201
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Hoffmann A, Steingass H, Schollenberger M, Terry H, Hartung K, Weiss E, Mosenthin R. Effects of different forms and origins of oilseeds on dynamics of ruminal biohydrogenation of long-chain fatty acids in vitro. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99:1031-8. [PMID: 25817578 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary unsaturated fatty acids (FA) are intensively hydrogenated in the rumen, resulting in reduced amount of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and accumulation of several biohydrogenation (BH) products. In this study, BH of PUFA originating from different oilseeds (linseed, soya beans, sunflower seed and rapeseed) present in crushed oilseeds or their free oils were assessed in vitro. The assay substrates were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 0, 6, 12 and 24 h. After incubation, the FA pattern of the incubated samples was analysed using gas chromatography. Biohydrogenation is defined as disappearance of double bonds (DB) calculated from the contents of unsaturated FA. After 24-h incubation, the DB contents of all oilseeds were reduced (p < 0.001) by 40-60%. The reduction was higher (p < 0.001) for the crushed form compared with the oil form. In addition, linseed and sunflower seed known as oilseeds with high contents of linolenic acid C18:3 c9,12,15 (LNA) and linoleic acid C18:2 c9,12 (LA), respectively, showed a higher (p < 0.001) accumulation of the BH intermediates conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, isomer C18:2 c9t11) and vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11) for the crushed form, when compared with the oil. These results suggest an inherent effect of the physical form of the assay oilseeds on in vitro BH. Changes in FA pattern during BH in vitro can be attributed to both source and physical form of the assay oilseeds. However, further investigations are warranted to ensure whether the observed in vitro effects on ruminal BH can be confirmed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoffmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Steingass
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Terry
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Hartung
- Bioinformatics Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Weiss
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - R Mosenthin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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202
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Dixit SP, Sivalingam J, Tyagi AK, Saroha V, Sharma A, Nagda RK. Association of novel SNPs in the candidate genes affecting caprine milk fatty acids related to human health. Meta Gene 2015; 4:45-56. [PMID: 25853060 PMCID: PMC4372655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, 618 milk samples of Sirohi breed of goat were collected, and analyzed for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, C18:2) and other fatty acids. The CLA in studied goat milk samples was 4.87 mg/g of milk fat and C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 contributes 2.9 mg/g of milk fat and trans10 cis12 contributes 0.82 mg/g of milk fat. The saturated fatty acids in the milk accounted for 69.55% and unsaturated fatty acid accounted for 28.50%. The unsaturated fatty acid was constituted by monounsaturated fatty acid (24.57%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (3.96%.). The major contribution (45.56%) in total fatty acid was of C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0. C18:0 and short chain ones (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0) have a neutral or cholesterol-decreasing effect. The DNA sequence analysis of the genes (DGAT1, SCAP, PPARG, OLR, FABP3 and PRL) in a random panel of 8 Sirohi goats revealed 38 SNPs across the targeted regions. Out of the studied SNPs (38) across these genes, 22 SNPs had significant effect on one or a group of fatty acids including CLA. The genotypes at these loci showed significant differences in the least square means of a particular fatty acid or a group of fatty acids including CLA and its isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Dixit
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 131002, India
| | | | - A K Tyagi
- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 131002, India
| | - V Saroha
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 131002, India
| | - A Sharma
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, Haryana, 131002, India
| | - R K Nagda
- Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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203
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Razzaghi A, Valizadeh R, Naserian A, Danesh Mesgaran M, Rashidi L. Effects of sucrose and sunflower oil addition to diet of Saanen dairy goats on performance and milk fatty acid profile. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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204
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Concentrate with calcium salts of fatty acids increases the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk produced by dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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205
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Randby ÅT, Borodina S, Dønnem I. Effect of body mass index at parturition on goat milk quality and yield. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A hypothesis that goats in high body condition (BC) at kidding produce milk with lower free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations than do goats in poor condition was tested. Dry goats were measured for neck height and bodyweight 103 days prepartum, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as bodyweight/height2, and used as a measure of BC. One-third of the goats with the highest BMI were allocated to the ‘high-BMI’ group, and the remaining two-thirds were allocated to ‘increased-BMI’ and ‘low-BMI’ groups. Until kidding, the high and low BMI groups were offered a low-energy diet, whereas the increased-BMI group was offered a high-energy diet. After parturition, all animals were offered the same diet. The goats that attained high BMI through feeding, but not those with inherent high BMI, mobilised body fat during early lactation, and increased milk yield. Milk FFA concentrations were reduced in multiparous goats, but not in yearling goats that had another genetic status and therefore were less susceptible to high milk-FFA concentrations.
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206
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Effect of extruded linseeds alone or in combination with fish oil on intake, milk production, plasma metabolite concentrations and milk fatty acid composition in lactating goats. Animal 2015; 9:810-21. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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207
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Apás A, Arena M, Colombo S, González S. Probiotic administration modifies the milk fatty acid profile, intestinal morphology, and intestinal fatty acid profile of goats. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:47-54. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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208
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Zhao WS, Hu SL, Yu K, Wang H, Wang W, Loor J, Luo J. Lipoprotein lipase, tissue expression and effects on genes related to fatty acid synthesis in goat mammary epithelial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22757-71. [PMID: 25501331 PMCID: PMC4284735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) serves as a central factor in hydrolysis of triacylglycerol and uptake of free fatty acids from the plasma. However, there are limited data concerning the action of LPL on the regulation of milk fat synthesis in goat mammary gland. In this investigation, we describe the cloning and sequencing of the LPL gene from Xinong Saanen dairy goat mammary gland, along with a study of its phylogenetic relationships. Sequence analysis showed that goat LPL shares similarities with other species including sheep, bovine, human and mouse. LPL mRNA expression in various tissues determined by RT-qPCR revealed the highest expression in white adipose tissue, with lower expression in heart, lung, spleen, rumen, small intestine, mammary gland, and kidney. Expression was almost undetectable in liver and muscle. The expression profiles of LPL gene in mammary gland at early, peak, mid, late lactation, and the dry period were also measured. Compared with the dry period, LPL mRNA expression was markedly greater at early lactation. However, compared with early lactation, the expression was lower at peak lactation and mid lactation. Despite those differences, LPL mRNA expression was still greater at peak, mid, and late lactation compared with the dry period. Using goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC), the in vitro knockdown of LPL via shRNA or with Orlistat resulted in a similar degree of down-regulation of LPL (respectively). Furthermore, knockdown of LPL was associated with reduced mRNA expression of SREBF1, FASN, LIPE and PPARG but greater expression of FFAR3. There was no effect on ACACA expression. Orlistat decreased expression of LIPE, FASN, ACACA, and PPARG, and increased FFAR3 and SREBF1 expression. The pattern of LPL expression was similar to the changes in milk fat percentage in lactating goats. Taken together, results suggest that LPL may play a crucial role in fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Sheng Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Shi-Liang Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Kang Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Juan Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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209
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Interaction between fish oil and plant oils or starchy concentrates in the diet: Effects on dairy performance and milk fatty acid composition in goats. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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210
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Yang CJ, Ding W, Ma LJ, Jia R. Discrimination and characterization of different intensities of goaty flavor in goat milk by means of an electronic nose. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:55-67. [PMID: 25465555 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An electronic nose based on metal oxide sensors was used to measure goaty flavor in goat milk samples. To study the relationships between electronic nose data, sensory data, and levels of free fatty acids (FFA), multivariate partial least square regression (PLS) was carried out. The electronic nose system evaluation correlated well with sensory evaluation. The coefficients of determination (R(2)) of the PLS models reached 90.0%. The electronic nose, combined with principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis, can discern among goat milk samples with different goaty flavor intensities. In addition, Fisher discriminant analysis and back-propagation neural network were carried out to evaluate goaty flavor intensity, and the prediction accuracies were 98.2 and 100.0%, respectively. The electronic nose is a potentially useful tool to evaluate goaty flavor intensity in goat milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - W Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - L J Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - R Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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211
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Chilliard Y, Toral P, Shingfield K, Rouel J, Leroux C, Bernard L. Effects of diet and physiological factors on milk fat synthesis, milk fat composition and lipolysis in the goat: A short review. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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212
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213
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Steinshamn H, Inglingstad RA, Ekeberg D, Mølmann J, Jørgensen M. Effect of forage type and season on Norwegian dairy goat milk production and quality. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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214
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Li J, Luo J, Wang H, Shi H, Zhu J, Sun Y, Yu K, Yao D. Adipose triglyceride lipase regulates lipid metabolism in dairy goat mammary epithelial cells. Gene 2014; 554:125-30. [PMID: 25307872 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) catalyzes the initial step in the lipid lipolysis process, hydrolyzing triglyceride (TG) to produce diacylglycerol (DG) and free fatty acids (FFA). In addition, ATGL regulates lipid storage and release in adipocyte cells. However, its role in mammary gland tissue remains unclear. To assess the role of the ATGL gene in the goat mammary gland, this study analyzed the tissue distribution and expression of key genes together with lipid accumulation after knockdown of the ATGL gene. The mRNA of ATGL was highly expressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue, the lung and the mammary gland with a significant increase in expression during the lactation period compared with the dry period of the mammary gland. Knockdown of the ATGL gene in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) using siRNA resulted in a significant decrease in both ATGL mRNA and protein levels. Silencing of the ATGL gene markedly increased lipid droplet accumulation and intracellular TG concentration (P<0.05), while it reduced FFA levels in GMECs (P<0.05). Additionally, the expression of HSL for lipolysis, FABP3 for fatty acid transport, PPARα for fatty acid oxidation, ADFP, BTN1A1, and XDH for milk fat formation and secretion was down-regulated (P<0.05) after knockdown of the ATGL gene, with increased expression of CD36 for fatty acid uptake (P<0.05). In conclusion, these data suggest that the ATGL gene plays an important role in triglyceride lipolysis in GMECs and provides the first experimental evidence that ATGL may be involved in lipid metabolism during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hengbo Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Kang Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Dawei Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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215
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Mann KS, Chandrahas, Saini A. Weaning stress management in Beetal kids under stall-fed conditions. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.963088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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216
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Van Nieuwenhove C, Pérez M, Hernández M, Luna Pizarro P. Characterization of gross composition, energy value, and fatty acid profile of milk from lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) during different lactation periods. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated gross composition, energy value, and fatty acid profile of colostrum, transitional, and mature milk of lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris (L., 1758)) from Argentina. Samples were obtained from six healthy animals kept in captive or semicaptive conditions. Protein content varied over time from 6 to 19 g/100 g of milk; carbohydrates varied from 2.4 to 5.4 g/100 g of milk; fat varied from 2.4 to 17.3 g/100 g of milk. Energy value also varied over time, with colostrum having the highest value. Fatty acid profile revealed a unique pattern in tapir milk, characterized by the presence of higher amounts of lauric, myristic, and pentadecanoic acids than in milk from other equids. Traces of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were measured, being the only trans fatty acid detected in tapir milk. Neither butyric acid (C4:0) nor fatty acids longer than C18 were found in tapir milk. The characteristics of tapir milk include high concentration of fat, caseins, and whey proteins. Gross composition and saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid (SFA/UFA) ratio of tapir milk were more similar to that of horse milk than rhinoceros milk. The present study sheds light on tapir fatty acid metabolism and on nutritional requirements of their newborns, which can be used to improve conservation and management strategies. Furthermore, different periods of lactation were evaluated in this species for the first time, thus contributing to the general knowledge of milk from other members of the order Perissodactyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Van Nieuwenhove
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA–CONICET), Chacabuco 145, 4000, S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M.E. Pérez
- Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M. Hernández
- Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - P. Luna Pizarro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Gorrite 237, 4600, S.S. de Jujuy, Argentina
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217
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Guerra E, Gori A, Cevoli C, Losi G, Caboni MF. Lipid fraction of creams collected in the Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese production area in response to extruded linseed supplementation of dairy cows’ diets: GC-FID and FT-MIR evaluation. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guerra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Chiara Cevoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Giuseppe Losi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
| | - Maria Fiorenza Caboni
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences; University of Bologna; Piazza G. Goidanich 60 - 47521 Cesena FC Italy
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218
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Inglingstad R, Steinshamn H, Dagnachew B, Valenti B, Criscione A, Rukke E, Devold T, Skeie S, Vegarud G. Grazing season and forage type influence goat milk composition and rennet coagulation properties. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3800-14. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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219
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Maroteau C, Palhière I, Larroque H, Clément V, Ferrand M, Tosser-Klopp G, Rupp R. Genetic parameter estimation for major milk fatty acids in Alpine and Saanen primiparous goats. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:3142-55. [PMID: 24612796 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic parameters for 18 fatty acids or groups of fatty acids (FA), milk production traits, and somatic cell score (SCS) were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood with a repeatability animal model, using 45,259 test-day records from the first lactations of 13,677 Alpine and Saanen goats. Fatty acid data were collected as part of an extensive recording scheme (PhénoFinLait), and sample testing was based on mid-infrared spectra estimates. The total predicted FA content in milk was approximately 3.5% in Alpine and Saanen goats. Goat milk fat showed similar saturated FA to cattle and sheep, but higher contents of capric (C10:0) FA (~ 9.7 g/100g of milk fat). Heritability estimates ranged from 0.18 to 0.49 for FA and estimates were generally higher when FA were expressed in g/100g of milk fat compared with g/100g of milk. In general, the 3 specific short- and medium-chain goat FA, caproic acid (C6:0), caprylic acid (C8:0), and especially capric (C10:0) acid, had among the highest heritability estimates (from 0.21 to 0.37; average of 0.30). Heritability estimates for milk yield, fat and protein contents, and SCS were 0.22, 0.23, 0.39, 0.09, and 0.24, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.15, in Alpine and Saanen goats, respectively. When FA were expressed in g/100g of milk, genetic correlations between fat content and all FA were high and positive. Genetic correlations between the fat content and FA groups expressed in g/100g of fat led to further investigation of the association between fat content and FA profile within milk fat. Accordingly, in both Saanen and Alpine breeds, no significant genetic correlations were found between fat content and C16:0, whereas the correlations between fat content and specific goat FA (C6:0 to C10:0) were positive (0.17 to 0.59). In addition, the genetic correlation between fat content and C14:0 was negative (-0.17 to -0.35). The values of the genetic correlations between protein content and individual FA were similar, although genetic correlations between protein content and FA groups were close to zero. Genetic correlations of milk yield or SCS with the FA profile were weak. Results for genetic parameters for FA, however, should be further validated, because the low predicting ability of certain FA using mid-infrared spectra and the limited calibration data set might have resulted in low accuracy. In conclusion, our results indicated substantial genetic variation in goat milk FA that supported their amenability for genetic selection. In addition, selection on protein and fat contents is not expected to have an undesirable effect on the FA profile in regard to specificity of goat products and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maroteau
- Union Nationale des Coopératives agricoles d'Élevage et d'Insémination Animale, Service Génétique, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris, France; INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Élevage, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; INRA, UMR444 Génétique Cellulaire, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - I Palhière
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Élevage, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - H Larroque
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Élevage, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - V Clément
- Institut de l'Élevage, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - M Ferrand
- Institut de l'Élevage, F-75595 Paris, France
| | - G Tosser-Klopp
- INRA, UMR444 Génétique Cellulaire, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - R Rupp
- INRA, UMR1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Élevage, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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220
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Medeiros E, Queiroga R, Oliveira M, Medeiros A, Sabedot M, Bomfim M, Madruga M. Fatty acid profile of cheese from dairy goats fed a diet enriched with castor, sesame and faveleira vegetable oils. Molecules 2014; 19:992-1003. [PMID: 24434672 PMCID: PMC6270699 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of vegetable oils to the diets of dairy goats is an alternative to supplemental feeding during the dry period and improves the lipid profile of milk and by-products. Cheeses were produced using milk from cross bred goats (Saanen×Alpina) fed diets enriched with 4% vegetable oil (faveleira, sesame or castor), the fatty acid profile of cheeses was studied. Supplementation with vegetable oils did not increase the total fat percentage of the cheese (p≥0.05) but did increase the percentage of CLA isomers, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); in addition, the index of desirable fatty acids (DFA--expressed as the sum of unsaturated fatty acids plus stearic acid) was increased for cheese made from milk from goats fed sesame or faveleira oil. Cheeses may have had increased percentages of cis-9,trans-11-CLA due to the supplementation of animal diets with vegetable oils rich in C18:2, such as faveleira and sesame oils. The fatty acid profile of goat cheese did not change significantly in response to the use of castor oil. Thus, the addition of sesame and faveleira oils to goat diets positively altered the fatty acid profile, which improved the nutritional characteristics of the fat present in goat cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertha Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Rita Queiroga
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Ariosvaldo Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Sabedot
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Marco Bomfim
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
| | - Marta Madruga
- Graduate Program in Science and Food Technology, Department of Foods Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Paraiba (PPGCTA/DEA/CT/UFPB ), Campus I, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba 58.059-900, Brazil.
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221
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In vitro and in vivo enhancement of adipogenesis by Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in 3T3-L1 cells and mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85297. [PMID: 24454838 PMCID: PMC3890303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis is very much important in improving the quality of meat in animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo adipogenesis regulation properties of Lolium multiflorum on 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and mice. Chemical composition of petroleum ether extract of L. multiflorum (PET-LM) confirmed the presence of fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, and caprylic acid, as the major compounds. PET-LM treatment increased viability, lipid accumulation, lipolysis, cell cycle progression, and DNA synthesis in the cells. PET-LM treatment also augmented peroxysome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ2, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, adiponectin, adipocyte binding protein, glucose transporter-4, fatty acid synthase, and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels in differentiated adipocytes. In addition, mice administered with 200 mg/kg body weight PET-LM for 8 weeks showed greater body weight than control mice. These findings suggest that PET-LM facilitates adipogenesis by stimulating PPARγ-mediated signaling cascades in adipocytes which could be useful for quality meat development in animals.
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222
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CLA induced milk fat depression reduced dry matter intake and improved energy balance in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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223
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Sant’Ana A, Bezerril F, Madruga M, Batista A, Magnani M, Souza E, Queiroga R. Nutritional and sensory characteristics of Minas fresh cheese made with goat milk, cow milk, or a mixture of both. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7442-53. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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224
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Ferrand-Calmels M, Palhière I, Brochard M, Leray O, Astruc JM, Aurel MR, Barbey S, Bouvier F, Brunschwig P, Caillat H, Douguet M, Faucon-Lahalle F, Gelé M, Thomas G, Trommenschlager JM, Larroque H. Prediction of fatty acid profiles in cow, ewe, and goat milk by mid-infrared spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:17-35. [PMID: 24268398 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometry was used to estimate the fatty acid (FA) composition in cow, ewe, and goat milk. The objectives were to compare different statistical approaches with wavelength selection to predict the milk FA composition from MIR spectra, and to develop equations for FA in cow, goat, and ewe milk. In total, a set of 349 cow milk samples, 200 ewe milk samples, and 332 goat milk samples were both analyzed by MIR and by gas chromatography, the reference method. A broad FA variability was ensured by using milk from different breeds and feeding systems. The methods studied were partial least squares regression (PLS), first-derivative pretreatment + PLS, genetic algorithm + PLS, wavelets + PLS, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method (LASSO), and elastic net. The best results were obtained with PLS, genetic algorithm + PLS and first derivative + PLS. The residual standard deviation and the coefficient of determination in external validation were used to characterize the equations and to retain the best for each FA in each species. In all cases, the predictions were of better quality for FA found at medium to high concentrations (i.e., for saturated FA and some monounsaturated FA with a coefficient of determination in external validation >0.90). The conversion of the FA expressed in grams per 100mL of milk to grams per 100g of FA was possible with a small loss of accuracy for some FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrand-Calmels
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France.
| | - I Palhière
- INRA, UR0631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France
| | - M Brochard
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - O Leray
- Actilait, Rue de Versailles, F-39800 Poligny, France
| | - J M Astruc
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - M R Aurel
- INRA, UE 0321, Domaine expérimental de La Fage, F-12250 Roquefort-sur-Soulzon, France
| | - S Barbey
- INRA, UE 0326, Domaine expérimental du Pin-au Haras, F-61310 Exmes, France
| | - F Bouvier
- INRA, UE 0332, Domaine expérimental de Bourges-La Sapinière, 18390 Osmoy, France
| | - P Brunschwig
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - H Caillat
- INRA, UR0631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France
| | - M Douguet
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - F Faucon-Lahalle
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France; CNIEL, 42 rue de Châteaudun, 75314 Paris cedex 09, France
| | - M Gelé
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - G Thomas
- Institut de l'Elevage, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75595 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - J M Trommenschlager
- INRA, UR 0055, Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources, 662 avenue Louis Buffet, F-88500 Mirecourt, France
| | - H Larroque
- INRA, UR0631, Station d'Amélioration Génétique des Animaux, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France
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225
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The quality of Valle del Belice sheep’s milk and cheese produced in the hot summer season in Sicily. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-013-0155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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226
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Chilliard Y, Rouel J, Guillouet P. Goat alpha-s1 casein genotype interacts with the effect of extruded linseed feeding on milk fat yield, fatty acid composition and post-milking lipolysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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227
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Lôbo AMBO, Bomfim MAD, Facó O, Fernandes Júnior GA, Ponciano MF, Lôbo RNB. Intramuscular fat and fatty acid profile of muscle of lambs finished in irrigated pasture. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.822810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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228
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Evaluating the performance, carcass traits and conjugated linoleic acid content in muscle and adipose tissues of Black Bengal goats fed soybean oil and sunflower oil. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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229
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Almeida O, Pires A, Susin I, Gentil R, Mendes C, Queiroz M, Ferreira E, Eastridge M. Milk fatty acids profile and arterial blood milk fat precursors concentration of dairy goats fed increasing doses of soybean oil. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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230
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Fonseca C, Bordin K, Fernandes A, Rodrigues C, Corassin C, Cruz A, Oliveira C. Storage of refrigerated raw goat milk affecting the quality of whole milk powder. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4716-24. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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231
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Barrón-Bravo O, Gutiérrez-Chávez A, Ángel-Sahagún C, Montaldo H, Shepard L, Valencia-Posadas M. Losses in milk yield, fat and protein contents according to different levels of somatic cell count in dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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232
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Martini M, Salari F, Altomonte I. The Macrostructure of Milk Lipids: The Fat Globules. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 56:1209-21. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.758626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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233
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Sensory profile and physicochemical parameters of cheese from dairy goats fed vegetable oils in the semiarid region of Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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234
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Neveu C, Baurhoo B, Mustafa A. Effect of feeding extruded flaxseed with different forage:concentrate ratios on the performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3886-94. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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235
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Effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) seed extract on milk fatty acid profile and methane emission in lactating goat. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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236
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Vera RR, Aguilar C, Lira R, Peña I, Valenzuela A, Cerda H. Effect of dietary inclusion of lampante olive oil on milk and cheese fatty acid profiles of ewes. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2013. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.108312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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237
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Hussein M, Harvatine KH, Weerasinghe WMPB, Sinclair LA, Bauman DE. Conjugated linoleic acid-induced milk fat depression in lactating ewes is accompanied by reduced expression of mammary genes involved in lipid synthesis. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:3825-34. [PMID: 23587385 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are produced during rumen biohydrogenation and exert a range of biological effects. The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer is a potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows and some aspects of the mechanism have been established. Conjugated linoleic acid-induced milk fat depression has also been observed in small ruminants and our objective was to examine the molecular mechanism in lactating ewes. Multiparous lactating ewes were fed a basal ration (0.55:0.45 concentrate-to-forage ratio; dry matter basis) and randomly allocated to 2 dietary CLA levels (n=8 ewes/treatment). Treatments were zero CLA (control) or 15 g/d of lipid-encapsulated CLA supplement containing cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers in equal proportions. Treatments were fed for 10 wk and the CLA supplement provided 1.5 g of trans-10,cis-12/d. No treatment effects were observed on milk yield or milk composition for protein or lactose at wk 10 of the study. In contrast, CLA treatment significantly decreased both milk fat percentage and milk fat yield (g/d) by about 23%. The de novo synthesized fatty acids (FA; <C16) were significantly decreased in proportion (15%) and daily yield (27%), and the proportion of preformed FA (>C16) was increased (10%) for the CLA treatment. In agreement with the reduced de novo FA synthesis, mRNA abundance of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α, FA synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 6 decreased by 25 to 40% in the CLA-treated group. Conjugated linoleic acid treatment did not significantly reduce the mRNA abundance of enzymes involved in NADPH production, but the mRNA abundance for sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 and insulin-induced gene 1, genes involved in regulation of transcription of lipogenic enzymes, was decreased by almost 30 and 55%, respectively, with CLA treatment. Furthermore, mRNA abundance of lipoprotein lipase decreased by almost 40% due to CLA treatment. In conclusion, the mechanism for CLA-induced milk fat depression in lactating ewes involved the sterol regulatory element-binding protein transcription factor family and a coordinated downregulation in transcript abundance for lipogenic enzymes involved in mammary lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hussein
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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238
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Hoffmann A, Steingass H, Schollenberger M, Jara HT, Hartung K, Weiss E, Mosenthin R. Changes in fatty acid composition of various full fat crushed oilseeds and their free oils when incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Arch Anim Nutr 2013; 67:77-92. [PMID: 23301837 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2012.755325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid pattern of dietary lipids can be modified during rumen biohydrogenation (BH). The objective of the present study was to assess changes in the FA pattern of different oilseed products supplied either as crushed full fat oilseed or as free oil after in vitro incubation with buffered rumen liquor. The FA patterns were determined at the beginning and compared with those measured after 24 h of incubation. The contents of fatty acids (FA) < C18 increased (p < 0.05) in nearly all treatments, eventually due to microbial de novo synthesis and fermentation of carbohydrates and proteins during incubation. In contrast, the contents of the dominating C18 FA, (oleic acid - C18:1c9, linoleic acid - C18:2c9,12, linolenic acid - C18:3c9,12,15) were reduced due to BH, resulting in the accumulation of characteristic BH intermediates, such as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer C18:2c9t11 (rumenic acid). However, both for crushed full fat oilseeds and their free oils the process of BH was not completed at the end of incubation. The disappearance was highest for C18:3c9,12,15, followed by C18:2c9,12 and C18:1c9. The rate of BH of unsaturated FA was higher in the crushed form compared to the oil form. Higher amounts of BH intermediates accumulated in the crushed form. Obviously, the physical form affects the degree of BH in vitro. The current results suggest that feeding crushed full fat seeds instead of their free oils to dairy cows might stimulate the formation of beneficial BH intermediates such as CLA in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Hoffmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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239
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Effect of CSN1S1 gene polymorphism and stage of lactation on milk yield and composition of extensively reared goats. J DAIRY RES 2013; 80:129-37. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029912000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effect of CSN1S1 genotype and lactation stage on milk yield and composition were investigated in 80 extensively reared goats. Milk yield was recorded in early, mid and late lactation and individual milk samples were collected to determine: fat, protein, lactose and casein content, pH, freezing point, somatic cell count (SCC) and total microbic mesophilic count (TMC). Relative casein composition and amino acid profile were quantified by HPLC. Fatty acid profile was measured by gas-chromatography. Genotype did not affect milk yield, while this trait was significantly affected by lactation stage (P < 0·01). CSN1S1 BB goats produced significantly higher protein and casein percentages (P < 0·05). αs1-casein (CN) was significantly higher in BB and AB goats than AF and BF, showing intermediate values in AA goats (P < 0·01). The protein percentage and the αs1 and αs2-CN fractions were not affected by lactation stage, while the casein content and the β and κ-CN significantly increased throughout lactation (P < 0·01). C4 : 0 and C6 : 0 were not affected by genotype, while C8 : 0 and C10 : 0 were higher in the AA goats than BB; most of the long chain FA were higher in BB than AA goats. MUFA and PUFA increased in late lactation. In addition, BB goats showed higher essential amino acids, resulting in an optimal composition from the nutritional point of view, when compared with AA goats. The increase of MUFA, PUFA, essential and cis-FA in late lactation indicate that the lipid composition of goat's milk, with the progress of lactation, tends to improve its nutritional value.
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240
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Effect of extruded linseed supplementation on blood metabolic profile and milk performance of Saanen goats. Animal 2013; 7:1464-71. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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241
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Martini M, Altomonte I, Salari F. Evaluation of the fatty acid profile from the core and membrane of fat globules in ewe's milk during lactation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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242
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Menaa F, Menaa A, Menaa B, Tréton J. Trans-fatty acids, dangerous bonds for health? A background review paper of their use, consumption, health implications and regulation in France. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1289-302. [PMID: 23269652 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) can be produced either from bio-hydrogenation in the rumen of ruminants or by industrial hydrogenation. While most of TFAs' effects from ruminants are poorly established, there is increasing evidence that high content of industrial TFAs may cause deleterious effects on human health and life span. MATERIAL AND METHODS Indeed, several epidemiological and experimental studies strongly suggest that high content of most TFA isomers could represent a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by a mechanism that lowers the "good HDL cholesterol" and raises the "bad LDL cholesterol." RESULTS With respect to the general precautionary principle and considering the existence of an international policy consensus regarding the need for public health action, some industrialized countries, such as France, are still not sufficiently involved in preventive strategies that aim to efficiently reduce TFAs content and TFAs consumption and produce alternative healthier fat sources. CONCLUSION In this manuscript, we provide an overview about TFAs origins, their use and consumption among French population. We also discuss their potential human health implications as well as the preventive and regulatory measures undertaken in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Menaa
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Fluorotronics Inc., 2453 Cades Way, San Diego, CA 92081, USA.
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243
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Cozma A, Martin B, Guiadeur M, Pradel P, Tixier E, Ferlay A. Influence of calf presence during milking on yield, composition, fatty acid profile and lipolytic system of milk in Prim’Holstein and Salers cow breeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-012-0094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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244
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Vilanova M, Osório M, Schmidt V, Osório J, Vilanova D, Kessler J. Perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de cabras leiteiras alimentadas com dieta contendo dois níveis de óleo de arroz. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000600047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram testados os efeitos de dois níveis de extrato etéreo à base de óleo de arroz no concentrado em 30 cabras Saanen durante a fase inicial de lactação. A alimentação baseou-se na relação 60% de volumoso (feno de alfafa) e 40% de concentrado comercial com dois níveis de extrato etéreo (3% e 5%). As variáveis estudadas foram a quantificação e qualificação do perfil de ácidos graxos do leite total e frente ao tempo de lactação. O acréscimo de óleo de arroz na dieta diminuiu (P<0,05) a concentração de ácidos graxos saturados e aumentou (P<0,05) a concentração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite caprino. O ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC) também é afetado positivamente pelo acréscimo de óleo de arroz na dieta. A inclusão de óleo de arroz nos níveis de 3% e 5% da matéria seca, na dieta de cabras leiteiras da raça Saanen, influencia o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite, com ênfase no ALC, até a 11ª semana de lactação.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V. Schmidt
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
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245
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246
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Ghazal S, Berthelot V, Friggens N, Schmidely P. Influence of a supplement containing conjugated linoleic acid on dairy performance, milk fatty acid composition, and adipose tissue reactivity to lipolytic challenge in mid-lactation goats. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:7308-18. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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247
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Renna M, Lussiana C, Cornale P, Fortina R, Mimosi A. Changes in goat milk fatty acids during abrupt transition from indoor to pasture diet. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Prieto N, Bodas R, López-Campos Ó, Andrés S, López S, Giráldez FJ. Effect of sunflower oil supplementation and milking frequency reduction on sheep milk production and composition. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:446-54. [PMID: 23097403 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of milking frequency reduction and dietary lipid supplementation on intake, BW, and milk yield and composition in high yielding dairy ewes. Ten lactating Assaf ewes were allocated into 2 experimental groups (n=5). Ewes were fed alfalfa hay ad libitum and 34 g·kg(-1) of BW of a concentrate feed with either 0 (Control group) or 43 g of sunflower oil·kg(-1) of DM (SO group). The experiment lasted 63 d and consisted of 3 periods. During Period 1 (from d 1 to 21), ewes were milked twice a day. During Period 2 (from d 22 to 49), ewes were unilaterally milked, so that each gland of each ewe was milked either once or twice daily. During Period 3 (from d 50 to the end of the experiment), both udder halves were again milked twice daily. Intake, BW, and milk composition were controlled weekly and milk production from each half udder was recorded twice a week. Total DM intake, BW, and milk yield in Period 1 were not significantly (P>0.10) affected by dietary treatments. Milk yield tended to be increased in the ewes fed the SO diet in periods 2 (P=0.093) and 3 (P=0.067). Oil supplementation (SO diet) significantly (P<0.05) decreased milk protein and total solids concentrations in the 3 experimental periods and fat content in Period 3, and tended (P=0.077) to decline fat content in Period 2. Lactose content and somatic cell count (SCC) were unaffected (P>0.10) by dietary lipid supplementation in any of the experimental periods. There were no significant (P>0.10) differences between half udders in milk yield and composition in Period 1, and in SCC in any of the experimental periods. Fat and total solids contents were unaffected (P>0.10) by reducing milking frequency. Nevertheless, milk protein content was increased (P<0.001) when glands were milked only once daily whereas milk yield and lactose content were decreased (P=0.001). The interaction between gland and diet was significant for lactose in Period 2, suggesting a greater effect of milking frequency reduction on tight junctions in Control ewes. In fact, the ratio between glands for milk yield was significantly (P<0.05) greater in SO (0.82) than in Control (0.72) ewes. In Period 3, this ratio increased but it was still lower in Control ewes (0.92 vs. 0.78, P<0.05). Thus, milking frequency reduction and SO supplementation seem to have counteracting effects on milk production and composition. Our results suggest that SO-supplemented ewes have a better capacity of adaptation to changes in milking frequency, probably due to processes induced in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Prieto
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas, s/n, E-24346, Grulleros, León, Spain.
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Abstract
It is well known that any quantitative (energy and protein levels) and qualitative (nature of the diet, nutrient dynamic) changes in the feeding of animals affect metabolism. Energy expenditure and feed efficiency at the whole-body level, nutrient partitioning between and within tissues and organs and, ultimately, tissue and organ characteristics are the major regulated traits with consequences on the quality of the meat and milk produced. Recent progress in biology has brought to light important biological mechanisms which explain these observations: for instance, regulation by the nutrients of gene expression or of key metabolic enzyme activity, interaction and sometimes cross-regulation or competition between nutrients to provide free energy (ATP) to living cells, indirect action of nutrients through a complex hormonal action, and, particularly in herbivores, interactions between trans-fatty acids produced in the rumen and tissue metabolism. One of the main targets of this nutritional regulation is a modification of tissue insulin sensitivity and hence of insulin action. In addition, the nutritional control of mitochondrial activity (and hence of nutrient catabolism) is another major mechanism by which nutrients may affect body composition and tissue characteristics. These regulations are of great importance in the most metabolically active tissues (the digestive tract and the liver) and may have undesirable (i.e. diabetes and obesity in humans) or desirable consequences (such as the production of fatty liver by ducks and geese, and the production of fatty and hence tasty meat or milk with an adapted fatty acid profile).
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Argov-Argaman N, Mbogori T, Sabastian C, Shamay A, Mabjeesh S. Hyperinsulinemic clamp modulates milk fat globule lipid composition in goats. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5776-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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