201
|
Bauer PM, Zalis MC, Abdshill H, Deierborg T, Johansson F, Englund-Johansson U. Inflamed In Vitro Retina: Cytotoxic Neuroinflammation and Galectin-3 Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161723. [PMID: 27612287 PMCID: PMC5017668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease progression in retinal neurodegeneration is strongly correlated to immune cell activation, which may have either a neuroprotective or neurotoxic effect. Increased knowledge about the immune response profile and retinal neurodegeneration may lead to candidate targets for treatments. Therefore, we have used the explanted retina as a model to explore the immune response and expression of the immune modulator galectin-3 (Gal-3), induced by the cultivation per se and after additional immune stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and how this correlates with retinal neurotoxicity. Methods Post-natal mouse retinas were cultured in a defined medium. One group was stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml, 24 h). Retinal architecture, apoptotic cell death, and micro- and macroglial activity were studied at the time of cultivation (0 days in vitro (DIV)) and at 3, 4 and 7 DIV using morphological staining, biochemical- and immunohistochemical techniques. Results Our results show that sustained activation of macro- and microglia, characterized by no detectable cytokine release and limited expression of Gal-3, is not further inducing apoptosis additional to the axotomy-induced apoptosis in innermost nuclear layer. An elevated immune response was detected after LPS stimulation, as demonstrated primarily by release of immune mediators (i.e. interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-6, KC/GRO (also known as CLCX1) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), increased numbers of microglia displaying morphologies of late activation stages as well as Gal-3 expression. This was accompanied with increased apoptosis in the two additional nuclear layers, and damage to retinal gross architecture. Conclusion We demonstrate that an immune response characterized by sustained and increased release of cytokines, along with an increase in Gal-3 expression, is accompanied by significant increased neurotoxicity in the explanted retina. Further investigations using the current setting may lead to increased understanding on the mechanisms involved in neuronal loss in retinal neurodegenerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Maximilian Bauer
- Dept. of Biology, Sec. Functional Zoology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dept. Clinical Sciences in Lund, Div. Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marina Castro Zalis
- Dept. Clinical Sciences in Lund, Div. Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hodan Abdshill
- Dept. Clinical Sciences in Lund, Div. Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Dept. Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Johansson
- Dept. of Biology, Sec. Functional Zoology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
Márquez A, Cordero-Coma M, Martín-Villa JM, Gorroño-Echebarría MB, Blanco R, Díaz Valle D, Del Rio MJ, Blanco A, Olea JL, Cordero Y, Capella MJ, Díaz-Llopis M, Ortego-Centeno N, Ruiz-Arruza I, Llorenç V, Adán A, Fonollosa A, Ten Berge J, Atan D, Dick AD, De Boer JH, Kuiper J, Rothova A, Martín J. New insights into the genetic component of non-infectious uveitis through an Immunochip strategy. J Med Genet 2016; 54:38-46. [PMID: 27609017 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-scale genetic studies have reported several loci associated with specific disorders involving uveitis. Our aim was to identify genetic risk factors that might predispose to uveitis per se, independent of the clinical diagnosis, by performing a dense genotyping of immune-related loci. METHODS 613 cases and 3693 unaffected controls from three European case/control sets were genotyped using the Immunochip array. Only patients with non-infectious non-anterior uveitis and without systemic features were selected. To perform a more comprehensive analysis of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region, SNPs, classical alleles and polymorphic amino acid variants were obtained via imputation. A meta-analysis combining the three case/control sets was conducted by the inverse variance method. RESULTS The highest peak belonged to the HLA region. A more detailed analysis of this signal evidenced a strong association between the classical allele HLA-A*2902 and birdshot chorioretinopathy (p=3.21E-35, OR=50.95). An omnibus test yielded HLA-A 62 and 63 as relevant amino acid positions for this disease. In patients with intermediate and posterior uveitis, the strongest associations belonged to the rs7197 polymorphism, within HLA-DRA (p=2.07E-11, OR=1.99), and the HLA-DR15 haplotype (DRB1*1501: p=1.16E-10, OR=2.08; DQA1*0102: p=4.37E-09, OR=1.77; DQB1*0602: p=7.26E-10, OR=2.02). Outside the HLA region, the MAP4K4/IL1R2 locus reached statistical significance (rs7608679: p=8.38E-07, OR=1.42). Suggestive associations were found at five other loci. CONCLUSIONS We have further interrogated the association between the HLA region and non-infectious non-anterior uveitis. In addition, we have identified a new non-HLA susceptibility factor and proposed additional risk loci with putative roles in this complex condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Márquez
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Cordero-Coma
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de León, IBIOMED, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | | | - Ricardo Blanco
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - David Díaz Valle
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Blanco
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Donostia, San Sebastián (Guipúzcoa), Spain
| | - Jose Luis Olea
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cordero
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - María José Capella
- Institut Universitari Barraquer, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Díaz-Llopis
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital La Fe, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ioana Ruiz-Arruza
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Internal Medicine Department, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Víctor Llorenç
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Adán
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fonollosa
- Ophthalmology Department, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Josianne Ten Berge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denize Atan
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Joke H De Boer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Kuiper
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aniki Rothova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Martín
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
AAV8-Mediated Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Gene Delivery Prevents Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis by Regulating MAPK, NF-κB and STAT3 Pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31912. [PMID: 27558087 PMCID: PMC4997264 DOI: 10.1038/srep31912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a key hormonal system which regulates the cardiovascular function and is implicated in several autoimmune diseases. With the discovery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a protective axis of RAS namely ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas that counteracts the deleterious ACE/AngII/AT1R axis has been established. This axis is emerging as a novel target to attenuate ocular inflammation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the hypothesis that enhancing the activity of the protective axis of RAS by subretinal delivery of an AAV8 (Y733F)-ACE2 vector would protect against the ocular inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mice through regulating the local immune responses. Our studies demonstrated that increased ACE2 expression exerts protective effects on inflammation in EAU mouse by modulating ocular immune responses, including the differentiation of Th1/Th17 cells and the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages; whereas the systemic immune responses appeared not affected. These effects were mediated by activating the Ang-(1-7)/Mas and inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways. This proof-of-concept study suggests that activation of ocular ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis with AAV gene transfer modulates local immune responses and may be a promising, long-lasting therapeutic strategy for refractory and recurrent uveitis, as well as other inflammatory eye diseases.
Collapse
|
204
|
Tang K, Guo D, Zhang L, Guo J, Zheng F, Si J, Bi H. Immunomodulatory effects of Longdan Xiegan Tang on CD4+/CD8+ T cells and associated inflammatory cytokines in rats with experimental autoimmune uveitis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2746-54. [PMID: 27485320 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Longdan Xiegan Tang (LXT) is a mixture of herbal extracts commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine that may exert immunomodulatory effects for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, the detailed mechanisms that mediate the actions of LXT are unclear. The present study induced an experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) model in Lewis rats via injection of IRBP1177‑1191 emulsion. The model was used to investigate the effects of LXT on EAU rats and assess the efficacy of LXT by measuring clinical manifestations and histopathological changes caused by EAU. Additionally, alterations in the ratio of CD4+/CD8+‑T cells were determined by flow cytometry, and the expression of interferon (IFN)‑γ, interleukin (IL)‑17, IL‑10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α were measured using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay analysis. The results of the present study demonstrate that LXT can efficiently alleviate the symptoms of EAU, inhibit the differentiation of uveitogenic CD4+ T cells and reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN‑γ, IL‑17 and TNF‑α. Furthermore, LXT promotes the production of IL‑10 and accelerates the recovery of EAU, indicating that the immunomodulatory effects of LXT may potentially be used for the treatment of uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Dadong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Junguo Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Fengming Zheng
- The First Clinical College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Junkang Si
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Abstract
Intestinal microbes have profound effects on inflammatory autoimmunity in sites distant from the gut. The mechanisms whereby this happens are only now beginning to be understood and may include such diverse effects as innate stimulation of migrating immune cells and effects of circulating bacterial metabolites. Our studies add to this the demonstration that microbiota may provide a source of cross-reactive antigenic material that activates autoreactive lymphocytes within the gut environment. In a spontaneous model of autoimmune uveitis, T lymphocytes specific to a retinal autoantigen are activated through their specific antigen receptor in the gut and acquire the ability to fuel inflammatory autoimmunity in the eye. In view of the huge diversity of commensals, it is conceivable that they may provide surrogate antigens for activation of autoreactive lymphocytes(s) of other tissue specificities, and might therefore be involved in the etiology of autoimmune diseases more frequently than is currently appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Zárate-Bladés
- 1 Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina , Florianopolis, Brazil
- 2 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Reiko Horai
- 2 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- 2 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Santeford A, Wiley LA, Park S, Bamba S, Nakamura R, Gdoura A, Ferguson TA, Rao PK, Guan JL, Saitoh T, Akira S, Xavier R, Virgin HW, Apte RS. Impaired autophagy in macrophages promotes inflammatory eye disease. Autophagy 2016; 12:1876-1885. [PMID: 27463423 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1207857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Organs such as the eye and brain are immunologically privileged. Here, we demonstrate that autophagy is essential for maintaining ocular immune privilege. Deletion of multiple autophagy genes in macrophages leads to an inflammation-mediated eye disease called uveitis that can cause blindness. Loss of autophagy activates inflammasome-mediated IL1B secretion that increases disease severity. Inhibition of caspase activity by gene deletion or pharmacological means completely reverses the disease phenotype. Of interest, experimental uveitis was also increased in a model of Crohn disease, a systemic autoimmune disease in which patients often develop uveitis, offering a potential mechanistic link between macrophage autophagy and systemic disease. These findings directly implicate the homeostatic process of autophagy in blinding eye disease and identify novel pathways for therapeutic intervention in uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santeford
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Luke A Wiley
- b Steven W. Dezii Translational Vision Research Facility, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Sunmin Park
- c Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Sonya Bamba
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Rei Nakamura
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Abdelaziz Gdoura
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Thomas A Ferguson
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - P Kumar Rao
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- d Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Tatsuya Saitoh
- e Department of Inflammation Biology , Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan.,f Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- g Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Ramnik Xavier
- h Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA.,i Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- c Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,j Department of Molecular Microbiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,k Department of Developmental Biology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,l Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,m Department of Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Haasnoot AMJW, Kuiper JJW, Hiddingh S, Schellekens PAWJF, de Jager W, Imhof SM, Radstake TRDJ, de Boer JH. Ocular Fluid Analysis in Children Reveals Interleukin-29/Interferon-λ1 as a Biomarker for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:1769-79. [PMID: 26866822 DOI: 10.1002/art.39621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood uveitis is a vision-threatening inflammatory eye disease commonly attributed to juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The pathogenesis is poorly understood, which makes clinical management challenging. We analyzed soluble mediators in ocular fluid (aqueous humor [AqH]) and serum from children with JIA-associated uveitis and common childhood uveitis to identify potential biomarkers and investigate the ocular microenvironment of this sight-threatening eye disease. METHODS AqH (n = 73) and paired serum (n = 66) samples were analyzed for 51 soluble mediators of inflammation by multiplex immunoassay. Twenty-one children with JIA-associated uveitis were compared to 15 children with chronic anterior uveitis without arthritis, 29 children with noninfectious idiopathic uveitis, and 8 children with noninflammatory conditions (controls). For visualization of the joint effect of multiple mediators, we used the radial coordinate visualization (Radviz) method. Optimal biomarker level cutoffs were also determined. RESULTS The levels of interleukin-29 (IL-29)/interferon-λ1 (IFNλ1) were decreased (P < 0.001) and the levels of latency-associated peptide and osteoprotegerin were increased (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively) in samples of AqH, but not serum, from patients with JIA-associated uveitis. Multivariate analysis correcting for disease activity and treatment revealed that intraocular levels of IL-29/IFNλ1 were specifically decreased in patients with JIA-associated uveitis as compared to those with idiopathic uveitis. Indeed, JIA-associated uveitis patients and idiopathic uveitis patients showed distinct profiles of intraocular soluble mediators. IL-29/IFNλ1 showed a high area under the curve value (0.954), with 23.5 pg/ml as the optimal cutoff value. CONCLUSION We identified IL-29/IFNλ1 as an intraocular biomarker for JIA-associated uveitis, which suggests that aberrant IFNλ signaling might be important in JIA-associated uveitis and distinct from other forms of childhood uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanne Hiddingh
- Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wilco de Jager
- Utrecht University Medical Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia M Imhof
- Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joke H de Boer
- Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
2-Methoxyestradiol Alleviates Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis by Inhibiting Lymphocytes Proliferation and T Cell Differentiation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7948345. [PMID: 27243036 PMCID: PMC4875978 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7948345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. To investigate the effect of 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) on experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and the mechanism. Method. C57BL/6 male mice were used to establish the EAU model. 2ME2 was abdominal administrated in D0–D13, D0–D6, and D7–D13 and control group was given vehicle from D0–D13. At D14, pathological severity was scored. Lymphocyte reaction was measured using MTT assay. T cell differentiation in draining lymph nodes and eye-infiltrating cells was tested by flow cytometry. Proinflammatory cytokines production from lymphocytes was determined by ELISA. Result. The disease scores from 2ME2 D0–D13, 2ME2 D0–D6, 2ME2 D7–D13, and vehicle groups were 0.20 ± 0.12, 1.42 ± 0.24, 2.25 ± 0.32, and 2.42 ± 0.24. Cells from all 2ME2 treated groups responded weaker than control (p < 0.05). The inhibitory effect of 2ME2 on lymphocyte proliferation attenuated from 2ME2 D0–D13 to 2ME2 D0–D6 and to 2ME2 D7–D13 groups (p < 0.05). 2ME2 treated mice developed fewer Th1 and Th17 cells both in draining lymph nodes and in eyes than control (p < 0.05). Lymphocytes from 2ME2 group secreted less IFN-γ and IL-17A than those from control (p < 0.05). Conclusion. 2ME2 ameliorated EAU progression and presented a better effect at priming phase. The possible mechanism could be the inhibitory impact on IRBP specific lymphocyte proliferation and Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation.
Collapse
|
209
|
Margo CE, Harman LE. Autoimmune disease: Conceptual history and contributions of ocular immunology. Surv Ophthalmol 2016; 61:680-8. [PMID: 27131478 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Medical historians identify the mid-20th century as the time when the scientific and medical communities acknowledged the existence of autoimmune disease. Several conditions including sympathetic ophthalmia and endophthalmitis phacoanaphylactica, however, were proposed as autoimmune disorders much earlier. During the first half of the century, autoimmune disease was viewed as biologically implausible. Paul Ehrlich coined the term horror autotoxicus to emphasize that autoimmunity would contradict nature's aversion to self-injury. The discoveries of allergy and anaphylaxis were the first clues that the immune system was capable of self-harm. A major obstacle to comprehending the pathogenesis of autoimmunity was how the immune system distinguishes foreign from self, a process eventually understood in the context of immune tolerance. Investigators of sympathetic ophthalmia and endophthalmitis phacoanaphylactica were positioned to invalidate horror autotoxicus but lacked sufficiently convincing experimental and clinical evidence to accomplish the task. Seminal studies of chronic thyroiditis and a series of clinical laboratory breakthroughs led to the general acceptance of autoimmune disease in the 1950s. The travails encountered by ophthalmic investigators offer insights into the how medical ideas take shape. We review the contributions of ocular immunology to the conceptual development of autoimmune disease and explore the reasons why the concept caught on slowly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis E Margo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
| | - Lynn E Harman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Lee EJ, Brown BR, Vance EE, Snow PE, Silver PB, Heinrichs D, Lin X, Iwakura Y, Wells CA, Caspi RR, Rosenzweig HL. Mincle Activation and the Syk/Card9 Signaling Axis Are Central to the Development of Autoimmune Disease of the Eye. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3148-58. [PMID: 26921309 PMCID: PMC4799727 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis, which occurs in association with systemic immunological diseases, presents a considerable medical challenge because of incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. The signals that initiate T cells to target the eye, which may be of infectious or noninfectious origin, are poorly understood. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) develops in mice immunized with the endogenous retinal protein interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein in the presence of the adjuvant CFA. EAU manifests as posterior ocular inflammation consisting of vasculitis, granulomas, retinal damage, and invasion of self-reactive T cells, which are key clinical features of human uveitis. Our studies uncover Card9 as a critical genetic determinant for EAU. Card9 was responsible for Th17 polarization and Th17-associated Ag-specific responses, but not Th1-associated responses. Nonetheless, Card9 expression was essential for accumulation of both lineages within the eye. Consistent with its recently identified role as an intracellular signaling mediator for C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), a Card9-dependent transcriptional response in the neuroretina was observed involving genes encoding the CLRs Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Mincle. Genetic deletion of these individual CLRs revealed an essential role for Mincle. Mincle activation was sufficient to generate the EAU phenotype, and this required activation of both Syk and Card9. In contrast, Dectin-1 contributed minimally and a possible repressive role was shown for Dectin-2. These findings extend our understanding of CLRs in autoimmune uveitis. The newly identified role of Mincle and Syk/Card9-coupled signaling axis in autoimmune uveitis could provide novel targets for treatment of patients with ocular inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Lee
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | | | - Emily E Vance
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Paige E Snow
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Xin Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | | | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Holly L Rosenzweig
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239;
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Kheir V, Vaudaux J, Guex-Crosier Y. Review of the latest systemic treatments for chronic non-infectious uveitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2016.1153425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
212
|
Hinshaw SJH, Ogbeifun O, Wandu WS, Lyu C, Shi G, Li Y, Qian H, Gery I. Digoxin Inhibits Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis in Mice, but Causes Severe Retinal Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1441-7. [PMID: 27028065 PMCID: PMC4821074 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-19040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Digoxin, a major medication for heart disease, was recently reported to have immunosuppressive capacity. Here, we determined the immunosuppressive capacity of digoxin on the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and on related immune responses. METHODS The B10.A mice were immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and were treated daily with digoxin or vehicle control. On postimmunization day 14, the mouse eyes were examined histologically, while spleen cells were tested for cytokine production in response to IRBP and purified protein derivative. The immunosuppressive activity of digoxin was also tested in vitro, by its capacity to inhibit development of Th1 or Th17 cells. To investigate the degenerative effect of digoxin on the retina, naïve (FVB/N × B10.BR)F1 mice were similarly treated with digoxin and tested histologically and by ERG. RESULTS Treatment with digoxin inhibited the development of EAU, as well as the cellular response to IRBP. Unexpectedly, treatment with digoxin suppressed the production of interferon-γ to a larger extent than the production of interleukin 17. Importantly, digoxin treatment induced severe retinal degeneration, determined by histologic analysis with thinning across all layers of the retina. Digoxin treatment also induced dose-dependent vision loss monitored by ERG on naïve mice without induction of EAU. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of mice with digoxin inhibited the development of EAU and cellular immune response to IRBP. However, the treatment induced severe damage to the retina. Thus, the use of digoxin in humans should be avoided due to its toxicity to the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. H. Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Osato Ogbeifun
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Wambui S. Wandu
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Cancan Lyu
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Guangpu Shi
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Yichao Li
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Igal Gery
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Dalkara D, Goureau O, Marazova K, Sahel JA. Let There Be Light: Gene and Cell Therapy for Blindness. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:134-47. [PMID: 26751519 PMCID: PMC4779297 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Retinal cell death is the main cause of vision loss in genetic disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, and Leber congenital amaurosis, as well as in complex age-related diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. For these blinding conditions, gene and cell therapy approaches offer therapeutic intervention at various disease stages. The present review outlines advances in therapies for retinal degenerative disease, focusing on the progress and challenges in the development and clinical translation of gene and cell therapies. A significant body of preclinical evidence and initial clinical results pave the way for further development of these cutting edge treatments for patients with retinal degenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, France
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, France
| | - Katia Marazova
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, France
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Fang S, Meng X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liu Y, You C, Yan H. Vorinostat Modulates the Imbalance of T Cell Subsets, Suppresses Macrophage Activity, and Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:134-45. [PMID: 26798022 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory efficiency of vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). EAU was induced in female C57BL/6J mice immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein peptide. Vorinostat or the control treatment, phosphate-buffered saline, was administrated orally from 3 days before immunization until euthanasia at day 21 after immunization. The clinical and histopathological scores of mice were graded, and the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier was examined by Evans blue staining. T helper cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry, and the macrophage functions were evaluated with immunohistochemistry staining and immunofluorescence assays. The mRNA levels of tight junction proteins were measured by qRT-PCR. The expression levels of intraocular cytokines and transcription factors were examined by western blotting. Vorinostat relieved both clinical and histopathological manifestations of EAU in our mouse model, and the BRB integrity was maintained in vorinostat-treated mice, which had less vasculature leakage and higher mRNA and protein expressions of tight junction proteins than controls. Moreover, vorinostat repressed Th1 and Th17 cells and increased Th0 and Treg cells. Additionally, the INF-γ and IL-17A expression levels were significantly decreased, while the IL-10 level was increased by vorinostat treatment. Furthermore, due to the reduced TNF-α level, the macrophage activity was considerably inhibited in EAU mice. Finally, transcription factors, including STAT1, STAT3, and p65, were greatly suppressed by vorinostat treatment. Our data suggest that vorinostat might be a potential anti-inflammatory agent in the management of uveitis and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiangda Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhuhong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Caiyun You
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
McLellan GJ, Aktas Z, Hennes-Beean E, Kolb AW, Larsen IV, Schmitz EJ, Clausius HR, Yang J, Hwang SH, Morisseau C, Inceoglu B, Hammock BD, Brandt CR. Effect of a Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor, UC1728, on LPS-Induced Uveitis in the Rabbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4. [PMID: 28066796 PMCID: PMC5218821 DOI: 10.13188/2334-2838.1000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase isozymes convert free arachidonic acid into eicosanoids named epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) that have roles in regulating inflammation. EETs are rapidly converted to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DiHETs) by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Little is known about the potential role of these metabolites in uveitis, but conversion of EETs to DiHETs could contribute to the inflammation. We tested a potent and orally available inhibitor of sEH for its ability to reduce ocular inflammation in a rabbit LPS-induced model of uveitis. Rabbits were treated by subcutaneous injection with the sEH inhibitor (UC1728, 3 mg/kg), or the vehicle control (PEG400) and uveitis was assessed at 6, 24 and 48 h post-intracameral LPS injection using a modified Hackett-McDonald scoring system. Eyes treated by intra-cameral injection of PBS, or by aseptic preparation served as further controls. Signs of inflammation in this model were mild and transient. Treatment with UC1728 did not significantly reduce inflammation compared to animals treated with the PEG400 vehicle. Blood levels of UC1728 were a thousand fold higher than the in vitro determined inhibitory potency (IC50) of the compound suggesting a significant degree of inhibition of sEH in the rabbit. The lack of efficacy suggests that sEH or its substrates the EETs may not be involved in mediating inflammation in this model of uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Comparative Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zeynep Aktas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Surgical Sciences, Gazi University, Turkey
| | - Elizabeth Hennes-Beean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aaron W Kolb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Inna V Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily J Schmitz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hilary R Clausius
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bora Inceoglu
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Comparative Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) mitigates anterior uveitis and confers protection against ocular HSV-1 infection. Inflammation 2015; 38:555-65. [PMID: 24993154 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunological responses to pathogens are stringently regulated in the eye to prevent excessive inflammation that damage ocular tissues and compromise vision. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) regulate intensity/duration of inflammatory responses. We have used SOCS1-deficient mice and retina-specific SOCS1 transgenic rats to investigate roles of SOCS1 in ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection and non-infectious uveitis. We also genetically engineered cell-penetrating SOCS proteins (membrane-translocating sequence (MTS)-SOCS1, MTS-SOCS3) and examined whether they can be used to inhibit inflammatory cytokines. Overexpression of SOCS1 in transgenic rat eyes attenuated ocular HSV-1 infection while SOCS1-deficient mice developed severe non-infectious anterior uveitis, suggesting that SOCS1 may contribute to mechanism of ocular immune privilege by regulating trafficking of inflammatory cells into ocular tissues. Furthermore, MTS-SOCS1 inhibited IFN-γ-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation by macrophages while MTS-SOCS3 suppressed expansion of pathogenic Th17 cells that mediate uveitis, indicating that MTS-SOCS proteins maybe used to treat ocular inflammatory diseases of infectious or autoimmune etiology.
Collapse
|
217
|
Horai R, Zárate-Bladés CR, Dillenburg-Pilla P, Chen J, Kielczewski JL, Silver PB, Jittayasothorn Y, Chan CC, Yamane H, Honda K, Caspi RR. Microbiota-Dependent Activation of an Autoreactive T Cell Receptor Provokes Autoimmunity in an Immunologically Privileged Site. Immunity 2015; 43:343-53. [PMID: 26287682 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activated retina-specific T cells that have acquired the ability to break through the blood-retinal barrier are thought to be causally involved in autoimmune uveitis, a major cause of human blindness. It is unclear where these autoreactive T cells first become activated, given that their cognate antigens are sequestered within the immune-privileged eye. We demonstrate in a novel mouse model of spontaneous uveitis that activation of retina-specific T cells is dependent on gut commensal microbiota. Retina-specific T cell activation involved signaling through the autoreactive T cell receptor (TCR) in response to non-cognate antigen in the intestine and was independent of the endogenous retinal autoantigen. Our findings not only have implications for the etiology of human uveitis, but also raise the possibility that activation of autoreactive TCRs by commensal microbes might be a more common trigger of autoimmune diseases than is currently appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Horai
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Patricia Dillenburg-Pilla
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; State Key of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | | | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hidehiro Yamane
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenya Honda
- Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Yang H, Zheng S, Mao Y, Chen Z, Zheng C, Li H, Sumners C, Li Q, Yang P, Lei B. Modulating of ocular inflammation with macrophage migration inhibitory factor is associated with notch signalling in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:280-93. [PMID: 26400205 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) could exaggerate inflammatory response in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and to explore the underlying mechanism. Mutant serotype 8 adeno-associated virus (AAV8) (Y733F)-chicken β-actin (CBA)-MIF or AAV8 (Y733F)-CBA-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) vector was delivered subretinally into B10.RIII mice, respectively. Three weeks after vector delivery, EAU was induced with a subcutaneous injection of a mixture of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) peptide with CFA. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Retinal function was evaluated with electroretinography (ERG). We found that the expression of MIF and its two receptors CD74 and CD44 was increased in the EAU mouse retina. Compared to AAV8.CBA.eGFP-injected and untreated EAU mice, the level of proinflammatory cytokines, the expression of Notch1, Notch4, delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4), Notch receptor intracellular domain (NICD) and hairy enhancer of split-1 (Hes-1) increased, but the ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes decreased in AAV8.CBA.MIF-injected EAU mice. The Notch inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) reduced the expression of NICD, Hes-1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Further, a MIF antagonist ISO-1 attenuated intraocular inflammation, and inhibited the differentiation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 in EAU mice. We demonstrated that over-expression of MIF exaggerated ocular inflammation, which was associated with the activation of the Notch signalling. The expression of both MIF and its receptors are elevated in EAU mice. Over-expression of MIF exaggerates ocular inflammation, and this exaggerated inflammation is associated with the activation of the Notch signalling and Notch pathway. Our data suggest that the MIF-Notch axis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of EAU. Both the MIF signalling pathways may be promising targets for developing novel therapeutic interventions for uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - S Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Mao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - C Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - H Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - C Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Q Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - B Lei
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Jiang G, Wang Y, Yun J, Hajrasouliha AR, Zhao Y, Sun D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. HMGB1 release triggered by the interaction of live retinal cells and uveitogenic T cells is Fas/FasL activation-dependent. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:179. [PMID: 26394985 PMCID: PMC4579830 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is not clear how invading autoreactive T cells initiate the pathogenic process inside the diseased organ in T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease. In experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced by adoptive transfer of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)-specific T cells in mice, we have previously reported that intraocular inflammation was initiated by infiltrating IRBP-specific T cells that directly interacted with retinal cells and resulted in the active release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important member of damage associate molecular patterns (DAMPs). Furthermore, blockade of HMGB1 in our murine model reduced intraocular inflammation via suppression of IRBP-specific T cell functions. These results have demonstrated that HMGB1 is an early and critical mediator of induction of intraocular inflammation. The present study identified the cell surface molecule that triggers HMGB1 secretion. Methods Retinal explants from Fas-deficient (Faslpr) and wild-type (Wt) C57BL/6 (B6) mice were cultured with activated IRBP 1–20 peptide-specific T cells or with a Fas-activating antibody (Jo2), and then the level of HMGB1 in culture supernatants were detected by ELISA. In addition, released HMGB1 was examined in the eye of Faslpr and Wt mice after IRBP-specific T cell transfer. Uveitis was evaluated in the IRBP-specific T cell transferred Faslpr mice after recombinant HMGB1 was restored within the eye and in the IRBP-specific T cell transferred Wt mice after they were treated with a Fas antagonist (Met12). Results In contrast to retinal explants from Wt mice, those from Faslpr mice did not release HMGB1 after exposure to IRBP-specific T cells or to Jo2. The release of HMGB1 by Wt retinal explants was suppressed by Met 12. Moreover, after IRBP-specific T cell injection, Faslpr mice did not release HMGB1 in the eye or develop EAU, but intravitreous injection of HMGB1 resulted in intraocular inflammation. Finally, tEAU in Wt mice was attenuated by local treatment with Met 12. Unlike HMGB1, Fas-induced IL-1 and IL-18 were not essential for tEAU induction. Conclusion Our results show that interaction of retinal cells with infiltrating uveitogenic T cells leads to rapid release of HMGB1 via the Fas/FasL inflammatory signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yunsong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, 063000, China
| | - Juan Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, 40205, USA
| | - Amir Reza Hajrasouliha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, 40205, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Gramlich OW, Ding QJ, Zhu W, Cook A, Anderson MG, Kuehn MH. Adoptive transfer of immune cells from glaucomatous mice provokes retinal ganglion cell loss in recipients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:56. [PMID: 26374513 PMCID: PMC4591529 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have indicated that autoimmune and neuroinflammatory processes contribute to the neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells in human glaucoma patients and in animal models. To test the involvement of cellular immune processes in the pathophysiology of retinal ganglion cell degeneration in vivo, we carried out adoptive transfer experiments from two independent genetic mouse models of glaucoma into normal recipient mice. RESULTS Our findings indicate that transfer results in a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons despite normal intraocular pressure in recipient mice. Signs of pan-retinal inflammation were not detected. Similar findings were obtained following transfer of isolated T-lymphocytes, but not after transfer of splenocytes from immune deficient glaucomatous mice. Transferred lymphocytes were detected integrated in the spleen and in the retinal ganglion cell layer of recipient animals, albeit at very low frequencies. Furthermore, we observed cell-cell interaction between transferred T-cells and recipient microglia along with focal microglial activation in recipient eyes. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the pathophysiology of glaucomatous degeneration in the tested animal models includes T-cell mediated events that are capable of causing loss of healthy retinal ganglion cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Gramlich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, 3135C MERF, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Qiong J Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
| | - Amy Cook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, 3135C MERF, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA.
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, 3135C MERF, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Lee EJ, Vance EE, Brown BR, Snow PS, Clowers JS, Sakaguchi S, Rosenzweig HL. Investigation of the relationship between the onset of arthritis and uveitis in genetically predisposed SKG mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:218. [PMID: 26286534 PMCID: PMC4544812 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic rheumatic conditions are often accompanied by intraocular inflammatory disease (termed uveitis). Despite the frequent manifestation of uveitis with arthritis, very little is understood of the underlying mechanisms that mediate the eye’s susceptibility to disease. The genetically susceptible SKG mouse strain develops arthritis that arises from an inherent mutation that disrupts T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction and thymic selection. The ensuing T-cell–mediated disease is further modulated through exposure to microbial triggers. The purpose of this study was to elucidate how a genetically determined shift in the T-cell repertoire toward self-reactive T cells that drive arthritis influences uveitis in SKG mice. Methods SKG mice (BALB/c mice that harbor the W163C point mutation in zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 [i.e., ZAP-70]) were housed under arthritis-resistant, specific pathogen–free conditions. Arthritis was induced by intraperitoneal injection with fungal glucans (zymosan or curdlan). Arthritis onset and severity were evaluated by clinical scoring, histopathology and infrared imaging within the joints. Periocular traits involving blepharoconjunctivitis were evaluated by clinical scoring and histology. Eyes were evaluated for signs of anterior uveitis using intravital videomicroscopy to document cell-trafficking responses within the iris vasculature and stroma and by histology to detect inflammatory infiltrate and tissue damage within the anterior and posterior eye segments. Results Exposure to zymosan resulted in the predicted arthritic, sexually dimorphic phenotype in SKG mice. The eyes of SKG mice exhibited episodic intravascular cellular responses to zymosan or curdlan as indicated by significant increases in leukocyte–endothelium interactions akin to ocular vasculitis. However, despite the significant increase in early cell-trafficking responses, cellular infiltration into the iris stroma was not observed and histopathological signs indicative of a sustained uveitis were absent. Instead, eyes of SKG mice developed blepharoconjunctivitis that coincided with arthritis and exhibited sexual dimorphism. Conclusions This study underscores the complexity surrounding the pathogenesis of uveitis and its relationship with arthritis. The findings suggest that distinct mechanisms exist by which pathogenic autoimmune T cells target the eyes versus joints, which likely involves the environmental context but nonetheless should be taken into account in the identification and development of effective therapies for each organ. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0725-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Emily E Vance
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Brieanna R Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Paige S Snow
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA. .,School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Jenna S Clowers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
| | | | - Holly L Rosenzweig
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Kim SH, Burton J, Yu CR, Sun L, He C, Wang H, Morse HC, Egwuagu CE. Dual Function of the IRF8 Transcription Factor in Autoimmune Uveitis: Loss of IRF8 in T Cells Exacerbates Uveitis, Whereas Irf8 Deletion in the Retina Confers Protection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1480-8. [PMID: 26163590 PMCID: PMC4530071 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is constitutively expressed in monocytes and B cells and plays a critical role in the functional maturation of microglia cells. It is induced in T cells following Ag stimulation, but its functions are less well understood. However, recent studies in mice with T cell-specific Irf8 disruption under direction of the Lck promoter (LCK-IRF8KO) suggest that IRF8 directs a silencing program for Th17 differentiation, and IL-17 production is markedly increased in IRF8-deficient T cells. Paradoxically, loss of IRF8 in T cells has no effect on the development or severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), although exacerbating colitis in a mouse colitis model. In contrast, mice with a macrophage/microglia-specific Irf8 disruption are resistant to EAE, further confounding our understanding of the roles of IRF8 in host immunity and autoimmunity. To clarify the role of IRF8 in autoimmune diseases, we have generated two mouse strains with targeted deletion of Irf8 in retinal cells, including microglial cells and a third mouse strain with targeted Irf8 deletion in T cells under direction of the nonpromiscuous, CD4 promoter (CD4-IRF8KO). In contrast to the report that IRF8 deletion in T cells has no effect on EAE, experimental autoimmune uveitis is exacerbated in CD4-IRF8KO mice and disease enhancement correlates with significant expansion of Th17 cells and a reduction in T regulatory cells. In contrast to CD4-IRF8KO mice, Irf8 deletion in retinal cells confers protection from uveitis, underscoring divergent and tissue-specific roles of IRF8 in host immunity. These results raise a cautionary note in the context of therapeutic targeting of IRF8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hye Kim
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jenna Burton
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Cheng-Rong Yu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Lin Sun
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Chang He
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Charles E Egwuagu
- Molecular Immunology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Bousquet E, Zhao M, Thillaye-Goldenberg B, Lorena V, Castaneda B, Naud MC, Bergin C, Besson-Lescure B, Behar-Cohen F, de Kozak Y. Choroidal Mast Cells in Retinal Pathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2083-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
224
|
ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are differentially expressed on blood-retinal barrier cells during experimental autoimmune uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2015; 137:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
225
|
Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Reddy J. Environmental microbes and uveitis: is microbial exposure always bad? Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:469-75. [PMID: 25833717 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The eye generally is considered to be an immune-privileged organ, but this notion is being increasingly challenged as ocular antigens can be expressed in the generative lymphoid organs, resulting in attainment of self-tolerance. What triggers a break in this tolerant state is a fundamental question in autoimmunity research. The general belief is that exposure to environmental microbes can break self-tolerance in genetically susceptible individuals, leading to the induction of autoimmune responses. The molecular mimicry hypothesis has been proposed as one major mechanistic, pathway through which microbes, by generating cross-reactive immune responses, can induce ocular damage of the kind that might occur in uveitis. However, our recent data suggest that exposure to microbial products containing mimicry epitopes for retinal antigens can potentially be beneficial to the host. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms with particular reference to the molecular mimicry hypothesis as it relates to immune-mediated uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - A Gangaplara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.,Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Rubella virus (RV) has a central role in the etiopathogenesis of Fuchs' uveitis syndrome (FUS). We aim to offer new insights by comprehensive analysis of recent laboratory and epidemiologic data. METHODS We conducted a literature search for laboratory data and papers on etiopathogenesis. RESULTS Aqueous humour samples of FUS patients show immunoreactivity to RV, in a specific and sensitive manner. Identification of RV genome confirm intraocular infection in a subset of FUS patients. Epidemiologic findings further support causality. The clinical spectrum of RV-associated uveitis is similar but not identical to FUS. FUS eyes exhibit a predominance of CD8 + T cells, high IFN-? and IL-10 levels. CONCLUSIONS RV is the leading cause of FUS. Cytokine-based findings mirror a viral etiology and chronic low-grade inflammation. RV-associated FUS represents a common pathway of intraocular RV inoculation after congenital or acquired infection. Other causes, including HSV and CMV, may lead to FUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Derveaux
- a University Hospital Ghent , Ophthalmology , Ghent , Belgium and
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Guo D, Li J, Liu Z, Tang K, Song H, Bi H. Characterization of microRNA expression profiling in peripheral blood lymphocytes in rats with experimental autoimmune uveitis. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:683-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
228
|
Rodriguez-Peña AB, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Kortum RL, Palmer DC, Yu Z, Guittard GC, Wohlfert EA, Silver PB, Misplon JA, Sommers CL, Feigenbaum L, Epstein SL, Caspi RR, Belkaid Y, Restifo NP, Samelson LE, Balagopalan L. Enhanced T-cell activation and differentiation in lymphocytes from transgenic mice expressing ubiquitination-resistant 2KR LAT molecules. Gene Ther 2015; 22:781-92. [PMID: 26018935 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is critical for the propagation of T-cell signals upon T-cell receptor (TCR) activation. Previous studies demonstrated that substitution of LAT lysines with arginines (2KR LAT) resulted in decreased LAT ubiquitination and elevated T-cell signaling, indicating that LAT ubiquitination is a molecular checkpoint for attenuation of T-cell signaling. To investigate the role of LAT ubiquitination in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice expressing WT and ubiquitin-defective 2KR LAT. On TCR stimulation of T cells from these mice, proximal signaling and cytokine production was elevated in 2KR versus wild-type (WT) LAT mice. Enhanced cytolytic activity as well as T-helper responses were observed on LAT expression, which were further elevated by 2KR LAT expression. Despite greater T-effector function, WT or 2KR LAT expression did not have any effect on clearance of certain pathogens or tumors. Our data support the model that lack of tumor clearance is due to increased differentiation and acquisition of effector phenotype that is associated with suboptimal immunity in an immunotherapy model. Thus, our data further reinforce the role of LAT ubiquitination in TCR signaling and uncovers a novel role for LAT in driving T-cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Rodriguez-Peña
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J Gomez-Rodriguez
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R L Kortum
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D C Palmer
- Tumor Immunology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Z Yu
- Tumor Immunology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G C Guittard
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E A Wohlfert
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - P B Silver
- Immunoregulation Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J A Misplon
- Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - C L Sommers
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Feigenbaum
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - S L Epstein
- Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - R R Caspi
- Immunoregulation Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Belkaid
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N P Restifo
- Tumor Immunology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L E Samelson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Balagopalan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Wandu WS, Tan C, Ogbeifun O, Vistica BP, Shi G, Hinshaw SJH, Xie C, Chen X, Klinman DM, Cai H, Gery I. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (Lrrk2) Deficiency Diminishes the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) and the Adaptive Immune Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128906. [PMID: 26067490 PMCID: PMC4465928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in LRRK2 are related to certain forms of Parkinson’s disease and, possibly, to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. In both these diseases inflammatory processes participate in the pathogenic process. LRRK2 is expressed in lymphoid cells and, interestingly, Lrrk2 (-/-) mice were reported to develop more severe experimental colitis than their wild type (WT) controls. Here, we examined the possible involvement of LRRK2 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), an animal model for human uveitis, by testing Lrrk2 (-/-) mice for their capacity to develop this experimental eye disease and related immune responses. Methods Lrrk2 (-/-) mice and their WT controls (C57Bl/6) were immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and compared for their development of EAU, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) by skin tests, production of cytokines in culture, and expression of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-17 and FoxP3 by spleen cells, using flow cytometry. Peritoneal macrophages were examined for their production of cytokines/chemokines in culture following stimulation with LPS or the oligodeoxynucleotide CpG. The Lrrk2 (-/-) and WT mice were also compared for their response to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results The Lrrk2 (-/-) mice developed lower levels of EAU, DTH responses and cytokine production by lymphocytes than did their WT controls. Intracellular expression of IFN-γ and IL-17, by spleen cells, and secretion of cytokines/chemokines by activated peritoneal macrophages of Lrrk2 (-/-) mice trended toward diminished levels, although variabilities were noted. The expression levels of FoxP3 by Lrrk2 (-/-) spleen cells, however, were similar to those seen in WT controls. Consistent with their low response to IRBP, Lrrk2 (-/-) mice responded to BSA less vigorously than their WT controls. Conclusions Lrrk2 deficiency in mice diminished the development of EAU and the related adaptive immune responses to IRBP as compared to the WT controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wambui S. Wandu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Cuiyan Tan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Osato Ogbeifun
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Barbara P. Vistica
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Guangpu Shi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. H. Hinshaw
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Chengsong Xie
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Dennis M. Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States of America
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenic Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
| | - Igal Gery
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Wert KJ, Bassuk AG, Wu WH, Gakhar L, Coglan D, Mahajan M, Wu S, Yang J, Lin CS, Tsang SH, Mahajan VB. CAPN5 mutation in hereditary uveitis: the R243L mutation increases calpain catalytic activity and triggers intraocular inflammation in a mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4584-98. [PMID: 25994508 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A single amino acid mutation near the active site of the CAPN5 protease was linked to the inherited blinding disorder, autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV, OMIM #193235). In homology modeling with other calpains, this R243L CAPN5 mutation was situated in a mobile loop that gates substrate access to the calcium-regulated active site. In in vitro activity assays, the mutation increased calpain protease activity and made it far more active at low concentrations of calcium. To test whether the disease allele could yield an animal model of ADNIV, we created transgenic mice expressing human (h) CAPN5(R243L) only in the retina. The resulting hCAPN5(R243L) transgenic mice developed a phenotype consistent with human uveitis and ADNIV, at the clinical, histological and molecular levels. The fundus of hCAPN5(R243L) mice showed enhanced autofluorescence (AF) and pigment changes indicative of reactive retinal pigment epithelial cells and photoreceptor degeneration. Electroretinography showed mutant mouse eyes had a selective loss of the b-wave indicating an inner-retina signaling defect. Histological analysis of mutant mouse eyes showed protein extravasation from dilated vessels into the anterior chamber and vitreous, vitreous inflammation, vitreous and retinal fibrosis and retinal degeneration. Analysis of gene expression changes in the hCAPN5(R243L) mouse retina showed upregulation of several markers, including members of the Toll-like receptor pathway, chemokines and cytokines, indicative of both an innate and adaptive immune response. Since many forms of uveitis share phenotypic characteristics of ADNIV, this mouse offers a model with therapeutic testing utility for ADNIV and uveitis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Wert
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | | | - Wen-Hsuan Wu
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Protein Crystallography Facility
| | - Diana Coglan
- Omics Laboratory and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - MaryAnn Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology
| | - Jing Yang
- Protein Crystallography Facility, Omics Laboratory and
| | | | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Wang X, Wei Y, Liu X, Xing C, Han G, Chen G, Hou C, Dambuza IM, Shen B, Li Y, Xiao H, Wang R. IL-15-secreting γδT cells induce memory T cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:402-8. [PMID: 25974878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With the most recent data suggesting γδT cells as primary producers of the pro-inflammatory autoimmune-associated cytokine, the relationship between γδT cells and Th17 in experimental allergic encephalitis (EAE) mice requires more extensive investigation. By flow cytometry and qPCR, we identified a new subset of IL-15-secreting γδT (γδT15) cells that increased in EAE mice. The capacity of IL-15-secreting γδT cells inducing memory T cells and memory T cells inducing IL-17(+)Th17 was examined by transferring into EAE mice and 7-week-old female nude mice, respectively. We found that γδT15 induced CD44(hi) memory T cells by secreting IL-15. γδT15-induced memory T cells induced EAE by transforming into pathogenic Th17 cells. The data suggest that a new subset of IL-15-secreting γδT cells mediated the production of memory T cells which transformed into pathogenic Th17 cells in EAE mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yinxiang Wei
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Mephrology, The 307th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chen Xing
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ivy M Dambuza
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
| | - Beifen Shen
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China
| | - He Xiao
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Renxi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PO Box 130 (3), Taiping Road #27, Beijing 100850, China.
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Perez VL, Caspi RR. Immune mechanisms in inflammatory and degenerative eye disease. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:354-63. [PMID: 25981967 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been recognized that pathology of age-associated degenerative eye diseases such as adult macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, have strong immunological underpinnings. Attempts have been made to extrapolate to age-related degenerative disease insights from inflammatory processes associated with non-infectious uveitis, but these have not yet been sufficiently informative. Here we review recent findings on the immune processes underlying uveitis and those that have been shown to contribute to AMD, discussing in this context parallels and differences between overt inflammation and para-inflammation in the eye. We propose that mechanisms associated with ocular immune privilege, in combination with paucity of age-related antigen(s) within the target tissue, dampen what could otherwise be overt inflammation and result in the para-inflammation that characterizes age-associated neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Perez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Abstract
Uveitis is a potentially sight-threatening complication of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). JIA-associated uveitis is recognized to have an autoimmune aetiology characterized by activation of CD4(+) T cells, but the underlying mechanisms might overlap with those of autoinflammatory conditions involving activation of innate immunity. As no animal model recapitulates all the features of JIA-associated uveitis, questions remain regarding its pathogenesis. The most common form of JIA-associated uveitis is chronic anterior uveitis, which is usually asymptomatic initially. Effective screening is, therefore, essential to detect early disease and commence treatment before the development of visually disabling complications, such as cataracts, glaucoma, band keratopathy and cystoid macular oedema. Complications can result from uncontrolled intraocular inflammation as well as from its treatment, particularly prolonged use of high-dose topical corticosteroids. Accumulating evidence supports the early introduction of systemic immunosuppressive drugs, such as methotrexate, as steroid-sparing agents. Prospective randomized controlled trials of TNF inhibitors and other biologic therapies are underway or planned. Future research should aim to identify biomarkers to predict which children are at high risk of developing JIA-associated uveitis or have a poor prognosis. Such biomarkers could help to ensure that patients receive earlier interventions and more-potent therapy, with the ultimate aim of reducing loss of vision and ocular morbidity.
Collapse
|
234
|
Prete M, Dammacco R, Fatone MC, Racanelli V. Autoimmune uveitis: clinical, pathogenetic, and therapeutic features. Clin Exp Med 2015; 16:125-36. [PMID: 25820692 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis (AU), an inflammatory non-infectious process of the vascular layer of the eye, can lead to visual impairment and, in the absence of a timely diagnosis and suitable therapy, can even result in total blindness. The majority of AU cases are idiopathic, whereas fewer than 20 % are associated with systemic diseases. The clinical severity of AU depends on whether the anterior, intermediate, or posterior part of the uvea is involved and may range from almost asymptomatic to rapidly sight-threatening forms. Race, genetic background, and environmental factors can also influence the clinical picture. The pathogenetic mechanism of AU is still poorly defined, given its remarkable heterogeneity and the many discrepancies between experimental and human uveitis. Even so, the onset of AU is thought to be related to an aberrant T cell-mediated immune response, triggered by inflammation and directed against retinal or cross-reactive antigens. B cells may also play a role in uveal antigen presentation and in the subsequent activation of T cells. The management of AU remains a challenge for clinicians, especially because of the paucity of randomized clinical trials that have systematically evaluated the effectiveness of different drugs. In addition to topical treatment, several different therapeutic options are available, although a standardized regimen is thus far lacking. Current guidelines recommend corticosteroids as the first-line therapy for patients with active AU. Immunosuppressive drugs may be subsequently required to treat steroid-resistant AU and for steroid-sparing purposes. The recent introduction of biological agents, such as those targeting tumor necrosis factor-α, is expected to remarkably increase the percentages of responders and to prevent irreversible sight impairment. This paper reviews the clinical features of AU and its crucial pathogenetic targets in relation to the current therapeutic perspectives. Also, the largest clinical trials conducted in the last 12 years for the treatment of AU are summarized and critically discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Prete
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Dammacco
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Celeste Fatone
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Lee HJ, Ko JH, Jeong HJ, Ko AY, Kim MK, Wee WR, Yoon SO, Oh JY. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells protect against autoimmunity via CCL2-dependent recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3634-45. [PMID: 25769927 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exogenously administered mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) suppress autoimmunity despite transient engraftment. However, the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we report a novel mechanism by which MSCs modulate the immune system by recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Intravenous infusion of MSCs blocked EAU development and reduced Th1 and Th17 responses. Time course analysis revealed an increase of MHC class II(lo)Ly6G(-)Ly6C(hi)CD11b(+) cells in draining lymph nodes by MSCs. These Ly6C(hi)CD11b(+) cells suppressed CD4(+) cell proliferation and Th1/Th17 differentiation and induced CD4(+) cell apoptosis. Adoptive transfer of Ly6C(hi)CD11b(+) cells ameliorated EAU, whereas depletion of Ly6C(hi)CD11b(+) cells abrogated the effects of MSCs. 1.8% of MSCs were present in draining lymph nodes 1 d after infusion, and MSCs with CCL2 knockdown did not increase MHC class II(lo)Ly6G(-)Ly6C(hi)CD11b(+) cells and failed to attenuate EAU. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that MSCs suppress autoimmunity by recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells into sites of inflammation in a CCL2-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; and
| | - Jung Hwa Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; and
| | - Hyun Jeong Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; and
| | - Ah Young Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; and
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; and
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; and
| | - Sun-Ok Yoon
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea; and
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Molins B, Mesquida M, Lee RWJ, Llorenç V, Pelegrín L, Adán A. Regulatory T cell levels and cytokine production in active non-infectious uveitis: in-vitro effects of pharmacological treatment. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:529-38. [PMID: 25354724 PMCID: PMC4337685 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify the proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg ) and cytokine expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with active non-infectious uveitis, and to evaluate the effect of in-vitro treatment with infliximab, dexamethasone and cyclosporin A on Treg levels and cytokine production in PBMCs from uveitis patients and healthy subjects. We included a group of 21 patients with active non-infectious uveitis and 18 age-matched healthy subjects. The proportion of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) Treg cells and intracellular tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression in CD4(+) T cells was determined by flow cytometry. PBMCs were also either rested or activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and cultured in the presence or absence of dexamethasone, cyclosporin A and infliximab. Supernatants of cultured PBMCs were collected and TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17 and interferon (IFN)-γ levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No significant differences were observed in nTreg levels between uveitis patients and healthy subjects. However, PBMCs from uveitis patients produced significantly higher amounts of TNF-α and lower amounts of IL-10. Dexamethasone treatment in vitro significantly reduced FoxP3(+) Treg levels in PBMCs from both healthy subjects and uveitis patients, and all tested drugs significantly reduced TNF-α production in PBMCs. Dexamethasone and cyclosporin A significantly reduced IL-17 and IFN-γ production in PBMCs and dexamethasone up-regulated IL-10 production in activated PBMCs from healthy subjects. Our results suggest that PBMCs from patients with uveitis express more TNF-α and less IL-10 than healthy subjects, and this is independent of FoxP3(+) Treg levels. Treatment with infliximab, dexamethasone and cyclosporin A in vitro modulates cytokine production, but does not increase the proportion of FoxP3(+) Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Molins
- Institut Clinic d'Oftalmologia, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- Fundacio Clinic per la Recerca Biomedica, IDIBAPSBarcelona, Spain
| | - M Mesquida
- Institut Clinic d'Oftalmologia, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - R W J Lee
- Inflammation and Immunotherapy Theme, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - V Llorenç
- Institut Clinic d'Oftalmologia, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - L Pelegrín
- Institut Clinic d'Oftalmologia, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - A Adán
- Institut Clinic d'Oftalmologia, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
237
|
Ranjbar M, Schneider T, Brand C, Grisanti S, Lüke J, Lüke M. The effect of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on retinal function in the electrophysiological ex vivo model of the isolated perfused vertebrate retina. Ophthalmic Res 2015; 53:136-40. [PMID: 25720991 DOI: 10.1159/000371731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have been suggested in the treatment of inflammatory ophthalmological diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of these DMARDs on bovine retinal function. METHODS Bovine retina preparations were perfused with a standard solution. After recording stable electroretinograms the nutrient solution was substituted by a DMARD medium with varying concentrations of different drugs (etanercept and infliximab) for 30 min. Afterwards b-wave recovery was observed. RESULTS Significant decreases in the b-wave amplitude (p < 0.05) were found for etanercept 0.5 mg/ml (p = 0.0022). Infliximab 2 mg/ml (p = 0.1276) did not result in any statistically significant b-wave reduction. CONCLUSION The presented data suggest that infliximab might have the better safety profile than etanercept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdy Ranjbar
- University Eye Hospital, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Reins RY, McDermott AM. Vitamin D: Implications for ocular disease and therapeutic potential. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:101-10. [PMID: 25724179 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a multifunctional hormone that is now known to play a significant role in a variety of biological functions in addition to its traditional role in regulating calcium homeostasis. There are a large number of studies demonstrating that adequate vitamin D levels are important in maintaining health and show that vitamin D is able to be utilized at local tissue sites. In the eye, we have increasing evidence of the association between disease and vitamin D. In this narrative review, we summarize recent findings on vitamin D and its relationship to various ocular pathologies and the therapeutic potential for some of these, as well as examine the basic science studies that demonstrate that vitamin D is biologically relevant in the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Y Reins
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA.
| | - Alison M McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Chen X, Kezic JM, Forrester JV, Goldberg GL, Wicks IP, Bernard CC, McMenamin PG. In vivo multi-modal imaging of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in transgenic reporter mice reveals the dynamic nature of inflammatory changes during disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:17. [PMID: 25623142 PMCID: PMC4336748 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is a widely used experimental animal model of human endogenous posterior uveoretinitis. In the present study, we performed in vivo imaging of the retina in transgenic reporter mice to investigate dynamic changes in exogenous inflammatory cells and endogenous immune cells during the disease process. Methods Transgenic mice (C57Bl/6 J Cx3cr1GFP/+, C57Bl/6 N CD11c-eYFP, and C57Bl/6 J LysM-eGFP) were used to visualize the dynamic changes of myeloid-derived cells, putative dendritic cells and neutrophils during EAU. Transgenic mice were monitored with multi-modal fundus imaging camera over five time points following disease induction with the retinal auto-antigen, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP1–20). Disease severity was quantified with both clinical and histopathological grading. Results In the normal C57Bl/6 J Cx3cr1GFP/+ mouse Cx3cr1-expressing microglia were evenly distributed in the retina. In C57Bl/6 N CD11c-eYFP mice clusters of CD11c-expressing cells were noted in the retina and in C57Bl/6 J LysM-eGFP mice very low numbers of LysM-expressing neutrophils were observed in the fundus. Following immunization with IRBP1–20, fundus examination revealed accumulations of Cx3cr1-GFP+ myeloid cells, CD11c-eYFP+ cells and LysM-eGFP+ myelomonocytic cells around the optic nerve head and along retinal vessels as early as day 14 post-immunization. CD11c-eYFP+ cells appear to resolve marginally earlier (day 21 post-immunization) than Cx3cr1-GFP+ and LysM-eGFP+ cells. The clinical grading of EAU in transgenic mice correlated closely with histopathological grading. Conclusions These results illustrate that in vivo fundus imaging of transgenic reporter mice allows direct visualization of various exogenously and endogenously derived leukocyte types during EAU progression. This approach acts as a valuable adjunct to other methods of studying the clinical course of EAU. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0235-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jelena M Kezic
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - John V Forrester
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Medical Science, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. .,Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle L Goldberg
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Claude C Bernard
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul G McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib suppresses nuclear factor-kappa B activation and ameliorates eye inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:847373. [PMID: 25653480 PMCID: PMC4306382 DOI: 10.1155/2015/847373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor used for hematologic cancer treatment. Since it can suppress NF-κB activation, which is critical for the inflammatory process, bortezomib has been found to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of bortezomib on experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in mice and investigated the potential mechanisms related to NF-κB inactivation. High-dose bortezomib (0.75 mg/kg), low-dose bortezomib (0.15 mg/kg), or phosphate buffered saline was given after EAU induction. We found that the EAU is ameliorated by high-dose bortezomib treatment when compared with low-dose bortezomib or PBS treatment. The DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was suppressed and expression of several key inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17, and MCP-1 was lowered in the high-dose bortezomib-treated group. These results suggest that proteasome inhibition is a promising treatment strategy for autoimmune uveitis.
Collapse
|
241
|
Kim HM, Kim TW, Jeong HJ, Ryu JS, Kim MK, Wee WR, Oh JY. Transcriptional Analysis of Nod-Like Receptors in a Mouse Model of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2015.56.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Min Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Jeong
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Suk Ryu
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee Kum Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ryang Wee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Kuiper J, Rothova A, de Boer J, Radstake T. The immunopathogenesis of birdshot chorioretinopathy; a bird of many feathers. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 44:99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
243
|
Horai R, Chong WP, Zhou R, Chen J, Silver PB, Agarwal RK, Caspi RR. Spontaneous Ocular Autoimmunity in Mice Expressing a Transgenic T Cell Receptor Specific to Retina: A Tool to Dissect Mechanisms of Uveitis. Curr Mol Med 2015; 15:511-6. [PMID: 26238373 PMCID: PMC11348496 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150731095201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The "classical" EAU model induced by immunization of mice with the retinal protein IRBP or its peptides has been very useful to study basic mechanisms of ocular inflammation, but is inadequate for some types of studies due to the need for active immunization in the context of strong bacterial adjuvants. We generated transgenic (Tg) mice on the B10.RIII background that express a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for IRBP161-180. Three strains of TCR Tg mice were established. Spontaneous uveitis developed in two of the three strains by 2-3 months of age. Susceptibility correlated with a higher copy number of the transgenic TCR and a higher proportion of TCR Tg T cells in the peripheral repertoire. Even in mice with uveitis, peripheral IRBP-specific CD4(+) T cells displayed mostly a naïve phenotype. In contrast, T cells infiltrating uveitic eyes mostly showed an effector/memory phenotype, and included Th1, Th17 as well as T regulatory cells. These mice thus provide a new and distinct model of uveitis from the "classical" EAU, and may represent some types of uveitis more faithfully. Importantly, this new transgenic model of uveitis can serve as a template for therapeutic manipulations, and as a source of naïve retina-specific T cells for a variety of basic and pre-clinical studies. Several examples of such studies will be discussed.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eye Proteins/immunology
- Immunotherapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Retina/immunology
- Retina/metabolism
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Uveitis/genetics
- Uveitis/immunology
- Uveitis/metabolism
- Uveitis/therapy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - R R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 10N222, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Chen J, Qian H, Horai R, Chan CC, Caspi RR. Mouse Models of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: Comparative Analysis of Adjuvant-Induced vs Spontaneous Models of Uveitis. Curr Mol Med 2015; 15:550-7. [PMID: 26238369 PMCID: PMC11340904 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150731100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mimic unique features of human uveitis, and serve as a template for preclinical study. The "classical" EAU model is induced by active immunization of mice with the retinal protein IRBP in adjuvant, and has proved to be a useful tool to study basic mechanisms and novel therapy in human uveitis. Several spontaneous models of uveitis induced by autoreactive T cells targeting on IRBP have been recently developed in IRBP specific TCR transgenic mice (R161H) and in AIRE(-/-) mice. The "classical" immunization-induced EAU exhibits acute ocular inflammation with two distinct patterns: (i) severe monophasic form with extensive destruction of the retina and rapid loss of visual function, and (ii) lower grade form with an acute onset followed by a prolonged chronic phase of disease. The spontaneous models of uveitis in R161H and AIRE(-/-) mice have a gradual onset and develop chronic ocular inflammation that ultimately leads to retinal degeneration, along with a progressive decline of visual signal. The adjuvant-dependent model and adjuvant-free spontaneous models represent distinct aspects and/or various forms of human uveitis. This review will discuss and compare clinical manifestations, pathology as well as visual function of the retina in the different models of uveitis, as measured by fundus imaging and histology, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and electroretinography (ERG).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Abstract
Mucosal immunity defends the ocular surface against antigenic challenge and microbial invasion. The principal effector site is the lacrimal gland, where immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies are produced. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and posterior cervical lymph nodes function as major inductive sites for tear IgA responses. Neural connections and systemic hormones maintain the integrity and function of the ocular surface. Neuroenzyme activities in the lacrimal gland are influenced by ocular infections, leading to reduced expression of acetylcholine and modulation of receptors on acinar cells and on plasma cells, thereby decreasing fluid and immunoglobulin secretion. T lymphocyte-dependent responses result in production of interleukin-4 in lacrimal glands, thereby influencing cholinergic enzyme activity affecting immune processes and lacrimal physiology. Furthermore, neuropeptides released into lymphoid structures or inflamed tissues are chemotactic for antigen-presenting cells and affect their interactions with T cells. Thus, in developing therapeutic approaches for treating dry-eye conditions and vaccination strategies to elicit protective ocular mucosal immune responses, the entire lacrimal functional unit should be considered.
Collapse
|
246
|
Adamus G, Chew EY, Ferris FL, Klein ML. Prevalence of anti-retinal autoantibodies in different stages of Age-related macular degeneration. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 14:154. [PMID: 25488058 PMCID: PMC4269864 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-14-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss in older adults. Anti-retinal autoantibodies (AAbs) have been found in individuals with AMD. The goal of the study was to determine the AAb specificity in different stages of AMD, and determine whether there is a prevalent AAb signature. Methods Sera of 134 participants in the Age-related Eye Disease Study were analyzed for anti-retinal AAbs by western blotting. The subjects were classified by diagnostic subgroups based upon their clinical classification: No AMD, Intermediate AMD, and Late AMD - geographic atrophy (GA) and Late AMD - neovascular (NV). Results The presence of anti-retinal AAb was detected in 58% patients with Intermediate and Late AMD, and 54% of those with no AMD. AAbs bound to fifteen different retinal antigens. Most individuals had 1 specific AAbs (67%), with the remainder having 2 to 4 different AAbs. Over 40% of patients with Intermediate AMD, and 46% of those with GA had anti-enolase AAbs, compared with 29% of individuals with NV and 29% with no AMD. Different AAbs signatures related to NV as compared to GA and/or Intermediate AMD were distinguished. Anti-40-kDa (10%) and 42-kDa (16%) autoantibodies were associated with Intermediate AMD, while anti-30-kDa AAbs (23%) were primarily present in GA. Anti-32-kDa (12%), 35-kDa (21%), and 60-kDa (8%) AAbs were more frequent in NV AMD. Conclusions A unique AAb pattern for each of the disease subgroups was present when AMD progressed from the intermediate to the late forms of severity. Differences in the frequency of specific AAbs between AMD subgroups suggested that they may participate in pathogenicity of AMD. Further studies are necessary to confirm these observations in the larger cohort and individual AMD patients over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Casey Eye Institute, Ocular Immunology Laboratory, L467AD, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Karlstetter M, Scholz R, Rutar M, Wong WT, Provis JM, Langmann T. Retinal microglia: just bystander or target for therapy? Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 45:30-57. [PMID: 25476242 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond to various insults with a morphological and functional transformation into reactive phagocytes. There is strong evidence from animal models and in situ analyses of human tissue that microglial reactivity is a common hallmark of various retinal degenerative and inflammatory diseases. These include rare hereditary retinopathies such as retinitis pigmentosa and X-linked juvenile retinoschisis but also comprise more common multifactorial retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and uveitis as well as neurological disorders with ocular manifestation. In this review, we describe how microglial function is kept in balance under normal conditions by cross-talk with other retinal cells and summarize how microglia respond to different forms of retinal injury. In addition, we present the concept that microglia play a key role in local regulation of complement in the retina and specify aspects of microglial aging relevant for chronic inflammatory processes in the retina. We conclude that this resident immune cell of the retina cannot be simply regarded as bystander of disease but may instead be a potential therapeutic target to be modulated in the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases of the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Karlstetter
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scholz
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matt Rutar
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan M Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Trapani I, Puppo A, Auricchio A. Vector platforms for gene therapy of inherited retinopathies. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:108-28. [PMID: 25124745 PMCID: PMC4241499 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inherited retinopathies (IR) are common untreatable blinding conditions. Most of them are inherited as monogenic disorders, due to mutations in genes expressed in retinal photoreceptors (PR) and in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The retina's compatibility with gene transfer has made transduction of different retinal cell layers in small and large animal models via viral and non-viral vectors possible. The ongoing identification of novel viruses as well as modifications of existing ones based either on rational design or directed evolution have generated vector variants with improved transduction properties. Dozens of promising proofs of concept have been obtained in IR animal models with both viral and non-viral vectors, and some of them have been relayed to clinical trials. To date, recombinant vectors based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV) represent the most promising tool for retinal gene therapy, given their ability to efficiently deliver therapeutic genes to both PR and RPE and their excellent safety and efficacy profiles in humans. However, AAVs' limited cargo capacity has prevented application of the viral vector to treatments requiring transfer of genes with a coding sequence larger than 5 kb. Vectors with larger capacity, i.e. nanoparticles, adenoviral and lentiviral vectors are being exploited for gene transfer to the retina in animal models and, more recently, in humans. This review focuses on the available platforms for retinal gene therapy to fight inherited blindness, highlights their main strengths and examines the efforts to overcome some of their limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Trapani
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Agostina Puppo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Auricchio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Wang J, Xie QB, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Flare up of rheumatoid arthritis associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome treated with leflunomide. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:909-11. [PMID: 25349815 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.05.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of General Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qi-Bing Xie
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Kalinina Ayuso V, Makhotkina N, van Tent-Hoeve M, de Groot-Mijnes JD, Wulffraat NM, Rothova A, de Boer JH. Pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis: the known and unknown. Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 59:517-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|