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Vituret C, Gallay K, Confort MP, Ftaich N, Matei CI, Archer F, Ronfort C, Mornex JF, Chanson M, Di Pietro A, Boulanger P, Hong SS. Transfer of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator to Human Cystic Fibrosis Cells Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:166-83. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Vituret
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Unité BMSSI, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Kathy Gallay
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Confort
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Najate Ftaich
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Constantin I. Matei
- Centre Technologique des Microstructures, Université Claude Bernard—Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabienne Archer
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Corinne Ronfort
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jean-François Mornex
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marc Chanson
- Département de Physiologie Cellulaire & Métabolisme, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Attilio Di Pietro
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Unité BMSSI, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Pierre Boulanger
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Saw See Hong
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
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202
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Michell DL, Vickers KC. Lipoprotein carriers of microRNAs. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:2069-2074. [PMID: 26825691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins, namely high-density lipoproteins (HDL), transport a wide-variety of cargo in addition to cholesterol and lipids. In 2011, HDL and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were reported to transport microRNAs (miRNA). Since the original discovery, there has been great excitement for this topic and a handful of follow-up publications. Here, we review the current landscape of lipoprotein transport of miRNAs. HDL-miRNAs have been demonstrated to be altered in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. As such, HDL- and LDL-miRNAs may represent a novel class of disease biomarkers. Below, we review HDL-miR-92a and miR-486 levels in myocardial infarction and unstable angina, and HDL-miR-223 and miR-24 levels in coronary artery disease (CAD). Moreover, we address HDL's contribution to the total pool of extracellular miRNAs in plasma and differential distribution of miRNAs across HDL subspecies. Finally, we address current and future challenges for this new field and the barriers to such work. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs and lipid/energy metabolism and related diseases edited by Carlos Fernández-Hernando and Yajaira Suárez.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Michell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Univ. Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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203
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Axl and Mer Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Distinct and Nonoverlapping Roles in Inflammation and Cancer? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 930:113-32. [PMID: 27558819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39406-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinases Axl and Mer subserve the process of termination of proinflammatory signaling and have key roles in both the resolution of inflammation and restoration of homeostasis. Axl functions prominently under conditions of tissue stress or in response to infection, whereas Mer has a major role in maintenance of homeostasis within tissues. Distinct patterns of expression of Axl and Mer underlie their clearly defined functional roles during the initiation and progression of inflammation. Axl and Mer are expressed by tumor cells and by infiltrating inflammatory cells and the regulation of cellular function via Axl and Mer signaling is also important for tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. In this review, we consider the divergent functions of Axl and Mer in the context of inflammatory processes within tumors and the implications for development of therapeutic agents targeting these receptors.
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204
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Chen EI, Crew KD, Trivedi M, Awad D, Maurer M, Kalinsky K, Koller A, Patel P, Kim Kim J, Hershman DL. Identifying Predictors of Taxane-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Technology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145816. [PMID: 26710119 PMCID: PMC4692419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major advances in early detection and therapy have significantly increased the survival of breast cancer patients. Unfortunately, most cancer therapies are known to carry a substantial risk of adverse long-term treatment-related effects. Little is known about patient susceptibility to severe side effects after chemotherapy. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common side effect of taxanes. Recent advances in genome-wide genotyping and sequencing technologies have supported the discoveries of a number of pharmacogenetic markers that predict response to chemotherapy. However, effectively implementing these pharmacogenetic markers in the clinic remains a major challenge. On the other hand, recent advances in proteomic technologies incorporating mass spectrometry (MS) for biomarker discovery show great promise to provide clinically relevant protein biomarkers. In this study, we evaluated the association between protein content in serum exosomes and severity of CIPN. Women with early stage breast cancer receiving adjuvant taxane chemotherapy were assessed with the FACT-Ntx score and serum was collected before and after the taxane treatment. Based on the change in FACT-Ntx score from baseline to 12 month follow-up, we separated patients into two groups: those who had no change (Group 1, N = 9) and those who had a ≥20% worsening (Group 1, N = 8). MS-based proteomics technology was used to identify proteins present in serum exosomes to determine potential biomarkers. Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon analysis was applied and maximum FDR was controlled at 20%. From the serum exosomes derived from this cohort, we identified over 700 proteins known to be in different subcellular locations and have different functions. Statistical analysis revealed a 12-protein signature that resulted in a distinct separation between baseline serum samples of both groups (q<0.2) suggesting that the baseline samples can predict subsequent neurotoxicity. These toxicity-associated biomarkers can be further validated in larger retrospective cohorts for their utility in identifying patients at high risk for CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily I. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Shared Resource, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katherine D. Crew
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Shared Resource, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Meghna Trivedi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Danielle Awad
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Shared Resource, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mathew Maurer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Shared Resource, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Shared Resource, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Antonius Koller
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Shared Resource, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Purvi Patel
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Shared Resource, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jenny Kim Kim
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Shared Resource, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Hershman
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Shared Resource, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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205
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Sima X, Sun H, Zhou P, You C. A Potential Polymorphism in the Promoter of Let-7 is Associated With an Increased Risk of Intracranial Aneurysm: A Case-Control Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2267. [PMID: 26705209 PMCID: PMC4697975 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Let-7 family plays a key role in the progression of atherosclerosis and intracranial aneurysm (IA). We hypothesized that rs10877887 and rs13293512 polymorphisms in the promoters of let-7 family may be associated with the susceptibility of IA. We genotyped the 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 305 patients with IA and 401 healthy controls. The rs10877887 was analyzed using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay, and the rs13293512 was analyzed using a TaqMan SNP genotyping method. The relative expression of let-7 family was measured in plasma of cases and controls using real-time PCR. We found that the rs13293512CT genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of developing IA in a heterozygote comparison (adjusted OR = 1.43, 95% CI, 1.00-2.05, P = 0.048) and dominant comparison (adjusted OR = 1.44, 95% CI, 1.02-2.03, P = 0.04). Combined analysis showed that the rs10877887TT and rs13293512CC/CT genotypes had a significantly increased risk of IA (OR = 1.67, 95% CI, 1.04-2.68, P = 0.03). Moreover, the levels of let-7a, let-7d, and let-7f were downregulated in IA patients, and patients with the rs13293512CC/CT genotypes had a lower level of let-7a than those with rs13293512TT genotype (P = 0.03). These findings indicate that the rs13293512CC/CT is a risk factor for the development of IA, possibly because of the genotypes resulting in a lower level of let-7a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiutian Sima
- From the Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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206
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Victoria B, Dhahbi JM, Nunez Lopez YO, Spinel L, Atamna H, Spindler SR, Masternak MM. Circulating microRNA signature of genotype-by-age interactions in the long-lived Ames dwarf mouse. Aging Cell 2015; 14:1055-66. [PMID: 26176567 PMCID: PMC4693471 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence demonstrates that serum levels of specific miRNAs significantly change with age. The ability of circulating sncRNAs to act as signaling molecules and regulate a broad spectrum of cellular functions implicates them as key players in the aging process. To discover circulating sncRNAs that impact aging in the long‐lived Ames dwarf mice, we conducted deep sequencing of small RNAs extracted from serum of young and old mice. Our analysis showed genotype‐specific changes in the circulating levels of 21 miRNAs during aging [genotype‐by‐age interaction (GbA)]. Genotype‐by‐age miRNAs showed four distinct expression patterns and significant overtargeting of transcripts involved in age‐related processes. Functional enrichment analysis of putative and validated miRNA targets highlighted cellular processes such as tumor suppression, anti‐inflammatory response, and modulation of Wnt, insulin, mTOR, and MAPK signaling pathways, among others. The comparative analysis of circulating GbA miRNAs in Ames mice with circulating miRNAs modulated by calorie restriction (CR) in another long‐lived mouse suggests CR‐like and CR‐independent mechanisms contributing to longevity in the Ames mouse. In conclusion, we showed for the first time a signature of circulating miRNAs modulated by age in the long‐lived Ames mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Victoria
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine University of Central Florida 6900 Lake Nona Blvd. Orlando FL 32827 USA
| | - Joseph M. Dhahbi
- Department of Biochemistry University of California at Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Center for Genetics Childrens Hospital Oakland Research Institute Oakland CA 94609 USA
| | - Yury O. Nunez Lopez
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes Florida Hospital 301 E. Princeton Street Orlando FL 2804 USA
| | - Lina Spinel
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine University of Central Florida 6900 Lake Nona Blvd. Orlando FL 32827 USA
| | - Hani Atamna
- Department of Medical Education California Northstate University Elk Grove CA USA
| | - Stephen R. Spindler
- Department of Biochemistry University of California at Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Michal M. Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine University of Central Florida 6900 Lake Nona Blvd. Orlando FL 32827 USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery The Greater Poland Cancer Centre 15 Garbary St. 61‐866 Poznan Poland
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207
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Rom S, Dykstra H, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Reichenbach NL, Persidsky Y. miR-98 and let-7g* protect the blood-brain barrier under neuroinflammatory conditions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1957-65. [PMID: 26126865 PMCID: PMC4671116 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pathologic conditions in the central nervous system, regardless of the underlying injury mechanism, show a certain level of blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment. Endothelial dysfunction is the earliest event in the initiation of vascular damage caused by inflammation due to stroke, atherosclerosis, trauma, or brain infections. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a class of gene expression regulators. The relationship between neuroinflammation and miRNA expression in brain endothelium remains unexplored. Previously, we showed the BBB-protective and anti-inflammatory effects of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β inhibition in brain endothelium in in vitro and in vivo models of neuroinflammation. Using microarray screening, we identified miRNAs induced in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells after exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α, with/out GSK3β inhibition. Among the highly modified miRNAs, let-7 and miR-98 were predicted to target the inflammatory molecules, CCL2 and CCL5. Overexpression of let-7 and miR-98 in vitro and in vivo resulted in reduced leukocyte adhesion to and migration across endothelium, diminished expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased BBB tightness, attenuating barrier 'leakiness' in neuroinflammation conditions. For the first time, we showed that miRNAs could be used as a therapeutic tool to prevent the BBB dysfunction in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Holly Dykstra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Viviana Zuluaga-Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy L Reichenbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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208
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Lakhter AJ, Sims EK. Minireview: Emerging Roles for Extracellular Vesicles in Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1535-48. [PMID: 26393296 PMCID: PMC4627606 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-contained vesicles released by most cell types, have attracted a large amount of research interest over the past decade. Because of their ability to transfer cargo via regulated processes, causing functional impacts on recipient cells, these structures may play important roles in cell-cell communication and have implications in the physiology of numerous organ systems. In addition, EVs have been described in most human biofluids and have wide potential as relatively noninvasive biomarkers of various pathologic conditions. Specifically, EVs produced by the pancreatic β-cell have been demonstrated to regulate physiologic and pathologic responses to β-cell stress, including β-cell proliferation and apoptosis. β-Cell EVs are also capable of interacting with immune cells and may contribute to the activation of autoimmune processes that trigger or propagate β-cell inflammation and destruction during the development of diabetes. EVs from adipose tissue have been shown to contribute to the development of the chronic inflammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome via interactions with other adipose, liver, and muscle cells. Circulating EVs may also serve as biomarkers for metabolic derangements and complications associated with diabetes. This minireview describes the properties of EVs in general, followed by a more focused review of the literature describing EVs affecting the β-cell, β-cell autoimmunity, and the development of insulin resistance, which all have the potential to affect development of type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lakhter
- Department of Pediatrics (A.J.L., E.K.S.), Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (E.K.S.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Emily K Sims
- Department of Pediatrics (A.J.L., E.K.S.), Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (E.K.S.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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209
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210
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Muylaert DEP, de Jong OG, Slaats GGG, Nieuweboer FE, Fledderus JO, Goumans MJ, Hierck BP, Verhaar MC. Environmental Influences on Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Developing Implanted Cardiovascular Tissue-Engineered Grafts. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 22:58-67. [PMID: 26414174 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered grafts for cardiovascular structures experience biochemical stimuli and mechanical forces that influence tissue development after implantation such as the immunological response, oxidative stress, hemodynamic shear stress, and mechanical strain. Endothelial cells are a cell source of major interest in vascular tissue engineering because of their ability to form a luminal antithrombotic monolayer. In addition, through their ability to undergo endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), endothelial cells may yield a cell type capable of increased production and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is of major importance to the mechanical function of all cardiovascular structures. Tissue engineering approaches may employ EndMT to recapitulate, in part, the embryonic development of cardiovascular structures. Improved understanding of how the environment of an implanted graft could influence EndMT in endothelial cells may lead to novel tissue engineering strategies. This review presents an overview of biochemical and mechanical stimuli capable of influencing EndMT, discusses the influence of these stimuli as found in the direct environment of cardiovascular grafts, and discusses approaches to employ EndMT in tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri E P Muylaert
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier G de Jong
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela G G Slaats
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke E Nieuweboer
- 2 Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joost O Fledderus
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose Goumans
- 3 Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Beerend P Hierck
- 4 Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- 1 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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211
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Microvesicles, in general, and exosomes together with their delivered content in particular, are now being widely recognized as key players in atherosclerosis. We have previously reviewed the role of microvesicles in atherosclerosis pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Here, we focus on the roles of exosomes and discuss their emergent role in mediating activation and response to inflammation, vessel infiltration and induction of coagulation. We will finally give an outlook to discuss novel detection techniques and systems biology based data analyses to investigate exosome-mediated cell-to-cell communication. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research points to a role of exosomes in delivering apoptotic and inflammatory content between blood cells and vascular cells, with a potential contribution of exosomes secreted by adipose tissue. An atheroprotective role of exosomes in response to coagulation that may contrast with the procoagulatory role of platelet-derived larger microvesicles is envisaged. New detection and separation methods and systems biology techniques are emerging. CONCLUSION We project that the development of novel detection, separation and analysis mechanism and systems-based analysis methods will further unravel the paracrine and endocrine 'communication protocol' between cellular players in atherosclerosis, mediating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich J. Huber
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit
- Cardiovascular Systems Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Holvoet
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit
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212
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Peng G, Yuan Y, Wu S, He F, Hu Y, Luo B. MicroRNA let-7e Is a Potential Circulating Biomarker of Acute Stage Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 6:437-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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213
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Micro-RNAs and macrophage diversity in atherosclerosis: new players, new challenges…new opportunities for therapeutic intervention? Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 3:202-206. [PMID: 26457329 PMCID: PMC4594832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts in experimental therapeutics of atherosclerosis are mostly focused on identifying candidate targets that can be exploited in developing new strategies to reduce plaque progression, induce its regression and/or improve stability of advanced lesions. Plaque macrophages are central players in all these processes, and consequently a significant amount of research is devoted to understanding mechanisms that regulate, for instance, macrophage apoptosis, necrosis or migration. Macrophage diversity is a key feature of the macrophage population in the plaque and can impact many aspects of lesion development. Thus, searching for molecular entities that contribute to atherorelevant functions of a specific macrophage type but not others may lead to identification of targets that can be exploited in phenotype selective modulation of the lesional macrophage. This however, remains an unmet goal. In recent years several studies have revealed critical functions of micro-RNAs (miRs) in mechanisms of macrophage polarization, and a number of miRs have emerged as being specific of distinctive macrophage subsets. Not only can these miRs represent the first step towards recognition of phenotype specific targets, but they may also pave the way to reveal novel atherorelevant pathways within macrophage subsets. This article discusses some of these recent findings, speculates on their potential relevance to atherosclerosis and elaborates on the prospective use of miRs to affect the function of plaque macrophages in a phenotype selective manner. Micro-RNAs are critical in macrophage polarization and atherosclerosis. Macrophage subsets have distinctive miRs. The use of miRs to target plaque macrophage subsets is discussed.
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214
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MicroRNAs as regulators of metabolic disease: pathophysiologic significance and emerging role as biomarkers and therapeutics. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:88-101. [PMID: 26311337 PMCID: PMC4722234 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity in developed and developing countries has greatly increased the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is evident from human and animal studies that obesity alters microRNA (miRNA) expression in metabolically important organs, and that miRNAs are involved in changes to normal physiology, acting as mediators of disease. miRNAs regulate multiple pathways including insulin signaling, immune-mediated inflammation, adipokine expression, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and food intake regulation. Thus, miRNA-based therapeutics represent an innovative and attractive treatment modality, with non-human primate studies showing great promise. In addition, miRNA measures in plasma or bodily fluids may be used as disease biomarkers and predictors of metabolic disease in humans. This review analyzes the role of miRNAs in obesity and insulin resistance, focusing on the miR-17/92, miR-143-145, miR-130, let-7, miR-221/222, miR-200, miR-223, miR-29 and miR-375 families, as well as miRNA changes by relevant tissue (adipose, liver and skeletal muscle). Further, the current and future applications of miRNA-based therapeutics and diagnostics in metabolic disease are discussed.
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215
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Mitchelson KR, Qin WY. Roles of the canonical myomiRs miR-1, -133 and -206 in cell development and disease. World J Biol Chem 2015; 6:162-208. [PMID: 26322174 PMCID: PMC4549760 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v6.i3.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that participate in different biological processes, providing subtle combinational regulation of cellular pathways, often by regulating components of signalling pathways. Aberrant expression of miRNAs is an important factor in the development and progression of disease. The canonical myomiRs (miR-1, -133 and -206) are central to the development and health of mammalian skeletal and cardiac muscles, but new findings show they have regulatory roles in the development of other mammalian non-muscle tissues, including nerve, brain structures, adipose and some specialised immunological cells. Moreover, the deregulation of myomiR expression is associated with a variety of different cancers, where typically they have tumor suppressor functions, although examples of an oncogenic role illustrate their diverse function in different cell environments. This review examines the involvement of the related myomiRs at the crossroads between cell development/tissue regeneration/tissue inflammation responses, and cancer development.
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216
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Braza-Boïls A, Salloum-Asfar S, Marí-Alexandre J, Arroyo AB, González-Conejero R, Barceló-Molina M, García-Oms J, Vicente V, Estellés A, Gilabert-Estellés J, Martínez C. Peritoneal fluid modifies the microRNA expression profile in endometrial and endometriotic cells from women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:2292-302. [PMID: 26307093 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Could peritoneal fluid (PF) from patients with endometriosis alter the microRNA (miRNA) expression profile in endometrial and endometriotic cells from patients? SUMMARY ANSWER PF from patients with endometriosis modifies the miRNA expression profile in endometrial cells from patients. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Angiogenesis is a pivotal system in the development of endometriosis, and dysregulated miRNA expression in this disease has been reported. However, to our knowledge, the effect of PF from patients on the miRNA expression profile of patient endometrial cells has not been reported. Moreover, an effect of three miRNAs (miR-16-5p, miR-29c-3p and miR-424-5p) on the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A mRNA translation in endometrial cells from patients with endometriosis has not been demonstrated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Primary cultures of stromal cells from endometrium from 8 control women (control cells) and 11 patients with endometriosis (eutopic cells) and ovarian endometriomas (ectopic cells) were treated with PF from control women (CPF) and patients (EPF) or not treated (0PF) in order to evaluate the effect of PF on miRNA expression in these cells. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS MiRNA expression arrays (Affymetrix platform) were prepared from cells (control, eutopic, ectopic) treated with CPF, EPF or 0PF. Results from arrays were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in cultures from 8 control endometrium, 11 eutopic endometrium and 11 ovarian endometriomas. Functional experiments were performed in primary cell cultures using mimics for miRNAs miR-16-5p, miR-29c-3p and miR-424-5p to assess their effect as VEGF-A expression regulators. To confirm a repressive action of miR-29c-3p through forming miRNA:VEGFA duplexes, we performed luciferase expression assays. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE EPF modified the miRNA expression profile in eutopic cells. A total of 267 miRNAs were modified in response to EPF compared with 0PF in eutopic cells. Nine miRNAs (miR-16-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-29c-3p, miR-106b-5p, miR-130a-5p, miR-149-5p, miR-185-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-424-5p) that were differently expressed in response to EPF, and which were potential targets involved in angiogenesis, proteolysis or endometriosis, were validated in further experiments (control = 8, eutopic = 11, ectopic = 11). Except for miR-149-5p, all validated miRNAs showed significantly lower levels (miR-16-5p, miR-106b-5p, miR-130a-5p; miR-195-5p and miR-424-5p, P < 0.05; miR-21-5p, miR-29c-3p and miR-185-5p, P < 0.01) after EPF treatment in primary cell cultures from eutopic endometrium from patients in comparison with 0PF. Transfection of stromal cells with mimics of miRNAs miR-16-5p, miR-29c-3p and miR-424-5p showed a significant down-regulation of VEGF-A protein expression. However, VEGFA mRNA expression after mimic transfection was not significantly modified, indicating the miRNAs inhibited VEGF-A mRNA translation rather than degrading VEGFA mRNA. Luciferase experiments also corroborated VEGF-A as a target gene of miR-29c-3p. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The study was performed in an in vitro model of endometriosis using stromal cells. This model is just a representation to try to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of endometriosis. Further studies to identify the pathways involved in this miRNA expression modification in response to PF from patients are needed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study describing a modified miRNA expression profile in eutopic cells from patients in response to PF from patients. These promising results improve the body of knowledge on endometriosis pathogenesis and could open up new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of endometriosis through the use of miRNAs. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by research grants by ISCIII and FEDER (PI11/00091, PI11/00566, PI14/01309, PI14/00253 and FI12/00012), RIC (RD12/0042/0029 and RD12/0042/0050), IIS La Fe 2011-211, Prometeo 2011/027 and Contrato Sara Borrell CD13/0005. There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Braza-Boïls
- Grupo de Hemostasia, Trombosis, Aterosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salam Salloum-Asfar
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josep Marí-Alexandre
- Grupo de Hemostasia, Trombosis, Aterosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Arroyo
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío González-Conejero
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Moisés Barceló-Molina
- Grupo de Hemostasia, Trombosis, Aterosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier García-Oms
- Área Maternoinfantil, Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Amparo Estellés
- Grupo de Hemostasia, Trombosis, Aterosclerosis y Biología Vascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Constantino Martínez
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
Based on own translational research of the biochemical and hormonal effects of cow's milk consumption in humans, this review presents milk as a signaling system of mammalian evolution that activates the nutrient-sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the pivotal regulator of translation. Milk, a mammary gland-derived secretory product, is required for species-specific gene-nutrient interactions that promote appropriate growth and development of the newborn mammal. This signaling system is highly conserved and tightly controlled by the lactation genome. Milk is sufficient to activate mTORC1, the crucial regulator of protein, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis orchestrating anabolism, cell growth and proliferation. To fulfill its mTORC1-activating function, milk delivers four key metabolic messengers: (1) essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs); (2) glutamine; (3) palmitic acid; and (4) bioactive exosomal microRNAs, which in a synergistical fashion promote mTORC1-dependent translation. In all mammals except Neolithic humans, postnatal activation of mTORC1 by milk intake is restricted to the postnatal lactation period. It is of critical concern that persistent hyperactivation of mTORC1 is associated with aging and the development of age-related disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Persistent mTORC1 activation promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and drives an aimless quasi-program, which promotes aging and age-related diseases.
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218
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Xu Z, Han Y, Liu J, Jiang F, Hu H, Wang Y, Liu Q, Gong Y, Li X. MiR-135b-5p and MiR-499a-3p Promote Cell Proliferation and Migration in Atherosclerosis by Directly Targeting MEF2C. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12276. [PMID: 26184978 PMCID: PMC4505325 DOI: 10.1038/srep12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and migration of endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are critical processes involved in atherosclerosis. Recent studies have revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be detected in circulating blood with a stable form and the expression profiles differ in many cellular processes associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, little is known about their role, especially serum-derived miRNAs, in ECs and VSMCs phenotype modulation during atherosclerosis. We compared the miRNA expressions in serum samples from 13 atherosclerotic CAD patients and 5 healthy control subjects and identified 36 differentially expressed miRNAs. The expression of selected miRNAs (miR-135b-5p and miR-499a-3p) was further validated in 137 serum samples. Interestingly, miR-135b-5p and miR-499a-3p directly regulated a common target gene: myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) which plays an important role in modulating cell phenotype of cardiovascular systems. Furthermore, our results indicated that the 2 elevated miRNAs could jointly promote ECs and VSMCs proliferation and migration by repressing MEF2C expression. Together, our findings demonstrated a serum-based miRNA expression profile for atherosclerotic CAD patients, potentially revealing a previously undocumented mechanism for cell proliferation and migration mediated by miR-135b-5p and miR-499a-3p, and might provide novel insights into the role of circulating miRNAs in atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yeming Han
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiying Liu
- Department of Interventional Treatment, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Huili Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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220
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Extracellular vesicles as new pharmacological targets to treat atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:90-103. [PMID: 26142082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles released by most cell types, include apoptotic bodies (ABs), microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes. They play a crucial role in physiology and pathology, contributing to "cell-to-cell" communication by modifying the phenotype and the function of target cells. Thus, extracellular vesicles participate in the key processes of atherosclerosis from endothelial dysfunction, vascular wall inflammation to vascular remodeling. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on extracellular vesicle formation, structure, release and clearance. We focus on the deleterious and beneficial effects of extracellular vesicles in the development of atherosclerosis. The potential role of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and pharmacological targets, their innate therapeutic capacity, or their use for novel drug delivery devices in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases will also be discussed.
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221
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Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Extracellular vesicles and atherosclerotic disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2697-708. [PMID: 25894694 PMCID: PMC11113133 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise a heterogeneous population of vesicular structures. According to the current paradigm, there are three types of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, that are differentiated in their size, formation, and release mechanisms. EVs were shown to act as a 'post service' that serves a long-distance delivery of complex cellular messages. The cargo of EVs consists of a variety of biomolecules including proteins, DNA, mRNA, and non-coding RNA. In normal or pathological conditions, EVs deliver various molecules to the recipient cells. Those molecules greatly vary depending on the microenvironmental stimuli. In proinflammatory conditions such as atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, EVs derived from vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and other circulating immune cells mainly possess proinflammatory properties. However, the capacity of circulating EVs to stably maintain and deliver a variety of biomolecules makes these microparticles to be a promising therapeutic tool for treatment of cardiovascular pathology. To date, circulating EVs were evaluated to be as a source of valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers such as microRNA. Circulating EVs keep a great therapeutic potential to serve as vehicles for targeted therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A. Chistiakov
- The Mount Sinai Community Clinical Oncology Program, Mount Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140 USA
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children’s Health, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 125315 Russia
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Yuri V. Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia
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222
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Ong SM, Biswas SK, Wong SC. MicroRNA-mediated immune modulation as a therapeutic strategy in host-implant integration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 88:92-107. [PMID: 26024977 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The concept of implanting an artificial device into the human body was once the preserve of science fiction, yet this approach is now often used to replace lost or damaged biological structures in human patients. However, assimilation of medical devices into host tissues is a complex process, and successful implant integration into patients is far from certain. The body's immediate response to a foreign object is immune-mediated reaction, hence there has been extensive research into biomaterials that can reduce or even ablate anti-implant immune responses. There have also been attempts to embed or coat anti-inflammatory drugs and pro-regulatory molecules onto medical devices with the aim of preventing implant rejection by the host. In this review, we summarize the key immune mediators of medical implant reaction, and we evaluate the potential of microRNAs to regulate these processes to promote wound healing, and prolong host-implant integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Min Ong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Subhra K Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Siew-Cheng Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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223
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Melnik BC. MiR-21: an environmental driver of malignant melanoma? J Transl Med 2015; 13:202. [PMID: 26116372 PMCID: PMC4482047 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the mid-1950’s, melanoma incidence has been rising steadily in industrialized Caucasian populations, thereby pointing to the pivotal involvement of environmental factors in melanomagenesis. Recent evidence underlines the crucial role of microRNA (miR) signaling in cancer initiation and progression. Increased miR-21 expression has been observed during the transition from a benign melanocytic lesion to malignant melanoma, exhibiting highest expression of miR-21. Notably, common BRAF and NRAS mutations in cutaneous melanoma are associated with increased miR-21 expression. MiR-21 is an oncomiR that affects critical target genes of malignant melanoma, resulting in sustained proliferation (PTEN, PI3K, Sprouty, PDCD4, FOXO1, TIPE2, p53, cyclin D1), evasion from apoptosis (FOXO1, FBXO11, APAF1, TIMP3, TIPE2), genetic instability (MSH2, FBXO11, hTERT), increased oxidative stress (FOXO1), angiogenesis (PTEN, HIF1α, TIMP3), invasion and metastasis (APAF1, PTEN, PDCD4, TIMP3). The purpose of this review is to provide translational evidence for major environmental and individual factors that increase the risk of melanoma, such as UV irradiation, chemical noxes, air pollution, smoking, chronic inflammation, Western nutrition, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and higher age, which are associated with increased miR-21 signaling. Exosomal miR-21 induced by extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli may be superimposed on mutation-induced miR-21 pathways of melanoma cells. Thus, oncogenic miR-21 signaling may be the converging point of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli driving melanomagenesis. Future strategies of melanoma treatment and prevention should thus aim at reducing the burden of miR-21 signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090, Osnabrück, Germany.
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224
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Bobis-Wozowicz S, Kmiotek K, Sekula M, Kedracka-Krok S, Kamycka E, Adamiak M, Jankowska U, Madetko-Talowska A, Sarna M, Bik-Multanowski M, Kolcz J, Boruczkowski D, Madeja Z, Dawn B, Zuba-Surma EK. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microvesicles Transmit RNAs and Proteins to Recipient Mature Heart Cells Modulating Cell Fate and Behavior. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2748-61. [PMID: 26031404 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles (MVs) are membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic fragments released by normal and activated cells that have been described as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Although the ability of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to participate in tissue repair is being increasingly recognized, the use of hiPSC-derived MVs (hiPSC-MVs) in this regard remains unknown. Accordingly, we investigated the ability of hiPSC-MVs to transfer bioactive molecules including mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), and proteins to mature target cells such as cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSCs), and we next analyzed effects of hiPSC-MVs on fate and behavior of such target cells. The results show that hiPSC-MVs derived from integration-free hiPSCs cultured under serum-free and feeder-free conditions are rich in mRNA, miRNA, and proteins originated from parent cells; however, the levels of expression vary between donor cells and MVs. Importantly, we found that transfer of hiPSC components by hiPSC-MVs impacted on transcriptome and proteomic profiles of target cells as well as exerted proliferative and protective effects on cMSCs, and enhanced their cardiac and endothelial differentiation potential. hiPSC-MVs also transferred exogenous transcripts from genetically modified hiPSCs that opens new perspectives for future strategies to enhance MV content. We conclude that hiPSC-MVs are effective vehicles for transferring iPSC attributes to adult somatic cells, and hiPSC-MV-mediated horizontal transfer of RNAs and proteins to injured tissues may be used for therapeutic tissue repair. In this study, for the first time, we propose a new concept of use of hiPSCs as a source of safe acellular bioactive derivatives for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kmiotek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Sekula
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kamycka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Adamiak
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Madetko-Talowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Chair of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Kolcz
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Buddhadeb Dawn
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, Kansas, USA
| | - Ewa K Zuba-Surma
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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225
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Zhang Y, Shi L, Mei H, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Han X, Zhu D. Inflamed macrophage microvesicles induce insulin resistance in human adipocytes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:21. [PMID: 26064180 PMCID: PMC4462080 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokines secreted by adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) significantly alter adipocyte function, inducing inflammatory responses and decreasing insulin sensitivity. However, little relevant information is available regarding the role of microvesicles (MVs) derived from ATMs in macrophage-adipocyte crosstalk. METHODS MVs were generated by stimulation of M1 or M2 phenotype THP-1 macrophages and incubated with human primary mature adipocytes and differentiated adipocytes. Subsequently, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt (pAkt) and glucose uptake were determined. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B were also analyzed in treated adipocytes. RESULTS M1 macrophage-derived MVs (M1 MVs) significantly reduced protein abundance of insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation in human primary mature adipocytes and differentiated adipocytes, when compared with the same concentration of M2 macrophage-derived MVs (M2 MVs). In contrast to M2 MVs, which enhanced the insulin-induced glucose uptake measured by 2-NBDG, M1 MVs decreased this effect in treated adipocytes. M1 MVs treatment also brought about a significant increase in the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, coupled with a decrease in pAkt level and GLUT4 translocation compared with M2 MVs-treated adipocytes. These effects were reversed by BAY 11-7085, a NF- kappa B specific inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS MVs derived from proinflammatory (M1) macrophages may, at least in part, contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-induced insulin resistance, reducing insulin signal transduction and decreasing glucose uptake in human adipocytes, through NF-kappa B activation. Therefore, these MVs may be potential therapy candidates for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 21008 China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 China
| | - Li Shi
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 21008 China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 China
| | - Hongliang Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 China
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 21008 China
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226
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Hoefer IE, Steffens S, Ala-Korpela M, Bäck M, Badimon L, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Boulanger CM, Caligiuri G, Dimmeler S, Egido J, Evans PC, Guzik T, Kwak BR, Landmesser U, Mayr M, Monaco C, Pasterkamp G, Tuñón J, Weber C. Novel methodologies for biomarker discovery in atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:2635-42. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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227
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Krause BJ, Carrasco-Wong I, Dominguez A, Arnaiz P, Farías M, Barja S, Mardones F, Casanello P. Micro-RNAs Let7e and 126 in Plasma as Markers of Metabolic Dysfunction in 10 to 12 Years Old Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128140. [PMID: 26046362 PMCID: PMC4457533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence shows that metabolic syndrome (MetS) is already starting in childhood however there is no consensus regarding how to diagnose this condition in pediatric population. Studies in adults show that altered levels of specific micro-RNAs are related with components of the MetS. OBJECTIVE We determined the plasma levels of four MetS-associated micro-RNAs (miR-126, miR-132, mir-145 and Let-7e) in 10 to 12 years old children with or without MetS traits. DESIGN Pediatric subjects were selected from a cohort of 3325 school-age children, and clustered by the absence (control, n = 30), or the presence of 1 (n = 50), 2 (n = 41) or 3 (n = 35) MetS traits according to Cook´s criteria. Micro-RNAs were isolated from plasma, and levels of miR-126, miR-132, miR-145 and Let-7e were determined by Taqman qPCR. RESULTS Regression analysis of the different MetS traits regarding the different miRNAs analyzed showed that Let-7e presented a negative association with HDL-C levels, but a positive correlation with the number of MetS traits. Levels of miR-126 presented a positive correlation with waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, BMI, and plasma triglycerides and VLDL-C. Levels of miR-132 showed a positive correlation with waist to hip ratio. Plasma levels of Let-7e were increased (~3.4 fold) in subjects with 3 MetS traits, and showed significant AUC (0.681; 95%CI = [0.58, 0.78]; p < 0.001) in the ROC analysis which were improved when miR-126 was included in the analysis (AUC 0.729; p < 0.001). In silico analysis of the interaction of proteins derived from mRNAs targeted by Let7 and miR-126 showed an important effect of both Let-7e and miR-126 regulating the insulin signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that changes in the plasma levels of Let-7e and miR-126 could represent early markers of metabolic dysfunction in children with MetS traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo J. Krause
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ivo Carrasco-Wong
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Dominguez
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pilar Arnaiz
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Farías
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salesa Barja
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Mardones
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Casanello
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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228
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de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Dávalos A, Montero A, García-González Á, Tyshkovska I, González-Medina A, Soares SMA, Martínez-Camblor P, Casas-Agustench P, Rabadán M, Díaz-Martínez ÁE, Úbeda N, Iglesias-Gutiérrez E. Circulating inflammatory miRNA signature in response to different doses of aerobic exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:124-34. [PMID: 25997943 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While moderate acute exercise has been associated with strong anti-inflammatory mechanisms, strenuous exercise has been linked to deleterious inflammatory perturbations. It is therefore fundamental to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate the exercise-induced inflammatory cascade. Information on novel regulators such as circulating inflammatory microRNAs (c-inflammamiRs) is incomplete. In this study, we evaluated the response of a panel of c-inflammamiRs to different doses of acute aerobic exercise. We first studied the exercise-induced inflammatory cascade in serum samples of nine active middle-aged males immediately before and after (0 h, 24 h, 72 h) 10-km, half-marathon, and marathon races. Next, we analyzed the circulating profile of 106 specific c-inflammamiRs immediately before) and after (0 h, 24 h) 10-km (low inflammatory response) and marathon (high inflammatory response) races. Analysis of classical inflammatory parameters revealed a dose-dependent effect of aerobic exercise on systemic inflammation, with higher levels detected after marathon. We observed an increase in miR-150-5p immediately after the 10-km race. Levels of 12 c-inflammamiRs were increased immediately after the marathon (let-7d-3p, let-7f-2-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-132-3p, miR-143-3p, miR-148a-3p, miR-223-3p, miR-223-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-34a-5p, miR-424-3p, and miR-424-5p). c-inflammamiRs returned to basal levels after 24 h. Correlation and in silico analyses supported a close association between the observed c-inflammamiR pattern and regulation of the inflammatory process. In conclusion, we found that different doses of acute aerobic exercise induced a distinct and specific c-inflammamiR response, which may be associated with control of the exercise-induced inflammatory cascade. Our findings point to c-inflammamiRs as potential biomarkers of exercise-induced inflammation, and hence, exercise dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David de Gonzalo-Calvo
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Research Institute of the Sant Pau Hospital (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Disorders of Lipid Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies-Food, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Autonomous University of Madrid and Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Centro de Estudios Universitarios San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela García-González
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Centro de Estudios Universitarios San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iryna Tyshkovska
- Laboratory of Disorders of Lipid Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies-Food, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Autonomous University of Madrid and Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Medina
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Centro de Estudios Universitarios San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara M A Soares
- Laboratory of Disorders of Lipid Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies-Food, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Autonomous University of Madrid and Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Camblor
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Hospital Univeritario Central de Asturias, Asturias, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
| | - Patricia Casas-Agustench
- Laboratory of Disorders of Lipid Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies-Food, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Autonomous University of Madrid and Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rabadán
- Sports Medicine Center, Clinical Laboratory, Higher Council for Sports, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel E Díaz-Martínez
- Sports Medicine Center, Clinical Laboratory, Higher Council for Sports, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Úbeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Centro de Estudios Universitarios San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Iglesias-Gutiérrez
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Centro de Estudios Universitarios San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
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229
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Exosomes for Intramyocardial Intercellular Communication. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:482171. [PMID: 26089917 PMCID: PMC4454760 DOI: 10.1155/2015/482171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between different cell types plays central roles both in cardiac homeostasis and in adaptive responses of the heart to stress. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) send biological messages to the other cell types present in the heart including endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts. In turn, CMs receive messages from these cells. Recent evidence has now established that exosomes, nanosized secreted extracellular vesicles, are crucial mediators of such messages. CMs, ECs, cardiac fibroblasts, and cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) release exosomes carrying nonrandom subsets of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present in their cells of origin. Exosomes secreted from CMs are internalized by fibroblasts and regulate gene expression in these cells as well as in ECs. CPC-derived exosomes protect CMs against apoptosis while also stimulating angiogenesis. They are rich in cardioprotective and proangiogenic microRNAs such as miR-146, miR-210, and miR-132. When injected into infracted hearts in vivo, CPC-derived exosomes reduce infarct size and improve cardiac function. Thus, exosomes are emerging both as key mediators of intercellular communication in the heart and as therapeutic candidates for heart disease.
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230
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Janas T, Janas MM, Sapoń K, Janas T. Mechanisms of RNA loading into exosomes. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1391-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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231
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Rilla K, Siiskonen H, Tammi M, Tammi R. Hyaluronan-coated extracellular vesicles--a novel link between hyaluronan and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 123:121-48. [PMID: 25081528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800092-2.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of hyaluronan (HA) on the plasma membrane is a unique and still partly mysterious way of macromolecular biosynthesis. HA forms pericellular coats around many cell types and accumulates in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of growing and renewing tissues. It is secreted to high concentrations in body fluids with antifriction properties like pleural, peritoneal, and synovial fluids, but is also detectable in plasma, saliva, and urine. In pathological states, like cancer and inflammation, the amount of HA is increased around cells, in the ECM, and in the body fluids. HA is an indicator of poor prognosis for cancer patients and creates a favorable environment for cellular growth and motility. The recent finding that HA-coated extracellular vesicles act both as a product of HA synthase activity and as special vehicles for HA, and perhaps carry signals important for malignant growth, provides a novel link between HA and cancer. HA could be carried on the surface of these vesicles in tissues and body fluids, creating beneficial environments by itself, or by associated molecules, for the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. The HA-coated plasma membrane protrusions and vesicles shed from them are potential biomarkers in cancer and other HA-associated disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Rilla
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hanna Siiskonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Dermatology, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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232
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MicroRNA-184 modulates canonical Wnt signaling through the regulation of frizzled-7 expression in the retina with ischemia-induced neovascularization. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1143-1149. [PMID: 25796186 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling contributes to ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), although the underlying mechanism is so far unclear. Here, we show that microRNA-184 (miR-184) is significantly down-regulated in the retina of OIR mice, and miR-184 negatively modulates Wnt signaling both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we show that the Wnt receptor, frizzled-7, is a downstream target of miR-184, and delivery of miR-184 mimic inhibits Wnt signaling in the OIR retina. These results suggest that decreased levels of miR-184 are responsible, at least in part, for the aberrant activation of Wnt signaling in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization.
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233
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Minciacchi VR, Freeman MR, Di Vizio D. Extracellular vesicles in cancer: exosomes, microvesicles and the emerging role of large oncosomes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:41-51. [PMID: 25721812 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their first description, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the topic of avid study in a variety of physiologic contexts and are now thought to play an important role in cancer. The state of knowledge on biogenesis, molecular content and horizontal communication of diverse types of cancer EVs has expanded considerably in recent years. As a consequence, a plethora of information about EV composition and molecular function has emerged, along with the notion that cancer cells rely on these particles to invade tissues and propagate oncogenic signals at distance. The number of in vivo studies, designed to achieve a deeper understanding of the extent to which EV biology can be applied to clinically relevant settings, is rapidly growing. This review summarizes recent studies on cancer-derived EV functions, with an overview about biogenesis and molecular cargo of exosomes, microvesicles and large oncosomes. We also discuss current challenges and emerging technologies that might improve EV detection in various biological systems. Further studies on the functional role of EVs in specific steps of cancer formation and progression will expand our understanding of the diversity of paracrine signaling mechanisms in malignant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina R Minciacchi
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; The Urological Diseases Research Center; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; The Urological Diseases Research Center; Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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234
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Cocucci E, Meldolesi J. Ectosomes and exosomes: shedding the confusion between extracellular vesicles. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:364-72. [PMID: 25683921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 972] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long- and short-distance communication can take multiple forms. Among them are exosomes and ectosomes, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from the cell to deliver signals to target cells. While most of our understanding of how these vesicles are assembled and work comes from mechanistic studies performed on exosomes, recent studies have begun to shift their focus to ectosomes. Unlike exosomes, which are released on the exocytosis of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), ectosomes are ubiquitous vesicles assembled at and released from the plasma membrane. Here we review the similarities and differences between these two classes of vesicle, suggesting that, despite their considerable differences, the functions of ectosomes may be largely analogous to those of exosomes. Both vesicles appear to be promising targets in the diagnosis and therapy of diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Cocucci
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jacopo Meldolesi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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235
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Abstract
In ageing populations many patients have multiple diseases characterised by acceleration of the normal ageing process. Better understanding of the signalling pathways and cellular events involved in ageing shows that these are characteristic of many chronic degenerative diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and neurodegeneration. Common mechanisms have now been identified in these diseases, which show evidence of cellular senescence with telomere shortening, activation of PI3K–AKT–mTOR signalling, impaired autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion, epigenetic changes, abnormal microRNA profiles, immunosenescence and low grade chronic inflammation (“inflammaging”). Many of these pathways are driven by chronic oxidative stress. There is also a reduction in anti-ageing molecules, such as sirtuins and Klotho, which further accelerates the ageing process. Understanding these molecular mechanisms has identified several novel therapeutic targets and several drugs have already been developed that may slow the ageing process, as well as lifestyle interventions, such as diet and physical activity. This indicates that in the future new treatment approaches may target the common pathways involved in multimorbidity and this area of research should be given high priority. Thus, COPD should be considered as a component of multimorbidity and common disease pathways, particularly accelerated ageing, should be targeted.
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236
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Melnik BC. The pathogenic role of persistent milk signaling in mTORC1- and milk-microRNA-driven type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diabetes Rev 2015; 11:46-62. [PMID: 25587719 PMCID: PMC4428476 DOI: 10.2174/1573399811666150114100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Milk, the secretory product of the lactation genome, promotes growth of the newborn mammal. Milk delivers insulinotropic amino acids, thus maintains a molecular crosstalk with the pancreatic β-cell of the milk recipient. Homeostasis of β-cells and insulin production depend on the appropriate magnitude of mTORC1 signaling. mTORC1 is activated by branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), glutamine, and palmitic acid, abundant nutrient signals of cow´s milk. Furthermore, milk delivers bioactive exosomal microRNAs. After milk consumption, bovine microRNA-29b, a member of the diabetogenic microRNA-29- family, reaches the systemic circulation and the cells of the milk consumer. MicroRNA-29b downregulates branchedchain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase, a potential explanation for increased BCAA serum levels, the metabolic signature of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In non-obese diabetic mice, microRNA-29b downregulates the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, which leads to early β-cell death. In all mammals except Neolithic humans, milk-driven mTORC1 signaling is physiologically restricted to the postnatal period. In contrast, chronic hyperactivated mTORC1 signaling has been associated with the development of age-related diseases of civilization including T2DM. Notably, chronic hyperactivation of mTORC1 enhances endoplasmic reticulum stress that promotes apoptosis. In fact, hyperactivated β-cell mTORC1 signaling induced early β-cell apoptosis in a mouse model. The EPIC-InterAct Study demonstrated an association between milk consumption and T2DM in France, Italy, United Kingdom, Germany, and Sweden. In contrast, fermented milk products and cheese exhibit an inverse correlation. Since the early 1950´s, refrigeration technology allowed widespread consumption of fresh pasteurized milk, which facilitates daily intake of bioactive bovine microRNAs. Persistent uptake of cow´s milk-derived microRNAs apparently transfers an overlooked epigenetic diabetogenic program that should not reach the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabruck, Sedanstraße 115, D-49090 Osnabrück, Germany.
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237
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Volný O, Kašičková L, Coufalová D, Cimflová P, Novák J. microRNAs in Cerebrovascular Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 888:155-95. [PMID: 26663183 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22671-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Cerebrovascular diseases, especially stroke, represent major burden of disability and economy impact. Major advances in primary and secondary prevention and therapy are needed in order to tackle this public health problem. Our better understanding of pathophysiology is essential in order to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools and strategies. microRNAs are a family of important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and their involvement in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases has already been reported. Moreover, microRNAs may represent above-mentioned potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in clinical practice. Within this chapter, we briefly describe basic epidemiology, aetiology and clinical manifestation of following cerebrovascular diseases: extracranial carotid atherosclerosis, acute stroke, intracranial aneurysms and cerebral arterio-venous malformations. Further, in each chapter, the current knowledge about the involvement of specific microRNAs and their potential use in clinical practice will be summarized. More specifically, within the subchapter "miRNAs in carotid atherosclerosis", general information about miRNA involvement in atherosclerosis will be described (miR-126, miR-17-92, miR-155 and others) with special emphasis put on miRNAs affecting carotid plaque progression and stability (e.g. miR-145, miR-146 or miR-217). In the subchapter "miRNAs in acute stroke", we will provide insight into recent knowledge from animal and human studies concerning miRNA profiling in acute stroke and their expression dynamics in brain tissue and extracellular fluids (roles of, e.g. let-7 family, miR-21, miR-29 family, miR-124, miR-145, miR-181 family, miR-210 and miR-223). Subchapters dealing with "miRNAs and AV malformations" and "miRNAs and intracranial aneurysms" will focus on miR-21, miR-26, miR-29 family and miR-143/145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Volný
- Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic. .,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic. .,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
| | - Linda Kašičková
- Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic. .,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Dominika Coufalová
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic. .,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Cimflová
- Department of Radiology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Novák
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic. .,Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic.
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238
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Gu H, Overstreet AMC, Yang Y. Exosomes Biogenesis and Potentials in Disease Diagnosis and Drug Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984414410177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes were discovered more than 30 years ago. Only recently has their importance been recognized for intercellular communication. Exosomes, with their size ranging from 30 nm to 100 nm, are lipid bilayer nanoparticles and secreted by many different types of cells with versatile functions. Exosomes contain macromolecules and exist in various body fluids, including blood, urine, milk and ascites fluid. Due to their specific property, exosomes are very promising in the fields of disease diagnosis and therapy. Nanotechnology is a great tool that will be helpful in basic research and the application of exosomes. Here, we briefly review the function and potential use of exosomes in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Gu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cell Biophysics University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Anne-Marie C. Overstreet
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yongguang Yang
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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239
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Weyrich AS. Platelets: more than a sack of glue. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2014; 2014:400-403. [PMID: 25696885 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are primary effector cells in hemostasis. Emerging evidence over the last decade, however, demonstrates that platelets also have critical roles in immunity and inflammation. These nontraditional functions of platelets influence the development, progression, and evolution of numerous diseases, including arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and infectious syndromes. This chapters reviews recently discovered attributes of platelets that contribute to human disease, paying particular attention to the inflammatory activities of this anucleate cytoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Weyrich
- Molecular Medicine Program and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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240
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Jansen F, Yang X, Proebsting S, Hoelscher M, Przybilla D, Baumann K, Schmitz T, Dolf A, Endl E, Franklin BS, Sinning JM, Vasa-Nicotera M, Nickenig G, Werner N. MicroRNA expression in circulating microvesicles predicts cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001249. [PMID: 25349183 PMCID: PMC4338711 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are differentially regulated and selectively packaged in microvesicles (MVs). We evaluated whether circulating vascular and endothelial miRNAs in patients with stable coronary artery disease have prognostic value for the occurrence of cardiovascular (CV) events. Methods and Results Ten miRNAs involved in the regulation of vascular performance—miR‐126, miR‐222, miR‐let7d, miR‐21, miR‐20a, miR‐27a, miR‐92a, miR‐17, miR‐130, and miR‐199a—were quantified in plasma and circulating MVs by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 181 patients with stable coronary artery disease. The median duration of follow‐up for major adverse CV event–free survival was 6.1 years (range: 6.0–6.4 years). Events occurred in 55 patients (31.3%). There was no significant association between CV events and plasma level of the selected miRNAs. In contrast, increased expression of miR‐126 and miR‐199a in circulating MVs was significantly associated with a lower major adverse CV event rate. In univariate analysis, above‐median levels of miR‐126 in circulating MVs were predictors of major adverse CV event–free survival (hazard ratio: 0.485 [95% CI: 0.278 to 0.846]; P=0.007) and percutaneous coronary interventions (hazard ratio: 0.458 [95% CI: 0.222 to 0.945]; P=0.03). Likewise, an increased level of miR‐199a in circulating MVs was associated with a reduced risk of major adverse CV events (hazard ratio: 0.518 [95% CI: 0.299 to 0.898]; P=0.01) and revascularization (hazard ratio: 0.439 [95% CI: 0.232 to 0.832]; P=0.01) in univariate analysis. miRNA expression analysis in plasma compartments revealed that miR‐126 and miR‐199a are present mainly in circulating MVs. MV‐sorting experiments showed that endothelial cells and platelets were found to be the major cell sources of MVs containing miR‐126 and miR‐199a, respectively. Conclusion MVs containing miR‐126 and miR‐199a but not freely circulating miRNA expression predict the occurrence of CV events in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Jansen
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (X.Y.)
| | - Sebastian Proebsting
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
| | - Marion Hoelscher
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
| | - David Przybilla
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
| | - Katharina Baumann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
| | - Theresa Schmitz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
| | - Andreas Dolf
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (A.D., E.E.)
| | - Elmar Endl
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (A.D., E.E.)
| | - Bernardo S Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (B.S.F.)
| | - Jan-Malte Sinning
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
| | - Mariuca Vasa-Nicotera
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
| | - Nikos Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany (F.J., S.P., M.H., D.P., K.B., T.S., J.M.S., M.V.N., G.N., N.W.)
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Ung TH, Madsen HJ, Hellwinkel JE, Lencioni AM, Graner MW. Exosome proteomics reveals transcriptional regulator proteins with potential to mediate downstream pathways. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1384-92. [PMID: 25220623 PMCID: PMC4454399 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are virus-sized, membrane-enclosed vesicles with origins in the cellular endosomal system, but are released extracellularly. As a population, these tiny vesicles carry relatively enormous amounts of information in their protein, lipid and nucleic acid content, and the vesicles can have profound impacts on recipient cells. This review employs publically-available data combined with gene ontology applications to propose a novel concept, that exosomes transport transcriptional and translational machinery that may have direct impacts on gene expression in recipient cells. Here, we examine the previously published proteomic contents of medulloblastoma-derived exosomes, focusing on transcriptional regulators; we found that there are numerous proteins that may have potential roles in transcriptional and translational regulation with putative influence on downstream, cancer-related pathways. We expanded this search to all of the proteins in the Vesiclepedia database; using gene ontology approaches, we see that these regulatory factors are implicated in many of the processes involved in cancer initiation and progression. This information suggests that some of the effects of exosomes on recipient cells may be due to the delivery of protein factors that can directly and fundamentally change the transcriptional landscape of the cells. Within a tumor environment, this has potential to tilt the advantage towards the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Ung
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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242
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Zhu HQ, li Q, Dong LY, Zhou Q, Wang H, Wang Y. MicroRNA-29b promotes high-fat diet-stimulated endothelial permeability and apoptosis in apoE knock-out mice by down-regulating MT1 expression. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:764-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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243
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Eirin A, Riester SM, Zhu XY, Tang H, Evans JM, O'Brien D, van Wijnen AJ, Lerman LO. MicroRNA and mRNA cargo of extracellular vesicles from porcine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Gene 2014; 551:55-64. [PMID: 25158130 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are clinically useful for cell-based therapy, but concerns regarding their ability to replicate limit their human application. MSCs release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate at least in part the paracrine effects of the parental cells. To understand the molecular basis of their biological properties, we characterized the RNA cargo of EVs from porcine adipose-tissue derived MSCs. Comprehensive characterization of mRNA and miRNA gene expression using high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that EVs are selectively enriched for distinct classes of RNAs. For example, EVs preferentially express mRNA for transcription factors (e.g. MDFIC, POU3F1, NRIP1) and genes involved in angiogenesis (e.g. HGF, HES1, TCF4) and adipogenesis (e.g. CEBPA, KLF7). EVs also express Golgi apparatus genes (ARRB1, GOLGA4) and genes involved in TGF-β signaling. In contrast, mitochondrial, calcium signaling, and cytoskeleton genes are selectively excluded from EVs, possibly because these genes remain sequestered in organelles or intracellular compartments. RNA-seq generated reads for at least 386 annotated miRNAs, but only miR148a, miR532-5p, miR378, and let-7f were enriched in EVs compared to MSCs. Gene ontology analysis indicates that these miRNAs target transcription factors and genes that participate in several cellular pathways, including angiogenesis, cellular transport, apoptosis, and proteolysis. Our data suggest that EVs transport gene regulatory information to modulate angiogenesis, adipogenesis, and other cell pathways in recipient cells. These observations may contribute to development of regenerative strategies using EVs to overcome potential complications of cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Scott M Riester
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hui Tang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jared M Evans
- Health Sciences Research & Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel O'Brien
- Health Sciences Research & Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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244
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Pascucci L, Coccè V, Bonomi A, Ami D, Ceccarelli P, Ciusani E, Viganò L, Locatelli A, Sisto F, Doglia SM, Parati E, Bernardo ME, Muraca M, Alessandri G, Bondiolotti G, Pessina A. Paclitaxel is incorporated by mesenchymal stromal cells and released in exosomes that inhibit in vitro tumor growth: a new approach for drug delivery. J Control Release 2014; 192:262-70. [PMID: 25084218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been proposed for delivering anticancer agents because of their ability to home in on tumor microenvironment. We found that MSCs can acquire strong anti-tumor activity after priming with Paclitaxel (PTX) through their capacity to uptake and then release the drug. Because MSCs secrete a high amount of membrane microvesicles (MVs), we here investigated the role of MVs in the releasing mechanism of PTX. The murine SR4987 line was used as MSC model. The release of PTX from SR4987 in the conditioned medium (CM) was checked by HPLC and the anti-tumor activity of both CM and MVs was tested on the human pancreatic cell line CFPAC-1. MVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation, analyzed by transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the presence of PTX by the Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy. SR4987 loaded with PTX (SR4987PTX) secreted a significant amount of PTX and their CM possessed strong anti-proliferative activity on CFPAC-1. At TEM and SEM, SR4987PTX showed an increased number of "vacuole-like" structures and shed a relevant number of MVs, but did not differ from untreated SR4987. However, SR4987PTX-derived-MVs (SR4987PTX-MVs) demonstrated a strong anti proliferative activity on CFPAC-1. FTIR analysis of SR4987PTX-MVs showed the presence of an absorption spectrum in the corresponding regions of the PTX marker, absent in MVs from SR4987. Our work is the first demonstration that MSCs are able to package and deliver active drugs through their MVs, suggesting the possibility of using MSCs as a factory to develop drugs with a higher cell-target specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Coccè
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Bonomi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Ciusani
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Neurogenetic Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Viganò
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ospedale S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan ,Italy
| | - Alberta Locatelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ospedale S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan ,Italy
| | - Francesca Sisto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Eugenio Parati
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Muraca
- Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulio Alessandri
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, IRCCS Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Bondiolotti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Augusto Pessina
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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245
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Arnold N, Koppula PR, Gul R, Luck C, Pulakat L. Regulation of cardiac expression of the diabetic marker microRNA miR-29. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103284. [PMID: 25062042 PMCID: PMC4111545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor for heart disease and its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Increased expression of diabetic marker miR-29 family miRNAs (miR-29a, b and c) that suppress the pro-survival protein Myeloid Cell Leukemia 1(MCL-1) is reported in pancreatic β-cells in Type 1 DM. Whether an up-regulation of miR-29 family miRNAs and suppression of MCL-1 (dysregulation of miR-29-MCL-1 axis) occurs in diabetic heart is not known. This study tested the hypothesis that insulin regulates cardiac miR-29-MCL-1 axis and its dysregulation correlates with DM progression. In vitro studies with mouse cardiomyocyte HL-1 cells showed that insulin suppressed the expression of miR-29a, b and c and increased MCL-1 mRNA. Conversely, Rapamycin (Rap), a drug implicated in the new onset DM, increased the expression of miR-29a, b and c and suppressed MCL-1 and this effect was reversed by transfection with miR-29 inhibitors. Rap inhibited mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling in HL-1 cells. Moreover, inhibition of either mTORC1 substrate S6K1 by PF-4708671, or eIF4E-induced translation by 4E1RCat suppressed MCL-1. We used Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat, a rodent model for DM, to test whether dysregulation of cardiac miR-29-MCL-1 axis correlates with DM progression. 11-week old ZDF rats exhibited significantly increased body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, body fat, heart weight, and decreased lean muscle mass compared to age-matched lean rats. Rap treatment (1.2 mg/kg/day, from 9-weeks to 15-weeks) significantly reduced plasma insulin, body weight and heart weight, and severely dysregulated cardiac miR-29-MCL1 axis in ZDF rats. Importantly, dysregulation of cardiac miR-29-MCL-1 axis in ZDF rat heart correlated with cardiac structural damage (disorganization or loss of myofibril bundles). We conclude that insulin and mTORC1 regulate cardiac miR-29-MCL-1 axis and its dysregulation caused by reduced insulin and mTORC1 inhibition increases the vulnerability of a diabetic heart to structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Arnold
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Purushotham Reddy Koppula
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rukhsana Gul
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Obesity Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Luck
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Pulakat
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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246
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Kaur S, Singh SP, Elkahloun AG, Wu W, Abu-Asab MS, Roberts DD. CD47-dependent immunomodulatory and angiogenic activities of extracellular vesicles produced by T cells. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:49-59. [PMID: 24887393 PMCID: PMC6176487 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is critical for integrating complex signals in multicellular eukaryotes. Vascular endothelial cells and T lymphocytes closely interact during the recirculation and trans-endothelial migration of T cells. In addition to direct cell-cell contact, we show that T cell derived extracellular vesicles can interact with endothelial cells and modulate their cellular functions. Thrombospondin-1 and its receptor CD47 are expressed on exosomes/ectosomes derived from T cells, and these extracellular vesicles are internalized and modulate signaling in both T cells and endothelial cells. Extracellular vesicles released from cells expressing or lacking CD47 differentially regulate activation of T cells induced by engaging the T cell receptor. Similarly, T cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulate endothelial cell responses to vascular endothelial growth factor and tube formation in a CD47-dependent manner. Uptake of T cell derived extracellular vesicles by recipient endothelial cells globally alters gene expression in a CD47-dependent manner. CD47 also regulates the mRNA content of extracellular vesicles in a manner consistent with some of the resulting alterations in target endothelial cell gene expression. Therefore, the thrombospondin-1 receptor CD47 directly or indirectly regulates intercellular communication mediated by the transfer of extracellular vesicles between vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Satya P Singh
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Abdel G Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mones S Abu-Asab
- Histopathology Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA.
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247
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Khalyfa A, Gozal D. Exosomal miRNAs as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in children. J Transl Med 2014; 12:162. [PMID: 24912806 PMCID: PMC4057926 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular interactions are essential for basic cellular activities and errors in either receiving or transferring these signals have shown to cause pathological conditions. These signals are not only regulated by membrane surface molecules but also by soluble secreted proteins, thereby allowing for an exquisite coordination of cell functions. Exosomes are released by cells upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) with the plasma membrane. Their envelope reflects their cellular origin and their surface and internal contents include important signaling components. Exosomes contain a wide variety of proteins, lipids, RNAs, non-transcribed RNAs, miRNAs and small RNAs that are representative to their cellular origin and shuttle from donor cells to recipient cells. The exosome formation cargo content and delivery is of immense biological interest because exosomes are believed to play major roles in various pathological conditions, and therefore provide unique opportunities for biomarker discovery and development of non-invasive diagnostics when examined in biological fluids such as urine and blood plasma. For example, circulating miRNAs in exosomes have been applied as functional biomarkers for diagnosis and outcomes prediction, while synthetic miRNAs in polymer-based nanoparticles are applicable for therapeutics. This review provides insights into the composition and functional properties of exosomes, and focuses on their potential value as diagnostic markers in the context of cardiovascular disease risk estimates in children who suffer from conditions associated with heightened prevalence of adverse cardiovascular disease, namely obesity and sleep-disordered-breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children's Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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248
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Matos G, Scorza FA, Mazzotti DR, Guindalini C, Cavalheiro EA, Tufik S, Andersen ML. The effects of sleep deprivation on microRNA expression in rats submitted to pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 51:159-65. [PMID: 24530830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with significant prevalence and the individuals affected by this disease have a great probability of occurrence of a lethal phenomenon known as Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). SUDEP occurs mainly during the night and probably during sleep. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this lethal phenomenon are still obscure and new evidences that could corroborate in this area are warranted. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sleep deprivation in the expression of microRNA (miRNA) in the frontal cortex and heart tissues of adult male rats after 50days of saline (SAL) or pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PILO). Initially 389 miRNA expressions were evaluated between SAL and PILO groups by microarray. Subsequently, 3 differentially expressed miRNAs of each tissue were investigated after total sleep deprivation (TSD 6h) and paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD 24h). Still, it was analyzed that the effects of sleep rebound with equivalent duration of PSD and TSD. There was a significant increase of miR-146a expression, an important inflammatory modulator in the frontal cortex of PILO rats when compared to SAL animals. Animals treated with pilocarpine were affected by TSD (through overexpression of miRNAs related to inflammatory process) and these changes were maintained even after a sleep window of 6h. In contrast, miRNAs associated with heart diseases were down-regulated in PSD rebound, suggesting a possible restoration of homeostasis in cardiovascular system of SAL and PILO groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Matos
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fulvio A Scorza
- Departamento de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego R Mazzotti
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Guindalini
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper A Cavalheiro
- Departamento de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica L Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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249
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Dysregulated miR-361-5p/VEGF axis in the plasma and endothelial progenitor cells of patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98070. [PMID: 24865854 PMCID: PMC4035317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and reduction of circulating endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) is correlated with the onset of cardiovascular disorders including coronary artery disease (CAD). VEGF is a known mitogen for EPC to migrate out of bone marrow to possess angiogenic activities, and the plasma levels of VEGF are inversely correlated to the progression of CAD. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in patient body fluids have recently been considered to hold the potential of being novel disease biomarkers and drug targets. However, how miRNAs and VEGF cooperate to regulate CAD progression is still unclear. Through the small RNA sequencing (smRNA-seq), we deciphered the miRNome patterns of EPCs with different angiogenic activities, hypothesizing that miRNAs targeting VEGF must be more abundant in EPCs with lower angiogenic activities. Candidates of anti-VEGF miRNAs, including miR-361-5p and miR-484, were enriched in not only diseased EPCs but also the plasma of CAD patients. However, we found out only miR-361-5p, but not miR-484, was able to suppress VEGF expression and EPC activities. Reporter assays confirmed the direct binding and repression of miR-361-5p to the 3′-UTR of VEGF mRNA. Knock down of miR-361-5p not only restored VEGF levels and angiogenic activities of diseased EPCs in vitro, but further promoted blood flow recovery in ischemic limbs of mice. Collectively, we discovered a miR-361-5p/VEGF-dependent regulation that could help to develop new therapeutic modalities not only for ischemia-related diseases but also for tumor angiogenesis.
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250
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Extracellular RNA mediates and marks cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 28:14-23. [PMID: 24783980 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Different types of RNAs identified thus far represent a diverse group of macromolecules that are involved in the regulation of different biological processes. RNA is generally thought to be localized primarily in the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, some types of RNA have been detected in the extracellular milieu. These extracellular RNA (exRNA) molecules are protected from degradation and it is now widely accepted that extracellular vesicles and ribonucleoprotein particles serve as transport vehicles for exRNA among cells. The functional consequence of this transfer of genetic information probably encompasses a broad range of normal developmental and physiologic processes in many organisms. This review will focus on the role of exRNA communication in cancer. We will focus on different types of RNA species identified and characterized within tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Further, we will describe the role of exRNAs in cancer progression, as well as their potential for use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for monitoring and treating cancer, respectively.
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