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Krewski D, Bird M, Al-Zoughool M, Birkett N, Billard M, Milton B, Rice JM, Grosse Y, Cogliano VJ, Hill MA, Baan RA, Little J, Zielinski JM. Key characteristics of 86 agents known to cause cancer in humans. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:244-263. [PMID: 31637961 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1643536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in the early 1970s, the IARC Monographs Programme has evaluated more than 1000 agents with respect to carcinogenic hazard; of these, up to and including Volume 119 of the IARC Monographs, 120 agents met the criteria for classification as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Volume 100 of the IARC Monographs provided a review and update of Group 1 carcinogens. These agents were divided into six broad categories: (I) pharmaceuticals; (II) biological agents; (III) arsenic, metals, fibers, and dusts; (IV) radiation; (V) personal habits and indoor combustions; and (VI) chemical agents and related occupations. Data on biological mechanisms of action (MOA) were extracted from the Monographs to assemble a database on the basis of ten key characteristics attributed to human carcinogens. After some grouping of similar agents, the characteristic profiles were examined for 86 Group 1 agents for which mechanistic information was available in the IARC Monographs up to and including Volume 106, based upon data derived from human in vivo, human in vitro, animal in vivo, and animal in vitro studies. The most prevalent key characteristic was "is genotoxic", followed by "alters cell proliferation, cell death, or nutrient supply" and "induces oxidative stress". Most agents exhibited several of the ten key characteristics, with an average of four characteristics per agent, a finding consistent with the notion that cancer development in humans involves multiple pathways. Information on the key characteristics was often available from multiple sources, with many agents demonstrating concordance between human and animal sources, particularly with respect to genotoxicity. Although a detailed comparison of the characteristics of different types of agents was not attempted here, the overall characteristic profiles for pharmaceutical agents and for chemical agents and related occupations appeared similar. Further in-depth analyses of this rich database of characteristics of human carcinogens are expected to provide additional insights into the MOA of human cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Bird
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicholas Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mélissa Billard
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jerry M Rice
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yann Grosse
- IARC Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent J Cogliano
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark A Hill
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert A Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (retired), Lyon, France
| | - Julian Little
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan M Zielinski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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252
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Vo AH, Van Vleet TR, Gupta RR, Liguori MJ, Rao MS. An Overview of Machine Learning and Big Data for Drug Toxicity Evaluation. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:20-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy H. Vo
- Department of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Terry R. Van Vleet
- Department of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Rishi R. Gupta
- Information Research, Research and Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Michael J. Liguori
- Department of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mohan S. Rao
- Department of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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253
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Corsi SR, De Cicco LA, Villeneuve DL, Blackwell BR, Fay KA, Ankley GT, Baldwin AK. Prioritizing chemicals of ecological concern in Great Lakes tributaries using high-throughput screening data and adverse outcome pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:995-1009. [PMID: 31412529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical monitoring data were collected in surface waters from 57 Great Lakes tributaries from 2010 to 13 to identify chemicals of potential biological relevance and sites at which these chemicals occur. Traditional water-quality benchmarks for aquatic life based on in vivo toxicity data were available for 34 of 67 evaluated chemicals. To expand evaluation of potential biological effects, measured chemical concentrations were compared to chemical-specific biological activities determined in high-throughput (ToxCast) in vitro assays. Resulting exposure-activity ratios (EARs) were used to prioritize the chemicals of greatest potential concern: 4‑nonylphenol, bisphenol A, metolachlor, atrazine, DEET, caffeine, tris(2‑butoxyethyl) phosphate, tributyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzophenone. Water-quality benchmarks were unavailable for five of these chemicals, but for the remaining seven, EAR-based prioritization was consistent with that based on toxicity quotients calculated from benchmarks. Water-quality benchmarks identified three additional PAHs (anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene) not prioritized using EARs. Through this analysis, an EAR of 10-3 was identified as a reasonable threshold above which a chemical might be of potential concern. To better understand apical hazards potentially associated with biological activities captured in ToxCast assays, in vitro bioactivity data were matched with available adverse outcome pathway (AOP) information. The 49 ToxCast assays prioritized via EAR analysis aligned with 23 potentially-relevant AOPs present in the AOP-Wiki. Mixture effects at monitored sites were estimated by summation of EAR values for multiple chemicals by individual assay or individual AOP. Commonly predicted adverse outcomes included impacts on reproduction and mitochondrial function. The EAR approach provided a screening-level assessment for evidence-based prioritization of chemicals and sites with potential for adverse biological effects. The approach aids prioritization of future monitoring activities and provides testable hypotheses to help focus those efforts. This also expands the fraction of detected chemicals for which biologically-based benchmark concentrations are available to help contextualize chemical monitoring results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Middleton, WI 53562, United States.
| | | | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Brett R Blackwell
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Kellie A Fay
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Duluth, MN 55804, United States
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254
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Mallock N, Pieper E, Hutzler C, Henkler-Stephani F, Luch A. Heated Tobacco Products: A Review of Current Knowledge and Initial Assessments. Front Public Health 2019; 7:287. [PMID: 31649912 PMCID: PMC6795920 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The health risks of tobacco smoking have been documented in numerous studies and smoking rates have declined in developed countries over the last 50 years. Today, we know that cigarette smoking is the major cause of preventable deaths due to tobacco smoke induced diseases. As a consequence of an increased awareness of smoking-related health risks, heated tobacco products (HTPs) are marketed as reduced toxicant alternatives to conventional tobacco products. Manufacturers claim that levels of toxicants and hazardous compounds are significantly reduced, implying that inhalation of the modified aerosol is less harmful compared to conventional cigarettes. In this manuscript, previous assessments of HTPs are briefly summarized, including a short discussion on challenges with the adaption of standard analytical methods used for tobacco smoke. The reliability of analytical data is important for risk assessment approaches that are based on reduced toxicant exposure. In order to assess a putative reduction of health risks, an integrated study design is required that should include clinical studies and epidemiology data. One manufacturer applied for a classification as a Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) in the United States, based on extensive toxicological studies that have also been published. However, data are not yet sufficient for a reliable assessment or recognition of putatively reduced health risks. Challenges regarding a classification in Europe are also discussed briefly in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Mallock
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Pieper
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Henkler-Stephani
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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255
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Kienzler A, Connors KA, Bonnell M, Barron MG, Beasley A, Inglis CG, Norberg‐King TJ, Martin T, Sanderson H, Vallotton N, Wilson P, Embry MR. Mode of Action Classifications in the EnviroTox Database: Development and Implementation of a Consensus MOA Classification. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2294-2304. [PMID: 31269286 PMCID: PMC6851772 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mode of action (MOA) frameworks have been developed in aquatic ecotoxicology, mainly based on fish toxicity. These frameworks provide information on a key determinant of chemical toxicity, but the MOA categories and level of specificity remain unique to each of the classification schemes. The present study aimed to develop a consensus MOA assignment within EnviroTox, a curated in vivo aquatic toxicity database, based on the following MOA classification schemes: Verhaar (modified) framework, Assessment Tool for Evaluating Risk, Toxicity Estimation Software Tool, and OASIS. The MOA classifications from each scheme were first collapsed into one of 3 categories: non-specifically acting (i.e., narcosis), specifically acting, or nonclassifiable. Consensus rules were developed based on the degree of concordance among the 4 individual MOA classifications to attribute a consensus MOA to each chemical. A confidence rank was also assigned to the consensus MOA classification based on the degree of consensus. Overall, 40% of the chemicals were classified as narcotics, 17% as specifically acting, and 43% as unclassified. Sixty percent of chemicals had a medium to high consensus MOA assignment. When compared to empirical acute toxicity data, the general trend of specifically acting chemicals being more toxic is clearly observed for both fish and invertebrates but not for algae. EnviroTox is the first approach to establishing a high-level consensus across 4 computationally and structurally distinct MOA classification schemes. This consensus MOA classification provides both a transparent understanding of the variation between MOA classification schemes and an added certainty of the MOA assignment. In terms of regulatory relevance, a reliable understanding of MOA can provide information that can be useful for the prioritization (ranking) and risk assessment of chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2294-2304. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Kienzler
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, IspraItaly
| | | | - Mark Bonnell
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | - Mace G. Barron
- Gulf Ecology DivisionUS Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf BreezeFlorida
| | | | | | | | - Todd Martin
- US Environmental Protection Agency, CinncinatiOhio
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256
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Spinu N, Bal-Price A, Cronin MTD, Enoch SJ, Madden JC, Worth AP. Development and analysis of an adverse outcome pathway network for human neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2759-2772. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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257
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Davis AP, Wiegers J, Wiegers TC, Mattingly CJ. Public data sources to support systems toxicology applications. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019; 16:17-24. [PMID: 33604492 PMCID: PMC7889036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Public databases provide a wealth of freely available information about chemicals, genes, proteins, biological networks, phenotypes, diseases, and exposure science that can be integrated to construct pathways for systems toxicology applications. Relating this disparate information from public repositories, however, can be challenging since databases use a variety of ways to represent, describe, and make available their content. The use of standard vocabularies to annotate key data concepts, however, allows the information to be more easily exchanged and combined for discovery of new findings. We explore some of the many public data sources currently available to support systems toxicology, and demonstrate the value of standardizing data to help construct chemical-induced outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Peter Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jolene Wiegers
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Thomas C Wiegers
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Carolyn J Mattingly
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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258
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Malinowska JM, Viant MR. Confidence in metabolite identification dictates the applicability of metabolomics to regulatory toxicology. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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259
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Advancing Drug Discovery via Artificial Intelligence. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:592-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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260
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Fernandes J, Chandler JD, Lili LN, Uppal K, Hu X, Hao L, Go YM, Jones DP. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Responses to Physiologic versus Toxic Manganese Exposure in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Front Genet 2019; 10:676. [PMID: 31396262 PMCID: PMC6668488 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, which also causes neurotoxicity in exposed occupational workers. Mn causes mitochondrial toxicity; however, little is known about transcriptional responses discriminated by physiological and toxicological levels of Mn. Identification of such mechanisms could provide means to evaluate risk of Mn toxicity and also potential avenues to protect against adverse effects. To study the Mn dose-response effects on transcription, analyzed by RNA-Seq, we used human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed for 5 h to Mn (0 to 100 μM), a time point where no immediate cell death occurred at any of the doses. Results showed widespread effects on abundance of protein-coding genes for metabolism of reactive oxygen species, energy sensing, glycolysis, and protein homeostasis including the unfolded protein response and transcriptional regulation. Exposure to a concentration (10 μM Mn for 5 h) that did not result in cell death after 24-h increased abundance of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the protein secretion pathway that function in protein trafficking and cellular homeostasis. These include BET1 (Golgi vesicular membrane-trafficking protein), ADAM10 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10), and ARFGAP3 (ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3). In contrast, 5-h exposure to 100 μM Mn, a concentration that caused cell death after 24 h, increased abundance of DEGs for components of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Integrated pathway analysis results showed that protein secretion gene set was associated with amino acid metabolites in response to 10 μM Mn, while oxidative phosphorylation gene set was associated with energy, lipid, and neurotransmitter metabolites at 100 μM Mn. These results show that differential effects of Mn occur at a concentration which does not cause subsequent cell death compared to a concentration that causes subsequent cell death. If these responses translate to effects on the secretory pathway and mitochondrial functions in vivo, differential activities of these systems could provide a sensitive basis to discriminate sub-toxic and toxic environmental and occupational Mn exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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261
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Lanter BB, Eaton AD, Roper JM, Zimmermann C, Delaney B, Hurley BP. Single versus repeated exposure to human polarized intestinal epithelial monolayers for in vitro protein hazard characterization. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110666. [PMID: 31288052 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest human-derived intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines cultured as polarized monolayers on permeable Transwell® filters are effective at differentiating between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins following a single exposure. In this study, IEC polarized monolayers were subjected to hazardous or non-hazardous proteins in nine exposures over 30 days and compared to a single exposure of the same protein. The objective was to evaluate whether repeated exposures to a protein differently alter barrier integrity or compromise cell viability compared to single exposures. Proteins tested included Clostridium difficile toxin A, Streptolysin O, Wheat Germ Agglutinin, Phaseolus vulgaris Hemagglutinin-E, bovine serum albumin, porcine serum albumin, and fibronectin. Evidence of diminished barrier integrity and/or cell viability following exposure to hazardous proteins was more pronounced in magnitude when IECs were subjected to multiple rather than single exposures. In some cases, an effect on IEC monolayers was observed only with repeated exposures. In general, IEC responses to non-hazardous proteins following either single or repeated exposures were minimal. Results from these studies support the utility of using cultured human IEC polarized monolayers to differentiate between hazardous and non-hazardous proteins and suggest that repeated exposures may reveal a greater magnitude of response when compared to single exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Lanter
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - A D Eaton
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - J M Roper
- Corteva Agriscience, Newark, DE, 19711, United States
| | - C Zimmermann
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, United States.
| | - B Delaney
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, United States
| | - B P Hurley
- Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Immunology & Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, United States.
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262
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Kumar N, Awoyemi O, Willis A, Schmitt C, Ramalingam L, Moustaid-Moussa N, Crago J. Comparative Lipid Peroxidation and Apoptosis in Embryo-Larval Zebrafish Exposed to 3 Azole Fungicides, Tebuconazole, Propiconazole, and Myclobutanil, at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1455-1466. [PMID: 30919521 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Azole fungicides have entered the aquatic environment through agricultural and residential runoff. In the present study, we compared the off-target toxicity of tebuconazole, propiconazole, and myclobutanil using embryo-larval zebrafish as a model. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relative toxicity of tebuconazole, propiconazole, and myclobutanil using multiple-level endpoints such as behavioral endpoints and enzymatic and molecular biomarkers associated with their mode of action. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to azoles at environmentally relevant and high concentrations, 0.3, 1.0, and 1000 µg/L, starting at 5 h postfertilization (hpf) up to 48 hpf, as well as 5 d postfertilization (dpf). Relative mRNA expressions of cytochrome P450 family 51 lanosterol-14α-demethylase, glutathione S-transferase, caspase 9, phosphoprotein p53, and BCL2-associated X protein were measured to assess toxicity attributable to fungicides at the mRNA level, whereas caspase 3/7 (apoptosis) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (lipid peroxidation) levels were measured at the enzymatic level. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction was measure through the Mito Stress test using the Seahorse XFe24 at 48 hpf. In addition, light to dark movement behavior was monitored at 5 dpf using Danio Vision® to understand adverse effects at the organismal level. There was no significant difference in the light to dark behavior with exposure to azoles compared to controls. The molecular biomarkers indicated that propiconazole and myclobutanil induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, and potentially apoptosis at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.3 and 1 µg/L). The results from the mitochondrial respiration assay indicated a slight decrease in spare respiratory capacity with an acute exposure (48 hpf) to all 3 azoles at 1000 µg/L. Based on the present results, propiconazole and myclobutanil are acutely toxic compared to tebuconazole in aquatic organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1455-1466. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kumar
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - O Awoyemi
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - A Willis
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - C Schmitt
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - L Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - N Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - J Crago
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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263
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Franco ME, Lavado R. Applicability of in vitro methods in evaluating the biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish: Advances and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:685-695. [PMID: 30939321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the biochemical mechanisms involved in such process continue to be intensively studied in the fields of environmental science and toxicology. The investigation of PAH biotransformation in fish is fundamental to understand how piscine species cope with PAH exposure, as these compounds are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems and impact different levels of biological organization. New approaches are continuously developed in the field of ecotoxicology, allowing live animal testing to be combined with and, in some cases, replaced with novel in vitro systems. Many in vitro techniques have been developed and effectively applied in the investigation of the biochemical pathways driving the biotransformation of PAH in fish. In vitro experimentation has been fundamental in the advancement of not only understanding PAH-mediated toxicity, but also in highlighting suitable cell-based models for such investigations. Therefore, the present review highlights the value and applicability of in vitro systems for PAH biotransformation studies, and provides up-to-date information on the use of in vitro fish models in the evaluation of PAH biotransformation, common biomarkers, and challenges encountered when developing and applying such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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264
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Garcia EB, Alms C, Hinman AW, Kelly C, Smith A, Vance M, Loncarek J, Marr LC, Cimini D. Single-Cell Analysis Reveals that Chronic Silver Nanoparticle Exposure Induces Cell Division Defects in Human Epithelial Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2061. [PMID: 31212667 PMCID: PMC6603987 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple organizations have urged a paradigm shift from traditional, whole animal, chemical safety testing to alternative methods. Although these forward-looking methods exist for risk assessment and predication, animal testing is still the preferred method and will remain so until more robust cellular and computational methods are established. To meet this need, we aimed to develop a new, cell division-focused approach based on the idea that defective cell division may be a better predictor of risk than traditional measurements. To develop such an approach, we investigated the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on human epithelial cells. AgNPs are the type of nanoparticle most widely employed in consumer and medical products, yet toxicity reports are still confounding. Cells were exposed to a range of AgNP doses for both short- and-long term exposure times. The analysis of treated cell populations identified an effect on cell division and the emergence of abnormal nuclear morphologies, including micronuclei and binucleated cells. Overall, our results indicate that AgNPs impair cell division, not only further confirming toxicity to human cells, but also highlighting the propagation of adverse phenotypes within the cell population. Furthermore, this work illustrates that cell division-based analysis will be an important addition to future toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen B Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Cynthia Alms
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Albert W Hinman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Conor Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Adam Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Marina Vance
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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265
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Piersma AH, van Benthem J, Ezendam J, Staal YCM, Kienhuis AS. The virtual human in chemical safety assessment. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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266
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Aguayo-Orozco A, Taboureau O, Brunak S. The use of systems biology in chemical risk assessment. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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267
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Lane D, Soong R, Bermel W, Ning P, Dutta Majumdar R, Tabatabaei-Anaraki M, Heumann H, Gundy M, Bönisch H, Liaghati Mobarhan Y, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. Selective Amino Acid-Only in Vivo NMR: A Powerful Tool To Follow Stress Processes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9017-9028. [PMID: 31459990 PMCID: PMC6648361 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vivo NMR of small 13C-enriched aquatic organisms is developing as a powerful tool to detect and explain toxic stress at the biochemical level. Amino acids are a very important category of metabolites for stress detection as they are involved in the vast majority of stress response pathways. As such, they are a useful proxy for stress detection in general, which could then be a trigger for more in-depth analysis of the metabolome. 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) is commonly used to provide additional spectral dispersion in vivo and permit metabolite assignment. While some amino acids can be assigned from HSQC, spectral overlap makes monitoring them in vivo challenging. Here, an experiment typically used to study protein structures is adapted for the selective detection of amino acids inside living Daphnia magna (water fleas). All 20 common amino acids can be selectively detected in both extracts and in vivo. By monitoring bisphenol-A exposure, the in vivo amino acid-only approach identified larger fluxes in a greater number of amino acids when compared to published works using extracts from whole organism homogenates. This suggests that amino acid-only NMR of living organisms may be a very sensitive tool in the detection of stress in vivo and is highly complementary to more traditional metabolomics-based methods. The ability of selective NMR experiments to help researchers to "look inside" living organisms and only detect specific molecules of interest is quite profound and paves the way for the future development of additional targeted experiments for in vivo research and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lane
- Environmental
NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental
NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker
BioSpin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Paris Ning
- Environmental
NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Rudraksha Dutta Majumdar
- Environmental
NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
- Bruker
Canada Ltd, 2800 High
Point Drive, Milton, Ontario, Canada L9T 6P4
| | - Maryam Tabatabaei-Anaraki
- Environmental
NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | | | | | | | - Yalda Liaghati Mobarhan
- Environmental
NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Myrna J. Simpson
- Environmental
NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - André J. Simpson
- Environmental
NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
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268
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Wang R, Chen R, Wang Y, Chen L, Qiao J, Bai R, Ge G, Qin G, Chen C. Complex to simple: In vitro exposure of particulate matter simulated at the air-liquid interface discloses the health impacts of major air pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:263-274. [PMID: 30784734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) exposure poses many adverse effects on human health. However, it is challenging to clearly differentiate between the contributions of individual pollutants on toxicity from complex mixtures of ambient air pollutants. The aim of this study is to generate aerosols constituted by silica nanoparticles (NPs) and bisulfate to serve as simulators of particle-associated high-sulfur air pollution. Then, the health impacts of sulfur dioxide were evaluated at the cellular level using an air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure chamber. BEAS-2B cells were exposed to either nano-silica or bisulfite aerosol individually or bisulfate-coated silica (SiO2-NH2@HSO3) for 3 h using the ALI. The cellular toxicities were carefully compared based on the exposure dosages. The ALI exposure of SiO2 NPs alone did not produce any apparent cytotoxicity in cells, but the aerosol exposure of SiO2-NH2@HSO3 significantly decreased the cell viability and enhanced the production of cellular reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. Consequently, the excessive oxidative stress resulted in mitochondrial damage as well as cellular apoptosis. ALI exposure can possibly reflect the realistic physiological exposure condition of the human respiratory system. As a derivative of the sulfur dioxide component of air pollution, sulfate exacerbates the toxic effects of inhalable PMs. This result may be due to the large surface area of the nanoparticles, with the possibility of carrying more sulfite to the target cells during aerosol exposure. The sulfate levels offer a meaningful complement to the present PM2.5 index of air pollution for achieving better human health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, Beijing, China; College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Rui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, Beijing, China; College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Youfeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyan Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, Beijing, China; College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Guanglu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Qin
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology of China, Beijing, China; College of Materials Sciences and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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269
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Cox JA, Zwart EP, Luijten M, White PA. The development and prevalidation of an in vitro mutagenicity assay based on MutaMouse primary hepatocytes, Part II: Assay performance for the identification of mutagenic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:348-360. [PMID: 30714215 PMCID: PMC6593967 DOI: 10.1002/em.22277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As demonstrated in Part I, cultured MutaMouse primary hepatocytes (PHs) are suitable cells for use in an in vitro gene mutation assay due to their metabolic competence, their "normal" phenotype, and the presence of the MutaMouse transgene for reliable mutation scoring. The performance of these cells in an in vitro gene mutation assay is evaluated in this study, Part II. A panel of 13 mutagenic and nonmutagenic compounds was selected to investigate the performance of the MutaMouse PH in vitro gene mutation assay. The nine mutagens represent a range of classes of chemicals and include mutagens that are both direct-acting and requiring metabolic activation. All the mutagens tested, except for ICR 191, elicited significant, concentration-dependent increases in mutant frequency (MF) ranging from 2.6- to 14.4-fold over the control. None of the four nonmutagens, including two misleading, or "false," positives (i.e., tertiary butylhydroquinone [TBHQ] and eugenol), yielded any significant increases in MF. The benchmark dose covariate approach facilitated ranking of the positive chemicals from most (i.e., 3-nitrobenzanthrone [3-NBA], benzo[a]pyrene [BaP], and aflatoxin B1 [AFB1]) to least (i.e., N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea [ENU]) potent. Overall, the results of this preliminary validation study suggest that this assay may serve as a complimentary tool alongside the standard genotoxicity test battery. This study, alongside Part I, illustrates the promise of MutaMouse PHs for use in an in vitro gene mutation assay, particularly for chemicals requiring metabolic activation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:348-360, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Cox
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealth CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Edwin P. Zwart
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul A. White
- Environmental Health Science and Research BureauHealth CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
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270
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The importance of mathematical modelling in chemical risk assessment and the associated quantification of uncertainty. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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271
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In vitro model for predicting acute inhalation toxicity by using a Calu-3 epithelium cytotoxicity assay. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106576. [PMID: 31026561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the current methods to predict the inhalation toxicity of chemicals using animal models are limited, alternative methods are required. We present a new in vitro prediction method for acute inhalation toxicity using the Calu-3 epithelial cytotoxicity assay applicable for water-soluble inhalable chemicals. METHOD To confirm the characteristics of the optimal Calu-3 epithelium, tight-junction formation, morphology, and mucus secretion were verified using scanning electron microscopy, transepithelial electrical resistance analysis, and immunofluorescence after growth in an air-liquid interface (ALI). Sixty chemicals, including 38 positive and 22 negative for acute inhalation toxicity, were selected from the European Chemical Agency chemical database. The cell viability of the exposed cells was assessed using an MTT assay to predict the acute inhalation toxicity by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and accuracy. RESULTS When cultivated in an ALI, the epithelium was thicker and secreted more mucin than that under submerged cultivation, characteristic of the in vivo respiratory epithelium. The areas under the ROC curve were 0.75 and 0.78 when exposed to chemicals at concentrations of 2.5 and 5%, respectively. The highest accuracy of the methods was 68 and 78% at cut-off values of 85 and 40% cell viability, respectively. DISCUSSION The in vitro model was moderately accurate with good prediction. It is replicable because of its advantages, i.e., the use of cultured cells and the simplicity of the method. Overall, the Calu-3 epithelial cytotoxicity assay may be a useful and simple approach to identify substances that cause acute inhalation toxicity.
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272
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Kabadi PK, Rodd AL, Simmons AE, Messier NJ, Hurt RH, Kane AB. A novel human 3D lung microtissue model for nanoparticle-induced cell-matrix alterations. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 30943996 PMCID: PMC6448215 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been shown to elicit the release of inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators, as well as histopathological changes in lungs of exposed animals. Current standards for testing MWCNTs and other nanoparticles (NPs) rely on low-throughput in vivo studies to assess acute and chronic toxicity and potential hazard to humans. Several alternative testing approaches utilizing two-dimensional (2D) in vitro assays to screen engineered NPs have reported conflicting results between in vitro and in vivo assays. Compared to conventional 2D in vitro or in vivo animal model systems, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro platforms have been shown to more closely recapitulate human physiology, providing a relevant, more efficient strategy for evaluating acute toxicity and chronic outcomes in a tiered nanomaterial toxicity testing paradigm. RESULTS As inhalation is an important route of nanomaterial exposure, human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells were co-cultured with macrophages to form scaffold-free 3D lung microtissues. Microtissues were exposed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes, M120 carbon black nanoparticles or crocidolite asbestos fibers for 4 or 7 days, then collected for characterization of microtissue viability, tissue morphology, and expression of genes and selected proteins associated with inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our data demonstrate the utility of 3D microtissues in predicting chronic pulmonary endpoints following exposure to MWCNTs or asbestos fibers. These test nanomaterials were incorporated into 3D human lung microtissues as visualized using light microscopy. Differential expression of genes involved in acute inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling was detected using PCR arrays and confirmed using qRT-PCR analysis and Luminex assays of selected genes and proteins. CONCLUSION 3D lung microtissues provide an alternative testing platform for assessing nanomaterial-induced cell-matrix alterations and delineation of toxicity pathways, moving towards a more predictive and physiologically relevant approach for in vitro NP toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranita K Kabadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.,AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - April L Rodd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.
| | - Alysha E Simmons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Norma J Messier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 02912, USA.
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273
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Pagano L, Caldara M, Villani M, Zappettini A, Marmiroli N, Marmiroli M. In Vivo-In Vitro Comparative Toxicology of Cadmium Sulphide Quantum Dots in the Model Organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040512. [PMID: 30986968 PMCID: PMC6523553 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to use the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool for toxicogenomic studies of Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) risk assessment, in particular focusing on cadmium based quantum dots (CdS QDs). This model has been exploited for its peculiar features: a short replication time, growth on both fermentable and oxidizable carbon sources, and for the contextual availability of genome wide information in the form of genetic maps, DNA microarray, and collections of barcoded mutants. The comparison of the whole genome analysis with the microarray experiments (99.9% coverage) and with the phenotypic analysis of 4688 barcoded haploid mutants (80.2% coverage), shed light on the genes involved in the response to CdS QDs, both in vivo and in vitro. The results have clarified the mechanisms involved in the exposure to CdS QDs, and whether these ENMs and Cd2+ exploited different pathways of response, in particular related to oxidative stress and to the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and function. Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains a versatile and robust alternative for organismal toxicological studies, with a high level of heuristic insights into the toxicology of more complex eukaryotes, including mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marina Caldara
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per le Scienze Ambientali (CINSA), University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
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274
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Morrow JB, Ropero-Miller JD, Catlin ML, Winokur AD, Cadwallader AB, Staymates JL, Williams SR, McGrath JG, Logan BK, McCormick MM, Nolte KB, Gilson TP, Menendez MJ, Goldberger BA. The Opioid Epidemic: Moving Toward an Integrated, Holistic Analytical Response. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:1-9. [PMID: 30165647 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In many jurisdictions, public safety and public health entities are working together to enhance the timeliness and accuracy of the analytical characterization and toxicology testing of novel synthetic opioids. The improved sharing and early detection of these analytical data are intended to inform surveillance, interdiction efforts, patient intervention and treatment, all of which are critical to curbing the opioid epidemic. Forensic practitioners working to identify novel synthetic opioids struggle to provide timely results when encountering new or unknown substances, such as the fentanyl analogs. These compounds, which mimic heroin in pharmacologic effect but can be far more potent, are inconsistently present in chemical identification libraries, and are currently largely unavailable as reference materials for analytical comparison. Additionally, federal, state and local governments as well as nongovernmental organizations require potency, toxicity and potential-for-abuse data to evaluate the potential health risks of emerging drug threats. Subsequent scheduling efforts and criminal prosecutions also require these thorough drug characterization studies. Pilot programs have demonstrated that early communication of real-time drug toxicity and analytical data significantly impacts the successful response to emerging opioids. High-quality, real-time, national-level data on chemical composition, toxicological test data, drug toxicity and overdoses, and analysis of seized materials by law enforcement are needed to track drug trends. However, the USA still lacks a national system to coordinate and communicate toxicology, medical and medical examiner and coroner data with the broader medical and law enforcement communities. Opportunities to address these gaps as well as recent advancements collected through interagency efforts and technical workshops in the toxicology and analytical chemistry communities are presented here. Opportunities for partnership, increased communication and expanding best practices to move toward an integrated, holistic analytical response are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne B Morrow
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Megan L Catlin
- National Heroin Coordination Group, Office of National Drug Control Policy, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Agnes D Winokur
- Office of Forensic Sciences for the Drug Enforcement Administration's (DEA) Southeast Laboratory, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Amy B Cadwallader
- Council on Science and Public Health, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica L Staymates
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Shannan R Williams
- Office of Special Programs, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan G McGrath
- DOJ National Institute of Justice, Office of Investigative and Forensic Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Kurt B Nolte
- Pathology and Radiology, New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Thomas P Gilson
- Cuyahoga County Regional Forensic Sciences Laboratory, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M J Menendez
- Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, USA
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275
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Quevedo C, Behl M, Ryan K, Paules RS, Alday A, Muriana A, Alzualde A. Detection and Prioritization of Developmentally Neurotoxic and/or Neurotoxic Compounds Using Zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:225-240. [PMID: 30521027 PMCID: PMC6390653 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard methods for toxicity testing using rodent models cannot keep pace with the increasing number of chemicals in our environment due to time and resource limitations. Hence, there is an unmet need for fast, sensitive, and cost-effective alternate models to reliably predict toxicity. As part of Tox21 Phase III's effort, a 90-compound library was created and made available to researchers to screen for neurotoxicants using novel technology and models. The chemical library was evaluated in zebrafish in a dose-range finding test for embryo-toxicity (ie, mortality or morphological alterations induced by each chemical). In addition, embryos exposed to the lowest effect level and nonobservable effect level were used to measure the internal concentration of the chemicals within the embryos by bioanalysis. Finally, considering the lowest effect level as the highest testing concentration, a functional assay was performed based on locomotor activity alteration in response to light-dark changes. The quality control chemicals included in the library, ie, negative controls and replicated chemicals, indicate that the assays performed were reliable. The use of analytical chemistry pointed out the importance of measuring chemical concentration inside embryos, and in particular, in the case of negative chemicals to avoid false negative classification. Overall, the proposed approach presented a good sensitivity and supports the inclusion of zebrafish assays as a reliable, relevant, and efficient screening tool to identify, prioritize, and evaluate chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Quevedo
- *Biobide, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20009 Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,Research Triangle Park, 27709 North Carolina
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,Research Triangle Park, 27709 North Carolina
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,Research Triangle Park, 27709 North Carolina
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276
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Tan YM, Worley RR, Leonard JA, Fisher JW. Challenges Associated With Applying Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Public Health Decision-Making. Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:341-348. [PMID: 29385573 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in chemical toxicology have grown steadily since their emergence in the 1980s. However, critical evaluation of PBPK models to support public health decision-making across federal agencies has thus far occurred for only a few environmental chemicals. In order to encourage decision-makers to embrace the critical role of PBPK modeling in risk assessment, several important challenges require immediate attention from the modeling community. The objective of this contemporary review is to highlight 3 of these challenges, including: (1) difficulties in recruiting peer reviewers with appropriate modeling expertise and experience; (2) lack of confidence in PBPK models for which no tissue/plasma concentration data exist for model evaluation; and (3) lack of transferability across modeling platforms. Several recommendations for addressing these 3 issues are provided to initiate dialog among members of the PBPK modeling community, as these issues must be overcome for the field of PBPK modeling to advance and for PBPK models to be more routinely applied in support of public health decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Tan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Rachel R Worley
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 30341
| | - Jeremy A Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
| | - Jeffrey W Fisher
- National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arizona 72079
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277
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Tierbach A, Groh KJ, Schönenberger R, Schirmer K, Suter MJF. Glutathione S-Transferase Protein Expression in Different Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:702-712. [PMID: 29361160 PMCID: PMC5888913 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish is a widely used animal model in biomedical sciences and toxicology. Although evidence for the presence of phases I and II xenobiotic defense mechanisms in zebrafish exists on the transcriptional and enzyme activity level, little is known about the protein expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Given the important role of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in phase II biotransformation, we analyzed cytosolic GST proteins in zebrafish early life stages and different organs of adult male and female fish, using a targeted proteomics approach. The established multiple reaction monitoring-based assays enable the measurement of the relative abundance of specific GST isoenzymes and GST classes in zebrafish through a combination of proteotypic peptides and peptides shared within the same class. GSTs of the classes alpha, mu, pi and rho are expressed in zebrafish embryo as early as 4 h postfertilization (hpf). The majority of GST enzymes are present at 72 hpf followed by a continuous increase in expression thereafter. In adult zebrafish, GST expression is organ dependent, with most of the GST classes showing the highest expression in the liver. The expression of a wide range of cytosolic GST isoenzymes and classes in zebrafish early life stages and adulthood supports the use of zebrafish as a model organism in chemical-related investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Tierbach
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, 8045 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - René Schönenberger
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPF Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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278
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Seo JE, Tryndyak V, Wu Q, Dreval K, Pogribny I, Bryant M, Zhou T, Robison TW, Mei N, Guo X. Quantitative comparison of in vitro genotoxicity between metabolically competent HepaRG cells and HepG2 cells using the high-throughput high-content CometChip assay. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1433-1448. [PMID: 30788552 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity testing that employs metabolically active human cells may be better suited for evaluating human in vivo genotoxicity than current bacterial or non-metabolically active mammalian cell systems. In the current study, 28 compounds, known to have different genotoxicity and carcinogenicity modes of action (MoAs), were evaluated over a wide range of concentrations for the ability to induce DNA damage in human HepG2 and HepaRG cells. DNA damage dose-responses in both cell lines were quantified using a combination of high-throughput high-content (HTHC) CometChip technology and benchmark dose (BMD) quantitative approaches. Assays of metabolic activity indicated that differentiated HepaRG cells had much higher levels of cytochromes P450 activity than did HepG2 cells. DNA damage was observed for four and two out of five indirect-acting genotoxic carcinogens in HepaRG and HepG2 cells, respectively. Four out of seven direct-acting carcinogens were positive in both cell lines, with two of the three negatives being genotoxic mainly through aneugenicity. The four chemicals positive in both cell lines generated HTHC Comet data in HepaRG and HepG2 cells with comparable BMD values. All the non-genotoxic compounds, including six non-genotoxic carcinogens, were negative in HepaRG cells; five genotoxic non-carcinogens also were negative. Our results indicate that the HTHC CometChip assay detects a greater proportion of genotoxic carcinogens requiring metabolic activation (i.e., indirect carcinogens) when conducted with HepaRG cells than with HepG2 cells. In addition, BMD genotoxicity potency estimate is useful for quantitatively evaluating CometChip assay data in a scientifically rigorous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Seo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Volodymyr Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Kostiantyn Dreval
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Igor Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tong Zhou
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Timothy W Robison
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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279
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Ho CC, Wu WT, Chen YC, Liou SH, Yet SF, Lee CH, Tsai HT, Weng CY, Tsai MH, Lin P. Identification of osteopontin as a biomarker of human exposure to fine particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:975-985. [PMID: 30682754 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure is associated with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases; however, there is scant research linking data on animal and human cells. The objective of this study was to investigate these associations. Vascular remodeling plays a crucial role in both pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis using vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to identify potential regulators or markers of PM exposure. We demonstrated that fine and coarse PM increased VSMC proliferation in mice. We conducted a genome-wide cDNA microarray analysis, followed by a pathway analysis of VSMCs treated with coarse PM for durations of 24, 48, and 72 h. Sixteen genes were discovered to be time-dependently upregulated and involved in VSMC proliferation. Osteopontin (OPN) is indicated as one of the regulators of these upregulated genes. Both fine and coarse PM from industrial and urban areas significantly increased OPN expression in VSMCs and macrophages. Moreover, oropharyngeal instillation of fine and coarse PM for 8 weeks increased the VSMCs in the pulmonary arteries of mice. OPN level was consistently increased in the lung tissues, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum of mice. Moreover, we analyzed the plasma OPN levels of 72 healthy participants recruited from the studied metropolitan area. Each participant wore a personal PM2.5 sampler to assess their PM2.5 exposure over a 24 h period. Our results indicate that personal exposure to fine PM is positively correlated with plasma OPN level in young adults. The data obtained in this study suggest that exposure to fine and coarse PM may cause pulmonary vascular lesions in humans and that OPN level may be a biomarker of PM exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Ho
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Wei-Te Wu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Saou-Hsing Liou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chia-Huei Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Hui-Ti Tsai
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chen-Yi Weng
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Pinpin Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
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280
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Li D, Suh S. Health risks of chemicals in consumer products: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:580-587. [PMID: 30622082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly diverse chemicals are used in consumer products, while our understanding of their exposure pathways and associated human health risks still lags behind. This paper aims to identify the dominant patterns of exposure pathways and associated health risks of chemicals used in consumer products reported in the peer-reviewed literature. We analyzed 342 articles covering 202 unique chemicals, and distilled the information on the functional uses, product applications, exposure routes, exposure pathways, toxicity endpoints and their combinations. We found that the volume of the literature addressing human health risks of chemicals in consumer products is increasing. Among others, phthalates, bisphenol-A, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers were the most frequently discussed chemical groups in the literature reviewed. Emerged from our review were a number of frequently reported functional use/product application combinations, including plasticizers, polymers/monomers, and flame retardants used in food contact products, personal care products, cosmetics, furniture, flooring, and electronics. We also observed a strong tendency that the number of publications on a chemical surges following major regulatory changes or exposure incidents associated with the chemical. We highlight the need to develop the capacity and the mechanism through which human health risks of chemicals in consumer products can be identified prior to their releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingsheng Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sangwon Suh
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.
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281
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Dent MP, Li H, Carmichael PL, Martin FL. Employing Dietary Comparators to Perform Risk Assessments for Anti-Androgens Without Using Animal Data. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:375-384. [PMID: 30247711 PMCID: PMC6358230 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the use of androgen receptor (AR) reporter gene assay data in a non-animal exposure-led risk assessment in which in vitro anti-androgenic activity and exposure data were put into context using a naturally occurring comparator substance with a history of dietary consumption. First, several dietary components were screened to identify which selectively interfered with AR signaling in vitro, using the AR CALUX® test. The IC50 values from these dose-response data together with measured or predicted human exposure levels were used to calculate exposure: activity ratios (EARs) for the dietary components and a number of other well-known anti-androgenic substances. Both diindolylmethane (DIM) and resveratrol are specifically acting dietary anti-androgens. The EARs for several anti-androgens were therefore expressed relative to the EAR of DIM, and how this 'dietary comparator ratio' (DCR) approach may be used to make safety decisions was assessed using an exposure-led case study for an anti-androgenic botanical ingredient. This highlights a pragmatic approach which allows novel chemical exposures to be put into context against dietary exposures to natural anti-androgenic substances. The DCR approach may have utility for other modes of action where appropriate comparators can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Dent
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Hequn Li
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Francis L Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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282
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Kale O, Awodele O, Akindele A. Subacute and subchronic oral toxicity assessments of Acridocarpus smeathmannii (DC.) Guill. & Perr. root in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:161-175. [PMID: 30766799 PMCID: PMC6360914 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent adverse herb reactions have stimulated interest documenting the safety profile of medicinal agents. Thus, subacute and subchronic oral toxicity of the hydroethanolic extract of Acridocarpus smeathmannii root (HEASR) in Wistar rats was investigated. In the 28 and 90-day subacute and subchronic toxicity tests, sixty-four rats (n = male: female = 1:1 = 32) were divided into four of eight/group and ninety-six (n = male: female = 1:1 = 48) into twelve/group respectively. Distilled water (10 mL/kg) or HEASR4, HEASR5 and HEASR6 (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day) respectively were administered via oral gavage. Animals were killed humanely 24 h after the last administration. Using standard methods, acute oral toxicity dose of HEAR (2000 mg/kg) was non-lethal in rodents. Subacute administration of HEASR6 increased total bilirubin (p < 0.05) in female rats. HEASR moderately altered both haematological and biochemical indices in rats. HEASR6 administration reduced ovary weight in both studies while follicle stimulating hormone level in male was reduced at all doses used. HEASR modulated lipid peroxidation, sperm quality and elevated cyclooxygenase-2 levels in rats. Histology revealed gastritis and congestions in vital organs. The low-observed adverse effect level for HEASR was below 250 mg/kg for both sexes. Overall, HEASR demonstrated inherent toxicity evidenced by our current findings. The exaggeration of its folklore medicine applications calls for cautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.E. Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Benjamin S. Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, PMB, Ikeja, 21244, Nigeria
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - O. Awodele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - A.J. Akindele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B, 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
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283
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Duckworth J, Jager T, Ashauer R. Automated, high-throughput measurement of size and growth curves of small organisms in well plates. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10. [PMID: 30626881 PMCID: PMC6327043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Organism size and growth curves are important biological characteristics. Current methods to measure organism size, and in particular growth curves, are often resource intensive because they involve many manual steps. Here we demonstrate a method for automated, high-throughput measurements of size and growth in individual aquatic invertebrates kept in microtiter well-plates. We use a spheroid counter (Cell3iMager, cc-5000) to automatically measure size of seven different freshwater invertebrate species. Further, we generated calibration curves (linear regressions, all p < 0.0001, r2 >=0.9 for Ceriodaphnoa dubia, Asellus aquaticus, Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex; r2 >=0.8 for Hyalella azteca, Chironomus spec. larvae and Culex spec. larvae) to convert size measured on the spheroid counter to traditional, microscope based, length measurements, which follow the longest orientation of the body. Finally, we demonstrate semi-automated measurement of growth curves of individual daphnids (C. dubia and D. magna) over time and find that the quality of individual growth curves varies, partly due to methodological reasons. Nevertheless, this novel method could be adopted to other species and represents a step change in experimental throughput for measuring organisms’ shape, size and growth curves. It is also a significant qualitative improvement by enabling high-throughput assessment of inter-individual variation of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Duckworth
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roman Ashauer
- Environment Department, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, United Kingdom.
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284
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Assessment of Potential Cytotoxicity During Vital Observation at the BioStation CT. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2019. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2018-3.6.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the methods based on the cell technologies have become more relevant for medical and pharmaceutical research. In this paper, weconsidered the BioStation CT using for continuous in vivo observation of Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cell culture under the influence of two active substances in different concentrations (from 1.25 to 20 mg/l). As a result of the carcinoma cells condition monitoring for 4.5 days it was shown that substance No 2 does not affect the cell viability while substance No 1 causes the carcinoma cell death, and this active substance effect is dose-dependent. Photodocumentation at two-hour intervals allowed us to research differences in the rate of cell destruction (intensive disintegration in the first day with further stabilization of the living cells number or gradual cell death throughout the experiment), as well as differences in the time of 50 % mortality reaching. Thus in the study it was demonstrated that due to the fact that the BioStation CT combines the properties of a CO2 -incubator and a microscope this device is promising for toxicological studies and significantly expands the detection possibilities of processes occurring with living cells for a sufficiently long time period making possible further analysis of the cell behavior characteristics throughout the experiment, and that is fundamentally different from the systems allowing only the final result fixation of long-term active substance exposure.
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285
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Goodchild CG, Simpson AM, Minghetti M, DuRant SE. Bioenergetics-adverse outcome pathway: Linking organismal and suborganismal energetic endpoints to adverse outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:27-45. [PMID: 30259559 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) link toxicity across levels of biological organization, and thereby facilitate the development of suborganismal responses predictive of whole-organism toxicity and provide the mechanistic information necessary for science-based extrapolation to population-level effects. Thus far AOPs have characterized various acute and chronic toxicity pathways; however, the potential for AOPs to explicitly characterize indirect, energy-mediated effects from toxicants has yet to be fully explored. Indeed, although exposure to contaminants can alter an organism's energy budget, energetic endpoints are rarely incorporated into ecological risk assessment because there is not an integrative framework for linking energetic effects to organismal endpoints relevant to risk assessment (e.g., survival, reproduction, growth). In the present analysis, we developed a generalized bioenergetics-AOP in an effort to make better use of energetic endpoints in risk assessment, specifically exposure scenarios that generate an energetic burden to organisms. To evaluate empirical support for a bioenergetics-AOP, we analyzed published data for links between energetic endpoints across levels of biological organization. We found correlations between 1) cellular energy allocation and whole-animal growth, and 2) metabolic rate and scope for growth. Moreover, we reviewed literature linking energy availability to nontraditional toxicological endpoints (e.g., locomotor performance), and found evidence that toxicants impair aerobic performance and activity. We conclude by highlighting current knowledge gaps that should be addressed to develop specific bioenergetics-AOPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:27-45. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M Simpson
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sarah E DuRant
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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286
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Hydra as an alternative model organism for toxicity testing: Study using the endocrine disrupting chemical Bisphenol A. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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287
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Abstract
Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) is broadly considered a prerequisite bridge from in vitro findings to a dose paradigm. Quality and relevance of cell systems are the first prerequisite for QIVIVE. Information-rich and mechanistic endpoints (biomarkers) improve extrapolations, but a sophisticated endpoint does not make a bad cell model a good one. The next need is reverse toxicokinetics (TK), which estimates the dose necessary to reach a tissue concentration that is active in vitro. The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) has created a roadmap for animal-free systemic toxicity testing, in which the needs and opportunities for TK are elaborated, in the context of different systemic toxicities. The report was discussed at two stakeholder forums in Brussels in 2012 and in Washington in 2013; the key recommendations are summarized herein. Contrary to common belief and the Paracelsus paradigm of everything is toxic, the majority of industrial chemicals do not exhibit toxicity. Strengthening the credibility of negative results of alternative approaches for hazard identification, therefore, avoids the need for QIVIVE. Here, especially the combination of methods in integrated testing strategies is most promising. Two further but very different approaches aim to overcome the problem of modeling in vivo complexity: The human-on-a-chip movement aims to reproduce large parts of living organism's complexity via microphysiological systems, that is, organ equivalents combined by microfluidics. At the same time, the Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century (Tox-21c) movement aims for mechanistic approaches (adverse outcome pathways as promoted by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) or pathways of toxicity in the Human Toxome Project) for high-throughput screening, biological phenotyping, and ultimately a systems toxicology approach through integration with computer modeling. These 21st century approaches also require 21st century validation, for example, by evidence-based toxicology. Ultimately, QIVIVE is a prerequisite for extrapolating Tox-21c such approaches to human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.,University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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288
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Pagé-Larivière F, Chiu S, Jones SP, Farhat A, Crump D, O'Brien JM. Prioritization of 10 organic flame retardants using an avian hepatocyte toxicogenomic assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:3134-3144. [PMID: 30133003 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As the number of chemicals developed and used by industry increases, the inherent limitations of traditional toxicology approaches become an unavoidable issue. To help meet the demand for toxicity evaluation, new methods, such as high-throughput toxicity screening, are currently being developed to permit rapid determination of toxic, molecular, and/or biochemical effects of a wide range of chemicals. In the present study, we demonstrate the utility of an avian in vitro toxicogenomics screening approach to determine the cytotoxic and transcriptomic effects of 10 organic flame retardants (OFRs) currently of international priority for ecological risk evaluation to prioritize and inform future toxicological studies. Hepatocytes from 2 avian species, chicken and double-crested cormorant, were prepared and exposed for 24 h to various concentrations (0-300 μM) of the following 10 OFRs: Chemical Abstracts Service registration numbers 29761-21-5, 56803-37-3 (p-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate [BPDP]), 65652-41-7, 68937-41-7 (phenol, isopropylated, phosphate [3:1] [IPPP]), 95906-11-9, 19186-97-1, 26040-51-7, 35948-25-5, 21850-44-2, and 25713-60-4. Cell viability, the 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assay, and transcriptomic analysis using species-specific ToxChip polymerase chain reaction arrays were performed to evaluate the in vitro effect of these OFRs. Of the 10 OFRs assessed, BPDP and IPPP elicited the strongest cytotoxic and transcriptomic responses in both chicken and double-crested cormorant hepatocytes and are therefore recommended as priority candidates for further wildlife toxicological investigations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3134-3144. © 2018 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Pagé-Larivière
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne Chiu
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie P Jones
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amani Farhat
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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289
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Afolabi BA, Adedara IA, Souza DO, Rocha JBT. Dietary co-exposure to methylmercury and monosodium glutamate disrupts cellular and behavioral responses in the lobster cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 64:70-77. [PMID: 30300794 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) both separately and combined with a low dose of methylmercury (MeHg) on behavioral and biochemical parameters in Nauphoeta cinerea (lobster cockroach). Cockroaches were fed with the basal diet alone, basal diet + 2% NaCl, basal diet + 2% MSG; basal diet + 0.125 mg/g MeHg, basal diet + 0.125 mg/g MeHg + 2% NaCl; and basal diet + 0.125 mg/g MeHg + 2% MSG for 21 days. Behavioral parameters such as distance traveled, immobility and turn angle were automatically measured using ANY-maze video tracking software (Stoelting, CO, USA). Biochemical end-points such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), total thiol and TBARS were also evaluated. Results show that MeHg + NaCl, increased distance traveled while MeHg + MSG increased time immobile. AChE activity was significantly reduced in cockroaches across all the groups when compared to the control. There was no significant alteration in GST activity and total thiol levels. It could be that both NaCl and MSG potentiates the neurotoxic effect of MeHg in cockroaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing A Afolabi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Isaac A Adedara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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290
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Pleil JD, Wallace MAG, McCord J. Beyond monoisotopic accurate mass spectrometry: ancillary techniques for identifying unknown features in non-targeted discovery analysis. J Breath Res 2018; 13:012001. [PMID: 30433878 PMCID: PMC6394216 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aae8c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) is an important tool for performing non-targeted analysis for investigating complex organic mixtures in human or environmental media. This perspective demonstrates HR-MS compound identification strategies using atom counting, isotope ratios, and fragmentation pattern analysis based on ‘exact’ or ‘accurate’ mass, which allows analytical distinction among mass fragments with the same integer mass, but with different atomic constituents of the original molecules. Herein, HR-MS technology is shown to narrow down the identity of unknown compounds for specific examples, and ultimately inform future analyses when these compounds reoccur. Although HR-MS is important for all biological media, this is particularly critical for new methods and instrumentation invoking exhaled breath condensate, particles, and aerosols. In contrast to standard breath gas-phase analyses where 1 mass unit (Da) resolution is generally sufficient, the condensed phase breath media are particularly vulnerable to errors in compound identification because the larger organic non-volatile molecules can form identical integer mass fragments from different atomic constituents which then require high-resolution mass analyses to tell them apart.
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291
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Hunt PR, Olejnik N, Bailey KD, Vaught CA, Sprando RL. C. elegans Development and Activity Test detects mammalian developmental neurotoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:583-592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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292
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Steele WB, Kristofco LA, Corrales J, Saari GN, Haddad SP, Gallagher EP, Kavanagh TJ, Kostal J, Zimmerman JB, Voutchkova-Kostal A, Anastas P, Brooks BW. Comparative behavioral toxicology with two common larval fish models: Exploring relationships among modes of action and locomotor responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1587-1600. [PMID: 30021323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral responses inform toxicology studies by rapidly and sensitively detecting molecular initiation events that propagate to physiological changes in individuals. These behavioral responses can be unique to chemical specific mechanisms and modes of action (MOA) and thus present diagnostic utility. In an initial effort to explore the use of larval fish behavioral response patterns in screening environmental contaminants for toxicity and to identify behavioral responses associated with common chemical specific MOAs, we employed the two most common fish models, the zebrafish and the fathead minnow, to define toxicant induced swimming activity alterations during interchanging photoperiods. Though the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a common model for aquatic toxicology research and regulatory toxicology practice, this model has received little attention in behavioral studies compared to the zebrafish, a common biomedical model. We specifically compared behavioral responses among 7 different chemicals (1-heptanol, phenol, R-(-)-carvone, citalopram, diazinon, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), and xylazine) that were selected and classified based on anticipated MOA (nonpolar narcosis, polar narcosis, electrophile, specific mechanism) according to traditional approaches to examine whether these comparative responses differ among chemicals with various structure-based predicted toxicity. Following standardized experimental guidelines, zebrafish embryos and fathead minnow larvae were exposed for 96 h to each compound then were observed using digital behavioral analysis. Behavioral observations included photomotor responses, distance traveled, and stimulatory, refractory and cruising locomotor activity. Though fathead minnow larvae displayed greater behavioral sensitivity to 1-heptanol, phenol and citalopram, zebrafish were more sensitive to diazinon and R-(-)-carvone. Both fish models were equally sensitive to xylazine and PTZ. Further, the pharmaceuticals citalopram and xylazine significantly affected behavior at therapeutic hazard values, and each of the seven chemicals elicited unique behavioral response profiles. Larval fish behaviors appear useful as early tier diagnostics to identify mechanisms and pathways associated with diverse biological activities for chemicals lacking mechanistic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Lauren A Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Samuel P Haddad
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Jakub Kostal
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Waco, TX, USA.
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293
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Kang DS, Yang JH, Kim HS, Koo BK, Lee CM, Ahn YS, Jung JH, Seo YR. Application of the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework to Risk Assessment for Predicting Carcinogenicity of Chemicals. J Cancer Prev 2018; 23:126-133. [PMID: 30370257 PMCID: PMC6197844 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2018.23.3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As industry develops in modern society, many chemicals are being used. The safety of chemicals is an important issue because humans are constantly exposed to chemicals throughout their daily life. Through a risk assessment, the hazardous human effects of chemicals can be identified. Recently, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework has been used to predict the adverse effects of chemicals. As a conceptual framework for organizing existing biological knowledge, the AOP consists of a molecular initiating event, key events, and an adverse outcome. These independent elements represent biological responses and are connected by key event relationships. This AOP framework provides intuitive hazard identification that can be helpful for carcinogenic risk assessment of chemicals. In this review, we introduce the application of the AOP framework to risk assessment for predicting carcinogenicity of chemicals and illustrate the utility of this approach for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Seok Kang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jun Hyuek Yang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Bon Kon Koo
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
| | - Cheol Min Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Natural Science and Engineering, Seokyeong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Soon Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Jung
- Faculty of Health Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Institute of Environmental Medicine for Green Chemistry, Department of Life Science, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang, Korea
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294
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Abstract
Over the past six decades the inflation-adjusted cost to bring a new drug to market has been increasing constantly and doubles every 9 years - now reaching in excess of $2.5 billion. Overall, the likelihood of FDA approval for a drug (any disease indication) that has entered phase I clinical trials is a mere 9.6%, with the approval rate for oncology far below average at only 5.1%. Lack of efficacy or toxicity is often not revealed until the later stages of clinical trials, despite promising preclinical data. This indicates that the current in vitro systems for drug screening need to be improved for better predictability of in vivo outcomes. Microphysiological systems (MPS), or bioengineered 3D microfluidic tissue and organ constructs that mimic physiological and pathological processes in vitro, can be leveraged across preclinical research and clinical trial stages to transform drug development and clinical management for a range of diseases. Here we review the current state-of-the-art in 3D tissue-engineering models developed for cancer research, with a focus on tumor-on-a-chip, or tumor chip, models. From our viewpoint, tumor chip systems can advance innovative medicine to ameliorate the high failure rates in anti-cancer drug development and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Hachey
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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295
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Audouze K, Taboureau O, Grandjean P. A systems biology approach to predictive developmental neurotoxicity of a larvicide used in the prevention of Zika virus transmission. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:56-63. [PMID: 29476864 PMCID: PMC6087490 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The need to prevent developmental brain disorders has led to an increased interest in efficient neurotoxicity testing. When an epidemic of microcephaly occurred in Brazil, Zika virus infection was soon identified as the likely culprit. However, the pathogenesis appeared to be complex, and a larvicide used to control mosquitoes responsible for transmission of the virus was soon suggested as an important causative factor. Yet, it is challenging to identify relevant and efficient tests that are also in line with ethical research defined by the 3Rs rule (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement). Especially in an acute situation like the microcephaly epidemic, where little toxicity documentation is available, new and innovative alternative methods, whether in vitro or in silico, must be considered. We have developed a network-based model using an integrative systems biology approach to explore the potential developmental neurotoxicity, and we applied this method to examine the larvicide pyriproxyfen widely used in the prevention of Zika virus transmission. Our computational model covered a wide range of possible pathways providing mechanistic hypotheses between pyriproxyfen and neurological disorders via protein complexes, thus adding to the plausibility of pyriproxyfen neurotoxicity. Although providing only tentative evidence and comparisons with retinoic acid, our computational systems biology approach is rapid and inexpensive. The case study of pyriproxyfen illustrates its usefulness as an initial or screening step in the assessment of toxicity potentials of chemicals with incompletely known toxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Audouze
- INSERM UMR-S 973, 75013 Paris, France; University of Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- INSERM UMR-S 973, 75013 Paris, France; University of Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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296
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Van den Brink PJ, Boxall AB, Maltby L, Brooks BW, Rudd MA, Backhaus T, Spurgeon D, Verougstraete V, Ajao C, Ankley GT, Apitz SE, Arnold K, Brodin T, Cañedo-Argüelles M, Chapman J, Corrales J, Coutellec MA, Fernandes TF, Fick J, Ford AT, Papiol GG, Groh KJ, Hutchinson TH, Kruger H, Kukkonen JV, Loutseti S, Marshall S, Muir D, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Paul KB, Rico A, Rodea-Palomares I, Römbke J, Rydberg T, Segner H, Smit M, van Gestel CA, Vighi M, Werner I, Zimmer EI, van Wensem J. Toward sustainable environmental quality: Priority research questions for Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2281-2295. [PMID: 30027629 PMCID: PMC6214210 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals have been established to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all. Delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals will require a healthy and productive environment. An understanding of the impacts of chemicals which can negatively impact environmental health is therefore essential to the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, current research on and regulation of chemicals in the environment tend to take a simplistic view and do not account for the complexity of the real world, which inhibits the way we manage chemicals. There is therefore an urgent need for a step change in the way we study and communicate the impacts and control of chemicals in the natural environment. To do this requires the major research questions to be identified so that resources are focused on questions that really matter. We present the findings of a horizon-scanning exercise to identify research priorities of the European environmental science community around chemicals in the environment. Using the key questions approach, we identified 22 questions of priority. These questions covered overarching questions about which chemicals we should be most concerned about and where, impacts of global megatrends, protection goals, and sustainability of chemicals; the development and parameterization of assessment and management frameworks; and mechanisms to maximize the impact of the research. The research questions identified provide a first-step in the path forward for the research, regulatory, and business communities to better assess and manage chemicals in the natural environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2281-2295. © 2018 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Van den Brink
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alistair B.A. Boxall
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
- Corresponding author:
| | - Lorraine Maltby
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | | | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22 B, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | - Charmaine Ajao
- European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Annankatu 18, 00120 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Sabine E. Apitz
- SEA Environmental Decisions, Ltd., 1 South Cottages, The Ford; Little Hadham, Hertfordshire SG11 2AT, UK
| | - Kathryn Arnold
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles
- Freshwater Ecology and Management (FEM) Research Group, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Institut de Recerca de l’Aigua (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Aquatic Ecology Group, BETA Tecnio Centre, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jennifer Chapman
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | | | - Teresa F. Fernandes
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alex T. Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, Portsmouth, England, PO4 9LY, UK
| | - Gemma Giménez Papiol
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ksenia J. Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Thomas H. Hutchinson
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Hank Kruger
- Wildlife International Ltd., Easton, Maryland, USA
| | - Jussi V.K. Kukkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Stefania Loutseti
- DuPont De Nemours, Agriculture & Nutrition Crop Protection, Hellas S.A. Halandri Ydras 2& Kifisias Avenue 280r. 15232 Athens, Greece
| | - Stuart Marshall
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK441LQ, UK. (Retired)
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Manuel E. Ortiz-Santaliestra
- Spanish Institute of Game and Wildlife Resources (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM. Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Kai B. Paul
- Blue Frog Scientific Limited, Quantum House, 91 George St., EH2 3ES, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodea-Palomares
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jörg Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, D-65439 Flörsheim, Germany
| | - Tomas Rydberg
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, PO Box 5302, 40014 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mathijs Smit
- Shell Global Solutions, Carel van Bylandtlaan 30, 2596 HR The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A.M. van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inge Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Joke van Wensem
- Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, P.O. Box 20901, 2500 EX The Hague, The Netherlands
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297
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Yadetie F, Zhang X, Hanna EM, Aranguren-Abadía L, Eide M, Blaser N, Brun M, Jonassen I, Goksøyr A, Karlsen OA. RNA-Seq analysis of transcriptome responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) precision-cut liver slices exposed to benzo[a]pyrene and 17α-ethynylestradiol. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 201:174-186. [PMID: 29929084 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) that activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) pathway, and endocrine disruptors acting through the estrogen receptor pathway are among environmental pollutants of major concern. In this work, we exposed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) to BaP (10 nM and 1000 nM), ethynylestradiol (EE2) (10 nM and 1000 nM), and equimolar mixtures of BaP and EE2 (10 nM and 1000 nM) for 48 h, and performed RNA-Seq based transcriptome mapping followed by systematic bioinformatics analyses. Our gene expression analysis showed that several genes were differentially expressed in response to BaP and EE2 treatments in PCLS. Strong up-regulation of genes coding for the cytochrome P450 1a (Cyp1a) enzyme and the Ahr repressor (Ahrrb) was observed in BaP treated PCLS. EE2 treatment of liver slices strongly up-regulated genes coding for precursors of vitellogenin (Vtg) and eggshell zona pellucida (Zp) proteins. As expected, pathway enrichment and network analysis showed that the Ahr and estrogen receptor pathways are among the top affected by BaP and EE2 treatments, respectively. Interestingly, two genes coding for fibroblast growth factor 3 (Fgf3) and fibroblast growth factor 4 (Fgf4) were up-regulated by EE2 in this study. To our knowledge, the fgf3 and fgf4 genes have not previously been described in relation to estrogen signaling in fish liver, and these results suggest the modulation of the FGF signaling pathway by estrogens in fish. The signature expression profiles of top differentially expressed genes in response to the single compound (BaP or EE2) treatment were generally maintained in the expression responses to the equimolar binary mixtures. However, in the mixture-treated groups, BaP appeared to have anti-estrogenic effects as observed by lower number of differentially expressed putative EE2 responsive genes. Our in-depth quantitative analysis of changes in liver transcriptome in response to BaP and EE2, using PCLS tissue culture provides further mechanistic insights into effects of the compounds. Moreover, the analyses demonstrate the usefulness of PCLS in cod for omics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Eileen Marie Hanna
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Marta Eide
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Nello Blaser
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Morten Brun
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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298
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Principles underpinning the use of new methodologies in the risk assessment of cosmetic ingredients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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299
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Fernandez M, Ban F, Woo G, Hsing M, Yamazaki T, LeBlanc E, Rennie PS, Welch WJ, Cherkasov A. Toxic Colors: The Use of Deep Learning for Predicting Toxicity of Compounds Merely from Their Graphic Images. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:1533-1543. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fernandez
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Godwin Woo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Michael Hsing
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Takeshi Yamazaki
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Eric LeBlanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Paul S. Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - William J. Welch
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
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300
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Abu-Bakar A, Hu H, Lang MA. Cyp2a5
Promoter-based Gene Reporter Assay: A Novel Design of Cell-based Bioassay for Toxicity Prediction. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123 Suppl 5:72-80. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A'edah Abu-Bakar
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University Technology MARA Selangor; Puncak Alam Malaysia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS); The University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Hao Hu
- Pharmacogenetics Section; Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; National Institutes of Health; Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA
| | - Matti A. Lang
- Alaric-Consultants; Centre for Molecular Genetics; Espoo Finland
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