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Passaia G, Margis-Pinheiro M. Glutathione peroxidases as redox sensor proteins in plant cells. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:22-6. [PMID: 25804806 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases are thiol-based enzymes that catalyze the reduction of H2O2 and hydroperoxides to H2O or alcohols, they mitigate the toxicity of these compounds to the cell mainly using thioredoxin as an electron donor. Additionally, certain redox sensor and signaling functions are being ascribed to these enzymes in prokaryotes, fungi, and plants. We review the evolutionary history, enzymatic and biochemical evidence that make GPX proteins, in addition to being peroxiredoxins, important candidates for acting as redox sensor proteins in plants: (i) the lower peroxidase activity of Cys-GPX; (ii) the thiol catalytic center; (iii) the capacity to interact with regulatory proteins. All these characteristics suggest that at the basal level, plant GPXs have an important role in redox signal transduction in addition to their peroxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Passaia
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil
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202
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Dietz KJ. Efficient high light acclimation involves rapid processes at multiple mechanistic levels. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2401-14. [PMID: 25573858 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Like no other chemical or physical parameter, the natural light environment of plants changes with high speed and jumps of enormous intensity. To cope with this variability, photosynthetic organisms have evolved sensing and response mechanisms that allow efficient acclimation. Most signals originate from the chloroplast itself. In addition to very fast photochemical regulation, intensive molecular communication is realized within the photosynthesizing cell, optimizing the acclimation process. Current research has opened up new perspectives on plausible but mostly unexpected complexity in signalling events, crosstalk, and process adjustments. Within seconds and minutes, redox states, levels of reactive oxygen species, metabolites, and hormones change and transmit information to the cytosol, modifying metabolic activity, gene expression, translation activity, and alternative splicing events. Signalling pathways on an intermediate time scale of several minutes to a few hours pave the way for long-term acclimation. Thereby, a new steady state of the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolism is realized within rather short time periods irrespective of the previous acclimation history to shade or sun conditions. This review provides a time line of events during six hours in the 'stressful' life of a plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, W5-134, Bielefeld University, University Street 25, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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203
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Akter S, Huang J, Waszczak C, Jacques S, Gevaert K, Van Breusegem F, Messens J. Cysteines under ROS attack in plants: a proteomics view. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2935-44. [PMID: 25750420 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of their metabolism and in response to various external stress factors, potentially causing significant damage to biomolecules and cell structures. During the course of evolution, plants have adapted to ROS toxicity, and use ROS as signalling messengers that activate defence responses. Cysteine (Cys) residues in proteins are one of the most sensitive targets for ROS-mediated post-translational modifications, and they have become key residues for ROS signalling studies. The reactivity of Cys residues towards ROS, and their ability to react to different oxidation states, allow them to appear at the crossroads of highly dynamic oxidative events. As such, a redox-active cysteine can be present as S-glutathionylated (-SSG), disulfide bonded (S-S), sulfenylated (-SOH), sulfinylated (-SO2H), and sulfonylated (-SO3H). The sulfenic acid (-SOH) form has been considered as part of ROS-sensing pathways, as it leads to further modifications which affect protein structure and function. Redox proteomic studies are required to understand how and why cysteines undergo oxidative post-translational modifications and to identify the ROS-sensor proteins. Here, we update current knowledge of cysteine reactivity with ROS. Further, we give an overview of proteomic techniques that have been applied to identify different redox-modified cysteines in plants. There is a particular focus on the identification of sulfenylated proteins, which have the potential to be involved in plant signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Akter
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Centre for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Centre for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cezary Waszczak
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Centre for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Silke Jacques
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Gent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Gent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- Structural Biology Research Centre, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Centre for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I is thought to balance the ATP/NADPH energy budget of photosynthesis, requiring that its rate be finely regulated. The mechanisms of this regulation are not well understood. We observed that mutants that exhibited constitutively high rates of CEF also showed elevated production of H2O2. We thus tested the hypothesis that CEF can be activated by H2O2 in vivo. CEF was strongly increased by H2O2 both by infiltration or in situ production by chloroplast-localized glycolate oxidase, implying that H2O2 can activate CEF either directly by redox modulation of key enzymes, or indirectly by affecting other photosynthetic processes. CEF appeared with a half time of about 20 min after exposure to H2O2, suggesting activation of previously expressed CEF-related machinery. H2O2-dependent CEF was not sensitive to antimycin A or loss of PGR5, indicating that increased CEF probably does not involve the PGR5-PGRL1 associated pathway. In contrast, the rise in CEF was not observed in a mutant deficient in the chloroplast NADPH:PQ reductase (NDH), supporting the involvement of this complex in CEF activated by H2O2. We propose that H2O2 is a missing link between environmental stress, metabolism, and redox regulation of CEF in higher plants.
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205
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He M, Zhu C, Dong K, Zhang T, Cheng Z, Li J, Yan Y. Comparative proteome analysis of embryo and endosperm reveals central differential expression proteins involved in wheat seed germination. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:97. [PMID: 25888100 PMCID: PMC4407426 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat seeds provide a staple food and an important protein source for the world's population. Seed germination is vital to wheat growth and development and directly affects grain yield and quality. In this study, we performed the first comparative proteomic analysis of wheat embryo and endosperm during seed germination. RESULTS The proteomic changes in embryo and endosperm during the four different seed germination stages of elite Chinese bread wheat cultivar Zhengmai 9023 were first investigated. In total, 74 and 34 differentially expressed protein (DEP) spots representing 63 and 26 unique proteins were identified in embryo and endosperm, respectively. Eight common DEP were present in both tissues, and 55 and 18 DEP were specific to embryo and endosperm, respectively. These identified DEP spots could be sorted into 13 functional groups, in which the main group was involved in different metabolism pathways, particularly in the reserves necessary for mobilization in preparation for seed germination. The DEPs from the embryo were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, proteometabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, and stress-related proteins, whereas those from the endosperm were mainly involved in protein storage, carbohydrate metabolism, inhibitors, stress response, and protein synthesis. During seed germination, both embryo and endosperm had a basic pattern of oxygen consumption, so the proteins related to respiration and energy metabolism were up-regulated or down-regulated along with respiration of wheat seeds. When germination was complete, most storage proteins from the endosperm began to be mobilized, but only a small amount was degraded during germination. Transcription expression of six representative DEP genes at the mRNA level was consistent with their protein expression changes. CONCLUSION Wheat seed germination is a complex process with imbibition, stirring, and germination stages, which involve a series of physiological, morphological, and proteomic changes. The first process is a rapid water uptake, in which the seed coat becomes softer and the physical state of storage materials change gradually. Then the germinated seed enters the second process (a plateau phase) and the third process (the embryonic axes elongation). Seed embryo and endosperm display distinct differentially expressed proteins, and their synergistic expression mechanisms provide a basis for the normal germination of wheat seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Chong Zhu
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Kun Dong
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Zhiwei Cheng
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Yueming Yan
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, 434025, Jingzhou, China.
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206
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Liu Z, Li Y, Ma L, Wei H, Zhang J, He X, Tian C. Coordinated regulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soybean MAPK pathway genes improved mycorrhizal soybean drought tolerance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:408-19. [PMID: 25390189 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0251-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in the stress response in both plants and microorganisms. The mycorrhizal symbiosis established between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants can enhance plant drought tolerance, which might be closely related to the fungal MAPK response and the molecular dialogue between fungal and soybean MAPK cascades. To verify the above hypothesis, germinal Glomus intraradices (syn. Rhizophagus irregularis) spores and potted experiments were conducted. The results showed that AMF GiMAPKs with high homology with MAPKs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae had different gene expression patterns under different conditions (nitrogen starvation, abscisic acid treatment, and drought). Drought stress upregulated the levels of fungi and soybean MAPK transcripts in mycorrhizal soybean roots, indicating the possibility of a molecular dialogue between the two symbiotic sides of symbiosis and suggesting that they might cooperate to regulate the mycorrhizal soybean drought-stress response. Meanwhile, the changes in hydrogen peroxide, soluble sugar, and proline levels in mycorrhizal soybean as well as in the accelerated exchange of carbon and nitrogen in the symbionts were contributable to drought adaptation of the host plants. Thus, it can be preliminarily inferred that the interactions of MAPK signals on both sides, symbiotic fungus and plant, might regulate the response of symbiosis and, thus, improve the resistance of mycorrhizal soybean to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Liu
- 1 Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130102, China
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208
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Zhao W, Yang X, Yu H, Jiang W, Sun N, Liu X, Liu X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Gu X. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome profiling of early nitrogen deficiency response in cucumber seedlings provides new insight into the putative nitrogen regulatory network. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:455-67. [PMID: 25432971 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is both an important macronutrient and a signal for plant growth and development. However, the early regulatory mechanism of plants in response to N starvation is not well understood, especially in cucumber, an economically important crop that normally consumes excessive N during production. In this study, the early time-course transcriptome response of cucumber leaves under N deficiency was monitored using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). More than 23,000 transcripts were examined in cucumber leaves, of which 364 genes were differentially expressed in response to N deficiency. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database, gene ontology (GO) and protein-protein interaction analysis, 64 signaling-related N-deficiency-responsive genes were identified. Furthermore, the potential regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation, Chl decline and cell wall remodeling were assessed at the transcription level. Increased ascorbic acid synthesis was identified in cucumber seedlings and fruit under N-deficient conditions, and a new corresponding regulatory hypothesis has been proposed. A data cross-comparison between model plants and cucumber was made, and some common and specific N-deficient response mechanisms were found in the present study. Our study provides novel insights into the responses of cucumber to nitrogen starvation at the global transcriptome level, which are expected to be highly useful for dissecting the N response pathways in this major vegetable and for improving N fertilization practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China Beijing Key Laboratory for Agriculture Application and New Technology, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xueyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Weijie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingfang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun S. St., Beijing 100081, China
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209
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Involvement of thiol-based mechanisms in plant development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1479-96. [PMID: 25676896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing knowledge has been recently gained regarding the redox regulation of plant developmental stages. SCOPE OF VIEW The current state of knowledge concerning the involvement of glutathione, glutaredoxins and thioredoxins in plant development is reviewed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The control of the thiol redox status is mainly ensured by glutathione (GSH), a cysteine-containing tripeptide and by reductases sharing redox-active cysteines, glutaredoxins (GRXs) and thioredoxins (TRXs). Indeed, thiol groups present in many regulatory proteins and metabolic enzymes are prone to oxidation, ultimately leading to post-translational modifications such as disulfide bond formation or glutathionylation. This review focuses on the involvement of GSH, GRXs and TRXs in plant development. Recent studies showed that the proper functioning of root and shoot apical meristems depends on glutathione content and redox status, which regulate, among others, cell cycle and hormone-related processes. A critical role of GRXs in the formation of floral organs has been uncovered, likely through the redox regulation of TGA transcription factor activity. TRXs fulfill many functions in plant development via the regulation of embryo formation, the control of cell-to-cell communication, the mobilization of seed reserves, the biogenesis of chloroplastic structures, the metabolism of carbon and the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis. This review also highlights the tight relationships between thiols, hormones and carbon metabolism, allowing a proper development of plants in relation with the varying environment and the energy availability. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GSH, GRXs and TRXs play key roles during the whole plant developmental cycle via their antioxidant functions and the redox-regulation of signaling pathways. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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210
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Ratajczak E, Małecka A, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Kalemba EM. The production, localization and spreading of reactive oxygen species contributes to the low vitality of long-term stored common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 174:147-56. [PMID: 25462977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is propagated by seeds, but the seed set is irregular with five to ten years in between crops. It is therefore necessary to store the seeds. However, beech seeds lose germinability during long-term storage. In this study, beech seeds were stored at -10°C under controlled conditions for 2, 5, 8, 11 and 13 years. Our results show that beech seeds lose germinability during storage in proportion to the duration of storage. The decrease in germinability correlated with increased electrolyte leakage and accumulation of superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was observed among the releases of superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. In situ localization showed that superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide were first detectable in root cap cells. When the seed storage time was extended, the reactive oxygen species fluorescence expanded to more areas of the radicle, reaching the root apical meristem. A storage time-dependent decrease in catalase activity, observed in both embryonic axes and cotyledons, was also positively correlated with germinability. DNA fragmentation was observed in beech seeds during storage and occurred predominantly in embryonic axes stored for 5 years and more. Altogether, these results suggest that the loss of germinability in beech seeds during long-term storage depends on several factors, including strong of reactive oxygen species accumulation accompanied by reduced catalase activity as well as membrane injury and DNA alternations, which may be aging-related and ROS-derived. We suggest that the accumulating reactive oxygen species that spread to the root apical meristem are key factors that affect seed germinability after long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Ratajczak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Arleta Małecka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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211
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Chi W, He B, Mao J, Jiang J, Zhang L. Plastid sigma factors: Their individual functions and regulation in transcription. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:770-8. [PMID: 25596450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sigma factors are the predominant factors involved in transcription regulation in bacteria. These factors can recruit the core RNA polymerase to promoters with specific DNA sequences and initiate gene transcription. The plastids of higher plants originating from an ancestral cyanobacterial endosymbiont also contain sigma factors that are encoded by a small family of nuclear genes. Although all plastid sigma factors contain sequences conserved in bacterial sigma factors, a considerable number of distinct traits have been acquired during evolution. The present review summarises recent advances concerning the regulation of the structure, function and activity of plastid sigma factors since their discovery nearly 40 years ago. We highlight the specialised roles and overlapping redundant functions of plastid sigma factors according to their promoter selectivity. We also focus on the mechanisms that modulate the activity of sigma factors to optimise plastid function in response to developmental cues and environmental signals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chi
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Baoye He
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Juan Mao
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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212
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Addepalli B. Detection of disulfide linkage by chemical derivatization and mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1255:117-126. [PMID: 25487208 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2175-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The location of disulfide linkage(s) or status of unpaired cysteines is a critical structural feature required for the characterization of three-dimensional structure of a protein and for the correlation of protein structure-function relationships. Cysteine, with its reactive thiol group, can undergo enzymatic or oxidative posttranslational modification in response to changing redox conditions to signal a cascade of downstream reactions. In such a situation, it becomes even more critical to obtain the information on the pair of cysteines involved in such a redox switch operation. Here, a method involving chemical derivatization and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is described to determine the cysteine residues involved in disulfide bond formation for a protein containing multiple cysteines in its sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubrahmanyam Addepalli
- Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, 312 College Dr, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA,
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213
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Mitochondrial Signaling in Plants Under Hypoxia: Use of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS). SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10079-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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214
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Uddin MN, Nielsen ALL, Vincze E. Zinc Blotting Assay for Detection of Zinc Binding Prolamin in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) Grain. Cereal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-09-13-0001-n.testissue] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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215
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Haworth NL, Wouters MA. Cross-strand disulfides in the non-hydrogen bonding site of antiparallel β-sheet (aCSDns): poised for biological switching. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
aCSDns are forbidden disulfides with protein redox-activity. Within the aCSDn structural motif, a cognate substrate of Trx-like enzymes, the disulfide bonds are strained and metastable, facilitating their role as redox-regulated protein switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L. Haworth
- Life and Environmental Sciences
- Deakin University
- Geelong 3217
- Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
| | - Merridee A. Wouters
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute
- Heidelberg 3084
- Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine
- La Trobe University
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216
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Layat E, Leymarie J, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Caius J, Langlade N, Bailly C. Translatome profiling in dormant and nondormant sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds highlights post-transcriptional regulation of germination. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:864-72. [PMID: 25157915 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy, which blocks germination in apparently favourable conditions, is a key regulatory control point of plant population establishment. As germination requires de novo translation, its regulation by dormancy is likely to be related to the association of individual transcripts to polysomes. Here, the polysome-associated mRNAs, that is, the translatome, were fractionated and characterized with microarrays in dormant and nondormant sunflower (Helianthus annuus) embryos during their imbibition at 10°C, a temperature preventing germination of dormant embryos. Profiling of mRNAs in polysomal complexes revealed that the translatome differs between germinating and nongerminating embryos. Association of transcripts with polysomes reached a maximum after 15 h of imbibition; at this time-point 194 polysome-associated transcripts were specifically found in nondormant embryos and 47 in dormant embryos only. The proteins corresponding to the polysomal mRNAs in nondormant embryos appeared to be very pertinent for germination and were involved mainly in transport, regulation of transcription or cell wall modifications. This work demonstrates that seed germination results from a timely regulated and selective recruitment of mRNAs to polysomes, thus opening novel fields of investigation for the understanding of this developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Layat
- UMR 7622, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France; UMR 7622, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
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217
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Li S. Redox Modulation Matters: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins in Plant Development and Stress Responses. PLANTS 2014; 3:559-82. [PMID: 27135520 PMCID: PMC4844277 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small ubiquitous glutathione (GSH)-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze the reversible reduction of protein disulfide bridges or protein-GSH mixed disulfide bonds via a dithiol or monothiol mechanism, respectively. Three major classes of GRXs, with the CPYC-type, the CGFS-type or the CC-type active site, have been identified in many plant species. In spite of the well-characterized roles for GRXs in Escherichia coli, yeast and humans, the biological functions of plant GRXs have been largely enigmatic. The CPYC-type and CGFS-type GRXs exist in all organisms, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, whereas the CC-type class has thus far been solely identified in land plants. Only the number of the CC-type GRXs has enlarged dramatically during the evolution of land plants, suggesting their participation in the formation of more complex plants adapted to life on land. A growing body of evidence indicates that plant GRXs are involved in numerous cellular pathways. In this review, emphasis is placed on the recently emerging functions for GRXs in floral organ development and disease resistance. Notably, CC-type GRXs have been recruited to participate in these two seemingly unrelated processes. Besides, the current knowledge of plant GRXs in the assembly and delivery of iron-sulfur clusters, oxidative stress responses and arsenic resistance is also presented. As GRXs require GSH as an electron donor to reduce their target proteins, GSH-related developmental processes, including the control of flowering time and the development of postembryonic roots and shoots, are further discussed. Profiling the thiol redox proteome using high-throughput proteomic approaches and measuring cellular redox changes with fluorescent redox biosensors will help to further unravel the redox-regulated physiological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Li
- Department of Botany, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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218
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Xiang Y, Nakabayashi K, Ding J, He F, Bentsink L, Soppe WJJ. Reduced Dormancy5 encodes a protein phosphatase 2C that is required for seed dormancy in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4362-75. [PMID: 25415980 PMCID: PMC4277229 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy determines germination timing and contributes to crop production and the adaptation of natural populations to their environment. Our knowledge about its regulation is limited. In a mutagenesis screen of a highly dormant Arabidopsis thaliana line, the reduced dormancy5 (rdo5) mutant was isolated based on its strongly reduced seed dormancy. Cloning of RDO5 showed that it encodes a PP2C phosphatase. Several PP2C phosphatases belonging to clade A are involved in abscisic acid signaling and control seed dormancy. However, RDO5 does not cluster with clade A phosphatases, and abscisic acid levels and sensitivity are unaltered in the rdo5 mutant. RDO5 transcript could only be detected in seeds and was most abundant in dry seeds. RDO5 was found in cells throughout the embryo and is located in the nucleus. A transcriptome analysis revealed that several genes belonging to the conserved PUF family of RNA binding proteins, in particular Arabidopsis PUMILIO9 (APUM9) and APUM11, showed strongly enhanced transcript levels in rdo5 during seed imbibition. Further transgenic analyses indicated that APUM9 reduces seed dormancy. Interestingly, reduction of APUM transcripts by RNA interference complemented the reduced dormancy phenotype of rdo5, indicating that RDO5 functions by suppressing APUM transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xiang
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kazumi Nakabayashi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jia Ding
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Fei He
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Leónie Bentsink
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J J Soppe
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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219
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Wada H, Masumoto-Kubo C, Gholipour Y, Nonami H, Tanaka F, Erra-Balsells R, Tsutsumi K, Hiraoka K, Morita S. Rice chalky ring formation caused by temporal reduction in starch biosynthesis during osmotic adjustment under foehn-induced dry wind. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110374. [PMID: 25330305 PMCID: PMC4203794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Foehn-like extreme hot and dry wind conditions (34°C, >2.5 kPa vapor pressure deficit, and 7 m s(-1)) strongly affect grain quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.). This is a current concern because of the increasing frequency and intensity of combined heat and water-deficit stress under climate change. Foehn-induced dry wind conditions during the grain-filling stage increase ring-shaped chalkiness as a result of spatiotemporal reduction in starch accumulation in the endosperm, but kernel growth is sometimes maintained by osmotic adjustment. Here, we assess the effects of dry wind on chalky ring formation in environmentally controlled growth chambers. Our results showed that hot and dry wind conditions that lasted for >24 h dramatically increased chalky ring formation. Hot and dry wind conditions temporarily reduced panicle water potential to -0.65 MPa; however, kernel growth was maintained by osmotic adjustment at control levels with increased transport of assimilate to the growing kernels. Dynamic tracer analysis with a nano-electrospray-ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometer and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that starch degradation was negligible in the short-term treatment. Overall expression of starch synthesis-related genes was found to be down-regulated at moderately low water potential. Because the events observed at low water potential preceded the packing of starch granules in cells, we concluded that reduced rates of starch biosynthesis play a central role in the events of cellular metabolism that are altered at osmotic adjustment, which leads to chalky ring formation under short-term hot and dry wind conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Wada
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Chikugo, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chisato Masumoto-Kubo
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Chikugo, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yousef Gholipour
- Department of Biomechanical Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonami
- Department of Biomechanical Systems, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fukuyo Tanaka
- Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- Department of Organic Chemistry-CIHIDECAR, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Koichi Tsutsumi
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Chikugo, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, The University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morita
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Chikugo, Fukuoka, Japan
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220
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Balsera M, Uberegui E, Schürmann P, Buchanan BB. Evolutionary development of redox regulation in chloroplasts. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1327-55. [PMID: 24483204 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The post-translational modification of thiol groups stands out as a key strategy that cells employ for metabolic regulation and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Nowhere is this more evident than in chloroplasts-the O2-evolving photosynthetic organelles of plant cells that are fitted with multiple redox systems, including the thioredoxin (Trx) family of oxidoreductases functional in the reversible modification of regulatory thiols of proteins in all types of cells. The best understood member of this family in chloroplasts is the ferredoxin-linked thioredoxin system (FTS) by which proteins are modified via light-dependent disulfide/dithiol (S-S/2SH) transitions. RECENT ADVANCES Discovered in the reductive activation of enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle in illuminated chloroplast preparations, recent studies have extended the role of the FTS far beyond its original boundaries to include a spectrum of cellular processes. Together with the NADP-linked thioredoxin reductase C-type (NTRC) and glutathione/glutaredoxin systems, the FTS also plays a central role in the response of chloroplasts to different types of stress. CRITICAL ISSUES The comparisons of redox regulatory networks functional in chloroplasts of land plants with those of cyanobacteria-prokaryotes considered to be the ancestors of chloroplasts-and different types of algae summarized in this review have provided new insight into the evolutionary development of redox regulation, starting with the simplest O2-evolving organisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The evolutionary appearance, mode of action, and specificity of the redox regulatory systems functional in chloroplasts, as well as the types of redox modification operating under diverse environmental conditions stand out as areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Balsera
- 1 Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain
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221
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Dietz KJ. Redox regulation of transcription factors in plant stress acclimation and development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1356-72. [PMID: 24182193 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The redox regulatory signaling network of the plant cell controls and co-regulates transcriptional activities, thereby enabling adjustment of metabolism and development in response to environmental cues, including abiotic stress. RECENT ADVANCES Our rapidly expanding knowledge on redox regulation of plant transcription is driven by methodological advancements such as sensitive redox proteomics and in silico predictions in combination with classical targeted genetic and molecular approaches, often in Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, transcription factors (TFs) are both direct and indirect targets of redox-dependent activity modulation. Redox control of TF activity involves conformational switching, nucleo-cytosolic partitioning, assembly with coregulators, metal-S-cluster regulation, redox control of upstream signaling elements, and proteolysis. CRITICAL ISSUES While the significance of redox regulation of transcription is well established for prokaryotes and non-plant eukaryotes, the momentousness of redox-dependent control of transcription in plants still receives insufficient awareness and, therefore, is discussed in detail in this review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Improved proteome sensitivity will enable characterization of low abundant proteins and to simultaneously address the various post-translational modifications such as nitrosylation, hydroxylation, and glutathionylation. Combining such approaches by gradually increasing biotic and abiotic stress strength is expected to result in a systematic understanding of redox regulation. In the end, only the combination of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro results will provide conclusive pictures on the rather complex mechanism of redox regulation of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University , Bielefeld, Germany
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222
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Geigenberger P, Fernie AR. Metabolic control of redox and redox control of metabolism in plants. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1389-421. [PMID: 24960279 PMCID: PMC4158967 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reduction-oxidation (Redox) status operates as a major integrator of subcellular and extracellular metabolism and is simultaneously itself regulated by metabolic processes. Redox status not only dominates cellular metabolism due to the prominence of NAD(H) and NADP(H) couples in myriad metabolic reactions but also acts as an effective signal that informs the cell of the prevailing environmental conditions. After relay of this information, the cell is able to appropriately respond via a range of mechanisms, including directly affecting cellular functioning and reprogramming nuclear gene expression. RECENT ADVANCES The facile accession of Arabidopsis knockout mutants alongside the adoption of broad-scale post-genomic approaches, which are able to provide transcriptomic-, proteomic-, and metabolomic-level information alongside traditional biochemical and emerging cell biological techniques, has dramatically advanced our understanding of redox status control. This review summarizes redox status control of metabolism and the metabolic control of redox status at both cellular and subcellular levels. CRITICAL ISSUES It is becoming apparent that plastid, mitochondria, and peroxisome functions influence a wide range of processes outside of the organelles themselves. While knowledge of the network of metabolic pathways and their intraorganellar redox status regulation has increased in the last years, little is known about the interorganellar redox signals coordinating these networks. A current challenge is, therefore, synthesizing our knowledge and planning experiments that tackle redox status regulation at both inter- and intracellular levels. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Emerging tools are enabling ever-increasing spatiotemporal resolution of metabolism and imaging of redox status components. Broader application of these tools will likely greatly enhance our understanding of the interplay of redox status and metabolism as well as elucidating and characterizing signaling features thereof. We propose that such information will enable us to dissect the regulatory hierarchies that mediate the strict coupling of metabolism and redox status which, ultimately, determine plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Geigenberger
- 1 Department of Biology I, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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223
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Larrainzar E, Molenaar JA, Wienkoop S, Gil-Quintana E, Alibert B, Limami AM, Arrese-Igor C, González EM. Drought stress provokes the down-regulation of methionine and ethylene biosynthesis pathways in Medicago truncatula roots and nodules. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2051-63. [PMID: 24471423 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is one of the first physiological processes inhibited in legume plants under water-deficit conditions. Despite the progress made in the last decades, the molecular mechanisms behind this regulation are not fully understood yet. Recent proteomic work carried out in the model legume Medicago truncatula provided the first indications of a possible involvement of nodule methionine (Met) biosynthesis and related pathways in response to water-deficit conditions. To better understand this involvement, the drought-induced changes in expression and content of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of Met, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and ethylene in M. truncatula root and nodules were analyzed using targeted approaches. Nitrogen-fixing plants were subjected to a progressive water deficit and a subsequent recovery period. Besides the physiological characterization of the plants, the content of total sulphur, sulphate and main S-containing metabolites was measured. Results presented here show that S availability is not a limiting factor in the drought-induced decline of nitrogen fixation rates in M. truncatula plants and provide evidences for a down-regulation of the Met and ethylene biosynthesis pathways in roots and nodules in response to water-deficit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Larrainzar
- Dpto. Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
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224
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Guo J, Nguyen AY, Dai Z, Su D, Gaffrey MJ, Moore RJ, Jacobs JM, Monroe ME, Smith RD, Koppenaal DW, Pakrasi HB, Qian WJ. Proteome-wide light/dark modulation of thiol oxidation in cyanobacteria revealed by quantitative site-specific redox proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3270-85. [PMID: 25118246 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.041160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible protein thiol oxidation is an essential regulatory mechanism of photosynthesis, metabolism, and gene expression in photosynthetic organisms. Herein, we present proteome-wide quantitative and site-specific profiling of in vivo thiol oxidation modulated by light/dark in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, an oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote, using a resin-assisted thiol enrichment approach. Our proteomic approach integrates resin-assisted enrichment with isobaric tandem mass tag labeling to enable site-specific and quantitative measurements of reversibly oxidized thiols. The redox dynamics of ∼2,100 Cys-sites from 1,060 proteins under light, dark, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (a photosystem II inhibitor) conditions were quantified. In addition to relative quantification, the stoichiometry or percentage of oxidation (reversibly oxidized/total thiols) for ∼1,350 Cys-sites was also quantified. The overall results revealed broad changes in thiol oxidation in many key biological processes, including photosynthetic electron transport, carbon fixation, and glycolysis. Moreover, the redox sensitivity along with the stoichiometric data enabled prediction of potential functional Cys-sites for proteins of interest. The functional significance of redox-sensitive Cys-sites in NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, peroxiredoxin (AhpC/TSA family protein Sll1621), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was further confirmed with site-specific mutagenesis and biochemical studies. Together, our findings provide significant insights into the broad redox regulation of photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- From the ‡Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Amelia Y Nguyen
- ¶Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130
| | - Ziyu Dai
- ‖Energy and Efficiency Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Dian Su
- From the ‡Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- From the ‡Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Ronald J Moore
- From the ‡Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Jon M Jacobs
- From the ‡Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Matthew E Monroe
- From the ‡Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Richard D Smith
- From the ‡Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352; ‡‡Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - David W Koppenaal
- ‡‡Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Himadri B Pakrasi
- ¶Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- From the ‡Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352;
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225
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Cheng F, Zhou YH, Xia XJ, Shi K, Zhou J, Yu JQ. Chloroplastic thioredoxin-f and thioredoxin-m1/4 play important roles in brassinosteroids-induced changes in CO2 assimilation and cellular redox homeostasis in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4335-47. [PMID: 24847092 PMCID: PMC4112637 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast thioredoxins (TRXs) and glutathione function as redox messengers in the regulation of photosynthesis. In this work, the roles of chloroplast TRXs in brassinosteroids (BRs)-induced changes in cellular redox homeostasis and CO2 assimilation were studied in the leaves of tomato plants. BRs-deficient d (^im) plants showed decreased transcripts of TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, and TRX-x, while exogenous BRs significantly induced CO2 assimilation and the expression of TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, and TRX-x. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the chloroplast TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, and TRX-y genes individually increased membrane lipid peroxidation and accumulation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin dimers, and decreased the activities of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes and the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) in the leaves. Furthermore, partial silencing of TRX-f, TRX-m2, TRX-m1/4, and TRX-y resulted in decreased expression of genes involved in the Benson-Calvin cycle and decreased activity of the associated enzymes. Importantly, the BRs-induced increase in CO2 assimilation and the increased expression and activities of antioxidant- and photosynthesis-related genes and enzymes were compromised in the partially TRX-f- and TRX-m1/4-silenced plants. All of these results suggest that TRX-f and TRX-m1/4 are involved in the BRs-induced changes in CO2 assimilation and cellular redox homeostasis in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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226
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Onda Y, Kobori Y. Differential activity of rice protein disulfide isomerase family members for disulfide bond formation and reduction. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:730-4. [PMID: 25161881 PMCID: PMC4141933 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PDIL1;1 efficiently catalyzed both disulfide bond formation and disulfide bond reduction. Two redox-active sites of PDIL1;1 were involved in disulfide reduction. Disulfide reduction activity of PDIL1;1 increased with increasing GSH concentration.
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), a family of thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases that are ubiquitous in all eukaryotes, are the principal catalysts for disulfide bond formation. Here, we investigated three rice (Oryza sativa) PDI family members (PDIL1;1, PDIL1;4, and PDIL2;3) and found that PDIL1;1 exhibited the highest catalytic activity for both disulfide bond formation and disulfide bond reduction. The activity of PDIL1;1-catalyzed disulfide bond reduction, in which two redox-active sites were involved, was enhanced by increasing the glutathione concentration. These results suggest that PDIL1;1 plays primary roles in both disulfide bond formation and disulfide bond reduction, which allow for redox control of protein quality and packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Onda
- Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-Machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yohei Kobori
- Department of Food and Applied Life Sciences, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-Machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
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227
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Signaling in the plant cytosol: cysteine or sulfide? Amino Acids 2014; 47:2155-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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228
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Taketani Y, Kinugasa K, Kitajima R, Nishiumi S, Ashida H, Nakamura H, Fujita T, Kanzaki K, Masutani H, Yodoi J. Protective effects of oral administration of yeast thioredoxin against gastric mucosal injury. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1221-30. [PMID: 25229862 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.915733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (TRX) is a redox regulating protein which has protective effects against oxidative stress-induced damage to cells and tissues. In this study, we investigated the effects of orally administered TRX derived from edible yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on gastric mucosa. First, we examined the digestibility of orally administered yeast TRX in mice, and detected yeast TRX in the stomach for 4 h after administration. Next, we investigated the mitigation of gastric mucosal injury after the oral administration of yeast TRX in water-immersion restraint stress and HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models. Furthermore, we conducted DNA microarray analysis, using the HCl/ethanol-induced model, which revealed that several groups of genes related to tissue repair were upregulated in ulcer regions in the stomachs of rats administered with yeast TRX. These results demonstrated the viability of the use of oral administrations of yeast TRX to protect the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Taketani
- a Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. , Nagahama , Japan
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229
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Wang L, Yuan L, Wang H, Liu X, Li X, Chen H. New Strategy for Reversible Modulation of Protein Activity through Site-Specific Conjugation of Small Molecule and Polymer. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1252-60. [DOI: 10.1021/bc5000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yuan
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xinming Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry
and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Mettler T, Mühlhaus T, Hemme D, Schöttler MA, Rupprecht J, Idoine A, Veyel D, Pal SK, Yaneva-Roder L, Winck FV, Sommer F, Vosloh D, Seiwert B, Erban A, Burgos A, Arvidsson S, Schönfelder S, Arnold A, Günther M, Krause U, Lohse M, Kopka J, Nikoloski Z, Mueller-Roeber B, Willmitzer L, Bock R, Schroda M, Stitt M. Systems Analysis of the Response of Photosynthesis, Metabolism, and Growth to an Increase in Irradiance in the Photosynthetic Model Organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2310-2350. [PMID: 24894045 PMCID: PMC4114937 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.124537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the systems response of metabolism and growth after an increase in irradiance in the nonsaturating range in the algal model Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In a three-step process, photosynthesis and the levels of metabolites increased immediately, growth increased after 10 to 15 min, and transcript and protein abundance responded by 40 and 120 to 240 min, respectively. In the first phase, starch and metabolites provided a transient buffer for carbon until growth increased. This uncouples photosynthesis from growth in a fluctuating light environment. In the first and second phases, rising metabolite levels and increased polysome loading drove an increase in fluxes. Most Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) enzymes were substrate-limited in vivo, and strikingly, many were present at higher concentrations than their substrates, explaining how rising metabolite levels stimulate CBC flux. Rubisco, fructose-1,6-biosphosphatase, and seduheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase were close to substrate saturation in vivo, and flux was increased by posttranslational activation. In the third phase, changes in abundance of particular proteins, including increases in plastidial ATP synthase and some CBC enzymes, relieved potential bottlenecks and readjusted protein allocation between different processes. Despite reasonable overall agreement between changes in transcript and protein abundance (R2 = 0.24), many proteins, including those in photosynthesis, changed independently of transcript abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Mettler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dorothea Hemme
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Jens Rupprecht
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Adam Idoine
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Veyel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sunil Kumar Pal
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Liliya Yaneva-Roder
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Flavia Vischi Winck
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Vosloh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Asdrubal Burgos
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Samuel Arvidsson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Anne Arnold
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Manuela Günther
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ursula Krause
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marc Lohse
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Wimmelbacher M, Börnke F. Redox activity of thioredoxin z and fructokinase-like protein 1 is dispensable for autotrophic growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2405-13. [PMID: 24659486 PMCID: PMC4036507 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Redox modulation of protein activity by thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a key role in cellular regulation. Thioredoxin z (TRX z) and its interaction partner fructokinase-like protein 1 (FLN1) represent subunits of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP), suggesting a role of both proteins in redox regulation of chloroplast gene expression. Loss of TRX z or FLN1 expression generates a PEP-deficient phenotype and renders the plants incapable to grow autotrophically. This study shows that PEP function in trx z and fln1 plants can be restored by complementation with redox-inactive TRX z C106S and FLN1 C105/106A protein variants, respectively. The complemented plants showed wild-type levels of chloroplast gene expression and were restored in photosynthetic capacity, indicating that redox regulation of PEP through TRX z/FLN1 per se is not essential for autotrophic growth. Promoter-reporter gene studies indicate that TRX z and FLN1 are expressed during early phases of leaf development while expression ceases at maturation. Taken together, our data support a model in which TRX z and FLN1 are essential structural components of the PEP complex and their redox activity might only play a role in the fine tuning of PEP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wimmelbacher
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Department of Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frederik Börnke
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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232
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Ávila-Castañeda A, Juárez-Díaz JA, Rodríguez-Sotres R, Bravo-Alberto CE, Ibarra-Sánchez CP, Zavala-Castillo A, Cruz-Zamora Y, Martínez-Castilla LP, Márquez-Guzmán J, Cruz-García F. A novel motif in the NaTrxh N-terminus promotes its secretion, whereas the C-terminus participates in its interaction with S-RNase in vitro. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:147. [PMID: 24886483 PMCID: PMC4065587 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NaTrxh, a thioredoxin type h, shows differential expression between self-incompatible and self-compatible Nicotiana species. NaTrxh interacts in vitro with S-RNase and co-localizes with it in the extracellular matrix of the stylar transmitting tissue. NaTrxh contains N- and C-terminal extensions, a feature shared by thioredoxin h proteins of subgroup 2. To ascertain the function of these extensions in NaTrxh secretion and protein-protein interaction, we performed a deletion analysis on NaTrxh and fused the resulting variants to GFP. RESULTS We found an internal domain in the N-terminal extension, called Nβ, that is essential for NaTrxh secretion but is not hydrophobic, a canonical feature of a signal peptide. The lack of hydrophobicity as well as the location of the secretion signal within the NaTrxh primary structure, suggest an unorthodox secretion route for NaTrxh. Notably, we found that the fusion protein NaTrxh-GFP(KDEL) is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and that treatment of NaTrxh-GFP-expressing cells with Brefeldin A leads to its retention in the Golgi, which indicates that NaTrxh uses, to some extent, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus for secretion. Furthermore, we found that Nβ contributes to NaTrxh tertiary structure stabilization and that the C-terminus functions in the protein-protein interaction with S-RNase. CONCLUSIONS The extensions contained in NaTrxh sequence have specific functions on the protein. While the C-terminus directly participates in protein-protein interaction, particularly on its interaction with S-RNase in vitro; the N-terminal extension contains two structurally different motifs: Nα and Nβ. Nβ, the inner domain (Ala-17 to Pro-27), is essential and enough to target NaTrxh towards the apoplast. Interestingly, when it was fused to GFP, this protein was also found in the cell wall of the onion cells. Although the biochemical features of the N-terminus suggested a non-classical secretion pathway, our results provided evidence that NaTrxh at least uses the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and also vesicles for secretion. Therefore, the Nβ domain sequence is suggested to be a novel signal peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ávila-Castañeda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Javier Andrés Juárez-Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Rogelio Rodríguez-Sotres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Carlos E Bravo-Alberto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Ibarra-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Alejandra Zavala-Castillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Yuridia Cruz-Zamora
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - León P Martínez-Castilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Judith Márquez-Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Felipe Cruz-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México 04510, Distrito Federal, México
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233
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Yeast Thioredoxin-Enriched Extracts for Mitigating the Allergenicity of Foods. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1872-9. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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234
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Zhu M, Zhu N, Song WY, Harmon AC, Assmann SM, Chen S. Thiol-based redox proteins in abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate signaling in Brassica napus guard cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:491-515. [PMID: 24580573 PMCID: PMC4019734 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reversibly oxidized cysteine sulfhydryl groups serve as redox sensors or targets of redox sensing that are important in various physiological processes. However, little is known about redox-sensitive proteins in guard cells and how they function in stomatal signaling. In this study, Brassica napus guard-cell proteins altered by redox in response to abscisic acid (ABA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were identified by complementary proteomics approaches, saturation differential in-gel electrophoresis and isotope-coded affinity tagging. In total, 65 and 118 potential redox-responsive proteins were identified in ABA- and MeJA-treated guard cells, respectively. All the proteins contain at least one cysteine, and over half of them are predicted to form intra-molecular disulfide bonds. Most of the proteins fall into the functional groups of 'energy', 'stress and defense' and 'metabolism'. Based on the peptide sequences identified by mass spectrometry, 30 proteins were common to ABA- and MeJA-treated samples. A total of 44 cysteines were mapped in the identified proteins, and their levels of redox sensitivity were quantified. Two of the proteins, a sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase and an isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, were confirmed to be redox-regulated and involved in stomatal movement. This study creates an inventory of potential redox switches, and highlights a protein redox regulatory mechanism in ABA and MeJA signal transduction in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhu
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Wen-yuan Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Alice C. Harmon
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sarah M. Assmann
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Corresponding author: Sixue Chen, Ph.D., Tel: (352) 273-8330; Fax: (352) 273-8284,
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235
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Uddin MN, Nielsen ALL, Vincze E. Zinc Blotting Assay for Detection of Zinc-Binding Prolamin in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Grain. Cereal Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-09-13-0175-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nasir Uddin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Ane Langkilde-Lauesen Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Eva Vincze
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Corresponding author. Phone: +45 871 58242. Fax: +45 871 56072. E-mail:
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236
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Stitt M, Gibon Y. Why measure enzyme activities in the era of systems biology? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:256-65. [PMID: 24332227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Information about the abundance and biological activities of proteins is essential to reveal how genes affect phenotypes. Over the past decade, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has revolutionized the identification and quantification of proteins, and the detection of post-translational modifications. Interpretation of proteomics data depends on information about the biological activities of proteins, which has created a bottleneck in research. This review focuses on enzymes in central metabolism. We examine the methods used for measuring enzyme activities, and discuss how these methods provide information about the kinetic and regulatory properties of enzymes, their turnover, and how this information can be integrated into metabolic models. We also discuss how robotized assays could enable the genetic networks that control enzyme abundance to be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Yves Gibon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Fruit Biology and Pathology, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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237
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Velikova V, Ghirardo A, Vanzo E, Merl J, Hauck SM, Schnitzler JP. Genetic Manipulation of Isoprene Emissions in Poplar Plants Remodels the Chloroplast Proteome. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2005-18. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401124z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit, Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit, Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Vanzo
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit, Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Research Unit Protein Science, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Research Unit Protein Science, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit, Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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238
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Nikkanen L, Rintamäki E. Thioredoxin-dependent regulatory networks in chloroplasts under fluctuating light conditions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130224. [PMID: 24591711 PMCID: PMC3949389 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have adopted a number of mechanisms to restore redox homeostasis in the chloroplast under fluctuating light conditions in nature. Chloroplast thioredoxin systems are crucial components of this redox network, mediating environmental signals to chloroplast proteins. In the reduced state, thioredoxins control the structure and function of proteins by reducing disulfide bridges in the redox active site of a protein. Subsequently, an oxidized thioredoxin is reduced by a thioredoxin reductase, the two enzymes together forming a thioredoxin system. Plant chloroplasts have versatile thioredoxin systems, including two reductases dependent on ferredoxin and NADPH as reducing power, respectively, several types of thioredoxins, and the system to deliver thiol redox signals to the thylakoid membrane and lumen. Light controls the activity of chloroplast thioredoxin systems in two ways. First, light reactions activate the thioredoxin systems via donation of electrons to oxidized ferredoxin and NADP+, and second, light induces production of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts which deactivate the components of the thiol redox network. The diversity and partial redundancy of chloroplast thioredoxin systems enable chloroplast metabolism to rapidly respond to ever-changing environmental conditions and to raise plant fitness in natural growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Nikkanen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, , Turku 20014, Finland
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239
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Wang L, Liu Y, Cai G, Jiang S, Pan J, Li D. Ectopic expression of ZmSIMK1 leads to improved drought tolerance and activation of systematic acquired resistance in transgenic tobacco. J Biotechnol 2014; 172:18-29. [PMID: 24291188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in diverse signaling pathways related to plant biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this study, a group B MAPK gene in Zea mays, ZmSIMK1, was functionally analyzed. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that ZmSIMK1 transcript could be induced by drought, salt, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) and certain exogenous signaling molecules. Analysis of the ZmSIMK1 promoter revealed a group of putative cis-acting elements related to drought and defense responses. β-Glucuronidase (GUS) staining produced similar results as qRT-PCR. ZmSIMK1 was mainly localized in the nucleus, and further study indicated that the C-terminal domain (CD) was essential for targeting to the nucleus. Transgenic tobacco accumulated less reactive oxygen species (ROS), had higher levels of antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoregulatory substances and exhibited an increased germination rate compared with wild-type (WT) tobacco under drought stress. ROS-related and drought stress-responsive genes in transgenic tobacco were significantly upregulated compared with the same genes in WT lines under drought stress. Moreover, overexpression of ZmSIMK1 promoted the hypersensitive response (HR) and pathogen-related gene (PR) transcription in addition to triggering systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guohua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jiaowen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Dequan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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240
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Proteomic approach to reveal the regulatory function of aconitase AcnA in oxidative stress response in the antibiotic producer Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü494. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87905. [PMID: 24498397 PMCID: PMC3912134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aconitase AcnA from the phosphinothricin tripeptide producing strain Streptomyces viridochromogenes Tü494 is a bifunctional protein: under iron-sufficiency conditions AcnA functions as an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, whereas under iron depletion it is a regulator of iron metabolism and oxidative stress response. As a member of the family of iron regulatory proteins (IRP), AcnA binds to characteristic iron responsive element (IRE) binding motifs and post-transcriptionally controls the expression of respective target genes. A S. viridochromogenes aconitase mutant (MacnA) has previously been shown to be highly sensitive to oxidative stress. In the present paper, we performed a comparative proteomic approach with the S. viridochromogenes wild-type and the MacnA mutant strain under oxidative stress conditions to identify proteins that are under control of the AcnA-mediated regulation. We identified up to 90 differentially expressed proteins in both strains. In silico analysis of the corresponding gene sequences revealed the presence of IRE motifs on some of the respective target mRNAs. From this proteome study we have in vivo evidences for a direct AcnA-mediated regulation upon oxidative stress.
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241
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Mapping the diatom redox-sensitive proteome provides insight into response to nitrogen stress in the marine environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2740-5. [PMID: 24550302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319773111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are ubiquitous marine photosynthetic eukaryotes responsible for approximately 20% of global photosynthesis. Little is known about the redox-based mechanisms that mediate diatom sensing and acclimation to environmental stress. Here we used a quantitative mass spectrometry-based approach to elucidate the redox-sensitive signaling network (redoxome) mediating the response of diatoms to oxidative stress. We quantified the degree of oxidation of 3,845 cysteines in the Phaeodactylum tricornutum proteome and identified approximately 300 redox-sensitive proteins. Intriguingly, we found redox-sensitive thiols in numerous enzymes composing the nitrogen assimilation pathway and the recently discovered diatom urea cycle. In agreement with this finding, the flux from nitrate into glutamine and glutamate, measured by the incorporation of (15)N, was strongly inhibited under oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, by targeting the redox-sensitive GFP sensor to various subcellular localizations, we mapped organelle-specific oxidation patterns in response to variations in nitrogen quota and quality. We propose that redox regulation of nitrogen metabolism allows rapid metabolic plasticity to ensure cellular homeostasis, and thus is essential for the ecological success of diatoms in the marine ecosystem.
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242
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Marri L, Thieulin-Pardo G, Lebrun R, Puppo R, Zaffagnini M, Trost P, Gontero B, Sparla F. CP12-mediated protection of Calvin–Benson cycle enzymes from oxidative stress. Biochimie 2014; 97:228-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Romero LC, Aroca MÁ, Laureano-Marín AM, Moreno I, García I, Gotor C. Cysteine and cysteine-related signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:264-76. [PMID: 24285094 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine occupies a central position in plant metabolism because it is a reduced sulfur donor molecule involved in the synthesis of essential biomolecules and defense compounds. Moreover, cysteine per se and its derivative molecules play roles in the redox signaling of processes occurring in various cellular compartments. Cysteine is synthesized during the sulfate assimilation pathway via the incorporation of sulfide to O-acetylserine, catalyzed by O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL). Plant cells contain OASTLs in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytosol, resulting in a complex array of isoforms and subcellular cysteine pools. In recent years, significant progress has been made in Arabidopsis, in determining the specific roles of the OASTLs and the metabolites produced by them. Thus, the discovery of novel enzymatic activities of the less-abundant, like DES1 with L-cysteine desulfhydrase activity and SCS with S-sulfocysteine synthase activity, has provided new perspectives on their roles, besides their metabolic functions. Thereby, the research has been demonstrated that cytosolic sulfide and chloroplastic S-sulfocysteine act as signaling molecules regulating autophagy and protecting the photosystems, respectively. In the cytosol, cysteine plays an essential role in plant immunity; in the mitochondria, this molecule plays a central role in the detoxification of cyanide, which is essential for root hair development and plant responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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244
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López-Calcagno PE, Howard TP, Raines CA. The CP12 protein family: a thioredoxin-mediated metabolic switch? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:9. [PMID: 24523724 PMCID: PMC3906501 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
CP12 is a small, redox-sensitive protein, representatives of which are found in most photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria, diatoms, red and green algae, and higher plants. The only clearly defined function for CP12 in any organism is in the thioredoxin-mediated regulation of the Calvin-Benson cycle. CP12 mediates the formation of a complex between glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK) in response to changes in light intensity. Under low light, the formation of the GAPDH/PRK/CP12 complex results in a reduction in the activity of both PRK and GAPDH and, under high light conditions, thioredoxin mediates the disassociation of the complex resulting in an increase in both GAPDH and PRK activity. Although the role of CP12 in the redox-mediated formation of the GAPDH/PRK/CP12 multiprotein complex has been clearly demonstrated, a number of studies now provide evidence that the CP12 proteins may play a wider role. In Arabidopsis thaliana CP12 is expressed in a range of tissue including roots, flowers, and seeds and antisense suppression of tobacco CP12 disrupts metabolism and impacts on growth and development. Furthermore, in addition to the higher plant genomes which encode up to three forms of CP12, analysis of cyanobacterial genomes has revealed that, not only are there multiple forms of the CP12 protein, but that in these organisms CP12 is also found fused to cystathionine-β-synthase domain containing proteins. In this review we present the latest information on the CP12 protein family and explore the possibility that CP12 proteins form part of a redox-mediated metabolic switch, allowing organisms to respond to rapid changes in the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas P. Howard
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of ExeterExeter, UK
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245
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Sadler NC, Melnicki MR, Serres MH, Merkley ED, Chrisler WB, Hill EA, Romine MF, Kim S, Zink EM, Datta S, Smith RD, Beliaev AS, Konopka A, Wright AT. Live cell chemical profiling of temporal redox dynamics in a photoautotrophic cyanobacterium. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:291-300. [PMID: 24168666 DOI: 10.1021/cb400769v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein reduction-oxidation (redox) modification is an important mechanism that allows microorganisms to sense environmental changes and initiate cellular responses. We have developed a quantitative chemical probe approach for live cell labeling and imaging of proteins that are sensitive to redox modifications. We utilize this in vivo strategy to identify 176 proteins undergoing ∼5-10-fold dynamic redox change in response to nutrient limitation and subsequent replenishment in the photoautotrophic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. We detect redox changes in as little as 30 s after nutrient perturbation and oscillations in reduction and oxidation for 60 min following the perturbation. Many of the proteins undergoing dynamic redox transformations participate in the major components for the production (photosystems and electron transport chains) or consumption (Calvin-Benson cycle and protein synthesis) of reductant and/or energy in photosynthetic organisms. Thus, our in vivo approach reveals new redox-susceptible proteins and validates those previously identified in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. Sadler
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Matthew R. Melnicki
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Margrethe H. Serres
- Bay
Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachussetts 02543, United States
| | - Eric D. Merkley
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - William B. Chrisler
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Eric A. Hill
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Margaret F. Romine
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sangtae Kim
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Erika M. Zink
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Suchitra Datta
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander S. Beliaev
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Allan Konopka
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Aaron T. Wright
- Biological
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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246
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Bošnjak I, Bojović V, Šegvić-Bubić T, Bielen A. Occurrence of protein disulfide bonds in different domains of life: a comparison of proteins from the Protein Data Bank. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:65-72. [PMID: 24407015 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bonds (SS bonds) are important post-translational modifications of proteins. They stabilize a three-dimensional (3D) structure (structural SS bonds) and also have the catalytic or regulatory functions (redox-active SS bonds). Although SS bonds are present in all groups of organisms, no comparative analyses of their frequency in proteins from different domains of life have been made to date. Using the Protein Data Bank, the number and subcellular locations of SS bonds in Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya have been compared. Approximately three times higher frequency of proteins with SS bonds in eukaryotic secretory organelles (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum) than in bacterial periplasmic/secretory pathways was calculated. Protein length also affects the SS bond frequency: the average number of SS bonds is positively correlated with the length for longer proteins (>200 amino acids), while for the shorter and less stable proteins (<200 amino acids) this correlation is negative. Medium-sized proteins (250-350 amino acids) indicated a high number of SS bonds only in Archaea which could be explained by the need for additional protein stabilization in hyperthermophiles. The results emphasize higher capacity for the SS bond formation and isomerization in Eukarya when compared with Archaea and Bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bošnjak
- Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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247
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Díaz-Troya S, López-Maury L, Sánchez-Riego AM, Roldán M, Florencio FJ. Redox regulation of glycogen biosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: analysis of the AGP and glycogen synthases. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:87-100. [PMID: 24121290 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen constitutes the major carbon storage source in cyanobacteria, as starch in algae and higher plants. Glycogen and starch synthesis is linked to active photosynthesis and both of them are degraded to glucose in the dark to maintain cell metabolism. Control of glycogen biosynthesis in cyanobacteria could be mediated by the regulation of the enzymes involved in this process, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) and glycogen synthase, which were identified as putative thioredoxin targets. We have analyzed whether both enzymes were subjected to redox modification using purified recombinant enzymes or cell extracts in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Our results indicate that both AGP and glycogen synthases are sensitive to copper oxidation. However, only AGP exhibits a decrease in its enzymatic activity, which is recovered after reduction by DTT or reduced thioredoxin (TrxA), suggesting a redox control of AGP. In order to elucidate the role in redox control of the cysteine residues present on the AGP sequence (C45, C185, C320, and C337), they were replaced with serine. All AGP mutant proteins remained active when expressed in Synechocystis, although they showed different electrophoretic mobility profiles after copper oxidation, reflecting a complex pattern of cysteines interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Díaz-Troya
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Abstract
Studies triggered by the discovery of the function of thioredoxin (Trx) in photosynthesis have revealed its role throughout biology. Parallel biochemical and proteomic analyses have led to the identification of its numerous putative targets. Recently, to verify the biological significance of these targets, in vivo studies using transformants in which Trx is overexpressed or suppressed are in progress, and the transformants themselves that are being used in such studies show their potential applicative values. Moreover, Trx's mitigation of allergenicity for some proteins offers promising prospects in the food industry. Practical studies based on redox regulation, once only on the horizon, are now achieving new dimensions. This short review focuses on the industrial applications of Trx studies, the current situation, and future perspectives. The putative targets obtained by the proteomics approach in comparison with in vivo observations of the transformants are also examined. Applicative studies of glutathione, a counterpart of Trx, are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yano
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-12, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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249
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Hölscher C, Meyer T, von Schaewen A. Dual-targeting of Arabidopsis 6-phosphogluconolactonase 3 (PGL3) to chloroplasts and peroxisomes involves interaction with Trx m2 in the cytosol. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:252-255. [PMID: 24008768 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hölscher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossgarten 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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250
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Shahid M, Pourrut B, Dumat C, Nadeem M, Aslam M, Pinelli E. Heavy-metal-induced reactive oxygen species: phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 232:1-44. [PMID: 24984833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the industrial revolution, anthropogenic activities have enhanced there distribution of many toxic heavy metals from the earth's crust to different environmental compartments. Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is increasing worldwide, and poses a rising threat to both the environment and to human health.Plants are exposed to heavy metals from various sources: mining and refining of ores, fertilizer and pesticide applications, battery chemicals, disposal of solid wastes(including sewage sludge), irrigation with wastewater, vehicular exhaust emissions and adjacent industrial activity.Heavy metals induce various morphological, physiological, and biochemical dysfunctions in plants, either directly or indirectly, and cause various damaging effects. The most frequently documented and earliest consequence of heavy metal toxicity in plants cells is the overproduction of ROS. Unlike redox-active metals such as iron and copper, heavy metals (e.g, Pb, Cd, Ni, AI, Mn and Zn) cannot generate ROS directly by participating in biological redox reactions such as Haber Weiss/Fenton reactions. However, these metals induce ROS generation via different indirect mechanisms, such as stimulating the activity of NADPH oxidases, displacing essential cations from specific binding sites of enzymes and inhibiting enzymatic activities from their affinity for -SH groups on the enzyme.Under normal conditions, ROS play several essential roles in regulating the expression of different genes. Reactive oxygen species control numerous processes like the cell cycle, plant growth, abiotic stress responses, systemic signalling, programmed cell death, pathogen defence and development. Enhanced generation of these species from heavy metal toxicity deteriorates the intrinsic antioxidant defense system of cells, and causes oxidative stress. Cells with oxidative stress display various chemical,biological and physiological toxic symptoms as a result of the interaction between ROS and biomolecules. Heavy-metal-induced ROS cause lipid peroxidation, membrane dismantling and damage to DNA, protein and carbohydrates. Plants have very well-organized defense systems, consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidation processes. The primary defense mechanism for heavy metal detoxification is the reduced absorption of these metals into plants or their sequestration in root cells.Secondary heavy metal tolerance mechanisms include activation of antioxidant enzymes and the binding of heavy metals by phytochelatins, glutathione and amino acids. These defense systems work in combination to manage the cascades of oxidative stress and to defend plant cells from the toxic effects of ROS.In this review, we summarized the biochemiCal processes involved in the over production of ROS as an aftermath to heavy metal exposure. We also described the ROS scavenging process that is associated with the antioxidant defense machinery.Despite considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of ROS overproduction and scavenging, we still lack in-depth studies on the parameters associated with heavy metal exclusion and tolerance capacity of plants. For example, data about the role of glutathione-glutaredoxin-thioredoxin system in ROS detoxification in plant cells are scarce. Moreover, how ROS mediate glutathionylation (redox signalling)is still not completely understood. Similarly, induction of glutathione and phytochelatins under oxidative stress is very well reported, but it is still unexplained that some studied compounds are not involved in the detoxification mechanisms. Moreover,although the role of metal transporters and gene expression is well established for a few metals and plants, much more research is needed. Eventually, when results for more metals and plants are available, the mechanism of the biochemical and genetic basis of heavy metal detoxification in plants will be better understood. Moreover, by using recently developed genetic and biotechnological tools it may be possible to produce plants that have traits desirable for imparting heavy metal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
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