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Patel V, Case R. Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Blastoid-Variant Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Considerations for the General Internist. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020; 8:2324709620944709. [PMID: 32720820 PMCID: PMC7388088 DOI: 10.1177/2324709620944709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome (SPTLS) is a rare phenomenon that can manifest in
rapidly proliferating hematological malignancies and solid tumors prior to initiating
cytotoxic therapy. We encountered a patient who originally presented with diffuse
lymphadenopathy, abdominal distention, and dyspnea, who had laboratory abnormalities
suggestive of SPTLS. His peripheral flow cytometry and lymph node biopsy revealed
blastoid-variant mantle cell lymphoma. Prior to initiating chemotherapy, acute kidney
injury (AKI) and uric acid had improved with intravenous fluids and the initiation of
allopurinol. However, after beginning chemotherapy, the patient developed a second AKI
concerning for tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). He went on to have renal recovery and did not
require renal replacement therapy. With the exception of case reports, there is limited
evidence to guide general medicine clinicians who encounter cases of SPTLS. Expert-based
guidelines are available to guide use of rasburicase, an uricase enzyme, before initiation
of chemotherapy for certain malignancies when risk for TLS is considered high. Despite
these guidelines, the role of rasburicase in preventing AKI remains controversial after
inconclusive results in a meta-analysis. The causative relationship between uric acid and
AKI in TLS is based on a mechanism of tubular obstruction. There are also mechanisms by
which uric acid may cause AKI without tubular obstruction related to acute hyperuricemic
nephropathy. Further characterization of the role of uric acid in causing AKI in patients
without tubular obstruction may identify new mechanisms of injury and offer insight into
new treatment strategies.
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202
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Serum uric acid, predicts heart failure in a large Italian cohort: search for a cut-off value the URic acid Right for heArt Health study. J Hypertens 2020; 39:62-69. [PMID: 32694342 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prognostic cut-off values of serum uric acid (SUA) in predicting fatal and morbid heart failure in a large Italian cohort in the frame of the Working Group on Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Risk of the Italian Society of Hypertension. METHODS The URic acid Right for heArt Health (URRAH) study is a nationwide, multicentre, cohort study involving data on individuals aged 18-95 years, recruited on a community basis from all regions of Italy under the patronage of the Italian Society of Hypertension with a mean follow-up period of 128 ± 65 months. Incident heart failure was defined on the basis of International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision codes and double-checked with general practitioners and hospital files. Multivariate Cox regression models having fatal and morbid heart failure as dependent variables, adjusted for sex, age, SBP, diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate, smoking habit, ethanol intake, BMI, haematocrit, LDL cholesterol, previous diagnosis of heart failure and use of diuretics as possible confounders, were used to search for an association between SUA as a continuous variable and heart failure. By means of receiver operating characteristic curves, two prognostic cut-off values (one for all heart failure and one for fatal heart failure) were identified as able to discriminate between individuals doomed to develop the event. These cut-off values were used as independent predictors to divide individuals according to prognostic cut-off values in a multivariate Cox models, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS A total of 21 386 individuals were included in the analysis. In Cox analyses, SUA as a continuous variable was a significant predictor of all [hazard ratio 1.29 (1.23-1.359), P < 0.0001] and fatal [hazard ratio 1.268 (1.121-1.35), P < 0.0001] incident heart failure. Cut-off values of SUA able to discriminate all and fatal heart failure status were identified by mean of receiver operating characteristic curves in the whole database: SUA more than 5.34 mg/dl (confidence interval 4.37-5.6, sensitivity 52.32, specificity 63.96, P < 0.0001) was the univariate prognostic cut-off value for all heart failure, whereas SUA more than 4.89 mg/dl (confidence interval 4.78-5.78, sensitivity 68.29, specificity 49.11, P < 0.0001) for fatal heart failure. The cut-off for all heart failure and the cut-off value for fatal heart failure were accepted as independent predictors in the Cox analysis models, the hazard ratios being 1.645 (1.284-2.109, P < 0.0001) for all heart failure and 1.645 (1.284-2.109, P < 0.0001) for fatal heart failure, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of the current study confirm that SUA is an independent risk factor for all heart failure and fatal heart failure, after adjusting for potential confounding variables and demonstrate that a prognostic cut-off value can be identified for all heart failure (>5.34 mg/dl) and for fatal heart failure (>4.89 mg/dl).
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203
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Pardue S, Kolluru GK, Shen X, Lewis SE, Saffle CB, Kelley EE, Kevil CG. Hydrogen sulfide stimulates xanthine oxidoreductase conversion to nitrite reductase and formation of NO. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101447. [PMID: 32035920 PMCID: PMC7327988 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide with increased oxidative stress and reduced NO bioavailability serving as key risk factors. For decades, elevation in protein abundance and enzymatic activity of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) under hypoxic/inflammatory conditions has been associated with organ damage and vascular dysfunction. Recent reports have challenged this dogma by identifying a beneficial function for XOR, under similar hypoxic/acidic conditions, whereby XOR catalyzes the reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to nitric oxide (NO) through poorly defined mechanisms. We previously reported that hydrogen sulfide (H2S/sulfide) confers significant vascular benefit under these same conditions via NO2- mediated mechanisms independent of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Here we report for the first time the convergence of H2S, XOR, and nitrite to form a concerted triad for NO generation. Specifically, hypoxic endothelial cells show a dose-dependent, sulfide and polysulfide (diallyl trisulfide (DATS)-induced, NOS-independent NO2- reduction to NO that is dependent upon the enzymatic activity of XOR. Interestingly, nitrite reduction to NO was found to be slower and more sustained with DATS compared to H2S. Capacity for sulfide/polysulfide to produce an XOR-dependent impact on NO generation translates to salutary actions in vivo as DATS administration in cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) knockout mice significantly improved hindlimb ischemia blood flow post ligation, while the XOR-specific inhibitor, febuxostat (Febx), abrogated this benefit. Moreover, flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) in CSE knockout mice following administration of DATS resulted in greater than 4-fold enhancement in femoral artery dilation while co-treatment with Febx completely completely abrogated this effect. Together, these results identify XOR as a focal point of convergence between sulfide- and nitrite-mediated signaling, as well as affirm the critical need to reexamine current dogma regarding inhibition of XOR in the context of vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibile Pardue
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Sara E Lewis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, United States
| | - Courtney B Saffle
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, United States
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, United States
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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204
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Jang MG, Song H, Kim JH, Oh JM, Park JY, Ko HC, Hur SP, Kim SJ. Prevention of Hyperuricemia by Clerodendrum trichotomum Leaf Extract in Potassium Oxonate-Induced Mice. Dev Reprod 2020; 24:89-100. [PMID: 32734126 PMCID: PMC7375980 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Clerodendrum trichotomum is a folk medicine exhibiting anti-hypertension, anti-arthritis, and anti-rheumatism properties. However, little is known about whether the material might prevent hyperuricemia and associated inflammation. In this study, we explored whether C. trichotomum leaf extract (CTE) prevented hyperuricemia induced by potassium oxonate (PO) in mice. CTE (400 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced the serum uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine levels and increased urine UA and creatinine levels. CTE ameliorated PO-induced inflammation and apoptosis by reducing the levels of relevant proteins in kidney tissues. Also, CTE ameliorated both UA-induced inflammatory response in RAW 263.7 cells and UA-induced cytotoxicity in HK-2 cells. In addition, liver transcriptome analysis showed that CTE enriched mainly the genes for mediating positive regulation of MAPK cascade and apoptotic signaling pathways. Together, the results show that CTE effectively prevents hyperuricemia and associated inflammation in PO-induced mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Gyeong Jang
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hana Song
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jung Min Oh
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jung Young Park
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hee Chul Ko
- Biotech Regional Innovation Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Sung-Pyo Hur
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Se-Jae Kim
- Dept. of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.,Biotech Regional Innovation Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
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205
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel indolinedione–coumarin hybrids as xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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206
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Malik N, Dhiman P, Khatkar A. In Silico Design and Synthesis of Targeted Curcumin Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:593-603. [PMID: 30465499 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181122100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin is a well-known pharmacophore and some of its derivatives are shown to target xanthine oxidase (XO) to alleviate disorders caused by the excess production of uric acid. OBJECTIVE Curcumin based derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential. METHOD In this report, we designed and synthesized two series of curcumin derivatives modified by inserting pyrazole and pyrimidine ring to central keto group. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential. RESULTS Results showed that pyrazole analogues of curcumin produced excellent XO inhibitory potency with the IC50 values varying from 06.255 µM to 10.503 µM. Among pyrimidine derivatives compound CU3a1 having ortho nitro substitution exhibited more potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity than any other curcumin derivative of this series. CONCLUSION Curcumin derivatives CU5b1, CU5b2, CU5b3, and CU3a1 showed a potent inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase along with good antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Malik
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D.University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Dhiman
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D.University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D.University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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207
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Ristić L, Rančić M, Radović M, Krtinić D, Pavlović M, Ilić B, Milojković M, Živković N, Turković K, Sokolović D. Melatonin inhibits apoptosis and oxidative tissue damage in cisplatin-induced pulmonary toxicity in rats. Arch Med Sci 2020; 20:977-983. [PMID: 39050161 PMCID: PMC11264154 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.95952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cisplatin is one of the most frequently used chemotherapeutics, which is known to cause both tumor and normal lung tissue damage through the generation of free radicals and cells apoptosis/necrosis. Melatonin is a neurohormone that regulates numerous physiological processes in the body both through receptor pathways and by maintaining tissue redox homeostasis. Material and methods The extent of rat lung damage induced by cisplatin and the effects of melatonin on this process was determined based on the pathohistological changes and biochemical disturbances in tissue lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl modification and in the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO), caspase-3 and DNases. Results Histopathological analysis of rat lung tissue obtained from animals that received cisplatin found them to be edematous, with significant deterioration of alveolar epithelium. These morphological changes are accompanied by a significant increase in all studied oxidative stress-related parameters, as well as with the activity of apoptosis-related enzymes. A five-day treatment with melatonin completely prevented a cisplatin-induced increase in oxidative stress-related parameters and in the activity of XO, caspase-3 and alkaline DNase. Also, the histopathological changes observed during microscopic analysis were much less pronounced than in the group that received cisplatin only. Conclusions These results can potentially be connected with the ability of melatonin to inhibit the activity of XO, caspase-3 and alkaline DNase and/or its ability to scavenge free radicals, thus preventing lung damage induced by cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Ristić
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Clinic for Lung Diseases, Clinical Center Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Milan Rančić
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Clinic for Lung Diseases, Clinical Center Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Milan Radović
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Clinic for Lung Diseases, Clinical Center Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Clinic for Thoracic Surgery, Clinical Center Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Dane Krtinić
- Department for Pharmacology with Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Clinic for Oncology, Clinical Center Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Bojan Ilić
- Clinic for Thoracic Surgery, Clinical Center Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Nikola Živković
- Department for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Center for Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Clinical Center Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Ksenija Turković
- Clinic for Lung Diseases, Clinical Center Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Dušan Sokolović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
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208
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Dong C, Montes M, Al-Sawai WM. Xanthine oxidoreductase inhibition – A review of computational aspect. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633620400088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) exists in a variety of organisms from bacteria to humans and catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and from xanthine to uric acid. Excessive uric acid could lead to gout and hyperuricemia. In this paper, we have reviewed the recent computational studies on xanthine oxidase inhibition. Computational methods, such as molecular dynamics (molecular mechanics), quantum mechanics, and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), have been employed to investigate the binding affinity of xanthine oxidase with synthesized and isolated nature inhibitors. The limitations of different computational methods for xanthine oxidase inhibition studies were also discussed. Implications of the computational approach could be used to help to understand the existing arguments on substrate/product orientation in xanthine oxidase inhibition, which allows designing new inhibitors with higher efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas 79762, USA
| | - Milka Montes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas 79762, USA
| | - Wael M. Al-Sawai
- Department of Mathematics & Physics, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas 79762, USA
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209
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Beyond urate lowering: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of allopurinol. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 50:444-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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210
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Wu ZY, Zhang H, Li F, Yang FQ. Evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of flavonoids by an online capillary electrophoresis-based immobilized enzyme microreactor. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1326-1332. [PMID: 32363581 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XOD) is a key enzyme in the human body to produce uric acid, and its inhibitor can be used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. In this study, an online CE-based XOD immobilized enzyme microreactor (IMER) was developed for the enzyme kinetics assays and inhibitor screening. After 30 consecutive runs, the XOD activity remained about 95.6% of the initial immobilized activity. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ) of the immobilized XOD was determined as 0.39 mM using xanthine as substrate. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration and inhibition constant of the known inhibitor 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine on XOD were determined as 11.9 and 5.2 μM, respectively. Then, the developed method was applied to evaluate the XOD inhibitory activity of 10 flavonoids, which indicated that dihydroquercetin, quercetin, biochanin A, and epicatechin had significant inhibitory effect on XOD. In addition, molecular docking results verified that the binding energy of the flavonoids with enzyme were in line with their inhibitory activity determined by XOD-IMER. Therefore, the developed XOD-IMER is a potential tool for the primary screening of XOD inhibitors from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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211
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Shibata Y, Shirakabe A, Okazaki H, Matsushita M, Goda H, Shigihara S, Asano K, Kiuchi K, Tani K, Murase T, Nakamura T, Kobayashi N, Hata N, Asai K, Shimizu W. Plasma xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity in patients who require cardiovascular intensive care. Heart Vessels 2020; 35:1390-1400. [PMID: 32342210 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is known to be associated with adverse outcomes in cardiovascular intensive care patients, but its mechanisms are unknown. A total of 569 emergency department patients were prospectively analyzed and assigned to intensive care (ICU group, n = 431) or other departments (n = 138). Uric acid (UA) levels were significantly higher in the intensive care patients (6.3 [5.1-7.6] mg/dl vs. 5.8 [4.6-6.8] mg/dL). The plasma xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity in the ICU group (68.3 [21.2-359.5] pmol/h/mL) was also significantly higher than that in other departments (37.2 [15.1-93.6] pmol/h/mL). Intensive care patients were divided into three groups according to plasma XOR quartiles (Q1, low-XOR, Q2/Q3, normal-XOR, and Q4, high-XOR group). A multivariate logistic regression model showed that lactate (per 1.0 mmol/L increase, OR 1.326; 95%, CI 1.166-1.508, p < 0.001) and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (per 1.0 point increase, OR 1.095, 95% CI 1.034-1.160, p = 0.002) were independently associated with the high-XOR group. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the high-XOR group (n = 28, 26.2%) than in the normal- (n = 11, 5.1%) and low- (n = 9, 8.3%) XOR groups. The high-XOR group (vs. normal-XOR group) was independently associated with the in-hospital mortality (OR 2.934; 95% CI 1.170-7.358; p = 0.022). Serum UA levels and plasma XOR activity were high in patients admitted to intensive care. The enhanced XOR activity may be one of the mechanisms under which hyperuricemia was associated with adverse outcomes in patients requiring cardiovascular intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Shibata
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shirakabe
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan.
| | - Hirotake Okazaki
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Masato Matsushita
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Hiroki Goda
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Shota Shigihara
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Asano
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kiuchi
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tani
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Takayo Murase
- Department of Radioisotope and Chemical Analysis Center, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd, Mie, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department Pharmacological Study Group, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd, Mie, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kobayashi
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Noritake Hata
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Kuniya Asai
- Division of Intensive Care Unit, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, 1715 Kamagari, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1694, Japan
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Brennan P, Clare K, George J, Dillon JF. Determining the role for uric acid in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development and the utility of urate metabolites in diagnosis: An opinion review. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1683-1690. [PMID: 32351286 PMCID: PMC7183862 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i15.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has long been a recognised association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the composite aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Part of this association highlighted the supposed co-existence of elevated uric acid levels in those with NAFLD. There is interest in exploitation of this as a putative diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in NAFLD. Given the increased economic and health burden associated with the NAFLD epidemic, improved methods of population-based, minimally-invasive methods and biomarkers are clearly highly sought and necessary. In this opinion review we review the proposed role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and its potential utilisation in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brennan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Clare
- Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob George
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - John F Dillon
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
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213
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Zhao J, Huang L, Sun C, Zhao D, Tang H. Studies on the structure-activity relationship and interaction mechanism of flavonoids and xanthine oxidase through enzyme kinetics, spectroscopy methods and molecular simulations. Food Chem 2020; 323:126807. [PMID: 32330646 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, some flavonoids were screened as potent xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors in vitro. Flavonoid 9 was demonstrated to exhibit the inhibitory activity through a ping-pong mechanism. Further structure-activity relationship revealed that different structural elements had greatly influenced the inhibition effect on XO and underlined the requirement of hydroxyl groups at C5 and C4' of flavonoid type I. Moreover, some bioactive flavonoids could efficiently quench the intrinsic fluorescence of XO by either static or static-dynamic mixed mechanism. The synchronous fluorescence, ANS-binding fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectra and circular dichroism suggested that active flavonoids could bind to the active center of XO, prevent the entrance of substrate, and induce the rearrangement and conformation change of its secondary structures, ultimately resulting in the significant inhibition effect. Additionally, molecular docking further confirmed these conclusions and highlighted the great importance of hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds for the formation of stable complex conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, PR China
| | - Lin Huang
- Blood Purification Center, Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, PR China
| | - Chunyong Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Hongjin Tang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, PR China.
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Marchesan JT, Girnary MS, Moss K, Monaghan ET, Egnatz GJ, Jiao Y, Zhang S, Beck J, Swanson KV. Role of inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and therapeutics. Periodontol 2000 2020; 82:93-114. [PMID: 31850638 PMCID: PMC6927484 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are a group of multimolecular intracellular complexes assembled around several innate immune proteins. Recognition of a diverse range of microbial, stress and damage signals by inflammasomes results in direct activation of caspase‐1, which subsequently induces the only known form of secretion of active interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐18. Although the importance of interleukin‐1β in the periodontium is not questioned, the impact of inflammasomes in periodontal disease and its potential for therapeutics in periodontology is still in its very early stages. Increasing evidence in preclinical models and human data strongly implicate the involvement of inflammasomes in a number of inflammatory, autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Here we review: (a) the currently known inflammasome functions, (b) clinical/preclinical data supporting inflammasome involvement in the context of periodontal and comorbid diseases and (c) potential therapies targeting inflammasomes. To clarify further the inflammasome involvement in periodontitis, we present analyses of data from a large clinical study (n = 5809) that measured the gingival crevicular fluid‐interleukin‐1β and grouped the participants based on current periodontal disease classifications. We review data on 4910 European‐Americans that correlate 16 polymorphisms in the interleukin‐1B region with high gingival crevicular fluid‐interleukin‐1β levels. We show that inflammasome components are increased in diseased periodontal tissues and that the caspase‐1 inhibitor, VX‐765, inhibits ~50% of alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis. The literature review further supports that although patients clinically present with the same phenotype, the disease that develops probably has different underlying biological pathways. The current data indicate that inflammasomes have a role in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Understanding the contribution of different inflammasomes to disease development and distinct patient susceptibility will probably translate into improved, personalized therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie T Marchesan
- Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mustafa Saadat Girnary
- Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin Moss
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eugenia Timofeev Monaghan
- Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grant Joseph Egnatz
- Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yizu Jiao
- Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shaoping Zhang
- Periodontics Department, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jim Beck
- Department of Dental Ecology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen V Swanson
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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van Dam E, van Leeuwen LAG, Dos Santos E, James J, Best L, Lennicke C, Vincent AJ, Marinos G, Foley A, Buricova M, Mokochinski JB, Kramer HB, Lieb W, Laudes M, Franke A, Kaleta C, Cochemé HM. Sugar-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance Are Uncoupled from Shortened Survival in Drosophila. Cell Metab 2020; 31:710-725.e7. [PMID: 32197072 PMCID: PMC7156915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-sugar diets cause thirst, obesity, and metabolic dysregulation, leading to diseases including type 2 diabetes and shortened lifespan. However, the impact of obesity and water imbalance on health and survival is complex and difficult to disentangle. Here, we show that high sugar induces dehydration in adult Drosophila, and water supplementation fully rescues their lifespan. Conversely, the metabolic defects are water-independent, showing uncoupling between sugar-induced obesity and insulin resistance with reduced survival in vivo. High-sugar diets promote accumulation of uric acid, an end-product of purine catabolism, and the formation of renal stones, a process aggravated by dehydration and physiological acidification. Importantly, regulating uric acid production impacts on lifespan in a water-dependent manner. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis in a human cohort reveals that dietary sugar intake strongly predicts circulating purine levels. Our model explains the pathophysiology of high-sugar diets independently of obesity and insulin resistance and highlights purine metabolism as a pro-longevity target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther van Dam
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lucie A G van Leeuwen
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eliano Dos Santos
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joel James
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lena Best
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Lennicke
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alec J Vincent
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Georgios Marinos
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea Foley
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcela Buricova
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Joao B Mokochinski
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holger B Kramer
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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216
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Xiong XY, Liang J, Guo SY, Dai MZ, Zhou JL, Zhang Y, Liu Y. A natural complex product Yaocha reduces uric acid level in a live zebrafish model. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 102:106681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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217
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Gao J, Liu X, Zhang B, Mao Q, Zhang Z, Zou Q, Dai X, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-alkyl-5/6-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbonitriles as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kaludercic N, Di Lisa F. Mitochondrial ROS Formation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:12. [PMID: 32133373 PMCID: PMC7040199 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a result of diabetes-induced changes in the structure and function of the heart. Hyperglycemia affects multiple pathways in the diabetic heart, but excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative stress represent common denominators associated with adverse tissue remodeling. Indeed, key processes underlying cardiac remodeling in diabetes are redox sensitive, including inflammation, organelle dysfunction, alteration in ion homeostasis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis, and contractile dysfunction. Extensive experimental evidence supports the involvement of mitochondrial ROS formation in the alterations characterizing the diabetic heart. In this review we will outline the central role of mitochondrial ROS and alterations in the redox status contributing to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We will discuss the role of different sources of ROS involved in this process, with a specific emphasis on mitochondrial ROS producing enzymes within cardiomyocytes. Finally, the therapeutic potential of pharmacological inhibitors of ROS sources within the mitochondria will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kaludercic
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Padua, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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219
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Borghi C, Cosentino E, Bragagni A. Hyperuricemia and mortality in heart failure: Is it time to change the route? Eur J Intern Med 2020; 72:40-41. [PMID: 31980331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Borghi
- Medical and Surgical Sciences Dept., University of Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Alessio Bragagni
- Medical and Surgical Sciences Dept., University of Bologna, Italy
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220
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Prabu DSD, Lakshmanan S, Thirumurugan K, Ramalakshmi N, Antony SA. Synthesis, Molecular Docking, DFT Study of Novel N-Benzyl-2-(3-cyano-4-isobutoxyphenyl)-
4-methylthiazole-5-carboxamide Derivatives and their Antibacterial Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2020.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of febuxostat based new chemical entities was synthesized using microwave method and characterized by NMR, mass and FT-IR spectral studies. Molecular docking of febuxostat amide nucleus substitution compounds 8c (-7.91kcal/mol), 8g (-7.94 kcal/mol) exhibiting high binding energy against ALK receptors. Theoretical investigation of MEPs, HOMO, LUMO and energy gap of HOMO-LUMO were calculated by B3LYP/6-31G method. Among the tested compounds, methoxy substituted compound 8g showed highest antibacterial activity against S. aereus and B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K. Thirumurugan
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency College, Chennai-600005, India
| | - N. Ramalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency College, Chennai-600005, India
| | - S. Arul Antony
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency College, Chennai-600005, India
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221
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Moeinzadeh F, Naeini EK, Mortazavi M. Allopurinol Effects on Residual Renal Function in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Res Pharm Pract 2020; 8:189-195. [PMID: 31956631 PMCID: PMC6952759 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_18_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is increasing evidence to show that hyperuricemia may have a pathogenic role in the progression of renal diseases. We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled trial to investigate the renal effects of allopurinol treatment in hyperuricemic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who undergo peritoneal dialysis. Methods This was a unicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial conducted in "Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran." Patients were randomly assigned into treatment or control group. Treatment-group patients were administered a starting allopurinol dose of 100 mg/day. The dose was adjusted according to serum uric acid level, aiming to maintain uric acid levels within the normal range. Participants were followed up for 6 months after receiving the medicine. Residual renal function (RRF) was assessed by measuring the renal component of Kt/V urea and estimating the patient's glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by calculating the mean of urea and creatinine clearance. In addition, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum level of creatinine were measured every 3 months during the follow-up period. Findings Eighty patients were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups, including 40 ESRD patients receiving allopurinol and 40 ESRD did not receive allopurinol and considered as the control group. GFR measurements showed that there was not a significant difference between patients' RRF of two groups. However, allopurinol group had higher RRF than the control group during the follow-up period. Evaluating RRF by Kt/V showed the same results. Conclusion Our study demonstrated significant effects of allopurinol on decreasing serum levels of uric acid in ESRD patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. On the other hand, renal residual function of patients under treatment with allopurinol was better than the control group. We recommend that further studies should be conducted on the effects of allopurinol with greater sample size and longer time of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Moeinzadeh
- Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Kabiri Naeini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mortazavi
- Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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222
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Inhibition of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Enhances the Potential of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors against Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010074. [PMID: 31952182 PMCID: PMC7022995 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the expression of the oncogenic kinase BCR-ABL. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) against BCR-ABL represent the standard therapeutic option for CML, resistances to TKIs can be a serious problem. Thus, the search for novel therapeutic approaches is still needed. CML cells show an increased ROS production, which is required for maintaining the BCR-ABL signaling cascade active. In line with that, reducing ROS levels could be an interesting therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of resistant CML. To analyze the therapeutic potential of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) in CML, we tested the effect of XOR inhibitor allopurinol. Here, we show for the first time the therapeutic potential of allopurinol against BCR-ABL-positive CML cells. Allopurinol reduces the proliferation and clonogenic ability of the CML model cell lines K562 and KCL22. More importantly, the combination of allopurinol with imatinib or nilotinib reduced cell proliferation in a synergistic manner. Moreover, the co-treatment arms hampered cell clonogenic capacity and induced cell death more strongly than each single-agent arm. The reduction of intracellular ROS levels and the attenuation of the BCR-ABL signaling cascade may explain these effects. Finally, the self-renewal potential of primary bone marrow cells from CML patients was also severely reduced especially by the combination of allopurinol with TKIs. In summary, here we show that XOR inhibition is an interesting therapeutic option for CML, which can enhance the effectiveness of the TKIs currently used in clinics.
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223
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Rodrigues MVN, Rodrigues-Silva C, Boaventura S, Oliveira ASS, Rath S, Cass QB. On-Flow LC-MS/MS method for screening of xanthine oxidase inhibitors. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 181:113097. [PMID: 31931446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The screening of compounds is the initial step in research for the development of new drugs. For this reason, the availability of fast and reliable tools for the screening of a large number of compounds becomes essential. Among the therapeutic targets, the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) is of great interest for its importance as a biological source of superoxide radicals, which contribute to the oxidative stress on organisms and are involved in many pathological processes. In the present study, we validated a new method using an immobilized capillary enzyme reactor in an LC system directly coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to screen for XO ligands. The use of mass spectrometry provided selectivity and speed to the system, eliminating the analytical separation step. The Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) value determined for the immobilized enzyme was 14.5 ± 0.4 μmol L-1, which is consistent with the value previously reported for the XO-ICER with UV detection in a 2D LC method. The on-line approach was successfully applied to assay the XO inhibitory activities of thirty isolated compounds from different classes of natural products and provided greater productivity (288 analysis/day) than 2D LC method (84 analysis/day) of screened samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marili V N Rodrigues
- Divisão de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas -CPQBA, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Paulinia, 13148-218, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Caio Rodrigues-Silva
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sinésio Boaventura
- Divisão de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas -CPQBA, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Paulinia, 13148-218, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana S S Oliveira
- Divisão de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas -CPQBA, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Paulinia, 13148-218, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susanne Rath
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quezia B Cass
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Cx. Postal 676, São Carlos, 13565-905, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prins KW, Thenappan T, Weir EK, Kalra R, Pritzker M, Archer SL. Repurposing Medications for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: What's Old Is New Again. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e011343. [PMID: 30590974 PMCID: PMC6405714 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt W Prins
- 1 Cardiovascular Division University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis MN
| | - Thenappan Thenappan
- 1 Cardiovascular Division University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis MN
| | - E Kenneth Weir
- 1 Cardiovascular Division University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis MN
| | - Rajat Kalra
- 1 Cardiovascular Division University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis MN
| | - Marc Pritzker
- 1 Cardiovascular Division University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis MN
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226
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Chen Y, Gao Y, Wu F, Luo X, Ju X, Liu G. Computationally exploring novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors using docking-based 3D-QSAR, molecular dynamics, and virtual screening. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Computationally exploring novel potential xanthine oxidase inhibitors using a systematic modeling study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Xiulian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
| | - Genyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
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227
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Cojic M, Kocic R, Klisic A, Cvejanov-Kezunovic L, Kavaric N, Kocic G. A novel mechanism of vitamin D anti-inflammatory/antioxidative potential in type 2 diabetic patients on metformin therapy. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1004-1012. [PMID: 32863988 PMCID: PMC7444705 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.92832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The performed study focused on determining the effect of vitamin D supplementation on enzymes involved in both inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS degradation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS The 6-month follow-up, randomized, controlled study included 140 patients with T2DM, ≥ 30 years old, with good metabolic control, treated with metformin and lifestyle advice only. All patients were randomly assigned to two groups (70 each). Patients from the first group (Intervention group) were assigned to receive vitamin D3 50 000 IU or 14 000 IU regarding their vitamin D baseline levels. Patients from the second (Metformin) group continued to receive only metformin during the 6-month study period. RESULTS After 6 months, the myeloperoxidase activity was significantly lower and gradually decreased in the Intervention group by about 40%, compared to the baseline measurement (p = 0.015) and compared to the Metformin group (p = 0.001). After 6 months, the xanthine oxidase (XO) activity decreased significantly in the Intervention group compared to the baseline and 3rd month levels (p < 0.001). In the Metformin group there was also a significant decrease in XO after 6 months compared to baseline (p < 0.001) and the 3rd month (p = 0.003). The catalase activity significantly increased within the Intervention group only when comparing the 3rd and 6th month (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that vitamin D may improve endothelial dysfunction in patients with T2DM on metformin therapy by influencing two important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications - ROS production and inflammation, which can additionally contribute to a stable metabolic control during metformin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Cojic
- Primary Health Care Center, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Radivoj Kocic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Klisic
- Primary Health Care Center, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | - Nebojsa Kavaric
- Primary Health Care Center, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Gordana Kocic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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Tomovic K, Ilic BS, Smelcerovic Z, Miljkovic M, Yancheva D, Kojic M, Mavrova AT, Kocic G, Smelcerovic A. Benzimidazole-based dual dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 315:108873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Enzymatic bioautography enables the detection of enzyme inhibitors absorbed on a thin-layer chromatography plate. Therefore, it is an assay format that is particularly useful for the detection of inhibitors present in complex mixtures. The inhibition properties of compounds separated by thin-layer chromatography can be directly analyzed to produce an inhibition profile. Here, we describe the conditions to detect inhibitor of the enzymes xanthine oxidase and β-glucosidase immobilized on agar gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ayelen Ramallo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mario O Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ricardo L E Furlan
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina.
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Novel 3-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-ones as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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231
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Rossi R, Ciofalo M. Current Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pharmacologically Relevant 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted-1H-Imidazole Derivatives. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191014154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
:
In recent years, the synthesis and evaluation of the
biological properties of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole
derivatives have been the subject of a large number of studies
by academia and industry. In these studies it has been shown
that this large and highly differentiated class of heteroarene
derivatives includes high valuable compounds having important
biological and pharmacological properties such as
antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer,
antiviral, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, antifibrotic,
antiuricemic, antidiabetic, antileishmanial and antiulcer
activities.
:
The present review with 411 references, in which we focused on the literature data published mainly from 2011
to 2017, aims to update the readers on the recent developments on the synthesis and biological evaluation of
pharmacologically relevant 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole derivatives with an emphasis on their different
molecular targets and their potential use as drugs to treat various types of diseases. Reference was also
made to substantial literature data acquired before 2011 in this burgeoning research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa - via Moruzzi, 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo - Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 4, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
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232
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Formation and degradation of lipid droplets in human adipocytes and the expression of aldehyde oxidase (AOX). Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:45-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLipid droplet (LD) binding proteins in mammary glands and in adipocytes were previously compared and striking similar sets of these specific proteins demonstrated. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) together with perilipins and the lactating mammary gland protein butyrophilin play an important role in the secretion process of LDs into milk ducts. In contrast, in adipose tissue and in adipocytes, mainly perilipins have been described. Moreover, XOR was reported in mouse adipose tissue and adipocyte culture cells as “novel regulator of adipogenesis”. This obvious coincidence of protein sets prompted us to revisit the formation of LDs in human-cultured adipocytes in more detail with special emphasis on the possibility of a LD association of XOR. We demonstrate by electron and immunoelectron microscopy new structural details on LD formation in adipocytes. Surprisingly, by immunological and proteomic analysis, we identify in contrast to previous data showing the enzyme XOR, predominantly the expression of aldehyde oxidase (AOX). AOX could be detected tightly linked to LDs when adipocytes were treated with starvation medium. In addition, the majority of cells show an enormous interconnected, tubulated mitochondria network. Here, we discuss that (1) XOR is involved—together with perilipins—in the secretion of LDs in alveolar epithelial cells of the lactating mammary gland and is important in the transcytosis pathway of capillary endothelial cells. (2) In cells, where LDs are not secreted, XOR cannot be detected at the protein level, whereas in contrast in these cases, AOX is often present. We detect AOX in adipocytes together with perilipins and find evidence that these proteins might direct LDs to mitochondria. Finally, we here report for the first time the exclusive and complementary localization of XOR and AOX in diverse cell types.
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233
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Luo J, Yan D, Li S, Liu S, Zeng F, Cheung CW, Liu H, Irwin MG, Huang H, Xia Z. Allopurinol reduces oxidative stress and activates Nrf2/p62 to attenuate diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1760-1773. [PMID: 31856386 PMCID: PMC6991641 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopurinol (ALP) attenuates oxidative stress and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the mechanism is unclear. Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) following the disassociation with its repressor Keap1 under oxidative stress can maintain inner redox homeostasis and attenuate DCM with concomitant attenuation of autophagy. We postulated that ALP treatment may activate Nrf2 to mitigate autophagy over‐activation and consequently attenuate DCM. Streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic rats were untreated or treated with ALP (100 mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks and terminated after heart function measurements by echocardiography and pressure‐volume conductance system. Cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells infected with Nrf2 siRNA or not were incubated with high glucose (HG, 25 mmol/L) concomitantly with ALP treatment. Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase, 15‐F2t‐Isoprostane and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured with colorimetric enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. ROS, apoptosis, was assessed by dihydroethidium staining and TUNEL, respectively. The Western blot and qRT‐PCR were used to assess protein and mRNA variations. Diabetic rats showed significant reductions in heart rate (HR), left ventricular eject fraction (LVEF), stroke work (SW) and cardiac output (CO), left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVVs) as compared to non‐diabetic control and ALP improved or normalized HR, LVEF, SW, CO and LVVs in diabetic rats (all P < .05). Hearts of diabetic rats displayed excessive oxidative stress manifested as increased levels of 15‐F2t‐Isoprostane and superoxide anion production, increased apoptotic cell death and cardiomyocytes autophagy that were concomitant with reduced expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) and Keap1. ALP reverted all the above‐mentioned diabetes‐induced biochemical changes except that it did not affect the levels of Keap1. In vitro, ALP increased Nrf2 and reduced the hyperglycaemia‐induced increases of H9C2 cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy, and enhanced cellular viability. Nrf2 gene silence cancelled these protective effects of ALP in H9C2 cells. Activation of Nrf2 subsequent to the suppression of Keap1 and the mitigation of autophagy over‐activation may represent major mechanisms whereby ALP attenuates DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiming Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael G Irwin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huansen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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234
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Ishaq M, Mehmood A, Ur Rehman A, Dounya Zad O, Li J, Zhao L, Wang C, Hossen I, Naveed M, Lian Y. Antihyperuricemic effect of dietary polyphenol sinapic acid commonly present in various edible food plants. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13111. [PMID: 31849075 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the antihyperuricemic effect of sinapic acid (SA). The results showed that SA potently inhibited xanthine oxidase (XOD) in a dose-dependent manner by entering the enzyme active site and thwarting the entrance of the substrate. These results were further confirmed by the quantum chemical descriptors analysis and 1 H NMR titration analysis. The in vivo results indicated that SA not only has the potential to inhibit serum and hepatic XOD (p < .05), but also remarkably lowered serum and urine uric acid levels at 50 and 100 mg/kg bw. Furthermore, SA regulated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels to normal and lowered inflammation in the renal tubules. Thus, the utilization of SA as an antihyperuricemic agent may have considerable potential for the development of functional foods for the possible treatment of hyperuricemia. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Plant-derived bioactive compounds have multiple health benefits. The present study assesses the effects of sinapic acid against hyperuricemia. The results suggested that sinapic acid may have a strong protective effect against uric acid-related complications and may be used for the formulation of functional foods. However, further mechanistic studies are required to verify this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishaq
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Ashfaq Ur Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Oumeddour Dounya Zad
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Imam Hossen
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Beijing Advance Innovation center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Lian
- Chenguang Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Quzhou, China
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235
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Bao R, Liu M, Wang D, Wen S, Yu H, Zhong Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang T. Effect of Eurycoma longifolia Stem Extract on Uric Acid Excretion in Hyperuricemia Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1464. [PMID: 31920654 PMCID: PMC6914847 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Eurycoma longifolia is a tropical medicinal plant belonging to Simaroubaceae distributed in South East Asia. The stems are traditionally used for the treatment of sexual insufficiency, fever, hypertension, and malaria. Furthermore, it has antidiabetic and anticancer activities. Recently, it has been reported to reduce uric acid, but the mechanism is unclear. Hypothesis/Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore the effect and mechanism of E. longifolia stem 70% ethanol extract (EL) and its active compounds on uric acid excretion. Study Design and Methods: Potassium oxonate (PO) induced hyperuricemia rats model and adenine-PO induced hyperuricemia mice model were used to evaluate the effects of EL. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography was used to determine the levels of plasma or serum uric acid and creatinine. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to observe kidney pathological changes, and western blot was applied to detect protein expression levels of uric acid transporters. Effects of constituents on urate uptake were tested in hURAT1-expressing HEK293T cells. Results: EL significantly reduced serum and plasma uric acid levels at dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in hyperuricemia rats and mice, increased the clearance rate of uric acid and creatinine, and improved the renal pathological injury. The protein expression levels of urate reabsorption transporter 1 (URAT1) and glucose transporter 9 were down-regulated, while sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 were up-regulated in the kidney after EL treatment. The quassinoids isolated from EL showed inhibitory effects on urate uptake in hURAT1-expressing HEK293T cells, and the effect of eurycomanol was further confirmed in vivo. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that EL significantly reduced blood uric acid levels, prevented pathological changes of kidney in PO induced hyperuricemia animal model, and improved renal urate transports. We partly clarified the mechanism was related to suppressing effect of URAT1 by quassinoid in EL. This study is the first to demonstrate that EL plays a role in hyperuricemia by promoting renal uric acid excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Bao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae (Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaoshi Wen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae (Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Herb Research Centre, Global Education Network Sdn.Bhd., Puchong, Malaysia
| | - Zheng Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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236
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237
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Oxidative Stress in Cell Death and Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9030563. [PMID: 31781356 PMCID: PMC6875219 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ROS functions as a second messenger and modulates multiple signaling pathways under the physiological conditions. However, excessive intracellular ROS causes damage to the molecular components of the cell, which promotes the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are serious threats to human health with extremely high rates of morbidity and mortality. Dysregulation of cell death promotes the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and is the clinical target during the disease treatment. Numerous studies show that ROS production is closely linked to the cell death process and promotes the occurrence and development of the cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the regulation of intracellular ROS, the roles of ROS played in the development of cardiovascular diseases, and the programmed cell death induced by intracellular ROS. We also focus on anti-ROS system and the potential application of anti-ROS strategy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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238
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Thiazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors: design, synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and molecular modeling studies. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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239
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Kikiowo B, Ogunleye AJ, Inyang OK, Adelakun NS, Omotuyi OI, Metibemu DS, David TI, Oludoyi OO, Ijatuyi TT. Flavones scaffold of Chromolaena odorata as a potential xanthine oxidase inhibitor: Induced Fit Docking and ADME studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:227-234. [PMID: 32983938 PMCID: PMC7502905 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2020.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Gout is a type of painful inflammation initiated by the interactions between monosodium urate crystals and connective tissue. Xanthine oxidase (XO) catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, then to uric acid. The primary treatments for gout include XO inhibitors. At present, allopurinol is the most used XO inhibitor for the treatment of gout. However, it can cause adverse effects commonly known as allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome, thereby limiting its usage. Consequently, it is necessary to develop potent and less toxic inhibitors of XO. Chromolaena odorata is one of such plants under investigation for its diverse health benefits. Methods: Phytochemicals of C. odorata were screened against XO receptor, using molecular docking. The top five hit compounds of glide docking yield flavones scaffold which were subjected to induced fit docking (IFD) and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies. Results: The result showed that flavones scaffold of C. odorata can bind with higher affinity and lower free energy values when compared to that of the standard, allopurinol. The IFD scores of the flavones scaffold range from -1525.25 to -1527.99 kcal/mol. Conclusion: Our results have shown that flavones scaffold might have the potential to act as an effective drug candidate when compared to allopurinol in treating and/or preventing gout and some inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatomiwa Kikiowo
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Adewale Joseph Ogunleye
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Olumide Kayode Inyang
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Niyi Samuel Adelakun
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Olaposi Idowu Omotuyi
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Damilohun Samuel Metibemu
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope Israel David
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatoyin Olajide Oludoyi
- Centre for Biocomputing and Drug Development, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Tolulope Ijatuyi
- Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
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240
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Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase, α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Rumex crispus L. Root. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213899. [PMID: 31671906 PMCID: PMC6864818 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The root of Rumex crispus L. has been shown to possess anti-gout and anti-diabetic properties, but the compounds responsible for these pharmaceutical effects have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to isolate and purify active components from the root of R. crispus, and to evaluate their anti-radical, anti-gout and anti-diabetic capacities. From the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract, two compounds, chrysophanol (1) and physcion (2), were isolated by column chromatography with an elution of hexane and EtOAc at a 9:1 ratio. Their structures were identified by spectrometric techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), X-ray diffraction analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results of bioassays indicated that (1) showed stronger activities than (2). For antioxidant activity, (1) and (2) exhibited remarkable DPPH radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = 9.8 and 12.1 µg/mL), which was about two times stronger than BHT (IC50 = 19.4 µg/mL). The anti-gout property of (1) and (2) were comparable to the positive control allopurinol, these compounds exerted strong inhibition against the activity of xanthine oxidase (IC50 = 36.4 and 45.0 µg/mL, respectively). In the anti-diabetic assay, (1) and (2) displayed considerable inhibitory ability on α-glucosidase, their IC50 values (IC50 = 20.1 and 18.9 µg/mL, respectively) were higher than that of standard acarbose (IC50 = 143.4 µg/mL). Findings of this study highlight that (1) and (2) may be promising agents to treat gout and diabetes, which may greatly contribute to the medicinal properties of Rumex crispus root.
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241
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El-Sheikh AA, Abdelzaher WY, Gad AA, Abdel-Gaber SA. Purine versus non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac and bone marrow toxicity in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:249-261. [PMID: 31640406 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119883412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cancer is a fatal and serious disease. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) is a commonly used anticancer drug. Cardiotoxicity and myelotoxicity are life-threatening side effects of CYC treatment. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, allopurinol (ALL) and febuxostat (FEB), on CYC-induced cardio- and hematopoietic toxicity in rats. METHODS ALL (100 mg/kg/day) or FEB (10 mg/kg/day) were administered orally to rats in the presence and absence of CYC (200 mg/kg kg i.p. single dose) treatment. Serum creatine kinase-MB creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were estimated. Complete blood counting (CBC), cardiac and bone marrow XO activity, malondialdehyde level, and superoxide dismutase activity were determined. Cardiac and bone marrow histopathological changes were also evaluated. RESULTS ALL and FEB significantly decreased CK-MB and LDH induced by CYC. Disturbed levels of XO, oxidative stress parameters, and CBC were also corrected by both XO inhibitors tested, with amelioration of cardiac histopathological changes caused by CYC. Treatment with FEB, but not ALL, prior to CYC challenges normalized bone marrow histopathological changes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that both XO inhibitors tested; ALL and FEB can ameliorate CYC-induced cardiotoxicity. However, only FEB can protect against CYC-induced myelotoxicity, whereas ALL, to the contrary, might aggravate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A El-Sheikh
- Basic Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - W Y Abdelzaher
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - A A Gad
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - S A Abdel-Gaber
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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242
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Abstract
Although the superoxide anion (O2-·) is generated during normal cellular respiration and has fundamental roles in a wide range of cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and homeostasis, its dysregulation is associated with a variety of diseases. Regarding these prominent roles in biological systems, the development of accurate methods for quantification of superoxide anion has attracted tremendous research attention. Here, we evaluated aequorin, a calcium-dependent photoprotein, as a potential bioluminescent reporter protein of superoxide anion. The mechanism is based on the measurement of aequorin bioluminescence, where the lower the concentration of coelenterazine under the oxidation of superoxide anion, the lower the amount aequorin regeneration, leading to a decrease in bioluminescence. The bioluminescence intensity of aequorin was proportional to the concentration of superoxide anion in the range from 4 to 40 000 pM with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 1.2 pM, which was 5000-fold lower than those of the chemiluminescence methods. The proposed method exhibited high sensitivity and has been successfully applied to the determination of superoxide anion in the plant cell samples. The results could suggest a photoprotein-based bioluminescence system as a highly sensitive, specific, and simple bioluminescent probe for in vitro detection of superoxide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rahmani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran 14115-154 , Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ghavamipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran 14115-154 , Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran 14115-154 , Iran
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243
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Assessment of anti-nociceptive effect of allopurinol in a neuropathic pain model. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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244
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum Sensing Molecule Alters Skeletal Muscle Protein Homeostasis by Perturbing the Antioxidant Defense System. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02211-19. [PMID: 31575771 PMCID: PMC6775459 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02211-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle function is compromised in many illnesses, including chronic infections. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing (QS) signal, 2-amino acetophenone (2-AA), is produced during acute and chronic infections and excreted in human tissues, including the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. We have shown that 2-AA facilitates pathogen persistence, likely via its ability to promote the formation of bacterial persister cells, and that it acts as an interkingdom immunomodulatory signal that epigenetically reprograms innate immune functions. Moreover, 2-AA compromises muscle contractility and impacts the expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in skeletal muscle and in mitochondrial functions. Here, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms of 2-AA's impairment of skeletal muscle function and ROS homeostasis. Murine in vivo and differentiated C2C12 myotube cell studies showed that 2-AA promotes ROS generation in skeletal muscle via the modulation of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, NAD(P)H oxidase2 (NOX2) protein level, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. ROS accumulation triggers the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), likely upstream of the observed locations of induction of ubiquitin ligases Muscle RING Finger 1 (MuRF1) and Muscle Atrophy F-box (MAFbx), and induces autophagy-related proteins. The protein-level perturbation in skeletal muscle of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is rescued by the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Together, these results unveil a novel form of action of a QS bacterial molecule and provide molecular insights into the 2-AA-mediated skeletal muscle dysfunction caused by P. aeruginosa IMPORTANCE Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that is resistant to treatment, causes serious acute, persistent, and relapsing infections in humans. There is increasing evidence that bacterial excreted small molecules play a critical role during infection. We have shown that a quorum sensing (QS)-regulated excreted small molecule, 2-AA, which is abundantly produced by P. aeruginosa, promotes persistent infections, dampens host inflammation, and triggers mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. QS is a cell-to-cell communication system utilized by bacteria to promote collective behaviors. The significance of our study in identifying a mechanism that leads to skeletal muscle dysfunction, via the action of a QS molecule, is that it may open new avenues in the control of muscle loss as a result of infection and sepsis. Given that QS is a common characteristic of prokaryotes, it is possible that 2-AA-like molecules promoting similar effects may exist in other pathogens.
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Shi BB, Chen J, Bao MF, Zeng Y, Cai XH. Alkaloids isolated from Tabernaemontana bufalina display xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 166:112060. [PMID: 31302343 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Continued interest in bioactive alkaloids led to the isolation of four undescribed alkaloids along with 74 known ones from the aerial parts of Tabernaemontana bufalina Lour. The structures of the yet undescribed alkaloids were elucidated based on NMR, IR, UV, MS and CD spectroscopic data and X-ray crystal diffraction and, according to the plant source, named as taberhaines A-D (1-4). The known compounds comprised of 66 monoterpenoid indole, three carboline and five isoquinoline alkaloids. Among them, the known apparicine inhibited significantly the activity of xanthine oxidase, which plays an important role for gout, with an IC50 value of 0.65 μM, compared to the standard drug allopurinol (IC50 = 0.60 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Bao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Fen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Furuhashi M, Koyama M, Matsumoto M, Murase T, Nakamura T, Higashiura Y, Tanaka M, Moniwa N, Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Shimamoto K, Miura T. Annual change in plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity is associated with changes in liver enzymes and body weight. Endocr J 2019; 66:777-786. [PMID: 31130575 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), an enzyme of uric acid formation from hypoxanthine and xanthine, is recognized as a source of oxidative stress. Plasma activity of XOR has been reported to be a biomarker of metabolic disorders associated with obesity, liver dysfunction, insulin resistance, hyperuricemia and adipokines. We investigated longitudinal change in plasma XOR activity, which was determined by using mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography to detect [13C2, 15N2]-uric acid using [13C2, 15N2]-xanthine as a substrate, in 511 subjects (male/female: 244/267) of the Tanno-Sobetsu Study in the years 2016 and 2017. Plasma XOR activity in a basal state was significantly higher in men than in women, but no significant sex difference was observed in annual change in plasma XOR activity. Annual change in plasma activity of XOR was positively correlated with changes in each parameter, including body weight (r = 0.203, p < 0.001), body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, aspartate transaminase (AST) (r = 0.772, p < 0.001), alanine transaminase (r = 0.647, p < 0.001), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, fasting glucose and HbA1c. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that change in AST and that in body weight were independent predictors of change in plasma XOR activity after adjustment of age, sex and changes in each variable with a significant correlation without multicollinearity. In conclusion, annual change in plasma XOR activity is independently associated with changes in liver enzymes and body weight in a general population. Improvement of liver function and reduction of body weight would decrease plasma XOR activity and its related oxidative stress as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Furuhashi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Megumi Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukimura Higashiura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marenao Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norihito Moniwa
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ohnishi
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Saitoh
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Division of Medical and Behavioral Subjects, Sapporo Medical University School of Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuji Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Synthesis and pharmacological properties of polysubstituted 2-amino-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile derivatives. Mol Divers 2019; 24:1385-1431. [PMID: 31555954 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-09994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-chromenes are structural core motifs that received increasing attention in the last years due to their interesting potential pharmacological properties. In this review, the synthetic methods for these compounds are classified based on the type of catalyst in the pertinent reactions. In addition, the wide range of pharmacological properties of these compounds is covered in a separate section.
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248
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Zhang TJ, Zhang Y, Tu S, Wu YH, Zhang ZH, Meng FH. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)isonicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111717. [PMID: 31557611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported a series of N-phenylisonicotinamide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors and identified N-(3-cyano-4-((2-cyanobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)isonicotinamide (compound 1) as the most potent one with an IC50 value of 0.312 μM. To further optimize the structure and improve the potency, a structure-based drug design (SBDD) strategy was performed to construct the missing H-bond between the small molecule and the Asn768 residue of XO. We introduced a tetrazole moiety at the 3'-position of the phenyl to serve as an H-bond acceptor and obtained a series of N-(3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)phenyl)isonicotinamide derivatives (2a-t and 6-8). Besides, to investigate the influence of the amide-reversal, some N-(pyridin-4-yl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)benzamide derivatives (3c, 3e, 3i, 3k and 3u) were also synthesized and evaluated. Biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship analysis demonstrated that the 3'-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) moiety was an excellent fragment for the N-phenylisonicotinamide scaffold; a substituted benzyloxy, especially, an m-cyanobenzyloxy (e.g., 2s), linking at the 4'-position was welcome for the potency; and the amide-reversal could damage the potency, so maintenance of the N-phenylisonicotinamide scaffold was essential. In summary, starting from compound 1, the SBDD effort successfully identified a promising XO inhibitor 2s (IC50 = 0.031 μM), with a 10-fold gain in potency. Its potency was very close to the positive control topiroxostat (IC50 = 0.021 μM). A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that compound 2s acted as a mixed-type XO inhibitor. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the tetrazole moiety could occupy the Asn768-sub-pocket with N-4 atom accepting an H-bond from the Asn768 residue, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Shun Tu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu-Hang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhen-Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Oxidative Stress and Renal Fibrosis: Mechanisms and Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:585-604. [PMID: 31399986 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress results from the disruption of the redox system marked by a notable overproduction of reactive oxygen species. There are four major sources of reactive oxygen species, including NADPH oxidases, mitochondria, nitric oxide synthases, and xanthine oxidases. It is well known that renal abnormalities trigger the production of reactive oxygen species by diverse mechanisms under various pathologic stimuli, such as acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, and metabolic disturbances. Mutually, accumulating evidences have identified that oxidative stress plays an essential role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis by myofibroblast activation as well as in glomerulosclerosis by mesangial sclerosis, podocyte abnormality, and parietal epithelial cell injury. Given the involvement of oxidative stress in renal fibrosis, therapies targeting oxidative stress seem promising in renal fibrosis management. In this review, we sketch the updated knowledge of the mechanisms of oxidative stress generation during renal diseases, the pathogenic processes of oxidative stress elicited renal fibrosis and treatments targeting oxidative stress during tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis.
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250
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Cicero AFG, Cosentino ER, Kuwabara M, Degli Esposti D, Borghi C. Effects of allopurinol and febuxostat on cardiovascular mortality in elderly heart failure patients. Intern Emerg Med 2019; 14:949-956. [PMID: 30864092 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is an emerging risk factor for the development of heart failure (HF) and is associated with a worsen prognosis of the disease. The effect of urate lowering drugs (ULT) and, in particular, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor in patients with HF is controversial. The aim of the study is to compare the effects of treatment with two different xanthine oxidase inhibitors (allopurinol or febuxostat) on cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with chronic HF in a setting of clinical practice. In this observational trial, 255 elderly patients affected by chronic HF and treated with ULT on top of optimal medical treatment for HF. The sample included only outpatients with mild-to-moderate HF mainly secondary to chronic arterial hypertension or coronary artery disease and not previously hospitalized for HF. Patient treated with febuxostat (N. 120) and allopurinol (N. 135) were balanced for most of the baseline variables. In particular age, NYHA class distribution, drug treatment and renal function were comparable at the baseline and during the observation in both groups (p > 0.05). After a mean follow-up period of 5.1 years, the cumulative cardiovascular survival was 0.96 (95% CI 0.93-0.99) in febuxostat-treated patients and 0.89 (95% CI 0.84-0.93) in those treated with allopurinol. The between group difference, adjusted for the main confounding risk factors, was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Our study results suggest that possibility that febuxostat, a selective XO inhibitor, may favorably affect cardiovascular mortality in comparison with allopurinol in elderly patients with mild-to-moderate HF. This preliminary observation deserves further evaluation in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenio Roberto Cosentino
- Internal Medicine Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Building 2 -IV Floor - Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Degli Esposti
- Internal Medicine Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Building 2 -IV Floor - Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Internal Medicine Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Building 2 -IV Floor - Via Albertoni 15, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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