normal, IUGR, preeclamptic and HELLP placentas. Placenta 2007; 28:1165-73. [PMID: 17664004 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-1 (gal-1) and galectin-3 (gal-3), which are members of the mammalian beta-galactoside-binding proteins, recognise preferentially (Galbeta1-4GlcNAc) sequences of several cell surface oligosaccharides. In addition, gal-1 also binds to the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen (Galbeta1-3GalNAc-). MATERIALS AND METHODS Slides of frozen and paraffin-embedded placental tissue of patients with fetal intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), preeclampsia, haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP) and normal term placentas were incubated with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against gal-1, gal-3 and TF. Staining reaction was performed with the avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex (ABC) reagent. The intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction on the slides was analysed using a semi-quantitative score. The identity of galectin-expressing cells was analysed by using a double immunofluorescence method. RESULTS We demonstrated immunohistochemically that the expression of gal-1 and gal-3 on the extravillous trophoblast (EVT) is significantly up-regulated in preeclamptic and HELLP placentas and unchanged compared with normal controls in IUGR placentas. The expression of the TF antigen is significantly up-regulated in IUGR and preeclamptic extravillous trophoblast cells and unchanged in HELLP placentas compared with normal controls. In addition, the expression of gal-1 is significantly up-regulated in the decidual tissue of preeclamptic placentas and in the villous trophoblast tissue of HELLP placentas. CONCLUSION Our data showed that gal-1, gal-3 and TF were up-regulated on the membrane of EVT in preeclamptic placentas. In addition, the expression of gal-1 is significantly up-regulated in decidual tissue of preeclamptic placentas and villous trophoblast tissue of HELLP placentas. Taking into consideration the results of this study, we speculate that expression of both galectins and TF on the membrane of preeclamptic EVT and up-regulation of gal-1 in preeclamptic decidual cells may at least in part compensate for the apoptotic effects of maternal immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Jeschke
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maistrasse 11, 80337 Munich, Germany
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220
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Renò F, Traina V, Cannas M. Haemocompatibility of vitamin-E-enriched poly(D,L-lactic acid). JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2007; 18:785-97. [PMID: 17623558 DOI: 10.1163/156856207781034098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(D,L-lactic acid) (P(D,L)LA) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer whose use is limited to orthopaedic applications. In fact, the mechanical properties of P(D,L)LA are not usually utilized for cardiovascular applications, as the polymer has been proven to activate both granulocyte- and platelet-causing inflammation. In order to improve P(D,L)LA haemocompatibility vitamin E (alpha-tocoferol, 10-30% (w/w)), a natural biological anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, was added during the solvent casting of P(D,L)LA film. The P(D,L)LA films obtained were then analysed using FT-IR analysis to assess vitamin E presence; polymer surface wettability and human plasma protein adsorption were measured by sessile drop test, spectrophotometric protein quantification and Western blot, respectively, and polymer haemocompatibility was assessed measuring platelet and granulocyte adhesion and whole blood coagulation. Vitamin E presence caused an increase in polymer surface wettability and human plasma protein adsorption. The combination of both effects may account for the decrease in platelet and granulocyte adhesion and for the doubling of whole blood clotting time measured onto vitamin-E-enriched P(D,L)LA compared to control P(D,L)LA. Our results indicate that vitamin E addition improves P(D,L)LA haemocompatibility, making this polymer suitable for cardiovascular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Renò
- Human Anatomy Laboratory, Research Center for Biocompatibility Tissue Engineering, Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University of Eastern Piedmont A. Avogadro, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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221
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Thiele JJ, Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage S. Vitamin E in human skin: organ-specific physiology and considerations for its use in dermatology. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:646-67. [PMID: 17719081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E has been used for more than 50 years in experimental and clinical dermatology. While a large number of case reports were published in this time, there is still a lack of controlled clinical studies providing a rationale for well defined dosages and clinical indications. In contrast, advances in basic research on the physiology, mechanism of action, penetration, bioconversion and photoprotection of vitamin E in human skin has led to the development of numerous new formulations for use in cosmetics and skin care products. This article reviews basic mechanisms and possible cosmetic as well as clinical implications of the recent advances in cutaneous vitamin E research. Experimental evidence suggests that topical and oral vitamin E has antitumorigenic, photoprotective, and skin barrier stabilizing properties. While the current use of vitamin E is largely limited to cosmetics, controlled clinical studies for indications such as atopic dermatitis or preventions of photocarcinogenesis are needed to evaluate the clinical benefit of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens J Thiele
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Medical Center, 609 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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222
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Odinokov VN, Spivak AI, Knyshenko OV. Racemic and optically active tocopherol analogues with a modified side chain: Synthesis and biological activity (Review). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007; 33:387-404. [PMID: 17886430 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162007040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Information on the synthesis and biological activity of natural and synthetic analogues of alpha-tocopherol with a modified side chain is systematized. These compounds are of interest as vitamin E metabolites, hydrophilic antioxidants, and precursors of drugs with combined pharmacological properties useful in therapy of pathological disorders caused by oxidative stress.
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223
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Blomhoff R, Carlsen MH, Andersen LF, Jacobs DR. Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants. Br J Nutr 2007; 96 Suppl 2:S52-60. [PMID: 17125534 DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A diet rich in fruits, vegetables and minimally refined cereals is associated with lower risk for chronic degenerative diseases. Since oxidative stress is common in chronic degenerative disease, it has been assumed that dietary antioxidants may explain this protective effect. Every dietary plant contains numerous types of antioxidants with different properties. Many of these antioxidants cooperate in oxidative stress reduction in plants, and we hypothesize that many different antioxidants may also be needed for the proper protection of animal cells. To test this hypothesis, it is useful to identify dietary plants with high total antioxidant content. Several nuts are among the dietary plants with the highest content of total antioxidants. Of the tree nuts, walnuts, pecans and chestnuts have the highest contents of antioxidants. Walnuts contain more than 20 mmol antioxidants per 100 g, mostly in the walnut pellicles. Peanuts (a legume) also contribute significantly to dietary intake of antioxidants. These data are in accordance with our present extended analysis of an earlier report on nut intake and death attributed to various diseases in the Iowa Women's Health Study. We observed that the hazard ratio for total death rates showed a U-shaped association with nut/peanut butter consumption. Hazard ratio was 0.89 (CI = 0.81-0.97) and 0.81 (CI = 0.75-0.88) for nut/peanut butter intake once per week and 1-4 times per week, respectively. Death attributed to cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases showed strong and consistent reductions with increasing nut/peanut butter consumption. Further studies are needed to clarify whether antioxidants contribute to this apparent beneficial health effect of nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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224
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Wright ME, Weinstein SJ, Lawson KA, Albanes D, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Mouw T, Schatzkin A, Leitzmann MF. Supplemental and Dietary Vitamin E Intakes and Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Large Prospective Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1128-35. [PMID: 17548674 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) has been linked to lower prostate cancer incidence in one randomized trial and several, although not all, observational studies. The evidence regarding dietary intake of individual vitamin E isoforms and prostate cancer is limited and inconclusive, however. We prospectively examined the relations of supplemental vitamin E and dietary intakes of alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta- tocopherols to prostate cancer risk among 295,344 men, ages 50 to 71 years and cancer-free at enrollment in 1995 to 1996, in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. At baseline, participants completed a questionnaire that captured information on diet, supplement use, and other factors. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of prostate cancer. During 5 years of follow-up, 10,241 incident prostate cancers were identified. Supplemental vitamin E intake was not related to prostate cancer risk (for >0-99, 100-199, 200-399, 400-799, and > or = 800 IU/d versus never use: RR, 0.97, 0.89, 1.03, 0.99, and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.87-1.07) respectively; Ptrend = 0.90). However, dietary gamma-tocopherol, the most commonly consumed form of vitamin E in the United States, was significantly inversely related to the risk of advanced prostate cancer (for highest versus lowest quintile: RR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56-0.84; Ptrend = 0.001). These results suggest that supplemental vitamin E does not protect against prostate cancer, but that increased consumption of gamma-tocopherol from foods is associated with a reduced risk of clinically relevant disease. The potential benefit of gamma-tocopherol for prostate cancer prevention deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Wright
- Divisions of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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225
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Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Lawson KA, Snyder K, Männistö S, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Serum and Dietary Vitamin E in Relation to Prostate Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1253-9. [PMID: 17548693 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol supplementation (50 mg daily for 5-8 years) reduced prostate cancer incidence by 32% in the alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. We investigated whether serum alpha-tocopherol or intake of vitamin E (eight tocopherols and tocotrienols) was associated with prostate cancer risk with up to 19 years of follow-up in the alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort. Of the 29,133 Finnish male smokers, ages 50 to 69 years recruited into the study, 1,732 were diagnosed with incident prostate cancer between 1985 and 2004. Baseline serum alpha-tocopherol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and the components of vitamin E intake were estimated based on a 276-item food frequency questionnaire and food chemistry analyses. Proportional hazard models were used to determine multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Higher serum alpha-tocopherol was associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer (RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96 for highest versus lowest quintile; Ptrend = 0.03) and was strongly and inversely related to the risk of developing advanced disease (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36-0.85; Ptrend = 0.002). The inverse serum alpha-tocopherol-prostate cancer association was greater among those who were supplemented with either alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene during the trial. There were no associations between prostate cancer and the individual dietary tocopherols and tocotrienols. In summary, higher prediagnostic serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, was associated with lower risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Weinstein
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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226
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Villacorta L, Azzi A, Zingg JM. Regulatory role of vitamins E and C on extracellular matrix components of the vascular system. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:507-37. [PMID: 17624419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of vitamins E (alpha-tocopherol) and C (L-ascorbic acid) in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been shown in a number of situations but a secure correlation is not universally accepted. Under certain conditions, both, L-ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol can exhibit antioxidant properties and thus may reduce the formation of oxidized small molecules, proteins and lipids, which are a possible cause of cellular de-regulation. However, non-antioxidant effects have also been suggested to play a role in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Vitamin E and C can modulate signal transduction and gene expression and thus affect many cellular reactions such as the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, the expression of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules, the production of O(2)(-) by NADPH-oxidase, the aggregation of platelets and the inflammatory response. Vitamins E and C may modulate the extracellular matrix environment by affecting VSMC differentiation and the expression of connective tissue proteins involved in vascular remodeling as well as the maintenance of vascular wall integrity. This review summarizes individually the molecular activities of vitamins E and C on the cells within the connective tissue of the vasculature, which are centrally involved in the maintenance of an intact vascular wall as well as in the repair of atherosclerotic lesions during disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Villacorta
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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227
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Renò F, Traina V, Cannas M. Cellular behavior of neointima-like cells onto vitamin E-enriched poly(D,L)lactic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:307-12. [PMID: 17532264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In-stent restenosis is a process that occurs in 10-50% of cases currently treated with stent and it is caused by an abnormal smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration in the vascular lumen. One of the most promising strategy to reduce restenosis is stent coating with biodegradable polymers to deliver in situ anti-proliferative drugs. Poly(D,L)lactic acid (P(D,L)LA), one of the most interesting candidate for stent coating, has been observed to induce inflammation and neointimal proliferation. In our laboratory, we developed P(D,L)LA enriched with Vitamin E (Vit.E), an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory agent that reduces also SMC proliferation. In order to evaluate the in vitro cellular behaviour of neointima cells onto Vitamin E-enriched P(D,L)LA, cell adhesion and proliferation along with the expression of two SMC migration markers (MMP-9 and hyaluronic acid receptor CD44) were measured in rat vascular SMC A10 cells seeded onto control P(D,L)LA (PLA) and P(D,L)LA films containing 10-30% (w/w) Vit.E (PLA10-30). Cell adhesion, proliferation and MMP-9 production were unaffected by the Vit.E presence in the PLA films after 24 h, while proliferation was slowed or blocked after 48 and 72 h onto PLA10, 20 and 30. MMP-9 production was almost blocked and CD44 density decreased significantly after 72 h for cells grew onto PLA30 compare to cells seeded onto PLA. These data indicate that Vit.E-enriched P(D,L)LA could be an interesting polymer for stent coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Renò
- Human Anatomy Laboratory, Research Center for Biocompatibility, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont A Avogadro, Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
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228
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Ramón CL, Cajal Y, Martínez RO. Effects of vitamin E on the response of the fetal middle cerebral artery to the pressure test. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2007; 20:133-9. [PMID: 17437211 DOI: 10.1080/14767050601151136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of the maternal administration of vitamin E on the vasoreactivity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in preterm fetuses. STUDY DESIGN The vasoconstrictive response of the proximal segment of the MCA to brief and partial external occlusions of the umbilical vein (pressure test) was studied in 22 fetuses between 21 and 35 weeks of gestation, before, and 3 to 7 days after, the maternal administration of oral vitamin E (50 mg daily). RESULTS The vasoconstrictive activity of the MCA was eliminated in 15 fetuses (68.2%), unchanged in six (27.3%), and decreased in one (4.5%). In the latter seven cases, vasoconstriction of the proximal MCA in response to the pressure test was eliminated by increasing the vitamin E dosage to 100 mg/day. CONCLUSION Vitamin E administered to the mothers had a pronounced effect on the proximal MCA reactivity in preterm fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C López Ramón
- Unit of Prenatal Diagnosis, Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xeral Hospital, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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229
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Armstrong T, Strommer L, Ruiz-Jasbon F, Shek FW, Harris SF, Permert J, Johnson CD. Pancreaticoduodenectomy for peri-ampullary neoplasia leads to specific micronutrient deficiencies. Pancreatology 2007; 7:37-44. [PMID: 17449964 DOI: 10.1159/000101876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS After pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) patients may be deficient in essential micronutrients. This study was designed to determine if this is a consequence of surgery. METHODS Long-term survivors (>6 months) of PD for peri-ampullary neoplasia and healthy controls (patients' spouse/partner) were enrolled in the study. Specific clinical parameters were recorded, serum micronutrient levels were measured and subjects completed 7-day food diaries. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were studied, 25 with paired controls. All were well nourished, as defined by body mass index and food diary analysis. Patients with paired controls were representative of all patients studied. Patients had raised transferrin (median 2.60 vs. 2.16 g/l, p = 0.001) and low ferritin levels (34.9 vs. 119.0 g/l, p < 0.001) indicating relative iron deficiency. Patients also demonstrated lower levels of the anti-oxidants selenium (0.77 vs. 0.93 micromol/l, p < 0.001) and vitamin E (23.2 vs. 35.7 micromol/l, p < 0.001) with 57% of patients having frank selenium deficiencies. Patients had lower levels of vitamin D than controls (15.7 vs. 19.6 micromol/l, p = 0.001) and 30% of patients had a raised parathyroid hormone level, suggesting compensatory mechanisms operate to maintain normocalcaemia. CONCLUSIONS Long-term survivors of PD are relatively deficient in several micronutrients compared to non-operated controls taking the same diet. We recommend that micronutrient status should be regularly checked in these patients and treated where necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Armstrong
- University Department of Surgery, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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230
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GC/MS characterization of mate tea leaves extracts obtained from high-pressure CO2 extraction. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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231
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Arca M, Natoli S, Micheletta F, Riggi S, Di Angelantonio E, Montali A, Antonini TM, Antonini R, Diczfalusy U, Iuliano L. Increased plasma levels of oxysterols, in vivo markers of oxidative stress, in patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia: reduction during atorvastatin and fenofibrate therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:698-705. [PMID: 17291993 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), the most common inherited disorder of lipid metabolism, is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis that is not fully explained by the metabolic disturbances of these patients. Oxidative damage to lipid components accumulating in the plasma of FCHL patients might contribute to explaining this lack of evidence. Cholesterol is one of the preferential targets of oxidation in LDL and this may contribute to setting a proatherogenetic phenotype in FCHL. We investigated plasma oxysterols (7-ketocholesterol and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol) and alpha-tocopherol as in vivo hallmarks of lipid-related oxidative stress. Oxidative stress hallmarks were measured in 45 FCHL patients and 54 sex- and age-matched healthy controls; in FCHL patients, oxidative stress and lipid profile parameters were also assessed in response to lipid-lowering drugs in a 24-week randomized, open-label trial with atorvastatin or fenofibrate. FCHL patients showed markedly increased levels of oxysterols (p < 0.001) and reduced alpha-tocopherol/total lipids (p < 0.001) compared to controls. These differences were independent of the presence of clinical atherosclerosis and persisted after correction for hyperlipidemia. Atorvastatin and fenofibrate significantly improved the lipid profile and caused a comparable decrease in plasma oxysterols, with the normalization of 7-ketocholesterol and a significant reduction of 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (p < 0.001). These drugs also decreased the ratio of alpha-tocopherol/total lipids by more than 30% (p < 0.001). In conclusion, FCHL patients showed increased hallmarks of cholesterol oxidation and decreased levels of alpha-tocopherol/total lipids. Atorvastatin and fenofibrate displayed comparable efficiency in decreasing oxysterols, but they further decreased lipid-corrected alpha-tocopherol levels in plasma. More research work is needed to understand the clinical meaning of these findings, which may help to understand the role of oxidative stress in FCHL and lipid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Arca
- Department of Clinical and Applied Medical Therapy, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
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232
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Oommen S, Vasu VT, Leonard SW, Traber MG, Cross CE, Gohil K. Genome wide responses of murine lungs to dietary alpha-tocopherol. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:98-109. [PMID: 17164183 PMCID: PMC2782686 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600935567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) may affect biological processes by modulating mRNA concentrations. This study screened the responses of approximately 15,000 lung mRNAs to dietary alpha-T in mice. The lung was chosen as the target organ because it is subjected to cyclical variations in oxidant and inflammatory stressors and alpha-T has been implicated in their modulations. The analysis identified approximately 400 mRNAs sensitive to alpha-T status of lungs determined by dietary alpha-T. The female lung transcriptome appears to be more sensitive to the alpha-T status than that of the male lungs. Here, we focus on the induction of 13 cytoskeleton genes by dietary alpha-T because they were similarly induced in the male and the female lungs. Their inductions were confirmed by quantitative-real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemical analyses of three of the encoded proteins suggest that they are expressed in lung vasculature and alveolar regions. The data suggest that the lung alpha-T status may modulate cytoarchitecture of lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji Oommen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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233
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Chung MJ, Kang AY, Park SO, Park KW, Jun HJ, Lee SJ. The effect of essential oils of dietary wormwood (Artemisia princeps), with and without added vitamin E, on oxidative stress and some genes involved in cholesterol metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1400-9. [PMID: 17368686 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wormwood (Artemisia princeps) due to the abundance of antioxidant in its essential oils (EO), has been used as a traditional drug and health food in Korea. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology of atherosclerosis thus antioxidative chemicals improves hepatic lipid metabolism partly by reducing oxysterol formation. The antioxidant activity was assessed using two methods, human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and the anti-DPPH free radical assays. It was found that the antioxidant activity of EO with vitamin E higher than EO alone. To study mechanisms accounting for the antiatherosclerotic properties of this wormwood EO, we examined the expression of key genes in cholesterol metabolism such as the LDL receptor, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and sterol regulatory element binding proteins. The induction was increased up to twofold at 0.05 mg/mL of EO treatment in HepG2 cells for 24h. When EO (0.2 mg/mL) was co-incubated with vitamin E, interestingly, the LDL receptor was dramatically induced by 5-6-folds. HMG-CoA reductase did not change. However, treatment with the higher concentration resulted in cytotoxicity. Our data suggest that wormwood EO with vitamin E may be anti-atherogenic due to their inhibition of LDL oxidation and upregulation of the LDL receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ja Chung
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Food Safety, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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Munné-Bosch S, Weiler EW, Alegre L, Müller M, Düchting P, Falk J. Alpha-tocopherol may influence cellular signaling by modulating jasmonic acid levels in plants. PLANTA 2007; 225:681-91. [PMID: 16944198 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on the function of tocopherols in plants have focused on their photo-protective and antioxidant properties, and it has been recently suggested, though not yet demonstrated, that they may also play a role in cellular signaling. By using vte1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, with an insertion in the promoter region of the gene encoding tocopherol cyclase, we demonstrate here for the first time that tocopherol deficiency may alter endogenous phytohormone levels in plants, thereby reducing plant growth and triggering anthocyanin accumulation in leaves. In plants grown under a combination of high light and low temperature conditions to induce anthocyanin accumulation, we evaluated age-dependent changes in tocopherols, indicators of photo-oxidative stress, phytohormone levels, plant growth and anthocyanin levels in wild type and vte1 mutants. These mutants showed lower tocopherol levels, reduced growth and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation compared with the wild type, while both the maximum and relative efficiencies of PSII, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were not significantly altered. Analyses of phytohormone levels revealed that reduced growth and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in tocopherol-deficient plants were preceded by increased jasmonic acid levels. This is the first study suggesting a direct effect of tocopherols on phytohormones levels in plants and will undoubtedly help us to better understand the multiple functions tocopherols play in plants, as well as the cellular signaling mechanisms responsible for the phenotypes thus far described in tocopherol-deficient plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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235
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Zingg JM. Modulation of signal transduction by vitamin E. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:481-506. [PMID: 17320164 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability of vitamin E to modulate signal transduction and gene expression has been observed in numerous studies; however, the detailed molecular mechanisms involved are often not clear. The eight natural vitamin E analogues and synthetic derivatives affect signal transduction with different potency, possibly reflecting their different ability to interact with specific proteins. Vitamin E modulates the activity of several enzymes involved in signal transduction, such as protein kinase C, protein kinase B, protein tyrosine kinases, 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenase-2, phospholipase A2, protein phosphatase 2A, protein tyrosine phosphatase, and diacylglycerol kinase. Activation of some these enzymes after stimulation of cell surface receptors with growth factors or cytokines can be normalized by vitamin E. At the molecular level, the translocation of several of these enzymes to the plasma membrane is affected by vitamin E, suggesting that the modulation of protein-membrane interactions may be a common theme for vitamin E action. In this review the main effects of vitamin E on enzymes involved in signal transduction are summarized and the possible mechanisms leading to enzyme modulation evaluated. The elucidation of the molecular and cellular events affected by vitamin E could reveal novel strategies and molecular targets for developing similarly acting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Tain YL, Freshour G, Dikalova A, Griendling K, Baylis C. Vitamin E reduces glomerulosclerosis, restores renal neuronal NOS, and suppresses oxidative stress in the 5/6 nephrectomized rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292:F1404-10. [PMID: 17200156 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00260.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is accompanied by nitric oxide (NO) deficiency and oxidative stress, which contribute to progression. We investigated whether the antioxidant vitamin E could preserve renal function and NO bioavailability and reduce oxidative stress in the 5/6th nephrectomy (NX) rat model. We studied the following three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats: sham (n = 6), 5/6 NX control (n = 6), and 5/6 NX treated with vitamin E (5,000 IU/kg chow; n = 5). The 5/6 NX group showed increased severity of glomerulosclerosis vs. sham, and this was ameliorated by vitamin E therapy. Both 5/6 NX groups showed similar elevations in plasma creatinine and proteinuria and decreased 24-h creatinine clearance compared with sham. There was increased NADPH-dependent superoxide production in 5/6 NX rats vs. sham that was prevented by vitamin E. Total NO production was similarly reduced in both 5/6 NX groups. There was unchanged abundance of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis (NOS) in renal cortex and medulla and neuronal (n) NOS in medulla. However, in kidney cortex, 5/6 NX rats had lower nNOS abundance than sham, which was restored by vitamin E. An increased plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine occurred with 5/6 NX associated with decreased renal dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase activity and increased type 1 protein arginine methyltransferase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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237
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Kompauer I, Heinrich J, Wolfram G, Linseisen J. Association of carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C in plasma with allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitisation in adults. Public Health Nutr 2007; 9:472-9. [PMID: 16870019 DOI: 10.1079/phn2005868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectivesAntioxidant nutrients like carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C have been suggested to protect against allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitisation but scientific evidence is scarce. The aims of the study were to measure the plasma concentration of six carotenoids, α- and γ-tocopherol and vitamin C as biomarkers of the intake, absorption and subsequent metabolism of these nutrients, and to assess their association with allergic rhinitis and sensitisation.MethodData from a cross-sectional study on representative dietary and lifestyle habits of the population of Bavaria, Germany, were analysed. The plasma levels of six carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and cryptoxanthin) as well as of α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and vitamin C were measured in 547 adults aged between 19 and 81 years. Participants with specific serum immunoglobulin E ≥700 U l−1 were categorised as sensitised. The association of plasma antioxidant levels, allergic rhinitis and allergic sensitisation was assessed by means of unconditional logistic regression models.ResultsWe observed a negative association between plasma total carotenoids and the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.13 (0.54–2.39) for the second, 0.72 (0.33–1.58) for the third and 0.44 (0.19–1.03) for the fourth quartile of total carotenoids concentration (P for trend = 0.0332); results for lycopene failed to reach statistical significance (P = 0.0608). Other single carotenoids, tocopherols and vitamin C were unrelated to allergic rhinitis. Allergic sensitisation was negatively associated with plasma γ-tocopherol, with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.92 (0.51–1.65) for the second, 1.00 (0.56–1.80) for the third and 0.45 (0.23–0.88) for the fourth quartile of plasma γ-tocopherol concentration (P for trend = 0.0410). No other antioxidant was significantly related to allergic sensitisation.ConclusionsHigh plasma carotenoid concentrations reflecting a diet high in various fruits and vegetables might have a protective effect on allergic rhinitis in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Kompauer
- GSF - National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
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238
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Abstract
Vitamin E comprises a group of compounds possessing vitamin E activity. alpha-Tocopherol is the compound demonstrating the highest vitamin E activity, which is available both in its natural form as RRR-alpha-tocopherol isolated from plant sources, but more common as synthetically manufactured all-rac-alpha-tocopherol. Synthetic all-rac-alpha-tocopherol consists of a racemic mixture of all eight possible stereoisomers. Assessing the correct biological activity in form of bioavailability and biopotency has been a great challenge during many years as it is difficult to measure clinical endpoints in larger animals than rats and poultry. Thus, the biological effects in focus are resorption of fetuses, testicular degeneration, muscle dystrophy, anemia, encephalomalacia, and in recent years the influence of vitamin E on the immune system are the most important clinical markers of interest. For humans and animals, only different biomarkers or surrogate markers of bioactivity have been measured. In studies with rats, a good consistency between the classical resorption-gestation test and the bioavailability of the individual stereoisomers in fluids and tissues has been shown. For humans and other animals, only different biomarkers or surrogate markers of bioactivity have been measured, and due to the lack of good biological markers for bioactivities, bioavailability is often used as one of the surrogate markers for bioactivities with those limitations this must give. Therefore, a relatively simple analytical method, which allows analysis of the individual stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol, is an important tool in order to quantify relative bioavailability of the individual stereoisomers. The analytical method presented here allows the quantification of total tocopherol content and composition by normal phase HPLC and subsequent separation of the stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol as methyl ethers by chiral HPLC. Using this method, the alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers are separated into five peaks. The first peak consists of the four 2S isomers (SSS-, SSR-, SRR-, SRS-), the second peak consists of RSS-, the third peak consists of RRS-, the fourth peak consists of RRR-, and the fifth peak consists of RSR-alpha-tocopherol. The discussion on the bioavailability of RRR- and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate has primarily been based on human and animal studies using deuterium-labeled forms, whereby a higher biopotency of 2:1 (of RRR: all-rac) has been demonstrated, differing from the accepted biopotency ratio of 1.36:1. In agreement with previous studies, the 2S-forms exert very little importance for the vitamin E activity due to their limited bioavailability. We find notable differences between animal species with regard to the biodiscrimination between the 2R-forms. Especially, cows preferentially transfer RRR- alpha-tocopherol into the milk and blood system. The distribution of the stereoisomer forms varies from tissue to tissue, and in some cases, higher levels of the synthetic 2R-forms than of the RRR-form are obtained, for example, for rats. However, the biodiscrimination of the stereoisomers forms is influenced by other factors such as age, dietary levels, and time after dosage. More focus should be given on the bioactivity of the individual 2R-forms rather than just the comparison between RRR- and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Krogh Jensen
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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239
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Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF-kappaB)(1) is a eukaryotic transcription factor that may be activated by oxidative stress. Because of this hypothesis, the effect of vitamin E on NF-kappaB activation has been examined in many studies, using both in vivo and in vitro models. Most of these studies have observed that vitamin E inhibits the activation of NF-kappaB, with the greatest inhibition seen with the succinate form. Vitamin E may be inhibiting NF-kappaB by reducing oxidative stress or through one of its nonantioxidant functions; this is not clear at the present time. It also is not known if the inhibition of NF-kappaB is necessary for any of vitamin E's effects on gene expression and the resulting physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard P Glauert
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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240
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Abstract
alpha-Tocopherol, which belongs to the vitamin E group of compounds, is a lipophilic antioxidant that has a number of functions in plants. Synthesized from homogentisic acid and isopentenyl diphosphate in the chloroplast envelope, alpha-tocopherol is essential to maintain the integrity of photosynthetic membranes and plays a major role in photo- and antioxidant protection. alpha-Tocopherol scavenges lipid peroxy radicals, thereby preventing the propagation of lipid peroxidation, and protects lipids and other membrane components by physically quenching and reacting chemically with singlet oxygen. Moreover, given that alpha-tocopherol increases membrane rigidity, its concentration, together with that of the other membrane components, may be regulated to afford adequate fluidity for membrane function. Furthermore, recent studies on tocopherol-deficient plants indicate that alpha-tocopherol may affect cellular signaling in plants. Evidence thus far indicates that the effects of this compound in plant cellular signaling may be linked to the control of redox homeostasis. alpha-Tocopherol may influence cellular signaling by controlling the propagation of lipid peroxidation in chloroplasts, therefore modulating the formation of oxylipins such as the phytohormone jasmonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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241
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Abstract
Administration of vitamin E in children with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and type I diabetes demonstrated potential towards ameliorating progression. Oral vitamin E therapy reduced endothelial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF). Moreover, the use of vitamin E-bonded hemodialyzers reduced atherosclerotic changes, erythropoietin dosage and muscular cramps in patients on hemodialysis (HD). However, several controlled clinical trials failed to document beneficial effects on the study subjects' cardiovascular and renal outcomes. A recent report of increased all-cause mortality in adult patients receiving high dose vitamin E therapy has caused considerable concern and debate. These issues regarding the efficacy and safety of vitamin E in renal therapeutic regimens will be reviewed in this article.
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242
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Frank J, Budek A, Lundh T, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Lourenço CF, Gago B, Laranjinha J, Vessby B, Kamal-Eldin A. Dietary flavonoids with a catechol structure increase α-tocopherol in rats and protect the vitamin from oxidation in vitro. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:2718-25. [PMID: 16951402 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m600291-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify dietary phenolic compounds capable of improving vitamin E status, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 4 weeks either a basal diet (control) with 2 g/kg cholesterol and an adequate content of vitamin E or the basal diet fortified with quercetin (Q), (-)-epicatechin (EC), or (+)-catechin (C) at concentrations of 2 g/kg. All three catechol derivatives substantially increased concentrations of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) in blood plasma and liver. To study potential mechanisms underlying the observed increase of alpha-T, the capacities of the flavonoids to i) protect alpha-T from oxidation in LDL exposed to peroxyl radicals, ii) reduce alpha-tocopheroxyl radicals (alpha-T (.) ) in SDS micelles, and iii) inhibit the metabolism of tocopherols in HepG2 cells were determined. All flavonoids protected alpha-T from oxidation in human LDL ex vivo and dose-dependently reduced the concentrations of alpha-T (.) . None of the test compounds affected vitamin E metabolism in the hepatocyte cultures. In conclusion, fortification of the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats with Q, EC, or C considerably improved their vitamin E status. The underlying mechanism does not appear to involve vitamin E metabolism but may involve direct quenching of free radicals or reduction of the alpha-T (.) by the flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frank
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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243
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Mazzini F, Galli F, Salvadori P. Vitamin E Metabolites: Synthesis of [D2]- and [D3]-γ-CEHC. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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244
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Branda RF, Powden C, Brooks EM, Yildirim Z, Naud SJ, McCormack JJ. Vitamin E but not St. John's wort mitigates leukopenia caused by cancer chemotherapy in rats. Transl Res 2006; 148:315-24. [PMID: 17162253 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements are used by most patients with cancer. As nutraceuticals can interact with many drugs, this study investigated the effect of herbal remedies and vitamins on the toxicity of representative cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Fisher 344 rats were fed a standard cereal-based diet or the same diet with additional vitamin E in low (50 mg/kg) or high (750 mg/kg) concentrations, or with added St. John's wort (400 mg/kg). The LD50 was determined after the administration of chemotherapy drugs. Neither low or high vitamin E supplements nor St. John's wort significantly changed the LD50 for doxorubicin, docetaxel, or cyclophosphamide. The nadir white blood cell (WBC) count was significantly higher (P = 0.004) after docetaxel in rats supplemented with low-dose vitamin E, but the drop in WBC count from initial to nadir levels (Nfall) was greater in rats fed a diet containing high vitamin E supplementation (P = 0.04). Similarly, the Nfall was greater in the standard and high vitamin E dietary groups than in the low vitamin E group after cyclophosphamide (P = 0.03). No effect of vitamin E or St. John's wort supplementation occurred on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. Neither vitamin E nor St. John's wort had an important effect on the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage caused by either doxorubicin or docetaxel. These data suggest that the leucopenia caused by some chemotherapeutic agents can be modified by dietary supplementation with vitamin E, but the effect seems to be dose-dependent. St. John's wort had neither a beneficial nor a detrimental effect on chemotherapy-induced toxicity.
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245
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Abstract
More than 80 years after the discovery of the essentiality of vitamin E for mammals, the molecular basis of its action is still an enigma. From the eight different forms of vitamin E, only α-tocopherol is retained in the body. This is in part due to the specific selection ofRRR-α-tocopherol by the α-tocopherol transfer protein and in part by its low rate of degradation and elimination compared with the other vitamers. Since the tocopherols have comparable antioxidant properties and some tocotrienols are even more effective in scavenging radicals, the antioxidant capacity cannot be the explanation for its essentiality, at least not the only one. In the last decade, a high number of so-called novel functions of almost all forms of vitamin E have been described, including regulation of cellular signalling and gene expression. α-Tocopherol appears to be most involved in gene regulation, whereas γ-tocopherol appears to be highly effective in preventing cancer-related processes. Tocotrienols appear to be effective in amelioration of neurodegeneration. Most of the novel functions of individual forms of vitamin E have been demonstratedin vitroonly and requirein vivoconfirmation. The distinct bioactivities of the various vitamers are discussed, considering their metabolism and the potential functions of metabolites.
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246
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Wright ME, Lawson KA, Weinstein SJ, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Higher baseline serum concentrations of vitamin E are associated with lower total and cause-specific mortality in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:1200-7. [PMID: 17093175 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A meta-analysis of 19 trials suggested a small increase in the risk of all-cause mortality with high-dose vitamin E supplementation. Little is known, however, about the relation between mortality and circulating concentrations of vitamin E resulting from dietary intake, low-dose supplementation, or both. OBJECTIVE We examined whether baseline serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations are associated with total and cause-specific mortality. DESIGN A prospective cohort study of 29 092 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 y who participated in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study was carried out. Fasting serum alpha-tocopherol was measured at baseline by using HPLC. Only 10% of participants reported vitamin E supplement use at baseline, and thus serum concentrations of vitamin E mainly reflected dietary intake and other host factors. Risks of total and cause-specific mortality were estimated by using proportional hazards models. RESULTS During up to 19 y of follow-up, 13 380 deaths (including 4518 and 5776 due to cancer and cardiovascular disease, respectively) were identified. Men in the higher quintiles of serum alpha-tocopherol had significantly lower risks of total and cause-specific mortality than did those in the lowest quintile [relative risk (RR) = 0.82 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.86) for total mortality and 0.79 (0.72, 0.86), 0.81 (0.75, 0.88), and 0.70 (0.63, 0.79) for deaths due to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other causes, respectively; P for trend for all < 0.0001]. Cubic regression spline analysis of continuous serum alpha-tocopherol values indicated greater risk reductions with increasing concentrations up to approximately 13-14 mg/L, after which no further benefit was noted. CONCLUSION Higher circulating concentrations of alpha-tocopherol within the normal range are associated with significantly lower total and cause-specific mortality in older male smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Wright
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch and the Genetic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Chen S, Li H, Liu G. Progress of vitamin E metabolic engineering in plants. Transgenic Res 2006; 15:655-65. [PMID: 17072565 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is important for human and animal health. Many human diseases, such as certain cancers and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease, are associated with the insufficient intake of vitamin E. The daily requirements for vitamin E in men and women have been increased to 15-30 mg. Because the primary source of dietary vitamin E comes from plants, there is a need to increase vitamin E production through plant engineering in order to meet the demand in human consumption. Numerous studies have been carried out in this field, leading to many successful examples. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in vitamin E metabolic engineering in plants aimed at improving the vitamin E content and regulating composition of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China
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248
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Andreadou I, Iliodromitis EK, Tsovolas K, Aggeli IK, Zoga A, Gaitanaki C, Paraskevaidis IA, Markantonis SL, Beis I, Kremastinos DT. Acute administration of vitamin E triggers preconditioning via K(ATP) channels and cyclic-GMP without inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1092-9. [PMID: 16962934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E (VitE) is considered an antioxidant agent. One or more brief periods of ischemia (isc), followed by short reperfusion (rep), increase the tolerance of the heart to a subsequent prolonged ischemia, a phenomenon known as ischemic preconditioning (PC). Mitochondrial KATP channels (mitoKATP), cyclic-GMP (cGMP), and free radicals are involved in the mechanism of PC, whereas some antioxidants abolish this benefit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of VitE on infarct size, PC, and the oxidative status in vivo. Male rabbits were divided into seven groups and were subjected to myocardial ischemia (isc) and reperfusion (rep) with the following interventions: (1) control (no intervention); (2) E150 (iv VitE at a dose of 150 mg/kg for 75 min, starting 40 min before index isc and lasting through 5 min of rep); (3) E300 (iv VitE 300 mg/kg as previously described); (4) PC (two cycles of 5 min isc and 10 min rep), (5) combined E150-PC; and (6) combined E300-PC. In the last two groups VitE was given 40 min before index ischemia. Blood samples were taken for malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (CDs) measurement. In a second series of experiments heart tissue samples were taken at the time of long ischemia for MDA and CD determination and for cGMP assay. In order to test whether combined treatment with VitE (as the E150 group) and the mitoKATP blocker 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD) changes the infarct size, an additional group was assessed in the first series of experiments. Tissue VitE concentration was evaluated in myocardium. VitE at both doses reduced the infarct size (19.7 +/- 2.8% for E150 and 18.8 +/- 4.9% for E300 vs 47.4 +/- 2.6% in control, P < 0.05) without attenuating the effect of PC (10.2 +/- 3.1% for E150-PC, 12.4 +/- 2.2% for E300-PC, vs 13.5 +/- 3.3% for PC). Combined VitE and 5-HD treatment abrogates this benefit (37.4 +/- 6.5%, P < 0.05 vs E150 and NS vs control). VitE increases intracellular cGMP and CDs levels (P < 0.05 vs control) to the same extent as PC (P < 0.05 vs control), with no effect on MDA (P = NS between all the groups). Peripheral markers of oxidative stress are increased during reperfusion in all groups (P < 0.05 vs baseline). Overall, VitE limits infarct size via mitoKATP and cGMP, while preserving the benefit of ischemic PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Second University Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Attikon General Hospital, University of Athens, Rimini 1, 124 62 Athens, Greece.
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Peralta EA, Viegas ML, Louis S, Engle DL, Dunnington GL. Effect of vitamin E on tamoxifen-treated breast cancer cells. Surgery 2006; 140:607-14; discussion 614-5. [PMID: 17011908 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of apoptosis by tamoxifen has been postulated to involve oxidative stress. Tamoxifen (TAM) may act on estrogen receptors (ER) located in the plasma membrane. Our hypothesis that supplemental antioxidant vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) acts at the plasma membrane to alter the effectiveness of tamoxifen was tested in ER-positive breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and T47D. METHODS Cells were treated in vitro with 20-muM TAM alone and in combination with 10-muM alpha-tocopherol (AT). Estrogen growth signals were quantified by immunohistochemical staining for the mitogen-activated protein kinase p-ERK. Rapid changes in intracellular calcium were detected in TAM-treated MCF-7 and T-47D cells by fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with the calcium-sensitive dye Fluo 4AM. Apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Proliferating cells in normal medium exhibited strong p-ERK staining. Addition of TAM abolished p-ERK staining and caused cell rounding and death. The addition of AT led to the restoration of cell proliferation and p-ERK expression even in the presence of high-dose TAM. Intracellular calcium rapidly increased in MCF-7 and T47D cells upon exposure to TAM, followed by an increase in caspase activation and eventual apoptosis. The increase in intracellular calcium was abolished by the addition of 10muM AT to TAM, and pan-caspase staining decreased at 5 hours from 72% to 41%. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that supplemental vitamin E decreases the inhibitory effect of TAM on the proliferation of ER+ breast cancer cells and eliminates the rapid rise in intracellular calcium that leads to apoptosis stimulated by TAM. The use of vitamin E acetate supplements may be inadvisable for women taking tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Peralta
- Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Ill, USA.
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Fairus S, Nor RM, Cheng HM, Sundram K. Postprandial metabolic fate of tocotrienol-rich vitamin E differs significantly from that of alpha-tocopherol. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84:835-42. [PMID: 17023711 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.4.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of tocotrienols in human plasma has proven elusive, and it is hypothesized that they are rapidly assimilated and redistributed in various mammalian tissues. OBJECTIVE The primary study objective was to evaluate the postprandial fate of tocotrienols and alpha-tocopherol in human plasma and lipoproteins. DESIGN Seven healthy volunteers (4 males, 3 females) were administered a single dose of vitamin E [1011 mg palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) or 1074 mg alpha-tocopherol] after a 7-d conditioning period with a tocotrienol-free diet. Blood was sampled at baseline (fasted) and 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 24 h after supplementation. Concentrations of tocopherol and tocotrienol isomers in plasma, triacylglycerol-rich particles (TRPs), LDLs, and HDLs were measured at each interval. RESULTS After intervention with TRF, plasma tocotrienols peaked at 4 h (4.79 +/- 1.2 microg/mL), whereas alpha-tocopherol peaked at 6 h (13.46 +/- 1.68 microg/mL). Although tocotrienols were similarly detected in TRPs, LDLs, and HDLs, tocotrienol concentrations were significantly lower than alpha-tocopherol concentrations. In comparison, plasma alpha-tocopherol peaked at 8 h (24.3 +/- 5.22 microg/mL) during the alpha-tocopherol treatment and emerged as the major vitamin E isomer detected in plasma and lipoproteins during both the TRF and the alpha-tocopherol treatments. CONCLUSIONS Tocotrienols are detected in postprandial plasma, albeit in significantly lower concentrations than is alpha-tocopherol. This finding confirms previous observations that, in the fasted state, tocotrienols are not detected in plasma. Tocotrienol transport in lipoproteins appears to follow complex biochemically mediated pathways within the lipoprotein cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Fairus
- Food Technology and Nutrition Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Selangor, Malaysia
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