201
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Leung JM, Niikura M, Yang CWT, Sin DD. COVID-19 and COPD. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:56/2/2002108. [PMID: 32817205 PMCID: PMC7424116 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02108-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As of 11 July, 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has infected over 12.7 million people around the world and caused more than 560,000 deaths [1]. Given the devastating impact that COVID-19 can have on the lung, it is natural to fear for patients with underlying COPD. Estimating their excess risk for contracting COVID-19 and, in particular, its more severe respiratory manifestations has been a challenging exercise in this pandemic for various reasons. First, the reporting on cases has concentrated on hospitalised and intensive care unit (ICU) patients, rather than on mild, outpatient cases. This is in part also due to the variability in testing strategies across the world, where some nations with stricter testing requirements and scarce testing resources have focused on testing only those requiring hospitalisation. COPD patients have increased risk of severe pneumonia and poor outcomes when they develop COVID-19. This may be related to poor underlying lung reserves or increased expression of ACE-2 receptor in small airways.https://bit.ly/37dSB8l
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Leung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Masahiro Niikura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Cheng Wei Tony Yang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada .,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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202
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Reddy RK, Charles WN, Sklavounos A, Dutt A, Seed PT, Khajuria A. The effect of smoking on COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2020; 93:1045-1056. [PMID: 32749705 PMCID: PMC7436545 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Various comorbidities represent risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The impact of smoking on COVID‐19 severity has been previously reported in several meta‐analyses limited by small sample sizes and poor methodology. We aimed to rigorously and definitively quantify the effects of smoking on COVID‐19 severity. MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and Web of Science were searched between 1 December 2019 and 2 June 2020. Studies reporting smoking status of hospitalized patients with different severities of disease and/or at least one clinical endpoint of interest (disease progression, intensive care unit admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality) were included. Data were pooled using a random‐effects model. This study was registered on PROSPERO: CRD42020180920. We analyzed 47 eligible studies reporting on 32 849 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients, with 8417 (25.6%) reporting a smoking history, comprising 1501 current smokers, 5676 former smokers, and 1240 unspecified smokers. Current smokers had an increased risk of severe COVID‐19 (risk ratios [RR]: 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14‐2.85; P = .012), and severe or critical COVID‐19 (RR: 1.98; CI: 1.16‐3.38; P = .012). Patients with a smoking history had a significantly increased risk of severe COVID‐19 (RR: 1.31; CI: 1.12‐1.54; P = .001), severe or critical COVID‐19 (RR: 1.35; CI: 1.19‐1.53; P < .0001), in‐hospital mortality (RR: 1.26; CI: 1.20‐1.32; P < .0001), disease progression (RR: 2.18; CI: 1.06‐4.49; P = .035), and need for mechanical ventilation (RR: 1.20; CI: 1.01‐1.42; P = .043). Patients with any smoking history are vulnerable to severe COVID‐19 and worse in‐hospital outcomes. In the absence of current targeted therapies, preventative, and supportive strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality in current and former smokers are crucial. The first high‐quality systematic review and meta‐analysis assessing the impact of smoking on COVID‐19 severity. To date, the largest meta‐analysis among peer‐reviewed literature assessing the impact of smoking on COVID‐19 severity, including 32,849 hospitalised patients with COVID‐19. Patients who were current smokers had an increased risk of severe COVID‐19 and severe or critical COVID‐19. Patients with a smoking history had an increased risk of severe COVID‐19, severe or critical COVID‐19, in‐hospital mortality, disease progression and need for mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohin K Reddy
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Walton N Charles
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Atul Dutt
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul T Seed
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ankur Khajuria
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Kellogg College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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203
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Advances in research on ACE2 as a receptor for 2019-nCoV. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:531-544. [PMID: 32780149 PMCID: PMC7417784 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, also called 2019-nCoV) has triggered pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute infectious respiratory disease that first became epidemic in Wuhan (China) and is now spreading worldwide. Although 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV are very similar viruses genomically and structurally, the huge number of severe cases and deaths now being caused by 2019-nCoV infections has understandably prompted intense research on the receptor used by it to enter human cells. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a functional receptor for SARS-CoV, now appears likely to mediate 2019-nCoV entry into human cells. In this review, we describe the roles performed by ACE2 as an enzymatic catalyst and as a receptor for this novel coronavirus. We also summarize the latest research pertaining to the changes noted in ACE2 expression after viral binding, and the relationships relating to virus transmission and population susceptibility to it. Lastly, we speculate on the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and provide a useful reference for drug development against this aggressive virus.
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204
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Speth RC. Commentary on: "Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk". Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:382-383. [PMID: 32764097 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Speth
- Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, Adjunct Professor, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, Phone: 954-262-1330, Fax: 954-262-2278, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-6434-2136
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205
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Kabbani N, Olds J. Response to Comments on “Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk”. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:384-385. [DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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206
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207
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Kandikattu HK, Venkateshaiah SU, Kumar S, Mishra A. IL-15 immunotherapy is a viable strategy for COVID-19. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 54:24-31. [PMID: 32536564 PMCID: PMC7537239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pulmonary inflammatory disease induced by a newly recognized coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected for the first time in the city of Wuhan in China and spread all over the world at the beginning of 2020. Several millions of people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and almost 382,867 human deaths worldwide have been reported so far. Notably, there has been no specific, clinically approved vaccine or anti-viral treatment strategy for COVID-19. Herein, we review COVID-19, the viral replication, and its effect on promoting pulmonary fibro-inflammation via immune cell-mediated cytokine storms in humans. Several clinical trials are currently ongoing for anti-viral drugs, vaccines, and neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19. Viral clearance is the result of effective innate and adaptive immune responses. The pivotal role of interleukin (IL)-15 in viral clearance involves maintaining the balance of induced inflammatory cytokines and the homeostatic responses of natural killer and CD8+ T cells. This review presents supporting evidence of the impact of IL-15 immunotherapy on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Kumar Kandikattu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Anil Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorders Centre (TEDC), Section of Pulmonary Diseases, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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208
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Cai G, Bossé Y, Xiao F, Kheradmand F, Amos CI. Reply to Polverino: Cigarette Smoking and COVID-19: A Complex Interaction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:472-474. [PMID: 32530707 PMCID: PMC7397808 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202005-1807le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Cai
- University of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina
| | | | - Feifei Xiao
- University of South CarolinaColumbia, South Carolina
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209
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Engin AB, Engin ED, Engin A. Two important controversial risk factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Obesity and smoking. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:103411. [PMID: 32422280 PMCID: PMC7227557 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of obesity and smoking in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remain controversial. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is the human cell receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19. ACE2 expression increases on lung alveolar epithelial cells and adipose tissue due to obesity, smoking and air pollution. A significant relationship exists between air pollution and SARS-CoV-2 infection, as more severe COVID-19 symptoms occur in smokers; comorbid conditions due to obesity or excess ectopic fat accumulation as underlying risk factors for severe COVID-19 strongly encourage the virus/ACE2 receptor-ligand interaction concept. Indeed, obesity, air pollution and smoking associated risk factors share underlying pathophysiologies that are related to the Renin-Angiotensin-System in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this review is to emphasize the mechanism of receptor-ligand interaction and its impact on the enhanced risk of death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Hipodrom, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Evren Doruk Engin
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Gumusdere Campus, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
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210
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Lee AC, Chakladar J, Li WT, Chen C, Chang EY, Wang-Rodriguez J, Ongkeko WM. Tobacco, but Not Nicotine and Flavor-Less Electronic Cigarettes, Induces ACE2 and Immune Dysregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155513. [PMID: 32752138 PMCID: PMC7432384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, overlaps with the ongoing epidemics of cigarette smoking and electronic cigarette (e-cig) vaping. However, there is scarce data relating COVID-19 risks and outcome with cigarette or e-cig use. In this study, we mined three independent RNA expression datasets from smokers and vapers to understand the potential relationship between vaping/smoking and the dysregulation of key genes and pathways related to COVID-19. We found that smoking, but not vaping, upregulates ACE2, the cellular receptor that SARS-CoV-2 requires for infection. Both smoking and use of nicotine and flavor-containing e-cigs led to upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammasome-related genes. Specifically, chemokines including CCL20 and CXCL8 are upregulated in smokers, and CCL5 and CCR1 are upregulated in flavor/nicotine-containing e-cig users. We also found genes implicated in inflammasomes, such as CXCL1, CXCL2, NOD2, and ASC, to be upregulated in smokers and these e-cig users. Vaping flavor and nicotine-less e-cigs, however, did not lead to significant cytokine dysregulation and inflammasome activation. Release of inflammasome products, such as IL-1B, and cytokine storms are hallmarks of COVID-19 infection, especially in severe cases. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that smoking or vaping may critically exacerbate COVID-19-related inflammation or increase susceptibility to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby C. Lee
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Jaideep Chakladar
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Wei Tse Li
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Chengyu Chen
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Eric Y. Chang
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Jessica Wang-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Weg M. Ongkeko
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (A.C.L.); (J.C.); (W.T.L.); (C.C.)
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-552-8585 (ext. 7165)
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211
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Purkayastha A, Sen C, Garcia G, Langerman J, Vijayaraj P, Shia DW, Meneses LK, Rickabaugh TM, Mulay A, Konda B, Sim MS, Stripp BR, Plath K, Arumugaswami V, Gomperts BN. Direct exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and cigarette smoke increases infection severity and alters the stem cell-derived airway repair response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.07.28.226092. [PMID: 32766588 PMCID: PMC7402049 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.28.226092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most demographic studies are now associating current smoking status with increased risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality from the disease but there remain many questions about how direct cigarette smoke exposure affects SARS-CoV-2 airway cell infection. We directly exposed mucociliary air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures derived from primary human nonsmoker airway basal stem cells (ABSCs) to short term cigarette smoke and infected them with live SARS-CoV-2. We found an increase in the number of infected airway cells after cigarette smoke exposure as well as an increased number of apoptotic cells. Cigarette smoke exposure alone caused airway injury that resulted in an increased number of ABSCs, which proliferate to repair the airway. But we found that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or the combination of exposure to cigarette smoke and SARS-CoV-2 did not induce ABSC proliferation. We set out to examine the underlying mechanism governing the increased susceptibility of cigarette smoke exposed ALI to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Single cell profiling of the cultures showed that infected airway cells displayed a global reduction in gene expression across all airway cell types. Interestingly, interferon response genes were induced in SARS-CoV-2 infected airway epithelial cells in the ALI cultures but smoking exposure together with SARS-CoV-2 infection reduced the interferon response. Treatment of cigarette smoke-exposed ALI cultures with Interferon β-1 abrogated the viral infection, suggesting that the lack of interferon response in the cigarette smoke-exposed ALI cultures allows for more severe viral infection and cell death. In summary, our data show that acute smoke exposure allows for more severe proximal airway epithelial disease from SARS-CoV-2 by reducing the mucosal innate immune response and ABSC proliferation and has implications for disease spread and severity in people exposed to cigarette smoke.
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212
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White A, Kirby M. COVID‐19: biological factors in men's vulnerability. TRENDS IN UROLOGY & MENS HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tre.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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213
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Martelli-Júnior H, Machado RA, Martelli DRB, Andrade MC, Coletta RD. Oral cancer and ACE2 receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Oral Oncol 2020; 108:104920. [PMID: 32713810 PMCID: PMC7373056 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hercílio Martelli-Júnior
- Oral Diagnosis, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros, Unimontes, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Center for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Dental School, University of Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato Assis Machado
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, FOP-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Mariléia Chaves Andrade
- Department of Pathophysiology, State University of Montes Claros, Unimontes, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, FOP-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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214
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Maes T, Bracke K, Brusselle GG. COVID-19, Asthma, and Inhaled Corticosteroids: Another Beneficial Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroids? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:8-10. [PMID: 32437628 PMCID: PMC7328335 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202005-1651ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maes
- Department of Respiratory MedicineGhent University HospitalGent, Belgiumand
| | - Ken Bracke
- Department of Respiratory MedicineGhent University HospitalGent, Belgiumand
| | - Guy G Brusselle
- Department of Respiratory MedicineGhent University HospitalGent, Belgiumand.,Department of Epidemiology andDepartment of Respiratory MedicineErasmus Medical Center RotterdamRotterdam, the Netherlands
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215
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Murakami M, Ikeda Y, Tsuji A, Matsuda S. Prevention in Daily Life against Progression of COVID-19. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:99. [PMID: 33042496 PMCID: PMC7518339 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_219_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Murakami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, Japan,Address for correspondence: Prof. Satoru Matsuda, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan. E-mail:
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216
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Giulietti F, Filipponi A, Rosettani G, Giordano P, Iacoacci C, Spannella F, Sarzani R. Pharmacological Approach to Smoking Cessation: An Updated Review for Daily Clinical Practice. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020; 27:349-362. [PMID: 32578165 PMCID: PMC7309212 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-020-00396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is one of the major public health concerns and it is the most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Smoking cessation reduces subsequent cardiovascular events and mortality. Smoking is a real chronic disorder characterized by the development of an addiction status mainly due to nicotine. This condition makes the smokers generally unable to quit smoking without help. Different strategies are available to treat smoking dependence that include both non-pharmacological (behavioral counselling) and pharmacological therapies. Currently, it is well accepted that smoking cessation drugs are effective and safe in real-world settings. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), varenicline, bupropion and cytisine are the main pharmacological strategies available for smoking cessation. Their efficacy and safety have been proved even in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease. Each of these drugs has peculiar characteristics and the clinician should customize the smoking cessation strategy based on currently available scientific evidence and patient's preference, paying particular attention to those patients having specific cardiovascular and psychiatric comorbidities. The present document aims to summarize the current viable pharmacological strategies for smoking cessation, also discussing the controversial issue regarding the use of alternative tobacco products, in order to provide useful practical indications to all physicians, mainly to those involved in cardiovascular prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giulietti
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Centre for Smoking Cessation, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Filipponi
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Centre for Smoking Cessation, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Rosettani
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Centre for Smoking Cessation, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Piero Giordano
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Centre for Smoking Cessation, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Corrado Iacoacci
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Centre for Smoking Cessation, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Spannella
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Centre for Smoking Cessation, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sarzani
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Centre for Smoking Cessation, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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217
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Feng W, Zong W, Wang F, Ju S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a review. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:100. [PMID: 32487159 PMCID: PMC7264920 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the prevalence and spread of coronavirus has had a huge impact on global public health. Due to the incomplete understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of the virus, it is difficult for humans to fight against the virus quickly and effectively once the outbreak occurs. In early 2020, a novel coronavirus was discovered in Wuhan, China. Soon after, similar cases were found in other countries around the world, and the number of infected people increased rapidly. So far, the global cumulative number of infected people has exceeded 3 million, and more than 200,000 people have died, which has had a huge impact on global human health and economic development. Every outbreak of disease makes a deep impression on mankind. Herein, we summarize the virology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2, and hope that countries can control the outbreak as soon as possible to minimize the loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Wei Zong
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Feng Wang
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Shaoqing Ju
- grid.440642.00000 0004 0644 5481Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No 20, Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001 China
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218
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Gubernatorova EO, Gorshkova EA, Polinova AI, Drutskaya MS. IL-6: Relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 53:13-24. [PMID: 32475759 PMCID: PMC7237916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 mortality is strongly associated with the development of severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome with the worst outcome resulting in cytokine release syndrome and multiorgan failure. It is becoming critically important to identify at the early stage of the infection those patients who are prone to develop the most adverse effects. Elevated systemic interleukin-6 levels in patients with COVID-19 are considered as a relevant parameter in predicting most severe course of disease and the need for intensive care. This review discusses the mechanisms by which IL-6 may possibly contribute to disease exacerbation and the potential of therapeutic approaches based on anti-IL-6 biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Gubernatorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Polinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Drutskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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219
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Du M, Cai G, Chen F, Christiani DC, Zhang Z, Wang M. Multiomics Evaluation of Gastrointestinal and Other Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:2298-2301.e7. [PMID: 32234303 PMCID: PMC7270476 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mulong Du
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Departments of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guoshuai Cai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - David C Christiani
- Departments of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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220
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Pharmacotherapy Impacts on COPD Mortality. Arch Bronconeumol 2020; 57:5-6. [PMID: 32448556 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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221
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Smoking-Mediated Upregulation of the Androgen Pathway Leads to Increased SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103627. [PMID: 32455539 PMCID: PMC7279323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is marked by a wide range of clinical disease courses, ranging from asymptomatic to deadly. There have been many studies seeking to explore the correlations between COVID-19 clinical outcomes and various clinical variables, including age, sex, race, underlying medical problems, and social habits. In particular, the relationship between smoking and COVID-19 outcome is controversial, with multiple conflicting reports in the current literature. In this study, we aim to analyze how smoking may affect the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate. We analyzed sequencing data from lung and oral epithelial samples obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We found that the receptor and transmembrane protease necessary for SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, respectively, were upregulated in smoking samples from both lung and oral epithelial tissue. We then explored the mechanistic hypothesis that smoking may upregulate ACE2 expression through the upregulation of the androgen pathway. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 upregulation were both correlated to androgen pathway enrichment and the specific upregulation of central pathway regulatory genes. These data provide a potential model for the increased susceptibility of smoking patients to COVID-19 and encourage further exploration into the androgen and tobacco upregulation of ACE2 to understand the potential clinical ramifications.
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222
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de Lusignan S, Dorward J, Correa A, Jones N, Akinyemi O, Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, Byford R, Dabrera G, Elliot A, Ellis J, Ferreira F, Lopez Bernal J, Okusi C, Ramsay M, Sherlock J, Smith G, Williams J, Howsam G, Zambon M, Joy M, Hobbs FDR. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 among patients in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network: a cross-sectional study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:1034-1042. [PMID: 32422204 PMCID: PMC7228715 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few primary care studies of the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to identify demographic and clinical risk factors for testing positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network. METHODS We analysed routinely collected, pseudonymised data for patients in the RCGP Research and Surveillance Centre primary care sentinel network who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 between Jan 28 and April 4, 2020. We used multivariable logistic regression models with multiple imputation to identify risk factors for positive SARS-CoV-2 tests within this surveillance network. FINDINGS We identified 3802 SARS-CoV-2 test results, of which 587 were positive. In multivariable analysis, male sex was independently associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (296 [18·4%] of 1612 men vs 291 [13·3%] of 2190 women; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·55, 95% CI 1·27-1·89). Adults were at increased risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 compared with children, and people aged 40-64 years were at greatest risk in the multivariable model (243 [18·5%] of 1316 adults aged 40-64 years vs 23 [4·6%] of 499 children; adjusted OR 5·36, 95% CI 3·28-8·76). Compared with white people, the adjusted odds of a positive test were greater in black people (388 [15·5%] of 2497 white people vs 36 [62·1%] of 58 black people; adjusted OR 4·75, 95% CI 2·65-8·51). People living in urban areas versus rural areas (476 [26·2%] of 1816 in urban areas vs 111 [5·6%] of 1986 in rural areas; adjusted OR 4·59, 95% CI 3·57-5·90) and in more deprived areas (197 [29·5%] of 668 in most deprived vs 143 [7·7%] of 1855 in least deprived; adjusted OR 2·03, 95% CI 1·51-2·71) were more likely to test positive. People with chronic kidney disease were more likely to test positive in the adjusted analysis (68 [32·9%] of 207 with chronic kidney disease vs 519 [14·4%] of 3595 without; adjusted OR 1·91, 95% CI 1·31-2·78), but there was no significant association with other chronic conditions in that analysis. We found increased odds of a positive test among people who are obese (142 [20·9%] of 680 people with obesity vs 171 [13·2%] of 1296 normal-weight people; adjusted OR 1·41, 95% CI 1·04-1·91). Notably, active smoking was linked with decreased odds of a positive test result (47 [11·4%] of 413 active smokers vs 201 [17·9%] of 1125 non-smokers; adjusted OR 0·49, 95% CI 0·34-0·71). INTERPRETATION A positive SARS-CoV-2 test result in this primary care cohort was associated with similar risk factors as observed for severe outcomes of COVID-19 in hospital settings, except for smoking. We provide evidence of potential sociodemographic factors associated with a positive test, including deprivation, population density, ethnicity, and chronic kidney disease. FUNDING Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre, London, UK.
| | - Jienchi Dorward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ana Correa
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK; Section of Clinical Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oluwafunmi Akinyemi
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Rachel Byford
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Filipa Ferreira
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Cecilia Okusi
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julian Sherlock
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - John Williams
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gary Howsam
- Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Mark Joy
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - F D Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Lega S, Naviglio S, Volpi S, Tommasini A. Recent Insight into SARS-CoV2 Immunopathology and Rationale for Potential Treatment and Preventive Strategies in COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E224. [PMID: 32423059 PMCID: PMC7349555 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the outbreak of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection is spreading globally, great effort is being made to understand the disease pathogenesis and host factors that predispose to disease progression in an attempt to find a window of opportunity for intervention. In addition to the direct cytopathic effect of the virus, the host hyper-inflammatory response has emerged as a key factor in determining disease severity and mortality. Accumulating clinical observations raised hypotheses to explain why some patients develop more severe disease while others only manifest mild or no symptoms. So far, Covid-19 management remains mainly supportive. However, many researches are underway to clarify the role of antiviral and immunomodulating drugs in changing morbidity and mortality in patients who become severely ill. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the host immune system and discusses recent findings on proposed pharmacologic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lega
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (S.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Samuele Naviglio
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (S.L.); (A.T.)
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Center for Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiency, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini and Università degli Studi di Genova, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Alberto Tommasini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (S.L.); (A.T.)
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34137 Trieste, Italy
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224
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Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V. COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3474. [PMID: 32423094 PMCID: PMC7278991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was recognized in the city of Wuhan, China. Rapidly, it became an epidemic in China and has now spread throughout the world reaching pandemic proportions. High mortality rates characterize SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19), which mainly affects the elderly, causing unrestrained cytokines-storm and subsequent pulmonary shutdown, also suspected micro thromboembolism events. At the present time, no specific and dedicated treatments, nor approved vaccines, are available, though very promising data come from the use of anti-inflammatory, anti-malaria, and anti-coagulant drugs. In addition, it seems that males are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 than females, with males 65% more likely to die from the infection than females. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese scientists show that of all cases about 1.7% of women who contract the virus will die compared with 2.8% of men, and data from Hong Kong hospitals state that 32% of male and 15% of female COVID-19 patients required intensive care or died. On the other hand, the long-term fallout of coronavirus may be worse for women than for men due to social and psychosocial reasons. Regardless of sex- or gender-biased data obtained from WHO and those gathered from sometimes controversial scientific journals, some central points should be considered. Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 has a strong interaction with the human ACE2 receptor, which plays an essential role in cell entry together with transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2); it is interesting to note that the ACE2 gene lays on the X-chromosome, thus allowing females to be potentially heterozygous and differently assorted compared to men who are definitely hemizygous. Secondly, the higher ACE2 expression rate in females, though controversial, might ascribe them the worst prognosis, in contrast with worldwide epidemiological data. Finally, several genes involved in inflammation are located on the X-chromosome, which also contains high number of immune-related genes responsible for innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Other genes, out from the RAS-pathway, might directly or indirectly impact on the ACE1/ACE2 balance by influencing its main actors (e.g., ABO locus, SRY, SOX3, ADAM17). Unexpectedly, the higher levels of ACE2 or ACE1/ACE2 rebalancing might improve the outcome of COVID-19 in both sexes by reducing inflammation, thrombosis, and death. Moreover, X-heterozygous females might also activate a mosaic advantage and show more pronounced sex-related differences resulting in a sex dimorphism, further favoring them in counteracting the progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gemmati
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and Centre Haemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- University Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Barbara Bramanti
- University Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical & Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Serino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Centre Haemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.S.); (G.Z.); (V.T.)
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.S.); (G.Z.); (V.T.)
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.S.); (G.Z.); (V.T.)
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225
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Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Sengupta N, Kumar Sharma N, Patil S. Biological behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma in the background of novel corona virus infection. Oral Oncol 2020; 110:104781. [PMID: 32402653 PMCID: PMC7203061 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune 411018, MH, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune 411018, MH, India
| | - Namrata Sengupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaram Nagar, Pimpri, Pune 411018, MH, India.
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Mumbai-Bangalore Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411033, MH, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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