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Lee DY, Hwang CJ, Choi JY, Park MH, Song MJ, Oh KW, Han SB, Park WK, Cho HY, Cho SY, Park HB, Song MJ, Hong JT. KRICT-9 inhibits neuroinflammation, amyloidogenesis and memory loss in Alzheimer's disease models. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68654-68667. [PMID: 28978145 PMCID: PMC5620285 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and is characterized by neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis. Here we investigated the effects of KRICT-9 on neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis in in vitro and in vivo AD models. We found that KRICT-9 decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in microglial BV-2 cells and astrocytes while reducing nitric oxide generation and expression of inflammatory marker proteins (iNOS and COX-2) as well as APP, BACE1, C99, Iba-1, and GFAP. KRICT-9 also inhibited β-secretase. Pull-down assays and docking model analyses indicated that KRICT-9 binds to the DNA binding domain of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). KRICT-9 also decreased β-secretase activity and Aβ levels in tissues from LPS-induced mice brains, and it reversed memory impairment in mice. These experiments demonstrated that KRICT-9 protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis by inhibiting STAT3 activity. This suggests KRICT-9 or KRICT-9-inspired reagents could be used as therapeutic agents to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Yeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Heungduk-gu, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Heungduk-gu, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Heungduk-gu, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Heungduk-gu, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Song
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Heungduk-gu, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wan Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Heungduk-gu, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Heungduk-gu, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyu Park
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yeong Cho
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yun Cho
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Byn Park
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jong Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-723, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Heungduk-gu, Chungbuk 361-951, Republic of Korea
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Guglielmo A, Sabra A, Elbery M, Cerveira MM, Ghenov F, Sunasee R, Ckless K. A mechanistic insight into curcumin modulation of the IL-1β secretion and NLRP3 S-glutathionylation induced by needle-like cationic cellulose nanocrystals in myeloid cells. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 274:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chen X, Wu S, Chen C, Xie B, Fang Z, Hu W, Chen J, Fu H, He H. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation attenuates microglial-induced inflammation by inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway following experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:143. [PMID: 28738820 PMCID: PMC5525354 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial activation and the subsequent inflammatory response in the central nervous system play important roles in secondary damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, an important mediator in late inflammatory responses, interacts with transmembrane receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate downstream signaling pathways, such as the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway, leading to a cascade amplification of inflammatory responses, which are related to neuronal damage after TBI. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) is a commonly used clinical immunonutrient, which has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of ω-3 PUFA on HMGB1 expression and HMGB1-mediated activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway are not clear. Methods The Feeney DM TBI model was adopted to induce brain injury in rats. Modified neurological severity scores, brain water content, and Nissl staining were employed to determine the neuroprotective effects of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. Assessment of microglial activation in lesioned sites and protein markers for proinflammatory, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and HMGB1 were used to evaluate neuroinflammatory responses and anti-inflammation effects of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. Immunofluorescent staining and western blot analysis were used to detect HMGB1 nuclear translocation, secretion, and HMGB1-mediated activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to evaluate the effects of ω-3 PUFA supplementation and gain further insight into the mechanisms underlying the development of the neuroinflammatory response after TBI. Results It was found that ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited TBI-induced microglial activation and expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ), reduced brain edema, decreased neuronal apoptosis, and improved neurological functions after TBI. We further demonstrated that ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited HMGB1 nuclear translocation and secretion and decreased expression of HMGB1 in neurons and microglia in the lesioned areas. Moreover, ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited microglial activation and the subsequent inflammatory response by regulating HMGB1 and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that microglial activation and the subsequent neuroinflammatory response as well as the related HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway play essential roles in secondary injury after TBI. Furthermore, ω-3 PUFA supplementation inhibited TBI-induced microglial activation and the subsequent inflammatory response by regulating HMGB1 nuclear translocation and secretion and also HMGB1-mediated activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shukai Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunnuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Baoyuan Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhongning Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Weipeng Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Junyan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huangde Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of YouJiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi Province, China.
| | - Hefan He
- Department of Anesthesia, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
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Duan XC, Wang W, Feng DX, Yin J, Zuo G, Chen DD, Chen ZQ, Li HY, Wang Z, Chen G. Roles of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in intracerebral hemorrhage-induced secondary brain injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:554-566. [PMID: 28544790 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the roles of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury (SBI) in rats. METHODS Autophagy inducer (rapamycin) and inhibitor (3-methyladenine), as well as ER stress activator (tunicamycin, TM) and inhibitor (tauroursodeoxycholic acid, TUDCA), were used. Bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, was used to assess autophagic flux. RESULTS Autophagy and ER stress were enhanced in the week after ICH. At 6 hours after ICH, autophagy was excessive, while the autophagic flux was damaged at 72 hours and return to be intact at 7 days after ICH. At 6 hours after ICH, ER stress induction by TM could enhance autophagy and lead to caspase 12-mediated apoptosis and neuronal degeneration, which was further aggravated by autophagy induction. At 7 days after ICH, ER stress inhibition by TUDCA still could suppress ICH-induced SBI. And, the effects of TUDCA were enhanced by autophagy induction. CONCLUSIONS At 6 hours after ICH, excessive autophagy may participate in ER stress-induced brain injury; at 7 days after ICH, autophagy could enhance the protection of ER stress inhibitor possibly via clearing up the cell rubbish generated due to the early-stage damaged autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Jia Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dong-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhou-Qing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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205
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Wilson NM, Gurney ME, Dietrich WD, Atkins CM. Therapeutic benefits of phosphodiesterase 4B inhibition after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178013. [PMID: 28542295 PMCID: PMC5438188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a deleterious inflammatory response that exacerbates pathology and worsens outcome. This inflammatory response is partially mediated by a reduction in cAMP and a concomitant upregulation of cAMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases (PDEs) acutely after TBI. The PDE4B subfamily, specifically PDE4B2, has been found to regulate cAMP in inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages and microglia. To determine if PDE4B regulates inflammation and subsequent pathology after TBI, adult male Sprague Dawley rats received sham surgery or moderate parasagittal fluid-percussion brain injury (2 ± 0.2 atm) and were then treated with a PDE4B - selective inhibitor, A33, or vehicle for up to 3 days post-surgery. Treatment with A33 reduced markers of microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration at 3 and 24 hrs after TBI, respectively. A33 treatment also reduced cortical contusion volume at 3 days post-injury. To determine whether this treatment paradigm attenuated TBI-induced behavioral deficits, animals were evaluated over a period of 6 weeks after surgery for forelimb placement asymmetry, contextual fear conditioning, water maze performance and spatial working memory. A33 treatment significantly improved contextual fear conditioning and water maze retention at 24 hrs post-training. However, this treatment did not rescue sensorimotor or working memory deficits. At 2 months after surgery, atrophy and neuronal loss were measured. A33 treatment significantly reduced neuronal loss in the pericontusional cortex and hippocampal CA3 region. This treatment paradigm also reduced cortical, but not hippocampal, atrophy. Overall, these results suggest that acute PDE4B inhibition may be a viable treatment to reduce inflammation, pathology and memory deficits after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Wilson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Gurney
- Tetra Discovery Partners, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America
| | - W. Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Coleen M. Atkins
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Braun M, Vaibhav K, Saad NM, Fatima S, Vender JR, Baban B, Hoda MN, Dhandapani KM. White matter damage after traumatic brain injury: A role for damage associated molecular patterns. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2614-2626. [PMID: 28533056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and long-term morbidity worldwide. Despite decades of pre-clinical investigation, therapeutic strategies focused on acute neuroprotection failed to improve TBI outcomes. This lack of translational success has necessitated a reassessment of the optimal targets for intervention, including a heightened focus on secondary injury mechanisms. Chronic immune activation correlates with progressive neurodegeneration for decades after TBI; however, significant challenges remain in functionally and mechanistically defining immune activation after TBI. In this review, we explore the burgeoning evidence implicating the acute release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), S100 proteins, and hyaluronic acid in the initiation of progressive neurological injury, including white matter loss after TBI. The role that pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptor and purinergic receptors, play in progressive neurological injury after TBI is detailed. Finally, we provide support for the notion that resident and infiltrating macrophages are critical cellular targets linking acute DAMP release with adaptive immune responses and chronic injury after TBI. The therapeutic potential of targeting DAMPs and barriers to clinical translational, in the context of TBI patient management, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Braun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging & Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Nancy M Saad
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Sumbul Fatima
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging & Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Md Nasrul Hoda
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging & Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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Drake DF, Hudak AM, Robbins W. Integrative Medicine in Traumatic Brain Injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2017; 28:363-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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208
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Sharma N, Sharma S, Nehru B. Curcumin protects dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-mediated damage and improves motor dysfunction induced by single intranigral lipopolysaccharide injection. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:351-368. [PMID: 28409389 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Various studies have indicated a lower incidence and prevalence of neurological conditions in people consuming curcumin. The ability of curcumin to target multiple cascades, simultaneously, could be held responsible for its neuroprotective effects. The present study was designed to investigate the potential of curcumin in minimizing microglia-mediated damage in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced model of PD. Altered microglial functions and increased inflammatory profile of the CNS have severe behavioral consequences. In the current investigation, a single injection of LPS (5 ug/5 µl PBS) was injected into the substantia nigra (SN) of rats, and curcumin [40 mg/kg b.wt (i.p.)] was administered daily for a period of 21 days. LPS triggered an inflammatory response characterized by glial activation [Iba-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)] and pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α and IL-1β) leading to extensive dopaminergic loss and behavioral abnormality in rats. The behavioral observations, biochemical markers, quantification of dopamine and its metabolites (DOPAC and HVA) using HPLC followed by IHC of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were evaluated after 21 days of LPS injection. Curcumin supplementation prevented dopaminergic degeneration in LPS-treated animals by normalizing the altered levels of biomarkers. Also, a significant improvement in TH levels as well as behavioral parameters (actophotometer, rotarod, beam walking and grid walking tests) were seen in LPS injected rats. Curcumin shielded the dopaminergic neurons against LPS-induced inflammatory response, which was associated with suppression of glial activation (microglia and astrocytes) and transcription factor NF-κB as depicted from RT-PCR and EMSA assay. Curcumin also suppressed microglial NADPH oxidase activation as observed from NADPH oxidase activity. The results suggested that one of the important mechanisms by which curcumin mediates its protective effects in the LPS-induced PD model is by inhibiting glial activation. Therefore, curcumin could be a potential therapeutic agent for inflammation-driven neurodegenerative disorders like PD, and its neuroprotective role should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Bimla Nehru
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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209
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Tao XG, Shi JH, Hao SY, Chen XT, Liu BY. Protective Effects of Calpain Inhibition on Neurovascular Unit Injury through Downregulating Nuclear Factor-κB-related Inflammation during Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:187-198. [PMID: 28091411 PMCID: PMC5282676 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.198001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In addition to neurons, all components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), such as glial, endothelial, and basal membranes, are destroyed during traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have shown that excessive stimulation of calpain is crucial for cerebral injury after traumatic insult. The objective of this study was to investigate whether calpain activation participated in NVU disruption and edema formation in a mouse model of controlled cortical impact (CCI). Methods: One hundred and eight mice were divided into three groups: the sham group, the control group, and the MDL28170 group. MDL28170 (20 mg/kg), an efficient calpain inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally at 5 min, 3 h, and 6 h after experimental CCI. We then measured neurobehavioral deficits, calpain activity, inflammatory mediator levels, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and NVU deficits using electron microscopy and histopathological analysis at 6 h and 24 h after CCI. Results: The MDL28170 treatment significantly reduced the extent of both cerebral contusion (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 16.90 ± 1.01 mm3 and 17.20 ± 1.17 mm3 vs. 9.30 ± 1.05 mm3 and 9.90 ± 1.17 mm3, both P < 0.001) and edema (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 80.76 ± 1.25% and 82.00 ± 1.84% vs. 82.55 ± 1.32% and 83.64 ± 1.25%, both P < 0.05), improved neurological scores (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 7.50 ± 0.45 and 6.33 ± 0.38 vs. 12.33 ± 0.48 and 11.67 ± 0.48, both P < 0.001), and attenuated NVU damage resulting (including tight junction (TJ), basement membrane, BBB, and neuron) from CCI at 6 h and 24 h. Moreover, MDL28170 markedly downregulated nuclear factor-κB-related inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]: MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 1.15 ± 0.07 and 1.62 ± 0.08 vs. 1.59 ± 0.10 and 2.18 ± 0.10, both P < 0.001; inducible nitric oxide synthase: MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 4.51 ± 0.23 vs. 6.23 ± 0.12, P < 0.001 at 24 h; intracellular adhesion molecule-1: MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 1.45 ± 0.13 vs. 1.70 ± 0.12, P < 0.01 at 24 h) and lessened both myeloperoxidase activity (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 0.016 ± 0.001 and 0.016 ± 0.001 vs. 0.024 ± 0.001 and 0.023 ± 0.001, P < 0.001 and 0.01, respectively) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels (MDL28170 vs. vehicle group, 0.87 ± 0.13 and 1.10 ± 0.10 vs. 1.17 ± 0.13 and 1.25 ± 0.12, P < 0.001 and 0.05, respectively) at 6 h and 24 h after CCI. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that MDL28170 can protect the structure of the NVU by inhibiting the inflammatory cascade, reducing the expression of MMP-9, and supporting the integrity of TJ during acute TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Gang Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing-Hua Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shu-Yu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue-Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bai-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050; Department of Neurotrauma, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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210
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Turner RC, Naser ZJ, Lucke-Wold BP, Logsdon AF, Vangilder RL, Matsumoto RR, Huber JD, Rosen CL. Single low-dose lipopolysaccharide preconditioning: neuroprotective against axonal injury and modulates glial cells. NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017; 4:6-15. [PMID: 28164149 PMCID: PMC5289820 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim Over 7 million traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are reported each year in the United States. However, treatments and neuroprotection following TBI are limited because secondary injury cascades are poorly understood. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration before controlled cortical impact can contribute to neuroprotection. However, the underlying mechanisms and whether LPS preconditioning confers neuroprotection against closed-head injuries remains unclear. Methods The authors hypothesized that preconditioning with a low dose of LPS (0.2 mg/kg) would regulate glial reactivity and protect against diffuse axonal injury induced by weight drop. LPS was administered 7 days prior to TBI. LPS administration reduced locomotion, which recovered completely by time of injury. Results LPS preconditioning significantly reduced the post-injury gliosis response near the corpus callosum, possibly by downregulating the oncostatin M receptor. These novel findings demonstrate a protective role of LPS preconditioning against diffuse axonal injury. LPS preconditioning successfully prevented neurodegeneration near the corpus callosum, as measured by fluorojade B. Conclusion Further work is required to elucidate whether LPS preconditioning confers long-term protection against behavioral deficits and to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms responsible for LPS-induced neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Zachary J Naser
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Brandon P Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Reyna L Vangilder
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Health Restoration, West Virginia University, School of Nursing, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jason D Huber
- Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Charles L Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Teng F, Deng P, Song Z, Zhou F, Feng R. Enhanced effect in combination of curcumin- and ketoconazole-loaded methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-caprolactone) micelles. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:43-51. [PMID: 28092844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to enhance water-solubility and realize controlled release while keeping synergistic effects of ketoconazole and curcumin, drug-loaded methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (ε-caprolactone) micelles were prepared through thin membrane hydration method. Transmission electric microscopy and dynamitic light scattering characterization revealed the formation of ketoconazole- and curcumin-loaded micelles with an average size of 44.70nm and 39.56nm, respectively. The drug-loaded micelles endowed the two drugs' slow controlled release with water-solubility enhanced to 85 and 82000 folds higher than the corresponding raw drugs, respectively. In vitro antifungal activity test, chequerboard test and inhibition zone test indicated that efficacy of ketoconazole-loaded micelles was improved by introduction of curcumin-loaded micelles with a low fractional inhibitory concentration index (0.073). Biofilm formation inhibition assay also demonstrated that participation of curcumin-loaded micelles obviously strengthened the inhibition of fungal biofilms formation induced by ketoconazole-loaded micelles. The high synergistic activity of combinations is encouraging and the MPEG-PCL micelle is a potential drug delivery system for the combination of ketoconazole and curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Teng
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. l6866 East Road of Jingshi, Jinan 250200, Shandong Province, PR China; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 18877 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250062, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peizong Deng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336 West Road of Nanxinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Zhimei Song
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336 West Road of Nanxinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336 West Road of Nanxinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Runliang Feng
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336 West Road of Nanxinzhuang, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Gao JM, Meng XW, Zhang J, Chen WR, Xia F, Peng K, Ji FH. Dexmedetomidine Protects Cardiomyocytes against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury by Suppressing TLR4-MyD88-NF- κB Signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1674613. [PMID: 29359143 PMCID: PMC5735617 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1674613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported that dexmedetomidine (DEX) offers cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Here, we evaluated the role of toll-like receptors 4- (TLR4-) myeloid differentiation primary response 88- (MyD88-) nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in DEX-mediated protection of cardiomyocytes using in vitro models of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). METHODS The experiments were carried out in H9C2 cells and in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Cells pretreated with vehicle or DEX were exposed to hypoxia for 1 h followed by reoxygenation for 12 h. We analyzed cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and measured tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β mRNA levels, TLR4, MyD88, and nuclear NF-κB p65 protein expression and NF-κB p65 nuclear localization. TLR4 knock-down by TLR4 siRNA transfection and overexpression by TLR4 DNA transfection were used to further confirm our findings. RESULTS DEX protected against H/R-induced cell damage and inflammation, as evidenced by increased cell survival rates, decreased LDH activity, and decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA levels, as well as TLR4 and NF-κB protein expression. TLR4 knock-down partially prevented cell damage following H/R injury, while overexpression of TLR4 abolished the DEX-mediated protective effects. CONCLUSIONS DEX pretreatment protects rat cardiomyocytes against H/R injury. This effect is partly mediated by TLR4 suppression via TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-meng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Xiao-wen Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wei-rong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Fu-hai Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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213
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Prolonged hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage in rats is reduced by curcumin therapy. Neurosci Lett 2017; 637:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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214
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Trojian TH, Wang DH, Leddy JJ. Nutritional Supplements for the Treatment and Prevention of Sports-Related Concussion—Evidence Still Lacking. Curr Sports Med Rep 2017; 16:247-255. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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215
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Yuan J, Liu W, Zhu H, Zhang X, Feng Y, Chen Y, Feng H, Lin J. Curcumin attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. J Surg Res 2017; 207:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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216
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Scheff SW, Ansari MA. Natural Compounds as a Therapeutic Intervention following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Phytochemicals. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:1491-1510. [PMID: 27846772 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a tremendous focus on the discovery and development of neuroprotective agents that might have clinical relevance following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This type of brain injury is very complex and is divided into two major components. The first component, a primary injury, occurs at the time of impact and is the result of the mechanical insult itself. This primary injury is thought to be irreversible and resistant to most treatments. A second component or secondary brain injury, is defined as cellular damage that is not immediately obvious after trauma, but that develops after a delay of minutes, hours, or even days. This injury appears to be amenable to treatment. Because of the complexity of the secondary injury, any type of therapeutic intervention needs to be multi-faceted and have the ability to simultaneously modulate different cellular changes. Because of diverse pharmaceutical interactions, combinations of different drugs do not work well in concert and result in adverse physiological conditions. Research has begun to investigate the possibility of using natural compounds as a therapeutic intervention following TBI. These compounds normally have very low toxicity and have reduced interactions with other pharmaceuticals. In addition, many natural compounds have the potential to target numerous different components of the secondary injury. Here, we review 33 different plant-derived natural compounds, phytochemicals, which have been investigated in experimental animal models of TBI. Some of these phytochemicals appear to have potential as possible therapeutic interventions to offset key components of the secondary injury cascade. However, not all studies have used the same scientific rigor, and one should be cautious in the interpretation of studies using naturally occurring phytochemical in TBI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Scheff
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Mubeen A Ansari
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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217
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Exploring New Inflammatory Biomarkers and Pathways during LPS-Induced M1 Polarization. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6986175. [PMID: 28096568 PMCID: PMC5209629 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6986175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of mediators triggering microglia activation and transference of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) into exosomes are critical to dissect the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. We used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced N9 microglia activation to explore new biomarkers/signaling pathways and to identify inflammatory miRNA (inflamma-miR) in cells and their derived exosomes. Upregulation of iNOS and MHC-II (M1-markers) and downregulation of arginase 1, FIZZ1 (M2-markers), and CX3CR1 (M0/M2 polarization) confirmed the switch of N9 LPS-treated cells into the M1 phenotype, as described for macrophages/microglia. Cells showed increased proliferation, activated TLR4/TLR2/NF-κB pathway, and enhanced phagocytosis, further corroborated by upregulated MFG-E8. We found NLRP3-inflammasome activation in these cells, probably accounting for the increased extracellular content of the cytokine HMGB1 and of the MMP-9 we have observed. We demonstrate for the first time that the inflamma-miR profiling (upregulated miR-155 and miR-146a plus downregulated miR-124) in M1 polarized N9 cells, noticed by others in activated macrophages/microglia, was replicated in their derived exosomes, likely regulating the inflammatory response of recipient cells and dissemination processes. Data show that LPS-treated N9 cells behave like M1 polarized microglia/macrophages, while providing new targets for drug discovery. In particular, the study yields novel insights into the exosomal circulating miRNA during neuroinflammation important for emerging therapeutic approaches targeting microglia activation.
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218
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Mazzio EA, Bauer D, Mendonca P, Taka E, Soliman KFA. Natural product HTP screening for attenuation of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemo attractants (CINCs) and NO2- in LPS/IFNγ activated glioma cells. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 302:10-19. [PMID: 27956075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and acute central nervous system (CNS) inflammation are contributors toward neurological injury associated with head trauma, stroke, infection, Parkinsons or Alzheimers disease. CNS inflammatory illnesses can also contribute toward risk of developing glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). With growing public interest in complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), we conduct a high throughput (HTP) screening of >1400 natural herbs, plants and over the counter (OTC) products for anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon gamma (IFNγ) activated C6 glioma cells. Validation studies were performed showing a pro-inflammatory profile of [LPS 3 µg/ml/ IFNγ 3 ng/ml] consistent with greater release [>8.5 fold] of MCP-1, NO2-, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemo-attractants (CINC) 1, CINC 2a and CINC3. The data show no changes to the following, IL-13, TNF-a, fracktaline, leptin, LIX, GM-CSF, ICAM1, L-Selectin, activin A, agrin, IL-1α, MIP-3a, B72/CD86, NGF, IL-1b, MMP-8, IL-1 R6, PDGF-AA, IL-2, IL-4, prolactin R, RAGE, IL-6, Thymus Chemokine-1, CNTF,IL-10 or TIMP-1. A HTP screening was conducted, where we employ an in vitro efficacy index (iEI) defined as the ratio of toxicity (LC50)/anti-inflammatory potency (IC50). The iEI was precautionary to ensure biological effects were occurring in fully viable cells (ratio > 3.8) independent of toxicity. Using NO2- as a guideline molecule, the data show that 1.77% (25 of 1410 tested) had anti-inflammatory effects with iEI ratios >3.8 and IC50s <250µg/ml. These include reference drugs (hydrocortisone, dexamethasone N6-(1-iminoethyl)-l-lysine and NSAIDS: diclofenac, tolfenamic acid), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (apicidin) and the following natural products; Ashwaganda (Withania somnifera), Elecampagne Root (Inula helenium), Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), Green Tea (Camellia sinensis), Turmeric Root (Curcuma longa) Ganthoda (Valeriana wallichii), Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), Maddar Root (Rubia tinctoria), Red Sandle wood (Pterocarpus santalinus), Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae), quercetin, cardamonin, fisetin, EGCG, biochanin A, galangin, apigenin and curcumin. The herb with the largest iEI was Ashwaganda where the IC50/LC50 was 11.1/>1750.0μg/ml, and the compound with the greatest iEI was quercetin where the IC50/LC50 was 10.0/>363.6μg/ml. These substances also downregulate the production of iNOS expression and attenuate CINC-3 release. In summary, this HTP screening provides guideline information about the efficacy of natural products that could prevent inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative disease and aggressive glioma tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - David Bauer
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Patricia Mendonca
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Equar Taka
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States.
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Yuan J, Liu W, Zhu H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Li L, Chu W, Wen Z, Feng H, Lin J. Curcumin inhibits glial scar formation by suppressing astrocyte-induced inflammation and fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res 2016; 1655:90-103. [PMID: 27865778 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to glial scar formation by astrocytes, which severely hinders neural regeneration. Curcumin (cur) can inhibit glial scar formation, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, the current study investigated the phenotypic transformation of astrocytes following cur and siRNA intervention during the processes of inflammation and fibrosis and determined details of the relationship between cur treatment and the glial scar components GFAP and CSPG. We found that cur and NF-κb p65 siRNA could inhibit astrocyte activation through suppressing NF-κb signaling pathway, which led to down-regulate the expression of chemokines MCP-1, RANTES and CXCL10 released by astrocytes and decreased macrophage and T-cell infiltration, thus reducing the inflammation in the glial scar. In addition, silencing SOX-9 may reduce the deposition of extracellular matrix CSPG; whereas its over-expression could increase the CSPG expression. Cur suppressedSOX-9-inducedCSPG deposition, reduced α-SMA (an important symbol of fibrosis) expression in astrocytes, altered astrocyte phenotype, and inhibited glial scar formation by regulating fibrosis. This study confirmed that cur could regulate both the NF-κb and SOX9 signaling pathways and reduce the expression of intracellular and extracellular glial scar components through dual-target regulating both inflammation and fibrosis after SCI in the rat. This study provides an important hypothesis centered on the dual inhibition of intracellular and extracellular glial scar components as a treatment strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yaxing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Zexian Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jiangkai Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Xu MX, Yu R, Shao LF, Zhang YX, Ge CX, Liu XM, Wu WY, Li JM, Kong LD. Up-regulated fractalkine (FKN) and its receptor CX3CR1 are involved in fructose-induced neuroinflammation: Suppression by curcumin. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:69-81. [PMID: 26765996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that diet-induced fractalkine (FKN) stimulates neuroinflammation in animal models of obesity, yet how it occurs is unclear. This study investigated the role of FKN and it receptor, CX3CR1, in fructose-induced neuroinflammation, and examined curcumin's beneficial effect. Fructose feeding was found to induce hippocampal microglia activation with neuroinflammation through the activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, resulting in the reduction of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of mice. Serum FKN levels, as well as hypothalamic FKN and CX3CR1 gene expression, were significantly increased in fructose-fed mice with hypothalamic microglia activation. Hippocampal gene expression of FKN and CX3CR1 was also up-regulated at 14d and normalized at 56d in mice fed with fructose, which were consistent with the change of GFAP. Furthermore, immunostaining showed that GFAP and FKN expression was increased in cornu amonis 1, but decreased in DG in fructose-fed mice. In vitro studies showed that GFAP and FKN expression was stimulated in astrocytes, and suppressed in mixed glial cells exposed to 48h-fructose, with the continual increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, increased FKN and CX3CR1 may cause a cross-talk between activated glial cells and neurons, playing an important role in the development of neuroinflammation in fructose-fed mice. Curcumin protected against neuronal damage in hippocampal DG of fructose-fed mice by inhibiting microglia activation and suppressed FKN/CX3CR1 up-regulation in the neuronal network. These results suggest a new therapeutic approach to protect against neuronal damage associated with dietary obesity-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Xuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Rong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Li-Fei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yan-Xiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chen-Xu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin-Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wen-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jian-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Ling-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Requejo-Aguilar R, Alastrue-Agudo A, Cases-Villar M, Lopez-Mocholi E, England R, Vicent MJ, Moreno-Manzano V. Combined polymer-curcumin conjugate and ependymal progenitor/stem cell treatment enhances spinal cord injury functional recovery. Biomaterials 2016; 113:18-30. [PMID: 27810639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) suffers from a lack of effective therapeutic strategies. Animal models of acute SCI have provided evidence that transplantation of ependymal stem/progenitor cells of the spinal cord (epSPCs) induces functional recovery, while systemic administration of the anti-inflammatory curcumin provides neuroprotection. However, functional recovery from chronic stage SCI requires additional enhancements in available therapeutic strategies. Herein, we report on a combination treatment for SCI using epSPCs and a pH-responsive polymer-curcumin conjugate. The incorporation of curcumin in a pH-responsive polymeric carrier mainchain, a polyacetal (PA), enhances blood bioavailability, stability, and provides a means for highly localized delivery. We find that PA-curcumin enhances neuroprotection, increases axonal growth, and can improve functional recovery in acute SCI. However, when combined with epSPCs, PA-curcumin also enhances functional recovery in a rodent model of chronic SCI. This suggests that combination therapy may be an exciting new therapeutic option for the treatment of chronic SCI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Alastrue-Agudo
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Cases-Villar
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric Lopez-Mocholi
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Richard England
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Victoria Moreno-Manzano
- Neuronal and Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain; Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Liu F, Chen MR, Liu J, Zou Y, Wang TY, Zuo YX, Wang TH. Propofol administration improves neurological function associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adult rats after traumatic brain injury. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:1-6. [PMID: 27045803 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI) result in dramatic impacts on the survivors, but the effect of propofol and associated mechanism are waiting to be determined. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into Sham, TBI, TBI+Intralipid and TBI+Propofol group. Modified Feeney method was adopted to generate TBI model from free hammer fall injury, and animals in TBI+Propofol group were immediately treated with propofol administration for 2hours after TBI, rats after TBI without propofol treatment was used as injury control, intralipid as vehicle in propofol was injected in TBI+intralipid group. Then, neurological severity scores (NSS) were evaluated at 1, 3, 7 and 14days. Moreover, the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA and protein were examined using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, immunohistochemical staining was used to localize cytokines. RESULTS The NSS increased greatly in the rats induced by TBI, while propofol could effectively decreased NSS, confirming the neuroprotective effect of propofol. Moreover, the mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, at 1, 3, 7days after operation (dpo), were significantly augmented in the injured cortex, compared with sham one. But there was no difference between TBI and TBI+Intralipid group, but markedly decreased after propofol treatment. Additionally, the protein level of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in four groups determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed the similar change with mRNA expression. CONCLUSION Propofol treatment could elicit a robust neuroprotective response, resulting in significant neurological function improvement for TBI rats, which was independent with intralipid. The underlying molecular mechanism may be partially associated with an inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mei-Rong Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Ting-Yong Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Yun-Xia Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China; Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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223
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Yu S, Wang X, He X, Wang Y, Gao S, Ren L, Shi Y. Curcumin exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-stimulated mesencephalic astrocytes by interference with TLR4 and downstream signaling pathway. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:697-705. [PMID: 27164829 PMCID: PMC4908001 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely associated with the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidence indicates that astrocytes also play pro-inflammatory roles in the central nervous system (CNS) by activation with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Therefore, targeting anti-inflammation may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for PD. Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound isolated from Curcuma longa root, has been commonly used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the details of how curcumin exerts neuroprotection remain uncertain. Here, we investigated the protective effect of curcumin on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-(MPP(+)-) stimulated primary astrocytes. Our results showed that MPP(+) stimulation resulted in significant production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL-6), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in primary mesencephalic astrocytes. Curcumin pretreatment decreased the levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines while increased IL-10 expression in MPP(+)-stimulated astrocytes. In addition, curcumin increased the levels of antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and reduced ROS production. Our results further showed that curcumin decreased the levels of TLR4 and its downstream effectors including NF-κB, IRF3, MyD88, and TIRF that are induced by MPP(+) as well as inhibited the immunoreactivity of TLR4 and morphological activation in MPP(+)-stimulated astrocytes. Together, data suggest that curcumin might exert a beneficial effect on neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingliang He
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shenyang Sports University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujie Gao
- Department of Cardiac Function, The Second Staff Hospital of Liaohe Oilfield Company, Panjin, Liaoning, 124011, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Ren
- Department of Mental Diseases, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 East Chongshan Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Y, Chen L, Shen Y, Tan T, Xie N, Luo M, Li Z, Xie X. Curcumin Ameliorates Ischemia-Induced Limb Injury Through Immunomodulation. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2035-42. [PMID: 27302110 PMCID: PMC4913813 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is increasing worldwide. Currently, there is no effective treatment for PAD. Curcumin is an ingredient of turmeric that has antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anticancer properties. In the present study we investigated the potential effect of curcumin in protecting against ischemic limb injury. Material/Methods We used an established hindlimb ischemia mouse model in our study. Curcumin was administrated through intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection. Immunohistochemical staining and ELISA assays were performed. Treadmill training was used to evaluate skeletal muscle functions of animals. Results Our experiments using in vivo treadmill training showed that curcumin treatment improved the running capacity of animals after ischemic injury. Histological analysis revealed that curcumin treatment significantly reduced the skeletal muscle damage and fibrosis associated with ischemic injury. In order to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying curcumin-mediated tissue protection, immunohistochemical staining and ELISA assays were performed. The results showed that curcumin treatment led to less macrophage infiltration and less local inflammatory responses as demonstrated by decreasing TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 levels. Further immunofluorescent staining of tissue slides indicated that curcumin treatment inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway. Finally, curcumin can inhibit NF-κB activation induced by LPS in macrophages. Conclusions Our study results show that curcumin treatment can ameliorate hindlimb injury following ischemic surgery, which suggests that curcumin could be used for PAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Division of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Lianyu Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Shen
- Division of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Tao Tan
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nanzi Xie
- Division of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Ming Luo
- Division of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zhihong Li
- Division of General Surgery, Pudong New Area District, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Division of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling and PPAR-γ within the paraventricular nucleus are involved in the effects of telmisartan in hypertension. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 305:93-102. [PMID: 27292124 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous findings from our laboratory and others indicate that the main therapeutic effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) antagonists is to decrease blood pressure and exert anti-inflammatory effects in the cardiovascular system. In this study, we determined whether AT1-R antagonist telmisartan within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) attenuates hypertension and hypothalamic inflammation via both the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) in the PVN in hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were treated for 4weeks through bilateral PVN infusion with the AT1-R antagonist telmisartan (TEL, 10μg/h), or losartan (LOS, 20μg/h), or the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 (GW, 100μg/h), or vehicle via osmotic minipump. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded by a tail-cuff occlusion method. PVN tissue and blood were collected for the measurement of AT1-R, PPAR-γ, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TLR4, MyD88, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity and plasma norepinephrine (NE), respectively. Hypertensive rats exhibited significantly higher level of AT1-R and lower level of PPAR-γ in the PVN. PVN treatment with TEL attenuated MAP, improved cardiac hypertrophy, reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS levels, and plasma NE in SHR but not in WKY rats. These results were associated with reduced TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB levels and increased PPAR-γ level in the PVN of hypertensive rats. Our findings suggest that TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling and PPAR-γ within the PVN are involved in the beneficial effects of telmisartan in hypertension.
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Sordillo PP, Sordillo LA, Helson L. Bifunctional role of pro-inflammatory cytokines after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2016; 30:1043-53. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2016.1163618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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227
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Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Bayır H. Therapies targeting lipid peroxidation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1640:57-76. [PMID: 26872597 PMCID: PMC4870119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation can be broadly defined as the process of inserting a hydroperoxy group into a lipid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the phospholipids are often the targets for peroxidation. Phospholipids are indispensable for normal structure of membranes. The other important function of phospholipids stems from their role as a source of lipid mediators - oxygenated free fatty acids that are derived from lipid peroxidation. In the CNS, excessive accumulation of either oxidized phospholipids or oxygenated free fatty acids may be associated with damage occurring during acute brain injury and subsequent inflammatory responses. There is a growing body of evidence that lipid peroxidation occurs after severe traumatic brain injury in humans and correlates with the injury severity and mortality. Identification of the products and sources of lipid peroxidation and its enzymatic or non-enzymatic nature is essential for the design of mechanism-based therapies. Recent progress in mass spectrometry-based lipidomics/oxidative lipidomics offers remarkable opportunities for quantitative characterization of lipid peroxidation products, providing guidance for targeted development of specific therapeutic modalities. In this review, we critically evaluate previous attempts to use non-specific antioxidants as neuroprotectors and emphasize new approaches based on recent breakthroughs in understanding of enzymatic mechanisms of lipid peroxidation associated with specific death pathways, particularly apoptosis. We also emphasize the role of different phospholipases (calcium-dependent and -independent) in hydrolysis of peroxidized phospholipids and generation of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil Selvan Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Elizabeth Megan Kenny
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Childrens׳s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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228
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Curcumin reduces brain-infiltrating T lymphocytes after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Neurosci Lett 2016; 620:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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229
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Lu C, Xia J, Bin W, Wu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y. Advances in diagnosis, treatments, and molecular mechanistic studies of traumatic brain injury. Biosci Trends 2016; 9:138-48. [PMID: 26166367 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2015.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a main cause of death and disability around the world especially in soldiers, children, and young men. Since its clinical diagnosis and treatment cannot predict its prognosis, novel diagnostic techniques need to be developed, insight into its molecular mechanisms needs to be gleaned, and alternative and complementary medicine (ACM) approaches to its treatment need to be developed. This review summarizes the new diagnostic methods used in clinical practice, such as imaging of structural abnormalities after TBI and measurement of prognosis-related biomarkers. This review also describes the cellular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in terms of intracellular signaling pathways, the extracellular microenvironment, and stem cells. This review concludes by describing experimental and clinical studies of the use of traditional Chinese medicine as a form of ACM to treat TBI. This review helps to understand advances in the field of TBI diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Huaibei
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230
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Dietary phytochemicals and neuro-inflammaging: from mechanistic insights to translational challenges. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 27081392 PMCID: PMC4831196 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An extensive literature describes the positive impact of dietary phytochemicals on overall health and longevity. Dietary phytochemicals include a large group of non-nutrients compounds from a wide range of plant-derived foods and chemical classes. Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made to realize that oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) and chronic, low-grade inflammation are major risk factors underlying brain aging. Accumulated data strongly suggest that phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices may exert relevant negative immunoregulatory, and/or anti-O&NS activities in the context of brain aging. Despite the translational gap between basic and clinical research, the current understanding of the molecular interactions between phytochemicals and immune-inflammatory and O&NS (IO&NS) pathways could help in designing effective nutritional strategies to delay brain aging and improve cognitive function. This review attempts to summarise recent evidence indicating that specific phytochemicals may act as positive modulators of IO&NS pathways by attenuating pro-inflammatory pathways associated with the age-related redox imbalance that occurs in brain aging. We will also discuss the need to initiate long-term nutrition intervention studies in healthy subjects. Hence, we will highlight crucial aspects that require further study to determine effective physiological concentrations and explore the real impact of dietary phytochemicals in preserving brain health before the onset of symptoms leading to cognitive decline and inflammatory neurodegeneration.
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Gong P, Liu M, Hong G, Li Y, Xue P, Zheng M, Wu M, Shen L, Yang M, Diao Z, Hu Y. Curcumin improves LPS-induced preeclampsia-like phenotype in rat by inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathway. Placenta 2016; 41:45-52. [PMID: 27208407 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abnormal inflammation mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway contributes to preeclampsia (PE). Because curcumin can inhibit TLR4 signaling pathway, we investigated its effects on a PE rat model. METHODS Twenty-one pregnant rats were randomly divided into three groups: 1) seven rats were injected 0.5 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gestational day (GD) 5 to create a PE model (LPS-treated group), 2) seven rats were injected with a similar dosage of LPS and further treated with curcumin (0.36 mg/kg) (LPS-curcumin-treated group), 3) seven rats received saline (control group). Blood pressure and urinary protein level were observed. Immunostaining and periodic acid-Schiff staining of placenta were conducted. TLR4 and downstream Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) expressions of placenta were analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. IL-6 and MCP-1 in rat serum and placenta were determined by ELISA and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Compared to LPS-treated group, LPS-curcumin-treated group had decreased blood pressure and urinary protein level, similar to control group. Furthermore, deficient trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling induced by LPS were improved by curcumin. Increased TLR4, NF-κB and IL-6, MCP-1 protein expressions in LPS-treated group were significantly decreased after curcumin administration. DISCUSSION Curcumin improves the PE-like phenotype in rat model by reducing abnormal inflammation related to TLR4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Guomin Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingping Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengfei Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Muyi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenyu Diao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yali Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Neuroprotective Effects of Resatorvid Against Traumatic Brain Injury in Rat: Involvement of Neuronal Autophagy and TLR4 Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:155-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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233
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Cheng T, Wang W, Li Q, Han X, Xing J, Qi C, Lan X, Wan J, Potts A, Guan F, Wang J. Cerebroprotection of flavanol (-)-epicatechin after traumatic brain injury via Nrf2-dependent and -independent pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 92:15-28. [PMID: 26724590 PMCID: PMC4769660 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), which leads to disability, dysfunction, and even death, is a prominent health problem worldwide with no effective treatment. A brain-permeable flavonoid named (-)-epicatechin (EC) modulates redox/oxidative stress and has been shown to be beneficial for vascular and cognitive function in humans and for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in rodents. Here we examined whether EC is able to protect the brain against TBI-induced brain injury in mice and if so, whether it exerts neuroprotection by modulating the NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) pathway. We used the controlled cortical impact model to mimic TBI. EC was administered orally at 3h after TBI and then every 24h for either 3 or 7 days. We evaluated lesion volume, brain edema, white matter injury, neurologic deficits, cognitive performance and emotion-like behaviors, neutrophil infiltration, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and a variety of injury-related protein markers. Nrf2 knockout mice were used to determine the role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway after EC treatment. In wild-type mice, EC significantly reduced lesion volume, edema, and cell death and improved neurologic function on days 3 and 28; cognitive performance and depression-like behaviors were also improved with EC administration. In addition, EC reduced white matter injury, heme oxygenase-1 expression, and ferric iron deposition after TBI. These changes were accompanied by attenuation of neutrophil infiltration and oxidative insults, reduced activity of matrix metalloproteinase 9, decreased Keap 1 expression, increased Nrf2 nuclear accumulation, and increased expression of superoxide dismutase 1 and quinone 1. However, EC did not significantly reduce lesion volume or improve neurologic deficits in Nrf2 knockout mice after TBI. Our results show that EC protects the TBI brain by activating the Nrf2 pathway, inhibiting heme oxygenase-1 protein expression, and reducing iron deposition. The latter two effects could represent an Nrf2-independent mechanism in this model of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wenzhu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xiaoning Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jing Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cunfang Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jieru Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alexa Potts
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fangxia Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China.
| | - Jian Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, PR China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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García Bueno B, Caso JR, Madrigal JLM, Leza JC. Innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 signalling in neuropsychiatric diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:134-47. [PMID: 26905767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The innate immunity is a stereotyped first line of defense against pathogens and unspecified damage signals. One of main actors of innate immunity are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and one of the better characterized members of this family is TLR-4, that it is mainly activated by Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide. In brain, TLR-4 organizes innate immune responses against infections or cellular damage, but also possesses other physiological functions. In the last years, some evidences suggest a role of TLR-4 in stress and stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases. Peripheral and brain TLR-4 activation triggers sickness behavior, and its expression is a risk factor of depression. Some elements of the TLR-4 signaling pathway are up-regulated in peripheral samples and brain post-mortem tissue from depressed and suicidal patients. The "leaky gut" hypothesis of neuropsychiatric diseases is based on the existence of an increase of the intestinal permeability which results in bacterial translocation able to activate TLR-4. Enhanced peripheral TLR-4 expression/activity has been described in subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and in autistic children. A role for TLR-4 in drugs abuse has been also proposed. The therapeutic potential of pharmacological/genetic modulation of TLRs signaling pathways in neuropsychiatry is promising, but a great preclinical/clinical scientific effort is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B García Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L M Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, CIBERSAM, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Feng Y, Cui Y, Gao JL, Li MH, Li R, Jiang XH, Tian YX, Wang KJ, Cui CM, Cui JZ. Resveratrol attenuates neuronal autophagy and inflammatory injury by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in experimental traumatic brain injury. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:921-30. [PMID: 26936125 PMCID: PMC4790669 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that traumatic brain injury (TBI) activates autophagy and a neuroinflammatory cascade that contributes to substantial neuronal damage and behavioral impairment, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important mediator of this cascade. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that resveratrol (RV), a natural polyphenolic compound with potent multifaceted properties, alleviates brain damage mediated by TLR4 following TBI. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats, subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury, were intraperitoneally injected with RV (100 mg/kg, daily for 3 days) after the onset of TBI. The results demonstrated that RV significantly reduced brain edema, motor deficit, neuronal loss and improved spatial cognitive function. Double immunolabeling demonstrated that RV decreased microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), TLR4‑positive cells co-labeled with the hippocampal neurons, and RV also significantly reduced the number of TLR4‑positive neuron‑specific nuclear protein (NeuN) cells following TBI. Western blot analysis revealed that RV significantly reduced the protein expression of the autophagy marker proteins, LC3II and Beclin1, in the hippocampus compared with that in the TBI group. Furthermore, the levels of TLR4 and its known downstream signaling molecules, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were also decreased after RV treatment. Our results suggest that RV reduces neuronal autophagy and inflammatory reactions in a rat model of TBI. Thus, we suggest that the neuroprotective effect of RV is associated with the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Department of Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery,Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ling Gao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hang Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Ran Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hua Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Tian
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery,Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Meng Cui
- Department of Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Cui
- Department of Surgery, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
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de Alcântara GFT, Simões-Neto E, da Cruz GMP, Nobre MEP, Neves KRT, de Andrade GM, Brito GADC, Viana GSDB. Curcumin reverses neurochemical, histological and immuno-histochemical alterations in the model of global brain ischemia. J Tradit Complement Med 2016; 7:14-23. [PMID: 28053883 PMCID: PMC5198799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a curcuminoid from Curcuma longa, presents antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions and, among pathological changes of cerebral ischemic injury, inflammation is an important one. The objectives were to study the neuroprotective action of curcumin, in a model of global ischemia. Male Wistar rats (sham-operated, ischemic untreated and ischemic treated with curcumin, 25 or 50 mg/kg, p.o.) were anesthesized and their carotid arteries occluded, for 30 min. The SO group had the same procedure, except for carotid occlusion. In the 1st protocol, animals were treated 1 h before ischemia and 24 h later; and in the 2nd protocol, treatments began 1 h before ischemia, continuing for 7 days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, animals were euthanized and measurements for striatal monoamines were performed, at the 1st and 7th days after ischemia, as well as histological and immunohistochemical assays in hippocampi. We showed in both protocols, depletions of DA and its metabolites (DOPAC and HVA), in the ischemic group, but these effects were reversed by curcumin. Additionally, a decrease seen in 5-HT contents, 1 day after ischemia, was also reversed by curcumin. This reversion was not seen 7 days later. On the other hand, a decrease observed in NE levels, at the 7th day, was totally reversed by curcumin. Furthermore, curcumin treatments increased neuronal viability and attenuated the immunoreactivity for COX-2 and TNF-alpha, in the hippocampus in both protocols. We showed that curcumin exerts neuroprotective actions, in a model of brain ischemia that are probably related to its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Glauce Socorro de Barros Viana
- Faculty of Medicine Estácio of Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
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237
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Kumar G, Mittal S, Sak K, Tuli HS. Molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive potential of curcumin: Current challenges and future perspectives. Life Sci 2016; 148:313-28. [PMID: 26876915 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, natural compounds have received considerable attention in preventing and curing most dreadful diseases including cancer. The reason behind the use of natural compounds in chemoprevention is associated with fewer numbers of side effects than conventional chemotherapeutics. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane, PubMed CID: 969516), a naturally occurring polyphenol, is derived from turmeric, which is used as a common Indian spice. It governs numerous intracellular targets, including proteins involved in antioxidant response, immune response, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and tumor progression. A huge mass of available studies strongly supports the use of Curcumin as a chemopreventive drug. However, the main challenge encountered is the low bioavailability of Curcumin. This extensive review covers various therapeutic interactions of Curcumin with its recognized cellular targets involved in cancer treatment, strategies to overcome the bioavailability issue and adverse effects associated with Curcumin consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Delhi University, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Mittal
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Katrin Sak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mulana-Ambala, India.
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238
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Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Attenuates Neuron Damage by Suppressing the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TLR4 Pathway in Activated Microglial Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:1241-1256. [PMID: 26754542 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia activation initiates a neurological deficit cascade that contributes to substantial neuronal damage and impairment following ischemia stroke. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been demonstrated to play a critical role in this cascade. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), an active ingredient extracted from Flos Carthami tinctorii, alleviated inflammatory damage, and mediated neurotrophic effects in neurons by inducing the TLR4 pathway in microglia. A non-contact Transwell co-culture system comprised microglia and neurons was treated with HSYA followed by a 1 mg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The microglia were activated prior to neuronal apoptosis, which were induced by increasing TLR4 expression in the activated microglia. However, HSYA suppressed TLR4 expression in the activated microglia, resulting in less neuronal damage at the early stage of LPS stimulation. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence indicated that dose-dependently HSYA down-regulated TLR4-induced downstream effectors myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB), and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-regulated proteins c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK), protein kinase (ERK) 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK (p38), as well as the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine release. However, HSYA up-regulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Our data suggest that HSYA could exert neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory functions in response to LPS stimulation by inhibiting TLR4 pathway-mediated signaling.
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239
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Ashbaugh A, McGrew C. The Role of Nutritional Supplements in Sports Concussion Treatment. Curr Sports Med Rep 2016; 15:16-9. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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240
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The Anti-Inflammatory Compound Curcumin Enhances Locomotor and Sensory Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats by Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010049. [PMID: 26729105 PMCID: PMC4730294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Well known for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation properties, curcumin is a polyphenol found in the rhizome of Curcuma longa. In this study, we evaluated the effects of curcumin on behavioral recovery, glial scar formation, tissue preservation, axonal sprouting, and inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI) in male Wistar rats. The rats were randomized into two groups following a balloon compression injury at the level of T9–T10 of the spinal cord, namely vehicle- or curcumin-treated. Curcumin was applied locally on the surface of the injured spinal cord immediately following injury and then given intraperitoneally daily; the control rats were treated with vehicle in the same manner. Curcumin treatment improved behavioral recovery within the first week following SCI as evidenced by improved Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) test and plantar scores, representing locomotor and sensory performance, respectively. Furthermore, curcumin treatment decreased glial scar formation by decreasing the levels of MIP1α, IL-2, and RANTES production and by decreasing NF-κB activity. These results, therefore, demonstrate that curcumin has a profound anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential in the treatment of spinal cord injury, especially when given immediately after the injury.
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241
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Jiang Z, Guo M, Shi C, Wang H, Yao L, Liu L, Xie C, Pu S, LaChaud G, Shen J, Zhu M, Mu L, Ge H, Long Y, Wang X, Song Y, Sun J, Hou X, Zarringhalam A, Park SH, Shi C, Shen H, Lin Z. Protection against cognitive impairment and modification of epileptogenesis with curcumin in a post-status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 2015; 310:362-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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242
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Sucher NJ, Carles MC. A pharmacological basis of herbal medicines for epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:308-18. [PMID: 26074183 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease, affecting about 1% of the world's population during their lifetime. Most people with epilepsy can attain a seizure-free life upon treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Unfortunately, seizures in up to 30% do not respond to treatment. It is estimated that 90% of people with epilepsy live in developing countries, and most of them receive no drug treatment for the disease. This treatment gap has motivated investigations into the effects of plants that have been used by traditional healers all over the world to treat seizures. Extracts of hundreds of plants have been shown to exhibit anticonvulsant activity in phenotypic screens performed in experimental animals. Some of those extracts appear to exhibit anticonvulsant efficacy similar to that of synthetic AEDs. Dozens of plant-derived chemical compounds have similarly been shown to act as anticonvulsants in various in vivo and in vitro assays. To a significant degree, anticonvulsant effects of plant extracts can be attributed to widely distributed flavonoids, (furano)coumarins, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids. Flavonoids and coumarins have been shown to interact with the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor and various voltage-gated ion channels, which are targets of synthetic AEDs. Modulation of the activity of ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels provides an explanatory basis of the anticonvulsant effects of plant secondary metabolites. Many complex extracts and single plant-derived compounds exhibit antiinflammatory, neuroprotective, and cognition-enhancing activities that may be beneficial in the treatment of epilepsy. Thus, botanicals provide a base for target-oriented antiepileptic drug discovery and development. In the future, preclinical work should focus on the characterization of the effects of plant extracts and plant-derived compounds on well-defined targets rather than on phenotypic screening using in vivo animal models of acute seizures. At the same time, available data provide ample justification for clinical studies with selected standardized botanical extracts and plant-derived compounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus J Sucher
- Science Department, Roxbury Community College, MA, USA; FLAS, Northern Essex Community College, MA, USA; Biology Department, Salem State University, MA, USA.
| | - Maria C Carles
- Science Department, Roxbury Community College, MA, USA; FLAS, Northern Essex Community College, MA, USA; Biology Department, Salem State University, MA, USA
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243
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Gong Z, Zhou J, Li H, Gao Y, Xu C, Zhao S, Chen Y, Cai W, Wu J. Curcumin suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation and protects against LPS-induced septic shock. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2132-42. [PMID: 26250869 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The NLRP3 inflammasome responds to various pathogen-derived factors and danger-associated molecules, mediating IL-1β maturation, therefore is involved in multiple inflammatory diseases. Curcumin has been shown to possess strong anti-inflammatory activity, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we sought to investigate the role and mechanism of curcumin on the inhibition of mature IL-1β production via the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome. METHODS AND RESULTS Curcumin dramatically inhibited the production of mature IL-1β in LPS-primed macrophages triggered by multiple NLRP3 inflammasome activators, and also reduced the level of cleaved caspase-1 as measured by western blot and ELISA. Curcumin prevented K(+) efflux, the common trigger for NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and attenuated lysosomes disruption and intracellular ROS formation as well. The inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by curcumin was in part mediated via the suppression of extracellular regulated protein kinases phosphorylation. Furthermore, administration of curcumin significantly reduced peritoneal IL-1β and HMGB-1 concentration induced by LPS and improved the survival of mice suffering from lethal endotoxic shock. CONCLUSION Curcumin potently inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity. Our finding offers a mechanistic basis for the therapeutic potential of curcumin in septic shock and other NLRP3 inflammasome-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Gong
- Department of pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiefei Zhou
- Department of pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai institute of Health Science, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Congfeng Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Zhao
- Department of pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yingwei Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, P. R. China
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244
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Artesunate Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Proinflammatory Responses by Suppressing TLR4, MyD88 Expression, and NF-κB Activation in Microglial Cells. Inflammation 2015; 38:1925-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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245
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Chen JJ, Dai L, Zhao LX, Zhu X, Cao S, Gao YJ. Intrathecal curcumin attenuates pain hypersensitivity and decreases spinal neuroinflammation in rat model of monoarthritis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10278. [PMID: 25988362 PMCID: PMC4437313 DOI: 10.1038/srep10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a major component of turmeric and reportedly has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Neuroinflammation has been recognized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of various diseases in the central nervous system. Here we investigated the anti-nociceptive and anti-neuroinflammatory effect of curcumin on arthritic pain in rats. We found that repeated oral treatment with curcumin, either before or after complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) injection, dose-dependently attenuated CFA-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, but had no effect on joint edema. Repeated intrathecal injection of curcumin reversed CFA-induced pain hypersensitivity. Furthermore, such a curcumin treatment reduced CFA-induced activation of glial cells and production of inflammatory mediators [interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and monocyte inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1α)] in the spinal cord. Curcumin also decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced production of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, MCP-1, and MIP-1α in cultured astrocytes and microglia. Our results suggest that intrathecal curcumin attenuates arthritic pain by inhibiting glial activation and the production of inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord, suggesting a new application of curcumin for the treatment of arthritic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Chen
- 1] Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China [2] Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Lin Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Lin-Xia Zhao
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Su Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
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246
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Prophylactic lithium alleviates splenectomy-induced cognitive dysfunction possibly by inhibiting hippocampal TLR4 activation in aged rats. Brain Res Bull 2015; 114:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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247
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Sandersen C, Bienzle D, Cerri S, Franck T, Derochette S, Neven P, Mouytis-Mickalad A, Serteyn D. Effect of inhaled hydrosoluble curcumin on inflammatory markers in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid of horses with LPS-induced lung neutrophilia. Multidiscip Respir Med 2015; 10:16. [PMID: 25908974 PMCID: PMC4407840 DOI: 10.1186/s40248-015-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Horses commonly suffer from chronic respiratory disease and are also used in large animal models of spontaneous or induced airway inflammation. The anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin are largely described but its low bioavailability precludes its clinical use. NDS27, a lysin salt of curcumin incorporated in beta-cyclodextrine, has high bioavailability and can be administered by inhalation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhaled NDS27 on inflammatory cytokines and proteins in the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid using a model of neutrophilic airway inflammation. Methods Airway neutrophilia was induced in eight horses by inhalation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Horses were treated with either inhalation of NDS27 or with placebo in a randomized cross-over design. Broncho-alveolar lavages were performed 6 hours after stimulation with LPS. Percentage of neutrophils, concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, Club cell secretory protein, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase (ELT) concentrations were determined. Results LPS stimulation induced significant increases in neutrophil counts and concentrations of IL-6 (70.2 ± 66.0 pg/ml), TNF-α (43.9 ± 31.2 pg/ml), MPO (580.9 ± 327.0 ng/ml) and ELT (27.6 ± 16.7 ng/ml). Treatment with NDS27 significantly prevented the increase in active and total MPO (216.4 ± 118.1 ng/ml) and ELT (5.9 ± 3.2 ng/ml) while there was a trend towards reduced IL-6 concentration. Conclusions Results show that, although not reducing neutrophil recruitment, NDS27 largely abolishes LPS-induced neutrophil degranulation. Reduced levels of ELT and MPO, as well as reduced MPO activity may have beneficial effects via a reduced production of reactive oxygen species implicated in chronic inflammation and airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sandersen
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Simona Cerri
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thierry Franck
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Derochette
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, B6a, 4000 Belgium
| | - Philippe Neven
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, B6a, 4000 Belgium
| | - Ange Mouytis-Mickalad
- Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, B6a, 4000 Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Equine Clinic, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium ; Center for Oxygen Research and Development, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, B6a, 4000 Belgium
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248
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Lu SM, Yu CJ, Liu YH, Dong HQ, Zhang X, Zhang SS, Hu LQ, Zhang F, Qian YN, Gui B. S100A8 contributes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice undergoing tibial fracture surgery by activating the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:221-34. [PMID: 25449673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation plays a key role in the occurrence and development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Although S100A8 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) have been increasingly recognized to contribute to neuro-inflammation, little is known about the interaction between S100A8 and TLR4/MyD88 signaling in the process of systemic inflammation that leads to neuro-inflammation. Firstly, we demonstrated that C57BL/6 wide-type mice exhibit cognitive deficit 24h after the tibial fracture surgery. Subsequently, increased S100A8 and S100A9 expression was found in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), spleen, and hippocampus of C57BL/6 wide-type mice within 48h after the surgery. Pre-operative administration of S100A8 antibody significantly inhibited hippocampal microgliosis and improved cognitive function 24h after the surgery. Secondly, we also observed TLR4/MyD88 activation in the PBMCs, spleen, and hippocampus after the surgery. Compared with those in their corresponding wide-type mice, TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice showed lower immunoreactive area of microglia in the hippocampal CA3 region after operation. TLR4 deficiency also led to reduction of CD45(hi)CD11b(+) cells in the brain and better performance in both Y maze and open field test after surgery, suggesting a new regulatory mechanism of TLR4-dependent POCD. At last, the co-location of S100A8 and TLR4 expression in spleen after operation suggested a close relationship between them. On the one hand, S100A8 could induce TLR4 activation of CD11b(+) cells in the blood and hippocampus via intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular injection. On the other hand, TLR4 deficiency conversely alleviated S100A8 protein-induced hippocampal microgliosis. Furthermore, the increased expression of S100A8 protein in the hippocampus induced by surgery sharply decreased in both TLR4 and MyD88 genetically deficient mice. Taken together, these data suggest that S100A8 exerts pro-inflammatory effect on the occurrence and development of neuro-inflammation and POCD by activating TLR4/MyD88 signaling in the early pathological process of the postoperative stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Mei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chan-Juan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ya-Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Hong-Quan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Su-Su Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liu-Qing Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Wuxi First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Bo Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Yuan J, Zou M, Xiang X, Zhu H, Chu W, Liu W, Chen F, Lin J. Curcumin improves neural function after spinal cord injury by the joint inhibition of the intracellular and extracellular components of glial scar. J Surg Res 2015; 195:235-45. [PMID: 25661742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by a high rate of disability and imposes a heavy burden on society and patients. SCI can activate glial cells and lead to swelling, hyperplasty, and reactive gliosis, which can severely reduce the space for nerve growth. Glial cells can secrete a large amount of extracellular inhibitory components, thus altering the microenvironment of axon growth. Both these factors seriously impede nerve regeneration. In the present study, we investigate whether curcumin (cur), a phytochemical compound with potent anti-inflammatory effect, plays a role in the repair of SCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established a rat model of SCI and treated the animals with different concentrations of cur. Using behavioral assessment, immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we detected the intracellular and extracellular components of glial scar and related cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, nuclear factor (NF)-κb, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, and sex determining region Y-box (SOX)-9. RESULTS We found that cur inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κb; reduced the expression of the intracellular components glial fibrillary acidic protein through anti-inflammation; and suppressed the reactive gliosis. Also, cur inhibited the generation of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and SOX-9; decreased the deposition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan by inhibiting the transforming growth factors and transcription factor; and improved the microenvironment for nerve growth. Through the joint inhibition of the intracellular and extracellular components of glial scar, cur significantly reduced glial scar volume and improved the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating and axon growth. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a role for curcumin in promoting neural function recovery after SCI by the joint inhibition of the intracellular and extracellular components of glial scar, providing an important strategy for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingming Zou
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangkai Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Yin YW, Liao SQ, Zhang MJ, Liu Y, Li BH, Zhou Y, Chen L, Gao CY, Li JC, Zhang LL. TLR4-mediated inflammation promotes foam cell formation of vascular smooth muscle cell by upregulating ACAT1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1574. [PMID: 25522268 PMCID: PMC4454165 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) foam cell formation is an important hallmark, especially in advanced atherosclerosis lesions. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) promotes foam cell formation by promoting intracellular cholesteryl ester synthesis. The present study tests the hypothesis that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) increases the ACAT1 expression by activating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation, and ultimately promotes VSMC foam cell formation. Wild-type, ApoE(-/-), TLR4(-/-) and ACAT1(-/-) mice on a C57BL/6J background were used. Increased TLR4, proinflammatory cytokines and ACAT1 were observed in high-fat (HF) diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation and in oxLDL-stimulated VSMCs. ACAT1 deficiency impeded the HF diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation and impaired the TLR4-manipulated VSMC foam cell formation in response to oxLDL. TLR4 deficiency inhibited the upregulation of myeloid-differentiating factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), proinflammatory cytokines and ACAT1, and eventually attenuated the HF diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation and suppressed the oxLDL-induced VSMC foam cell formation. Knockdown of MyD88 and NF-κB, respectively, impaired the TLR4-manipulated VSMC foam cell formation in response to oxLDL. Rosiglitazone (RSG) attenuated HF diet-induced atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE(-/-) mice, accompanied by reduced expression of TLR4, proinflammatory cytokines and ACAT1 accordingly. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) suppressed oxLDL-induced VSMC foam cell formation and inhibited the expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, proinflammatory cytokines and ACAT1, whereas inhibition of PPARγ exerted the opposite effect. TLR4(-/-) mice and VSMCs showed impaired atherosclerotic plaque formation and foam cell formation, and displayed no response to PPARγ manipulation. In conclusion, our data showed that oxLDL stimulation can activate the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway in VSMCs, which in turn upregulates the ACAT1 expression and finally promotes VSMC foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-W Yin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - S-Q Liao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - M-J Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - B-H Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - L Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - C-Y Gao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - J-C Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - L-L Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, China
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