201
|
Lam S, Doran S, Yuksel HH, Altay O, Turkez H, Nielsen J, Boren J, Uhlen M, Mardinoglu A. Addressing the heterogeneity in liver diseases using biological networks. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:1751-1766. [PMID: 32201876 PMCID: PMC7986590 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormalities in human metabolism have been implicated in the progression of several complex human diseases, including certain cancers. Hence, deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with metabolic reprogramming in a disease state can greatly assist in elucidating the disease aetiology. An invaluable tool for establishing connections between global metabolic reprogramming and disease development is the genome-scale metabolic model (GEM). Here, we review recent work on the reconstruction of cell/tissue-type and cancer-specific GEMs and their use in identifying metabolic changes occurring in response to liver disease development, stratification of the heterogeneous disease population and discovery of novel drug targets and biomarkers. We also discuss how GEMs can be integrated with other biological networks for generating more comprehensive cell/tissue models. In addition, we review the various biological network analyses that have been employed for the development of efficient treatment strategies. Finally, we present three case studies in which independent studies converged on conclusions underlying liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lam
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Stephen Doran
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Hatice Hilal Yuksel
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Ozlem Altay
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-17121, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Camini FC, Costa DC. Silymarin: not just another antioxidant. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:/j/jbcpp.2020.31.issue-4/jbcpp-2019-0206/jbcpp-2019-0206.xml. [PMID: 32134732 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin (Silybum marianum; SM), popularly known as milk thistle, is an extract that has been used for many centuries to treat liver diseases. In recent years, several studies have shown that SM is not only just another antioxidant but also a multifunctional compound that exhibits several beneficial properties for use in the treatment and prevention of different types of pathologies and disorders. This review aims at demonstrating the main protective activities of SM in diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, metabolic syndrome, depression, cardiovascular diseases and thalassemia, in addition to its photoprotective activity in in vitro tests and preclinical studies. Its main functions include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and it acts as modulator of signaling pathways. It has been suggested that SM presents great multifunctional potential and is capable of achieving promising results in different types of research. However, caution is still needed regarding its indiscriminate use in humans as there are only a few clinical studies relating to the adequate dose and the actual efficacy of this extract in different types of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Caetano Camini
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Caldeira Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro University Campus, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Tran VN, Viktorova J, Augustynkova K, Jelenova N, Dobiasova S, Rehorova K, Fenclova M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Vitek L, Hajslova J, Ruml T. In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Mycotoxins and Their Cocktails; Their Toxicity and Its Mitigation by Silibinin Pre-Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E148. [PMID: 32121188 PMCID: PMC7150870 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins found in randomly selected commercial milk thistle dietary supplement were evaluated for their toxicity in silico and in vitro. Using in silico methods, the basic physicochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of the mycotoxins were predicted using ACD/Percepta. The in vitro cytotoxicity of individual mycotoxins was determined in mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7), human hepatoblastoma (HepG2), and human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells. In addition, we studied the bioavailability potential of mycotoxins and silibinin utilizing an in vitro transwell system with differentiated human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) simulating mycotoxin transfer through the intestinal epithelial barrier. The IC50 values for individual mycotoxins in studied cells were in the biologically relevant ranges as follows: 3.57-13.37 nM (T-2 toxin), 5.07-47.44 nM (HT-2 toxin), 3.66-17.74 nM (diacetoxyscirpenol). Furthermore, no acute toxicity was obtained for deoxynivalenol, beauvericin, zearalenone, enniatinENN-A, enniatin-A1, enniatin-B, enniatin-B1, alternariol, alternariol-9-methyl ether, tentoxin, and mycophenolic acid up to the 50 nM concentration. The acute toxicity of these mycotoxins in binary combinations exhibited antagonistic effects in the combinations of T-2 with DON, ENN-A1, or ENN-B, while the rest showed synergistic or additive effects. Silibinin had a significant protective effect against both the cytotoxicity of three mycotoxins (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS) and genotoxicity of AME, AOH, DON, and ENNs on HEK 293T. The bioavailability results confirmed that AME, DAS, ENN-B, TEN, T-2, and silibinin are transported through the epithelial cell layer and further metabolized. The bioavailability of silibinin is very similar to mycotoxins poor penetration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van Nguyen Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Jitka Viktorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Katerina Augustynkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Nikola Jelenova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Simona Dobiasova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Katerina Rehorova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| | - Marie Fenclova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (M.S.-Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Milena Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (M.S.-Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Libor Vitek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12108 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Faculty General Hospital, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (M.S.-Z.); (J.H.)
| | - Tomas Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (V.N.T.); (J.V.); (K.A.); (N.J.); (S.D.); (K.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Kacar S, Bektur Aykanat NE, Sahinturk V. Silymarin inhibited DU145 cells by activating SLIT2 protein and suppressing expression of CXCR4. Med Oncol 2020; 37:18. [PMID: 32062757 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-1343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Among other cancers, prostate cancer is globally the second most rampant one with the incidence of 29.4% among men. SLIT2/ROBO1 signaling is very crucial pathway causally implicated in many cancers and reported to inhibit a variety of cancer cell types. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor implicated in cancer progression. Silymarin is a phytochemical, of which anti-carcinogenic activity was suggested in various cancers, including prostate cancer. However, there are no studies examining the effect of silymarin on SLIT2-Robo1-CXCR4 axis. Herein, our goal is to explore cytotoxic and morphological effects of silymarin on DU145 cells and to reveal its role in Slit2/Robo and CXCR1 pathway. First, 24, 48 and 72 h-long cytotoxicity tests were performed for dose analysis of silymarin, followed H-E stain for morphological evaluation with varying doses of silymarin. Afterward, western blot and immunocytochemistry analyses were carried out for SLIT2, ROBO1 and CXCR4 proteins. According to MTT analysis, IC50 concentrations for silymarin were 315, 126 and 70 µM against DU145 cells for 24, 48 and 72 h treatments. In H-E, several apoptotic hallmarks, including, condensed, kidney-shaped and eccentric nuclei, membrane blebbings and apoptotic body formations were observed. Silymarin increased the expressions of SLIT2 and ROBO1 while decreased CXCR4 when compared to control group in immunocytochemistry and Western blot. To summarize, silymarin inhibited DU145 cells dose-dependently by activating SLIT2 protein and inhibiting expression of CXCR4. This study is the first examining the interplay between Slit2-Robo1-CXCR4 proteins and silymarin in DU145 cells. We believe that our study will provide new insights for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Kacar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Nuriye Ezgi Bektur Aykanat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Varol Sahinturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Abu-Serie MM, Habashy NH. Vitis vinifera polyphenols from seedless black fruit act synergistically to suppress hepatotoxicity by targeting necroptosis and pro-fibrotic mediators. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2452. [PMID: 32051531 PMCID: PMC7016101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human is subjected from his surrounding to various hepatotoxins, which aggravates his liver. Nowadays, natural polyphenols have attracted great interest in health improvement, especially liver health. The present research, therefore, assessed the hepatotherapeutic potency of the isolated polyphenols (VVF1) from seedless (pulp and skin) black Vitis vinifera (VV) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Further, VVF1 was fractionated into resveratrol-enriched (VVF2) and phenolics-enriched (VVF3) fractions to study (in vitro) the possible synergism of their coexistence. The highest content of phenolics in VVF1 displayed in vitro synergistic antioxidant and anti-hepatotoxic activities comparing to VVF2, VVF3, and silymarin (SM, reference drug). More importantly, it exhibited multiple in vivo regulatory functions via diminishing oxidative stress and inflammation, which in turn decreased necroptosis and pro-fibrotic mediators (mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1). In addition to these novel findings, VVF1 had higher anti-hepatotoxic potency than that of SM in most of the studied parameters. The histopathological analysis confirmed the improving role of VVF1 in the serious hepatic damage induced by CCl4. Thus, the synergistic functions of VVF1 polyphenols could be a promising new anti-hepatotoxic agent for targeting both necroptotic and profibrotic mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Noha H Habashy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
|
207
|
Surai PF. Antioxidants in Poultry Nutrition and Reproduction: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020105. [PMID: 31991738 PMCID: PMC7070479 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Surai
- Vitagene and Health Research Centre, Bristol BS4 2RS, UK;
- Department of Hygiene and Poultry Sciences, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K.I. Skryabin, Moscow 109472, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istvan University, H-2103 Gödöllo, Hungary
- Saint-Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, St. Petersburg 196084, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Sheta NM, Elfeky YA, Boshra SA. Cardioprotective Efficacy of Silymarin Liquisolid in Isoproterenol Prompted Myocardial Infarction in Rats. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:81. [PMID: 31974855 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the principal cause of death in many countries. Silymarin (SM) is a herbal antioxidant and can be efficiently used in preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The study is aimed to enhance the absorption rate and biological activity of SM by using liquisolids besides investigating the cardioprotective activity of SM and its selected liquisolid formula against isoproterenol prompted cardiotoxicity in rats. Eight formulae were prepared according to (23) full-factorial design. The effect of viscosity increasing agent type and concentration, as well as the carrier/coat ratio on the dissolution rate and angle of repose were studied. All formulae were tested for content uniformity, micromeritic properties, dissolution performance besides the evaluation of its physicochemical properties, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on the factorial design outcomes, the highest desirability was obtained from F3 with excipient ratio value (R) of 20%, dissolution rate at Q5 min of 26.9%, and angle of repose of 19. Oral administration of F3 liquisolid and SM revealed a significant protective efficacy against the modification of cardiac plasma markers, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 besides cardiac superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total protein kinase-1 (Akt-1) levels. Additionally, they minimized cardiac inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), microRNA-34a (miR-34a), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) levels. In conclusion, F3 liquisolid compact possessed an overall pronounced results over pure SM reckoned to its enhanced solubility and efficacy.
Collapse
|
209
|
Saleemi MK, Ashraf K, Gul ST, Naseem MN, Sajid MS, Mohsin M, He C, Zubair M, Khan A. Toxicopathological effects of feeding aflatoxins B1 in broilers and its ameliosration with indigenous mycotoxin binder. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 187:109712. [PMID: 31654867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxicosis is the second most important problem faced by the Pakistan poultry industry, after high feed prices. The present experimental study was designed to investigate the toxicopathological effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in commercial broiler chicks and its amelioration with locally produced mycotoxin binder. Total of 125 broiler chicks was divided into five equal groups (A-E). Group A served as negative control, group B (300 μg AFB1/kg feed) as positive control, group C (300 μg AFB1/kg + Local Mycotoxin Binder (LMB), 1 g/kg feed), group D (300 μg AFB1/kg + 2 g LMB/kg feed), and group E (300 μg AFB1/kg + Commercial Mycotoxin Binder (CMB), 2 g/kg of feed). Parameters studied included mortality, feed intake, bodyweights, absolute and relative organ weights, and gross and microscopic lesions in visceral organs. Clinical signs including alertness, fecal consistency, and feather shine were significantly lower in group B compared with control group A. The feed intake of 2 g/kg LMB treated group was significantly higher than that of the positive control group B. Also mean bodyweights of group D birds was higher than that of group B birds indicating an ameliorative effect of LMB. Histopathological results showed that moldy feed produced necrotic changes in the liver and kidneys in group B birds. However, in group D and E birds, the hepatic and renal parenchyma was normal, showing a protective effect of LMB. In the present study, a higher dose of LMB (2 g/kg) in group D showed higher bodyweights and feed intake. In group D, birds hepatic and renal parenchyma was also normal. The results suggested that local mycotoxin binder ameliorated the toxicopathological effects of AFB1 in mortality, feed intake, bodyweights, organ weights and, gross and microscopic lesions in visceral organs. These ameliorative effects of LMB were dose-dependent. The results of the present study concluded that AFB1 intoxication leads to decrease in bodyweights, feed intake in dose-related manner. The mortality was also dose-dependent. Gross and microscopic changes in the aflatoxin groups were more pronounced, however, all these deleterious effects were ameliorated in higher dose of LMB (group D) and CMB (group E). In group C, these deleterious effects were partially ameliorated. Local mycotoxin binder is an economical solution for aflatoxicosis problem, making poultry production more cost-effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kashif Saleemi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - S Tehseen Gul
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - M Noman Naseem
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - M Sohail Sajid
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mashkoor Mohsin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Cheng He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | | | - Ahrar Khan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan; Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, 261061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Chen W, Li Y, Hsu CT, Niu CS, Pen WH, Cheng KC, Niu HS. Connective tissue growth factor in hepatocytes is elevated by carbon tetrachloride via STAT3 activation. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1390-1398. [PMID: 31922209 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is widely used to induce hepatic fibrosis. Therapeutic agents alleviate hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation. To understand the direct effects of CCl4 on STAT3 expression in the liver, the present study incubated cultured hepatocytes expressing connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) with CCl4. Rats exposed to CCl4 for 8 weeks exhibited hepatic fibrosis, which was confirmed through the assessment of plasma biomarkers. Isolated liver samples were used to determine the protein levels of CTGF and STAT3 using western blotting. In addition, STAT3 expression was silenced in α mouse liver 12 (AML‑12) cells using small interfering RNA transfection. In addition, a pharmacological inhibitor, stattic, was used to inhibit STAT3 expression. The incubation of AML‑12 cells with CCl4 induced a dose‑dependent increase in CTGF expression and STAT3 activation. Notably, silymarin, an extract from milk thistle, inhibited these changes in AML‑12 cells and the antioxidant tiron produced similar effects. Silencing of STAT3 reduced the CTGF expression promoted by CCl4 in the hepatocytes. Additionally, similar to tiron, stattic inhibited CTGF expression induced by CCl4. In conclusion, CCl4 may activate STAT3 through oxidative stress to promote CTGF expression, which is one of the main factors contributing to the risk of hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhsu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, E‑Da Hospital, I‑Shou University, Kaohsiung 82401, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yingxiao Li
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Chao-Tien Hsu
- Department of Pathology, E‑Da Hospital, I‑Shou University, Kaohsiung 82401, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiang-Shan Niu
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 97005, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Huang Pen
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Ho-Shan Niu
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 97005, Taiwan, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Michalinos A, Tsaroucha AK, Lambropoulou M, Schizas D, Valsami G, Kostomitsopoulos N, Pitiakoudis MS, Simopoulos CE. Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma B expression after hepatic ischemia reperfusion and the effect of silibinin. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5:7. [PMID: 32190775 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.11.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma B (GPNMB) is a transmembrane glycoprotein with various roles in inflammation regulation, tissue remodeling and oncogenesis. Clinical situations implicating alterations in its expression include ischemic injury, cirrhosis and fatty liver disease amongst other. We examine its expression in hepatic and renal tissue following hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in a rat model, with and without intravenous silibinin administration, as a silibinin-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin lyophilized complex (SLB-HP-β-CD). Methods Sixty-three Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: sham group (virtual intervention; 7 animals), control (C) group (45 min of ischemia, followed by reperfusion and euthanasia at 60, 120, 180 and 240 min; 28 animals equally divided), and silibinin (Si) group (45 min of ischemia, intravenous administration of SLB-HP-β-CD, reperfusion and euthanasia at the same time points; 28 animals equally divided). GPNMB expression was examined in liver and kidney tissue. Results GPNMB expression was significantly increased following hepatic I/R in the control group, in kidney tissue, in a time dependent manner. In the silibinin group, GPNMB expression significantly decreased with time compared to the control group in both liver and kidney tissue (P<0.05). Conclusions Hepatic I/R causes increase of GPNMB levels both in liver and kidney tissues, which may reflect tissue injury. Silibinin seems to act protectively on both liver and kidney, and can be potentially used as a therapeutic approach against hepatic I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Michalinos
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Alexandra K Tsaroucha
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michael S Pitiakoudis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Constantinos E Simopoulos
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
El-Ashmawy NE, Khedr EG, El-Bahrawy HA, Helmy NN. Modulatory Effect of Silymarin on Apoptosis in Testosterone -Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:1947-1956. [PMID: 31902118 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is considered a normal part of the aging process in men, and is characterized by an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. Our study aimed to investigate the potential protective role of silymarin (SIL) against testosterone-induced BPH in rats and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SIL pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects. Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided equally into four groups: control group, BPH group (3 mg/kg testosterone propionate, s.c. for 14 days, SIL group (50 mg/kg SIL, orally, once daily concomitantly with 3 mg/kg testosterone propionate s.c.) and inhibitor group (50 mg/kg SIL orally concomitantly with 3 mg/kg testosterone, s.c. and 0.5 mg/rat Z-VAD-FMK, i.p.). Silymarin induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in BPH as SIL significantly reduced prostatic Bcl-2 protein and increased Bax protein concentration. Also, SIL down-regulated survivin (Inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAPs) gene expression in rat prostate assisting mainly caspase-dependent pathway. Silymarin significantly decreased cytochrome-c cytosolic concentration and increased caspase 3 activity compared to BPH group. Silymarin significantly increased the content of p27/kip1 (Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKIs) promoting cell cycle arrest. The histological features of BPH such as hypertrophy, papillary projections formation, improved in SIL group. Silymarin showed a significant anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic role in BPH and accordingly it could be effectively and safely used as a treatment tool in cases of BPH or prostatic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla E El-Ashmawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31527, Egypt
| | - Eman G Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31527, Egypt
| | - Hoda A El-Bahrawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31527, Egypt
| | - Nada N Helmy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, El-Gharbia, 31527, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Jafri A, Amjad S, Bano S, Kumar S, Serajuddin M, Arshad M. Efficacy of Nano-phytochemicals Over Pure Phytochemicals Against Various Cancers: Current Trends and Future Prospects. NANOMATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34544-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
214
|
Yan T, Yan N, Wang P, Xia Y, Hao H, Wang G, Gonzalez FJ. Herbal drug discovery for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:3-18. [PMID: 31993304 PMCID: PMC6977016 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Few medications are available for meeting the increasing disease burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive stage, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Traditional herbal medicines (THM) have been used for centuries to treat indigenous people with various symptoms but without clarified modern-defined disease types and mechanisms. In modern times, NAFLD was defined as a common chronic disease leading to more studies to understand NAFLD/NASH pathology and progression. THM have garnered increased attention for providing therapeutic candidates for treating NAFLD. In this review, a new model called “multiple organs-multiple hits” is proposed to explain mechanisms of NASH progression. Against this proposed model, the effects and mechanisms of the frequently-studied THM-yielded single anti-NAFLD drug candidates and multiple herb medicines are reviewed, among which silymarin and berberine are already under U.S. FDA-sanctioned phase 4 clinical studies. Furthermore, experimental designs for anti-NAFLD drug discovery from THM in treating NAFLD are discussed. The opportunities and challenges of reverse pharmacology and reverse pharmacokinetic concepts-guided strategies for THM modernization and its global recognition to treat NAFLD are highlighted. Increasing mechanistic evidence is being generated to support the beneficial role of THM in treating NAFLD and anti-NAFLD drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Nana Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yangliu Xia
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Tiwari P, Mishra KP. Flavonoids sensitize tumor cells to radiation: molecular mechanisms and relevance to cancer radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:360-369. [PMID: 31738629 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1694193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Radiobiological research continues to focus on finding newer strategies for enhanced killing of tumor cells by ionizing radiation. In recent years, chemotherapeutic drugs have been found to possess the capabilities to sensitize tumor cells without affecting the normal cells. There have been increasing research efforts to identify novel and nontoxic compounds which cause minimal or no harm to normal cells but maximize tumor toxicity response to radiation exposure. Extensive researches on flavonoids that are compounds derived from plants have shown that these have promising abilities as radioprotectors and radiosensitizers.Conclusions: In this review, we examine the role of flavonoids as potential radiosensitizers, review the underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss their potential usefulness in improving cancer radiotherapy. It is emphasized that obtaining a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the combined action of flavonoids and ionizing radiation may provide new directions for radiobiological research applicable to the much needed enhanced selective tumor cytotoxicity to treatment agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Tiwari
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaushala Prasad Mishra
- Foundation for Education and Research, Ex Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Ahmed RF, Moussa RA, Eldemerdash RS, Zakaria MM, Abdel-Gaber SA. Ameliorative effects of silymarin on HCl-induced acute lung injury in rats; role of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:1483-1492. [PMID: 32133068 PMCID: PMC7043873 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aspiration is a common cause of acute lung injury (ALI), which lacks an effective treatment. Inflammation and oxidative stress play key roles in ALI development. Silymarin is an active extract of Silybum marianum plant seeds (milk thistle). Silymarin has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects; however its role in aspiration induced ALI has not been investigated. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of silymarin in the treatment of hydrochloric acid (HCl) aspiration induced ALI and explores its mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included three groups of rats: Control non-treated group, ALI group (intra-tracheal HCl injected), and silymarin treated ALI group. White blood cells (WBCs) with differential count, oxidative stress parameters, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were investigated. Lung tissue histopathology and immunohistochemical expression of survivin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were also examined. RESULTS The results of the study showed that HCL caused histopathological changes in ALI with leukocytopenia and increased oxidative stress biomarkers. It increased TGF-β, up-regulated mRNA expression of COX-2, Nrf-2, and HO-1 and increased survivin and PCNA but decreased Bcl-2. Silymarin ameliorated the histopathological lung injury with further up-regulation of Nrf-2 and HO-1 mRNA and decreased the inflammatory and fibrotic parameters together with up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic and the proliferation parameters. CONCLUSION The protective effect of silymarin against ALI is mediated by Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway with subsequent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and proliferating activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha F Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511 Minia, Egypt
| | - Rabab A Moussa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511 Minia, Egypt
| | - Reda S Eldemerdash
- Research Building, Urology & Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Zakaria
- Research Building, Urology & Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Seham A Abdel-Gaber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511 Minia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
The Importance of Natural Antioxidants in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: An Overview. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3642491. [PMID: 32676138 PMCID: PMC7336207 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3642491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) face devastating health, social, and financial consequences, as well as their families and caregivers. Reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are essential strategies for SCI treatment. Some compounds from traditional medicine could be useful to decrease ROS generated after SCI. This review is aimed at highlighting the importance of some natural compounds with antioxidant capacity used in traditional medicine to treat traumatic SCI. An electronic search of published articles describing animal models of SCI treated with natural compounds from traditional medicine was conducted using the following terms: Spinal Cord Injuries (MeSH terms) AND Models, Animal (MeSH terms) AND [Reactive Oxygen Species (MeSH terms) AND/OR Oxidative Stress (MeSH term)] AND Medicine, Traditional (MeSH terms). Articles reported from 2010 to 2018 were included. The results were further screened by title and abstract for studies performed in rats, mice, and nonhuman primates. The effects of these natural compounds are discussed, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of natural compounds were emphasized since oxidative stress has a fundamental role in the generation and progression of several pathologies of the nervous system. The use of these compounds diminishes toxic effects due to their high antioxidant capacity. These compounds have been tested in animal models with promising results; however, no clinical studies have been conducted in humans. Further research of these natural compounds is crucial to a better understanding of their effects in patients with SCI.
Collapse
|
218
|
Mund MD, Riaz M, Mirza MA, Rahman ZU, Mahmood T, Ahmad F, Ammar A. Effect of dietary tryptophan supplementation on growth performance, immune response and anti-oxidant status of broiler chickens from 7 to 21 days. Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:48-53. [PMID: 31691503 PMCID: PMC7036307 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to investigate the optimum dietary level of tryptophan (Trp) supplementation at which broiler chickens have better growth with efficient immune system and anti‐oxidant status. Method One hundred and twenty (n = 120) 1‐day‐old broiler chicks were fed a common commercial diet from days 1 to 7. On day 7, the chicks were randomly divided in three treatment groups, that is, Trp 0.2 [national research council (NRC) recommended level of tryptophan], Trp 0.3 (tryptophan supplemented at 0.3%) and Trp 0.5 (tryptophan supplemented at 0.5%). All the experimental diets were iso‐caloric (ME; 3,000 kcal/kg) and iso‐proteic (CP; 18.5%). Weekly data on feed intake and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded to calculate feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 19, avian tuberculin was injected to note the cellular immunity. On day 21, two birds per replicate were killed to determine carcass and visceral organ weights. Blood serum samples were collected for analysis of humoral immune response against sheep red blood cells, total oxidant and anti‐oxidants by spectrophotometric method. Results Feed intake, carcass and visceral organ weights remained unaffected by dietary treatments while BWG and FCR tended to improve (p < .05) in broiler chicks fed the Trp 0.3 and the Trp 0.5 diets. Total oxidant status was also improved (p < .05) in broiler chicks fed the Trp 0.5 diet. Likewise, broiler chicks fed the Trp 0.3 and the Trp 0.5 diets tended to have better (p < .05) total anti‐oxidant status, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and arylesterase (ARE). The overall antibodies response and IgG improved (p < .05) by the Trp 0.3 and Trp 0.5 diets compared to control. However, IgM level remained similar across the treatment. The cellular immunity against avian tuberculin improved at 24 hr post‐injection but its effect disappeared at 48 hr. Conclusion The results of present study revealed that Trp above the NRC recommended level may give better growth, immune response and anti‐oxidant status in broiler chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad D Mund
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Mirza
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zia-Ur Rahman
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mahmood
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Ahmad
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ammar
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Xie Y, Zhang D, Zhang J, Yuan J. Metabolism, Transport and Drug-Drug Interactions of Silymarin. Molecules 2019; 24:E3693. [PMID: 31615114 PMCID: PMC6832356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin, the extract of milk thistle, and its major active flavonolignan silybin, are common products widely used in the phytotherapy of liver diseases. They also have promising effects in protecting the pancreas, kidney, myocardium, and the central nervous system. However, inconsistent results are noted in the different clinical studies due to the low bioavailability of silymarin. Extensive studies were conducted to explore the metabolism and transport of silymarin/silybin as well as the impact of its consumption on the pharmacokinetics of other clinical drugs. Here, we aimed to summarize and highlight the current knowledge of the metabolism and transport of silymarin. It was concluded that the major efflux transporters of silybin are multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP2) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) based on results from the transporter-overexpressing cell lines and MRP2-deficient (TR-) rats. Nevertheless, compounds that inhibit the efflux transporters MRP2 and BCRP can enhance the absorption and activity of silybin. Although silymarin does inhibit certain drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, such effects are unlikely to manifest in clinical settings. Overall, silymarin is a safe and well-tolerated phytomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Dingqi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Jialu Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Takke A, Shende P. Nanotherapeutic silibinin: An insight of phytomedicine in healthcare reformation. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2019; 21:102057. [PMID: 31340181 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most of the herbal origin drugs possess water insoluble active constituents which lower the bioavailability and increase systemic clearance after administration of repeated or higher dose of drug. Silymarin is extracted from the seeds and fruits of milk thistle plant Silybum marianum which consists of main biologically active component as silibinin. However, the clinical applications of silibinin show some limitations due to low aqueous solubility, poor penetration into the epithelial cells of intestine, high metabolism and rapid systemic elimination. But nanotechnology-based drug delivery system explores great potential for phytochemicals to enhance the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of BCS class II and IV drugs, improve stability and modify the pharmacological activity. This review focuses on the therapeutic properties of silibinin and discusses the benefits, challenges and applications of silibinin nanoformulations. Such nanotherapeutic system as a regular medicine will be an attractive approach to reduce the adverse events and toxicities of current therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Takke
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Mumbai, India
| | - Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Mumbai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Islan GA, Das S, Cacicedo ML, Halder A, Mukherjee A, Cuestas ML, Roy P, Castro GR, Mukherjee A. Silybin-conjugated gold nanoparticles for antimicrobial chemotherapy against Gram-negative bacteria. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
222
|
|
223
|
|
224
|
|
225
|
|
226
|
|
227
|
Marisol MM, Celeste TM, Laura MM, Fernando EG, José PC, Alejandro Z, Omar MC, Francisco AA, Julio César AP, Erika CN, Angélica SC, Gladis F, Enrique JF, Gabriela R. Effect of Cucumis sativus on Dysfunctional 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13372. [PMID: 31527805 PMCID: PMC6746747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is caused by lipid accumulation in adipose tissues inducing adipocyte dysfunction, characterized by insulin resistance, increased lipolysis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, leading to increased levels of adipokines. Herein the capacity of the subfractions (SFs) SF1, SF2, and SF3 from the Cucumis sativus aqueous fraction and their combinations (M) to control adipocyte dysfunction in vitro, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was studied. Adipocytes, previously treated with dexamethasone or IL-1 to induce dysfunction, were incubated with different concentrations of the subfractions for 24 h. 2-deoxyglucose consumption and glycerol release were evaluated, and a surface model was constructed to determine the most effective SF concentrations to improve both parameters. Effective SF combinations were assessed in their capacity to control metabolic, pro-oxidative, and pro-inflammatory conditions. SF1, SF2 (40 μg/ml each) and SF3 (20 μg/ml) improved 2-deoxyglucose consumption by 87%, 57%, and 87%, respectively. SF1 and SF2 (5 μg/ml each) and SF3 (40 μg/mL) increased glycerol secretion by 10.6%, 18.9%, and 11.8%, respectively. Among five combinations tested, only M4 (SF1 40 μg/ml:SF2 60 μg/ml:SF3 30 μg/ml) and M5 (SF1 40 μg/ml:SF2 60 μg/mL:SF3 10 μg/ml) controlled effectively the metabolic, pro-oxidative, and proinflammatory conditions studied. Glycine, asparagine, and arginine were the main components in these SFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Méndez-Martínez Marisol
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP, 62209, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP, 62350, Mexico
| | - Trejo-Moreno Celeste
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP, 62209, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP, 62350, Mexico
| | - Maldonado-Mejía Laura
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP, 62350, Mexico
| | | | - Pedraza-Chaverri José
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Zamilpa Alejandro
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelo, CP, 62790s, Mexico
| | - Medina-Campos Omar
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Alarcón-Aguilar Francisco
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana de Iztapalapa, CDMX, C.P, 09640, Mexico
| | - Almanza-Pérez Julio César
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana de Iztapalapa, CDMX, C.P, 09640, Mexico
| | - Contreras-Nuñez Erika
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana de Iztapalapa, CDMX, C.P, 09640, Mexico
| | - Santana-Calderón Angélica
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular (IICBA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP, 62209, Mexico
| | - Fragoso Gladis
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, Mexico
| | - Jiménez-Ferrer Enrique
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelo, CP, 62790s, Mexico.
| | - Rosas Gabriela
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP, 62209, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Rigon C, Marchiori MCL, da Silva Jardim F, Pegoraro NS, Chaves PDS, Velho MC, Beck RCR, Ourique AF, Sari MHM, Oliveira SMD, Cruz L. Hydrogel containing silibinin nanocapsules presents effective anti-inflammatory action in a model of irritant contact dermatitis in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
229
|
Kim SH, Choo GS, Yoo ES, Woo JS, Han SH, Lee JH, Jung JY. Silymarin induces inhibition of growth and apoptosis through modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in AGS human gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1904-1914. [PMID: 31485597 PMCID: PMC6775811 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is regarded as a therapeutic target because it is typically disturbed in human cancer. Silymarin from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) has been reported to exhibit anticancer properties via regulation of apoptosis as well as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. In the present study, the effects of silymarin on the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis were examined in human gastric cancer cells. The viability of AGS human gastric cancer cells was assessed by MTT assay. The migration of AGS cells was investigated by wound healing assay. Silymarin was revealed to significantly decrease viability and migration of AGS cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the number of apoptotic bodies and the rate of apoptosis were increased in a dose-dependent manner as determined by DAPI staining and Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining. The changes in the expression of silymarin-induced apoptosis proteins were investigated in human gastric cancer cells by western blotting analysis. Silymarin increased the expression of Bax, phosphorylated (p)-JNK and p-p38, and cleaved poly-ADP ribose polymerase, and decreased the levels of Bcl-2 and p-ERK1/2 in a concentration-dependent manner. The in vivo tumor growth inhibitory effect of silymarin was investigated. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) significantly decreased the AGS tumor volume and increased apoptosis, as assessed by the TUNEL assay, confirming its tumor-inhibitory effect. Immunohistochemical staining revealed elevated expression of p-JNK and p-p38 as well as reduced expression of p-ERK1/2 associated with silymarin-treatment. Silymarin was revealed to reduce tumor growth through inhibition of p-ERK and activation of p-p38 and p-JNK in human gastric cancer cells. These results indicated that silymarin has potential for development as a cancer therapeutic due to its growth inhibitory effects and induction of apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Sik Choo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seon Yoo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Seok Woo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hee Han
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Lee
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 340‑702, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Wen B, Gorycki P. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:453-497. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1655570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gorycki
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070235. [PMID: 31336672 PMCID: PMC6680731 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry in commercial settings are exposed to a range of stressors. A growing body of information clearly indicates that excess ROS/RNS production and oxidative stress are major detrimental consequences of the most common commercial stressors in poultry production. During evolution, antioxidant defence systems were developed in poultry to survive in an oxygenated atmosphere. They include a complex network of internally synthesised (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, (glutathione) GSH, (coenzyme Q) CoQ) and externally supplied (vitamin E, carotenoids, etc.) antioxidants. In fact, all antioxidants in the body work cooperatively as a team to maintain optimal redox balance in the cell/body. This balance is a key element in providing the necessary conditions for cell signalling, a vital process for regulation of the expression of various genes, stress adaptation and homeostasis maintenance in the body. Since ROS/RNS are considered to be important signalling molecules, their concentration is strictly regulated by the antioxidant defence network in conjunction with various transcription factors and vitagenes. In fact, activation of vitagenes via such transcription factors as Nrf2 leads to an additional synthesis of an array of protective molecules which can deal with increased ROS/RNS production. Therefore, it is a challenging task to develop a system of optimal antioxidant supplementation to help growing/productive birds maintain effective antioxidant defences and redox balance in the body. On the one hand, antioxidants, such as vitamin E, or minerals (e.g., Se, Mn, Cu and Zn) are a compulsory part of the commercial pre-mixes for poultry, and, in most cases, are adequate to meet the physiological requirements in these elements. On the other hand, due to the aforementioned commercially relevant stressors, there is a need for additional support for the antioxidant system in poultry. This new direction in improving antioxidant defences for poultry in stress conditions is related to an opportunity to activate a range of vitagenes (via Nrf2-related mechanisms: superoxide dismutase, SOD; heme oxygenase-1, HO-1; GSH and thioredoxin, or other mechanisms: Heat shock protein (HSP)/heat shock factor (HSP), sirtuins, etc.) to maximise internal AO protection and redox balance maintenance. Therefore, the development of vitagene-regulating nutritional supplements is on the agenda of many commercial companies worldwide.
Collapse
|
232
|
Ruiz ML, Owatari MS, Yamashita MM, Ferrarezi JVS, Garcia P, Cardoso L, Martins ML, Mouriño JLP. Histological effects on the kidney, spleen, and liver of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed different concentrations of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:167-176. [PMID: 31301037 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the inclusion of different concentrations of Lactobacillus plantarum in Nile tilapia diet and to verify histological effects on tissues of the animal organs, as well as to verify its effects on growth parameters and possible increase in the immune system. A total of 240 juveniles were distributed in 16 tanks arranged in a recirculation system. One control group and three treated groups (104, 106, and 108 colony-forming unit (CFU) g -1L. plantarum kg feed-1) were established in quadruplicate. After 35 days of supplementation, it was not possible to observe differences in growth rates and hematological parameters. However, in the kidney, there was a reduction in the presence of PAS-positive granular leukocytes (PAS-GL) between the collections (15 and 35 days). The liver had lower number of lesions related to loss of cordonal aspects of fish fed 108 CFU g-1 on day 15. Fish fed 104 and 108 CFU g-1 showed lower degree of congestion at day 35. The probiotic also provided a reduction in the number of melanomacrophage centers in the splenic tissue and an increase in the amount of goblet cells in the gut. The concentration 108 CFU g-1 of probiotic in diets increased the number of goblet cells, improved cordonal aspects, and reduced hepatic congestion, and indicated a possible improvement in the immunophysiological conditions of the fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Ruiz
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Maya Yamashita
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - José Victor Saffadi Ferrarezi
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Garcia
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cardoso
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
de Souza Santos V, Peters B, Côco LZ, Alves GM, de Assis ALEM, Nogueira BV, Meyrelles SS, Porto ML, Vasquez EC, Campagnaro BP, Pereira TMC. Silymarin protects against radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in mice. Life Sci 2019; 228:305-315. [PMID: 31047898 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin, an extract from Silybum marianum (milk thistle) containing a standardized mixture of flavonolignans that ameliorates some types of liver disease and, more recently, kidney damage, could be used for the ROS-scavenging effect of these antioxidants. Furthermore, contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an iatrogenic impairment of renal function in patients subjected to angiographic procedures for which there is not yet a successful preventative treatment. Recent evidence has shown that this event is related to tubular/vascular injury activated mainly by oxidative stress. However, whether this bioavailable and pharmacologically safe extract protects against CIN is not clear. We proposed to evaluate the possible protective role of the antioxidant silymarin in an experimental model of CIN. Adult male Swiss mice were separated into 6 groups and pretreated orally with silymarin (50, 200 and 300 mg/kg), N-acetylcysteine (200 mg/kg) or vehicle for 5 days before the CIN and control groups. Renal function was analyzed by plasma creatinine, urea and cystatin C levels. Additionally, blood reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated using ROS bioavailability, protein oxidation and DNA damage. Renal oxidative damage was evaluated using apoptosis/cell viability assays and histological analysis. We showed that silymarin preserved renal function and decreased systemic and renal oxidative damage (antigenotoxic and antiapoptotic properties, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner and was superior to conventional treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Histologically, silymarin treatment also had beneficial effects on renal glomerular and tubular injuries. Therefore, silymarin prophylaxis may be an interesting strategy for the prevention of CIN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Peters
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Larissa Zambom Côco
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Gisele Maziero Alves
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Breno Valentim Nogueira
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Silvana Santos Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Marcella Leite Porto
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Elisardo Corral Vasquez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil; Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Melo Costa Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Rodríguez-Flores EM, Mata-Espinosa D, Barrios-Payan J, Marquina-Castillo B, Castañón-Arreola M, Hernández-Pando R. A significant therapeutic effect of silymarin administered alone, or in combination with chemotherapy, in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis caused by drug-sensitive or drug-resistant strains: In vitro and in vivo studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217457. [PMID: 31145751 PMCID: PMC6542514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, tuberculosis (TB) has been a major public health problem worldwide. Advances for treatment and eradication have been very limited. Silymarin (Sm) is a natural product with antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities that has been proposed as a complementary medicine to reduce the liver injury produced by the conventional anti-TB chemotherapy. Sm also has immunoregulatory and microbicide properties. In this study, we determined the effect of Sm on the growth control of mycobacteria. In vitro studies showed that Sm and Silibinin (the principal active compound of Sm) have microbicidal activity against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant (MDR) mycobacteria, induce the production of protective cytokines from infected macrophages, and improve the growth control of mycobacteria (p ≤ 0.0001). Studies in vivo using a model of progressive pulmonary TB in BALB/c mice infected with drug-sensitive or MDR mycobacteria have shown that Sm induces significant expression of Th-1 cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-12 as well as TNFα, which produce significant therapeutic activity when administered alone and apparently have a synergistic effect with chemotherapy. These results suggest that Sm has a bactericidal effect and can contribute to the control and establishment of a TH1 protective immune response against mycobacterial infection. Thus, it seems that this flavonoid has a promising potential as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edén M. Rodríguez-Flores
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Pathology Section, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition ‘‘Salvador Zubiran”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Genomic Sciences Program, Autonomous University of México City, Mexico City, México
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Pathology Section, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition ‘‘Salvador Zubiran”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payan
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Pathology Section, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition ‘‘Salvador Zubiran”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Pathology Section, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition ‘‘Salvador Zubiran”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Pathology Section, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition ‘‘Salvador Zubiran”, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Kuznietsova H, Lynchak O, Dziubenko N, Herheliuk T, Prylutskyy Y, Rybalchenko V, Ritter U. Water-soluble pristine C 60 fullerene attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 9:227-237. [PMID: 31799159 PMCID: PMC6879707 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2019.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Introduction: Oxidative stress has been suggested as the main trigger and pathological mechanism of toxic liver injury. Effects of powerful free radical scavenger С60 fullerene on rat liver injury and liver cells (HepG2 line) were aimed to be discovered.
Methods: Acute liver injury (ALI) was simulated by single acetaminophen (APAP, 1000 mg/kg) administration, on a chronic CLI, by 4 weekly APAP administrations. Pristine C60 fullerene aqueous colloid solution (C60FAS; initial concentration 0.15 mg/mL) was administered per os or intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg (ALI) or 0.25 mg/kg (CLI) daily for 2 or 28 days, respectively, after first APAP dose. Animals were sacrificed at 24th hour after the last dose. Biochemical markers of blood serum and liver autopsies were analyzed. EGFR expression in HepG2 cells after 48-hour incubation with C60FAS was assessed.
Results: Increase of serum conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin (up to 1.4-3.7 times), ALT (by 31-37%), and AST (by 18%) in non-treated ALI and CLI rats were observed, suggesting the hepatitis (confirmed by histological analysis). Liver morphological state (ALI, CLI), ALT (ALI and CLI), bilirubin (CLI), α-amylase, and creatinine (ALI) were normalized with C60FAS administration in both ways, which may indicate its protective impact on liver. However, unconjugated bilirubin sharply increased in ALI animals receiving C60FAS (up to 12 times compared to control), suggesting the augmentation of bilirubin metabolism. Furthermore, C60FAS inhibited EGFR expression in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusion: C60FAS could partially correct acute and chronic toxic liver injury, however, it could not normalize bilirubin metabolism after acute exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Kuznietsova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of Biology and Medicine, 64 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Lynchak
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of Biology and Medicine, 64 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Dziubenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of Biology and Medicine, 64 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Herheliuk
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of Biology and Medicine, 64 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Prylutskyy
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of Biology and Medicine, 64 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Rybalchenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of Biology and Medicine, 64 Volodymyrska Str., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Technical University of Ilmenau, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, 25 Weimarer Str., 98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Choe U, Li Y, Gao B, Yu L, Wang TTY, Sun J, Chen P, Yu LL. The chemical composition of a cold-pressed milk thistle seed flour extract, and its potential health beneficial properties. Food Funct 2019; 10:2461-2470. [PMID: 30977500 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00377k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cold-pressed milk thistle seed flour was extracted with 50% acetone and evaluated for its phytochemical composition, and gut microbiota modulating, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative capacities. UHPLC-MS analysis detected fifteen compounds in the milk thistle seed flour extract with silychristin as the primary component followed by silybin B and isosilybins A & B. The milk thistle seed flour extract enhanced the total bacteria number and altered the abundance of a specific bacterial phylum or genus under the experimental conditions. The extract had RDSC, ORAC, HOSC, and ABTS˙+ scavenging capacities of 49, 634, 10 420 and 116 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE) per g flour, respectively. In addition, the milk thistle seed flour extract suppressed LPS induced IL-1β mRNA expression in the cultured J774A.1 mouse macrophages and the proliferation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The results suggest milk thistle seed flour's potential health benefits in functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uyory Choe
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Zhang T, Kawaguchi N, Yoshihara K, Hayama E, Furutani Y, Kawaguchi K, Tanaka T, Nakanishi T. Silibinin efficacy in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension using monocrotaline and chronic hypoxia. Respir Res 2019; 20:79. [PMID: 31023308 PMCID: PMC6485095 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) may be involved in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 was described to have a positive effect on the prevention of pulmonary arterial muscularization in PAH models. Silibinin is a traditional medicine that has an antagonistic effect on CXCR4. We investigated the effect of silibinin using rat models of PAH. Methods PAH was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline. The rats were maintained in a chronic hypoxic condition (10% O2) with or without silibinin. To evaluate the efficacy of silibinin on PAH, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), Fulton index (weight ratio of right ventricle to the left ventricle and septum), percent medial wall thickness (% MT), and vascular occlusion score (VOS) were measured and calculated. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed targeting CXCR4 and c-Kit. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for the stem cell markers CXCR4, stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), c-Kit, and stem cell factor (SCF), and the inflammatory markers monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Statistical analyses were performed using t-test and one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Results Silibinin treatment for 1 week reduced RVSP and Fulton index. Treatment for 2 weeks reduced RVSP, Fulton index, % MT, and VOS, as well as downregulating the expression of CXCR4, SDF-1, and TNFα in pulmonary arteries. In contrast, treatment for 3 weeks failed to ameliorate PAH. The time-course study demonstrated that RVSP, Fulton index, % MT, and VOS gradually increased over time, with a decrease in the expression of CXCR4 and TNFα occurring after 2 weeks of PAH development. After 3 weeks, SDF-1, c-Kit, and SCF began to decrease and, after 5 weeks, MCP1 and IL-6 gradually accumulated. Conclusions The CXCR4 inhibitor silibinin can ameliorate PAH, possibly through the suppression of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis, until the point where PAH becomes a severe and irreversible condition. Silibinin results in reduced pulmonary arterial pressure and delays pulmonary arteriolar occlusion and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-019-1041-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.,Department of Structural Heart Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nanako Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Kenji Yoshihara
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Emiko Hayama
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Furutani
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Yön B, Belviranlı M, Okudan N. The effect of silymarin supplementation on cognitive impairment induced by diabetes in rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 30:jbcpp-2018-0109. [PMID: 31017870 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The objective of this investigation was to examine the impact of silymarin supplementation on locomotion, anxiety-related behavior, learning, and memory via several behavioral tests, such as open field, elevated plus maze, and Morris water maze tests in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods The rats were divided into the control, diabetes, silymarin, and diabetes plus silymarin groups. On the 30th-35th days of the study, several behavioral tests were performed and blood and brain tissue samples were taken and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) levels were analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in locomotor activity between the groups (p = 0.534). Spatial memory was lower (p = 0.000) but anxiety scores were higher (p = 0.005) in the diabetes group than in the control, silymarin, and diabetes plus silymarin groups. Plasma (p = 0.000) and brain tissue (p = 0.007) BDNF levels were lower in the diabetes group than in the control, silymarin, and diabetes plus silymarin groups; however, plasma (p = 0.432) and brain tissue (p = 0.321) HDAC3 levels did not significantly differ between the groups. Conclusions The findings obtained from this study suggest that silymarin supplementation could improve anxiety-related behavior, and learning and memory in diabetic rats by increasing the BDNF levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yön
- Vocational School of Health Services, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Muaz Belviranlı
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
- Medical Faculty of Selçuk University, Department of Physiology, 42030, Konya, Turkey, Phone: +90-332-224-47-31, Fax: +90-332-224-48-08
| | - Nilsel Okudan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
Silibinin Downregulates the NF-κB Pathway and NLRP1/NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Monocytes from Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081548. [PMID: 31010153 PMCID: PMC6515043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a human pregnancy-specific syndrome with abnormal activation of cells from the innate immune system. The present study evaluated whether silibinin (SB) treatment of monocytes from preeclamptic women could modulate NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes as well as TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation. Peripheral blood monocytes from 20 preeclamptic and 20 normotensive (NT) pregnant women, as well as the THP-1 cell line, were cultured with or without monosodium urate (MSU) or SB. NLRP1, NLRP3, Caspase-1, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and IL-10 gene expression by monocytes was analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), while inflammatory cytokine production and p65NF-κB activity were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasomes pathways in THP-1 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry and western blot respectively. Compared with NT women, monocytes from preeclamptic women showed The Ethics Committee of the Botucatu Medical School approved the study (protocol number 2.333.216)higher endogenous activation of NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasomes and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway as well as higher gene and protein expression of IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α, and lower expression of IL-10. Monocyte stimulation with MSU increased inflammation-related genes as well as NF-κB activity. In vitro, SB treatment of monocytes from preeclamptic women reduced the basal activation of these cells by decreasing NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasomes and p65NF-κB activity. THP-1 cells exhibited a similar immunological response profile to monocytes from preeclamptic women when cultured with or without MSU or SB. These results suggest uric acid participates in the systemic inflammatory response characteristic of preeclampsia and that in vitro SB treatment can modulate the sterile inflammation established in monocytes from preeclamptic women.
Collapse
|
240
|
Efficiently Capturing Mitochondria-Targeted Constituents with Hepatoprotective Activity from Medicinal Herbs. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4353791. [PMID: 31093314 PMCID: PMC6481013 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4353791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting mitochondria as a hepatic-protective strategy has gained attention, because of their important roles in energy production, adjustment of apoptosis, and generation of reactive oxygen species. To promote the discovery of natural mitochondria-targeted hepatic-protectants, we established a hepatocellular mitochondria-based capturing method by coupling affinity ultrafiltration with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), which is suitable for identifying mitochondrial ligands from medicinal herbs (MHs). After evaluating the feasibility of the method, it was applied for capturing mitochondria-targeting constituents from Peucedani Radix extract. A total of 10 active compounds were identified by LC/MS, all of which were newly identified mitochondrial ligands. The mitochondria-remedying activity of 4 of the 10 hits was confirmed by pharmacological tests in vitro. Additionally, the hepatic-protective abilities of 4 hits were verified in both carbon tetrachloride-damaged liver L02 cells and mice. These results indicated that the method could be used for identifying hepatic mitochondria-targeting constituents in MHs, which might be beneficial for hepatic-protective development.
Collapse
|
241
|
Staudinger JL. Clinical applications of small molecule inhibitors of Pregnane X receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:61-71. [PMID: 30726709 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The canonical effect of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR, NR1I2) agonism includes enhanced hepatic uptake and a concomitant increase in the first-pass metabolism and efflux of drugs in mammalian liver and intestine. In patients undergoing combination therapy, PXR-mediated gene regulation represents the molecular basis of numerous food-drug, herb-drug, and drug-drug interactions. Moreover, PXR activation promotes chemotherapeutic resistance in certain malignancies. Additional research efforts suggest that sustained PXR activation exacerbates the development of fatty liver disease. Additional metabolic effects of PXR activation in liver are the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis. The identification of non-toxic and selective PXR antagonists is therefore of current research interest. Inhibition of PXR should decrease adverse effects, improve therapeutic effectiveness, and advance clinical outcomes in patients with cancer, fatty liver, and diabetes. This review identifies small molecule PXR antagonists described to date, discusses possible molecular mechanisms of inhibition, and seeks to describe the likely biomedical consequences of the inhibition of this nuclear receptor superfamily member.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L Staudinger
- Basic Sciences, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Jarukamjorn K, Chatuphonprasert W, Jearapong N, Punvittayagul C, Wongpoomchai R. Tetrahydrocurcumin attenuates phase I metabolizing enzyme-triggered oxidative stress in mice fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
243
|
Inhibition of oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity by silymarin through increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inhibition of p38-MAPK. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
244
|
Fogacci F, Grassi D, Rizzo M, Cicero AF. Metabolic effect of berberine-silymarin association: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Phytother Res 2019; 33:862-870. [PMID: 30632209 PMCID: PMC6590227 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a combination of berberine and silymarin on serum lipids and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) through a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis of the available randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs). A systematic literature search in SCOPUS, PubMed-Medline, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases was conducted up to October 2, 2018, in order to identify RCTs assessing changes in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and FPG during treatment with berberine and silymarin in combination. Two review authors independently extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. Quantitative data synthesis was performed using a random-effects model. We identified five eligible RCTs, with 497 subjects overall included. Berberine and silymarin combination treatment exerted a positive effect on TC (mean difference [MD]: -25.3, 95% CI [-39.2, -11.4] mg/dl; p < 0.001), TG (MD: -28, 95% CI [-35.3, -20.6] mg/dl; p < 0.001), HDL-C [MD: 6, 95% CI [3.2, 8.8] mg/dl; p < 0.001), LDL-C (MD: -29.1, 95% CI [-39.7, -18.6] mg/dl; p < 0.001), and FPG (MD: -7.5, 95% CI [-13, -1.9] mg/dl; p = 0.008). The present findings suggest that the coadministration of berberine and silymarin is associated with an advantageous improvement in lipid and glucose profile, suggesting the possible use of this nutraceutical combination in order to promote the cardiometabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fogacci
- Medical and Surgical Sciences DepartmentAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Davide Grassi
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut)BolognaItaly
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut)BolognaItaly
| | - Arrigo F.G. Cicero
- Medical and Surgical Sciences DepartmentAlma Mater Studiorum University of BolognaBolognaItaly
- Italian Nutraceutical Society (SINut)BolognaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Shah M, Ullah MA, Drouet S, Younas M, Tungmunnithum D, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Interactive Effects of Light and Melatonin on Biosynthesis of Silymarin and Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Callus Cultures of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Molecules 2019; 24:E1207. [PMID: 30934786 PMCID: PMC6480540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. is a well-known medicinal herb, primarily used in liver protection. Light strongly affects several physiological processes along with secondary metabolites biosynthesis in plants. Herein, S. marianum was exploited for in vitro potential under different light regimes in the presence of melatonin. The optimal callogenic response occurred in the combination of 1.0 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine under photoperiod. Continuous light associated with melatonin treatment increased total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant potential, followed by photoperiod and dark treatments. The increased level of melatonin has a synergistic effect on biomass accumulation under continuous light and photoperiod, while an adverse effect was observed under dark conditions. More detailed phytochemical analysis showed maximum total silymarin content (11.92 mg/g dry weight (DW)) when placed under continuous light + 1.0 mg/L melatonin. Individually, the level of silybins (A and B), silydianin, isolsilychristin and silychristin was found highest under continuous light. Anti-inflammatory activities were also studied and highest percent inhibition was recorded against 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) for cultures cultivated under continuous light (42.33%). The current study helps us to better understand the influence of melatonin and different light regimes on silymarin production as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in S. marianum callus extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan.
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
| | - Muhammad Younas
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan.
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc'h
- EA2106 Biomolecules et Biotechnologies Vegetales, Universite Francois-Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France.
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan.
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
- EA2106 Biomolecules et Biotechnologies Vegetales, Universite Francois-Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
Kalthoff S, Strassburg CP. Contribution of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases to the antioxidant effects of propolis, artichoke and silymarin. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 56:35-39. [PMID: 30668351 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popularity of herbal medicines is rapidly increasing in many countries including the Western world where many individuals turn to natural products, because they promise a safe and natural remedy for a broad variety of health disorders or the prevention of disease development. Although therapy with a number of herbal products has demonstrated a promising potential and efficacy, insufficient information exists concerning their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and mode of action. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE Aim of this study was to examine the role of human detoxifying UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in the mechanism underlying the protective antioxidant effects reported for propolis, artichoke and silymarin. METHODS UGT1A induction was analyzed by reporter gene assays, siRNA mediated knockdown and enzyme activity assays. Antioxidant activity was measured using a hydrogen peroxide colorimetric assay. RESULTS We identified propolis, artichoke and silymarin as potent activators of UGT1A transcription and enzyme activity in KYSE70 cells mediated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. Propolis, artichoke and silymarin significantly decreased tertiary butylhydroquinone (tBHQ)-induced hydrogen peroxide levels. This protective effect was significantly reduced by siRNA mediated knockdown of UGT1A expression. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study provides a possible molecular mechanism for protective antioxidant effects associated with the herbal drugs propolis, artichoke and silymarin. The herbal drug-mediated transcriptional upregulation of human detoxifying UGT1A enzymes via activation of AhR and Nrf2 leads to reduced hydrogen peroxide and oxidative stress. Because of UGT1A activation, the intake of these drugs could affect the therapeutic efficacy of other drugs when these also undergo metabolism by glucuronidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kalthoff
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Vostálová J, Tinková E, Biedermann D, Kosina P, Ulrichová J, Rajnochová Svobodová A. Skin Protective Activity of Silymarin and its Flavonolignans. Molecules 2019; 24:E1022. [PMID: 30875758 PMCID: PMC6470681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum (L.) is a medicinal plant traditionally used in treatment of liver disorders. In last decades, silymarin (SM), a standardized extract from S. marianum seeds has been studied for its dermatological application, namely for UVB-protective properties. However, information on SM and its polyphenols effect on activity of enzymes participating in the (photo)aging process is limited. Therefore, evaluation of SM and its flavonolignans potential to inhibit collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase in tube tests was the goal of this study. The antioxidant and UV screening properties of SM and its flavonolignans silybin, isosilybin, silydianin, silychristin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHSB) were also evaluated by a DPPH assay and spectrophotometrical measurement. DHSB showed the highest ability to scavenge DPPH radical and also revealed the highest UVA protection factor (PF-UVA) that corresponds with its absorption spectrum. SM and studied flavonolignans were found to exhibit anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activity. The most potent flavonolignan was DHSB. None of studied flavonolignans or SM showed anti-hyaluronidase activity. Our results suggest that SM and its flavonolignans may be useful agents for skin protection against the harmful effects of full-spectrum solar radiation including slowing down skin (photo)aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Vostálová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Tinková
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - David Biedermann
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Kosina
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Rajnochová Svobodová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Kheiripour N, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H, Taghi Goodarzi M, Hashemnia M. Hepatoprotective Effects of Silymarin on Liver Injury via Irisin Upregulation and Oxidative Stress Reduction in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 44:108-117. [PMID: 30936597 PMCID: PMC6423431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases. Irisin (FNDC5 protein) is involved in the new strategy of combating type 2 diabetes. In the liver, the antidiabetic mechanism of silymarin at the molecular level is unknown. This study investigated the effects of silymarin on irisin and the related gene expression and oxidative stress status in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS Thirty-six rats were divided into 6 groups (n=6 each) by simple randomization: control, control+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), control+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily in normal saline orally for 60 days), diabetic, diabetic+silymarin (60 mg/kg daily for 60 days), and diabetic+silymarin (120 mg/kg daily for 60 days). Biochemical parameters were measured by spectrophotometric and immunoassay methods, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate gene expression. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test, using SPSS software, version 16.0. The results were considered statistically significant at a P value less than 0.05. RESULTS In the diabetic rats treated with silymarin (60 and 120 mg/kg), by comparison with the diabetic group, body weight (P=0.04 and P=0.02), insulin (P<0.001), expression of PGC-1α (P=0.04 and P=0.02), expression of FNDC5 (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and concentration of irisin in the liver (P=0.02 and P=0.01) and serum (P<0.001) were significantly increased, whereas the levels of glucose (P<0.001), HOMA-IR (P=0.03 and P=0.01), and liver injury markers (P<0.001) were significantly reduced. Oxidative stress status and histopathological changes were improved in the treated groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that silymarin because of its ability to upregulate irisin and antioxidant effects can be considered an antidiabetic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nejat Kheiripour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
,Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases,
Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran;
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hashemnia
- Department of Pathobiology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Involvement of CXCR4 in Normal and Abnormal Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020185. [PMID: 30791675 PMCID: PMC6406665 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CXC motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is associated with normal and abnormal development, including oncogenesis. The ligand of CXCR4 is stromal cell-derived factor (SDF), also known as CXC motif ligand (CXCL) 12. Through the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis, both homing and migration of hematopoietic (stem) cells are regulated through niches in the bone marrow. Outside of the bone marrow, however, SDF-1 can recruit CXCR4-positive cells from the bone marrow. SDF/CXCR4 has been implicated in the maintenance and/or differentiation of stemness, and tissue-derived stem cells can be associated with SDF-1 and CXCR4 activity. CXCR4 plays a role in multiple pathways involved in carcinogenesis and other pathologies. Here, we summarize reports detailing the functions of CXCR4. We address the molecular signature of CXCR4 and how this molecule and cells expressing it are involved in either normal (maintaining stemness or inducing differentiation) or abnormal (developing cancer and other pathologies) events. As a constituent of stem cells, the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis influences downstream signal transduction and the cell microenvironment.
Collapse
|
250
|
Yang J, Sun Y, Xu F, Liu W, Hayashi T, Hattori S, Ushiki‐Kaku Y, Onodera S, Tashiro S, Ikejima T. Silibinin protects rat pancreatic β‐cell through up‐regulation of estrogen receptors' signaling against amylin‐ or Aβ
1–42
‐induced reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species generation. Phytother Res 2019; 33:998-1009. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Yue Sun
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Fanxing Xu
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
- Department of Chemistry and Life science, School of Advanced EngineeringKogakuin University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of BiomatrixNippi, Incorporated Toride Japan
| | - Yuko Ushiki‐Kaku
- Nippi Research Institute of BiomatrixNippi, Incorporated Toride Japan
| | - Satoshi Onodera
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical SciencesShowa Pharmaceutical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Tashiro
- Department of Medical Education and Primary CareKyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of InnovationShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry‐Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & DevelopmentShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| |
Collapse
|