251
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Fungal-Derived Immune Modulating Molecules. PATHOGEN-DERIVED IMMUNOMODULATORY MOLECULES 2009; 666:108-20. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1601-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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252
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McGreal EP. Structural basis of pattern recognition by innate immune molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 653:139-61. [PMID: 19799117 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0901-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the innate immune system as a first line defence against pathogenic challenge has long been recognised. Over the last decade the identity of many of the key molecules mediating innate host defence have been clarified and a model of self/ nonself discrimination by families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has emerged. Although a large amount of information is now available concerning the action of these innate immune molecules at the level of the cell and organism, little is known about the molecular interface between pathogens and innate immune recognition molecules. In this chapter the molecular basis for innate immune discrimination of a wide variety of pathogen derived molecules is discussed in the context of the emerging literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon P McGreal
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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253
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Innate microbial sensors and their relevance to allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:846-58; quiz 858-60. [PMID: 19000576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system oversees the gateway to immunity with its microbial sensors. Innate microbial sensors are germ line-encoded receptors with genetically predetermined specificities for microbes. The readiness and effectiveness of the innate immune system to provide immediate and appropriate responses at the host-environment interface is dependent on its sensitive and comprehensive microbial detection systems. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of innate microbial sensors, our growing understanding of their diverse repertoire, and their elegant structural and functional approaches to microbial recognition. Their relevance to allergic disease is also discussed: the potential recognition and uptake of allergens by some of these receptors, inhibited expression of other microbial sensors by allergic immune responses and inflammation, and their upregulation by microbial exposures in early life that may help to protect against the development of allergic immune responses and disease.
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254
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Heinsbroek SEM, Taylor PR, Martinez FO, Martinez-Pomares L, Brown GD, Gordon S. Stage-specific sampling by pattern recognition receptors during Candida albicans phagocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000218. [PMID: 19043561 PMCID: PMC2583056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a medically important pathogen, and recognition by innate immune cells is critical for its clearance. Although a number of pattern recognition receptors have been shown to be involved in recognition and phagocytosis of this fungus, the relative role of these receptors has not been formally examined. In this paper, we have investigated the contribution of the mannose receptor, Dectin-1, and complement receptor 3; and we have demonstrated that Dectin-1 is the main non-opsonic receptor involved in fungal uptake. However, both Dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 were found to accumulate at the site of uptake, while mannose receptor accumulated on C. albicans phagosomes at later stages. These results suggest a potential role for MR in phagosome sampling; and, accordingly, MR deficiency led to a reduction in TNF-α and MCP-1 production in response to C. albicans uptake. Our data suggest that pattern recognition receptors sample the fungal phagosome in a sequential fashion. Infection by Candida albicans has increased as a result of immunosuppression associated with AIDS and organ transplantation. We assessed the role of three pattern recognition receptors, namely Dectin-1 (a beta glucan receptor), the type 3 complement receptor (CR3), and the mannose receptor, in mediating uptake of this fungus. These receptors are known to recognize structures on the C. albicans cell wall, but their exact contribution to binding and uptake is still unclear. We show that only Dectin-1 plays a major role in binding and uptake of C. albicans. Furthermore, we are the first to find that these receptors sample the internalized particle in a sequential manner; intracellular mannose receptor is recruited later and is involved in secretion of immune modulators. These findings provide a better understanding of the innate immune mechanisms involved in protection against this medically important fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando O. Martinez
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gordon D. Brown
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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255
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Abstract
The Candida albicans cell wall maintains the structural integrity of the organism in addition to providing a physical contact interface with the environment. The major components of the cell wall are fibrillar polysaccharides and proteins. The proteins of the cell wall are the focus of this review. Three classes of proteins are present in the candidal cell wall. One group of proteins attach to the cell wall via a glycophosphatidylinositol remnant or by an alkali-labile linkage. A second group of proteins with N-terminal signal sequences but no covalent attachment sequences are secreted by the classical secretory pathway. These proteins may end up in the cell wall or in the extracellular space. The third group of proteins lack a secretory signal, and the pathway(s) by which they become associated with the surface is unknown. Potential constituents of the first two classes have been predicted from analysis of genome sequences. Experimental analyses have identified members of all three classes. Some members of each class selected for consideration of confirmed or proposed function, phenotypic analysis of a mutant, and regulation by growth conditions and transcription factors are discussed in more detail.
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256
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Tang CK, Sheng KC, Apostolopoulos V, Pietersz GA. Protein/peptide and DNA vaccine delivery by targeting C-type lectin receptors. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1005-18. [PMID: 18767950 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.7.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a class of pathogen-recognition receptors that are actively investigated in the field of vaccine delivery. Many of their properties have functions linked to the immune system. These receptors are expressed abundantly on antigen-presenting cells and are considered to be the sentinels of immune surveillance owing to their endocytic nature and the ability to recognize a diverse range of pathogens through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. CLRs are also involved in the processes of antigen presentation mediated through the induction of dendritic cell maturation and cytokine production. These properties engender CLRs to be ideal for vaccine targeting. Conversely, CLRs also function to recognize glycosylated self-antigens to induce homeostatic control and tolerance. In this review, we will describe the various preclinical/clinical vaccination strategies to target antigens and plasmid DNA to this diverse class of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Kit Tang
- Burnet Institute, Austin Campus, BioOrganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
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257
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Rosas M, Liddiard K, Kimberg M, Faro-Trindade I, McDonald JU, Williams DL, Brown GD, Taylor PR. The induction of inflammation by dectin-1 in vivo is dependent on myeloid cell programming and the progression of phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3549-57. [PMID: 18714028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dectin-1 is the archetypal signaling, non-Toll-like pattern recognition receptor that plays a protective role in immune defense to Candida albicans as the major leukocyte receptor for beta-glucans. Dectin-1-deficiency is associated with impaired recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes and inflammatory mediator production at the site of infection. In this study, we have used mice to define the mechanisms that regulate the dectin-1-mediated inflammatory responses. Myeloid cell activation by dectin-1 is controlled by inherent cellular programming, with distinct macrophage and dendritic cell populations responding differentially to the engagement of this receptor. The inflammatory response is further modulated by the progression of the phagocytosis, with "frustrated phagocytosis" resulting in dramatically augmented inflammatory responses. These studies demonstrate that dectin-1 in isolation is sufficient to drive a potent inflammatory response in a context-dependent manner. This has implications for the mechanism by which myeloid cells are activated during fungal infections and the processes involved in the therapeutic manipulation of the immune system via exogenous dectin-1 stimulation or blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Rosas
- Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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258
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Synthesis of archaeal glycolipid adjuvants—what is the optimum number of sugars? Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2349-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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259
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Hohl TM, Feldmesser M, Perlin DS, Pamer EG. Caspofungin modulates inflammatory responses to Aspergillus fumigatus through stage-specific effects on fungal beta-glucan exposure. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:176-85. [PMID: 18500928 DOI: 10.1086/589304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinocandins target fungal beta-1,3 glucan synthesis and are used clinically to treat invasive aspergillosis. Although echinocandins do not completely inhibit in vitro growth of Aspergillus fumigatus, they do induce morphological changes in fungal hyphae. Because beta-1,3 glucans activate host antifungal pathways via the Dectin-1 receptor, we investigated the effect of echinocandins on inflammatory responses to A. fumigatus. Caspofungin- or micafungin-treated conidia and germlings induced less secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and CXCL2 by macrophages than did their untreated counterparts. Diminished secretion of TNF and CXCL2 correlated with diminished beta-glucan exposure on echinocandin-treated germ tubes. In contrast to treated conidia and germlings, echinocandin-treated hyphae stimulated increased release of TNF and CXCL2 by macrophages and demonstrated intense staining with a beta-glucan-specific antibody, particularly at hyphal tips. Our experiments demonstrate that echinocandin-induced morphological changes in A. fumigatus hyphae are accompanied by increased beta-glucan exposure, with consequent increases in Dectin-1-mediated inflammatory responses by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hohl
- Infectious Diseases Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York 10021, USA.
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260
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Underhill D, Braun J. Current understanding of fungal microflora in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:1147-53. [PMID: 18286647 PMCID: PMC3752988 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are a current and growing public health problem, with a prevalence that appears to be increasing in most countries and cultures. While most research into the triggering phenomenon has focused on the interaction between commensal bacteria and inflammatory bowel disease, enteric fungi may also be important in determining disease susceptibility. Herein we review what is known about enteric fungi and the mechanisms by which they and their dysregulation might be involved in triggering inflammatory diseases of the bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Underhill
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California,The Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Braun
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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261
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van de Veerdonk FL, Kullberg BJ, van der Meer JWM, Gow NAR, Netea MG. Host-microbe interactions: innate pattern recognition of fungal pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2008; 11:305-12. [PMID: 18602019 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of fungi is mediated by germline pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors and lectin receptors that interact with conserved structures of the microorganisms, the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Subsequently, PRRs activate intracellular signals that collaborate for the efficient activation of the host defense. The specificity of these responses is achieved through the activation of a particular mosaic of PRRs, that is determined by the available fungal PAMPs and the innate immune cells involved. This will determine a divergence of the final type of reaction, and in this way the innate host defense has the capability to deliver tailored responses to each pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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262
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Ben‐Ami R, Lewis R, Kontoyiannis D. Immunocompromised Hosts: Immunopharmacology of Modern Antifungals. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:226-35. [DOI: 10.1086/589290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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263
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Rappleye CA, Goldman WE. Fungal stealth technology. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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264
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Park S, Lee MR, Shin I. Carbohydrate microarrays as powerful tools in studies of carbohydrate-mediated biological processes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4389-99. [DOI: 10.1039/b806699j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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265
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C-type lectin receptors in antifungal immunity. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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266
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Netea MG, Brown GD, Kullberg BJ, Gow NAR. An integrated model of the recognition of Candida albicans by the innate immune system. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008; 6:67-78. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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267
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Immunization with a lentivector that targets tumor antigen expression to dendritic cells induces potent CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses. J Virol 2007; 82:86-95. [PMID: 17959670 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01289-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentivectors stimulate potent immune responses to antigen transgenes and are being developed as novel genetic vaccines. To improve safety while retaining efficacy, we constructed a lentivector in which transgene expression was restricted to antigen-presenting cells using the mouse dectin-2 gene promoter. This lentivector expressed a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures and in human skin-derived Langerhans and dermal dendritic cells. In mice GFP expression was detected in splenic dectin-2(+) cells after intravenous injection and in CD11c(+) dendritic cells in the draining lymph node after subcutaneous injection. A dectin-2 lentivector encoding the human melanoma antigen NY-ESO-1 primed an NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T-cell response in HLA-A2 transgenic mice and stimulated a CD4(+) T-cell response to a newly identified NY-ESO-1 epitope presented by H2 I-A(b). As immunization with the optimal dose of the dectin-2 lentivector was similar to that stimulated by a lentivector containing a strong constitutive viral promoter, targeting antigen expression to dendritic cells can provide a safe and effective vaccine.
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268
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Abstract
The specificity and high affinity binding of antibodies provides these molecules with ideal properties for delivering a payload to target cells. This concept has been commercialized for cancer therapies using toxin- or radionucleotide-conjugated antibodies that are designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic molecules to cancer cells. Exploiting the same effective characteristics of antibodies, antibody-targeted vaccines (ATV) are designed to deliver disease-specific antigens to professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), thus enabling the host's immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant or infected cells through adaptive immunity. The concept of ATVs has been in development for many years, and recently has entered clinical trials. Early studies with ATVs focused on the ability to induce humoral immunity in the absence of adjuvants. More recently, ATVs targeted to C-type lectin receptors have been exploited for induction of potent helper and cytolytic T-cell responses. To maximize their stimulatory capacity, the ATVs are being evaluated with a variety of adjuvants or other immunostimulatory agents. In the absence of co-administered immunostimulatory signals, APC-targeting can induce antigen-specific tolerance and, thus, may also be exploited in developing specific treatments for autoimmune and allergic diseases, or for preventing transplant rejection. The successful clinical application of this new class of antibody-based products will clearly depend on using appropriate combinations with other strategies that influence the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics Inc, Phillipsburg, NJ 08865, USA.
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269
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Dasgupta S, Navarrete AM, Bayry J, Delignat S, Wootla B, André S, Christophe O, Nascimbeni M, Jacquemin M, Martinez-Pomares L, Geijtenbeek TBH, Moris A, Saint-Remy JM, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV, Lacroix-Desmazes S. A role for exposed mannosylations in presentation of human therapeutic self-proteins to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8965-70. [PMID: 17502612 PMCID: PMC1885611 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702120104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several therapeutic self-proteins elicit immune responses when administered to patients. Such adverse immune responses reduce drug efficacy. To induce an immune response, a protein must interact with different immune cells, including antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells. Each cell type recognizes distinct immunogenic patterns on antigens. Mannose-terminating glycans have been identified as pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are essential for internalization of microbes by antigen-presenting cells, leading to presentation. Here, we have investigated the importance of exposed mannosylation on an immunogenic therapeutic self-protein, procoagulant human factor VIII (FVIII). Administration of therapeutic FVIII to hemophilia A patients induces inhibitory anti-FVIII antibodies in up to 30% of the cases. We demonstrate that entry of FVIII into human dendritic cells (DC) leading to T cell activation, is mediated by mannose-terminating glycans on FVIII. Further, we identified macrophage mannose receptor (CD206) as a candidate endocytic receptor for FVIII on DC. Saturation of mannose receptors on DC with mannan, and enzymatic removal of mannosylated glycans from FVIII lead to reduced T cell activation. The interaction between FVIII and CD206 was blocked by VWF, suggesting that, under physiological conditions, the intrinsic mannose-dependent immunogenicity of FVIII is quenched by endogenous immunochaperones. These data provide a link between the mannosylation of therapeutic self-proteins and their iatrogenic immunogenicity. Such a link would be of special relevance in the context of replacement therapy where mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance have not been established during ontogeny because of the absence of the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasarathi Dasgupta
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Ana-Maria Navarrete
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Delignat
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Bharath Wootla
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien André
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Christophe
- Unité 770, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Sud, F-94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Michelina Nascimbeni
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104), 75014 Paris, France
- Unité 567, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marc Jacquemin
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luisa Martinez-Pomares
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Groupe Virus et Immunité, Unité de Recherche Associée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1930, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Saint-Remy
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel D. Kazatchkine
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Srinivas V. Kaveri
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- Unité 872, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-75006 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche–Santé 872, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France
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270
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Dennehy KM, Brown GD. The role of the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 in control of fungal infection. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:253-8. [PMID: 17475782 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1206753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During fungal infection, a variety of receptors initiates immune responses, including TLR and the beta-glucan receptor Dectin-1. TLR recognition of fungal ligands and subsequent signaling through the MyD88 pathway were thought to be the most important interactions required for the control of fungal infection. However, recent papers have challenged this view, highlighting the role of Dectin-1 in induction of cytokine responses and the respiratory burst. Two papers, using independently derived, Dectin-1-deficient mice, address the role of Dectin-1 in control of fungal infection. Saijo et al. [1] argue that Dectin-1 plays a minor role in control of Pneumocystis carinii by direct killing and that TLR-mediated cytokine production controls P. carinii and Candida albicans. By contrast, Taylor et al. [2] argue that Dectin-1-mediated cytokine and chemokine production, leading to efficient recruitment of inflammatory cells, is required for control of fungal infection. In this review, we argue that collaborative responses induced during infection may partially explain these apparently contradictory results. We propose that Dectin-1 is the first of many pattern recognition receptors that can mediate their own signaling, as well as synergize with TLR to initiate specific responses to infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Dennehy
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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271
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Abstract
The human immune response during coccidioidomycosis is intimately involved with the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity and cellular immunity. Sixty percent of those infected have no symptoms and benign outcome is generally associated with a specific cellular immune response to coccidioidal antigens. We have recently teased out the human pulmonary granulomatous response during coccidioidomycosis and noted that there are perigranulomatous clusters of lymphocytes consisting predominantly of B lymphocytes and CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In other work, we have found that the mannose receptor as well as the toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 may have a role in recognizing glycosylated coccidioidal antigens. In addition, the IL-12 receptor axis appears to be operative during antigen recognition and IL-12p40 may be the active moiety. Finally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from persons with disseminated coccidioidomycosis are able to respond to coccidioidal antigen when it is presented by a mature monocyte-derived IL-4-generated dendritic cell (DC). These observations could be useful in the development of a human vaccine against coccidiodomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Ampel
- Medical Service, 1-111, SAVAHCS, 3601 S. Sixth Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85723, USA.
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272
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Proudfoot O, Apostolopoulos V, Pietersz GA. Receptor-Mediated Delivery of Antigens to Dendritic Cells: Anticancer Applications. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:58-72. [PMID: 17228857 DOI: 10.1021/mp0601087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the use of ex vivo antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) in the immunotherapy for cancer. DCs are powerful adjuvants with the ability to prime naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. As antigen sources, various preparations, including peptides, proteins, crude tumor lysates, and DCs transfected or transformed with various viruses, have been used. These procedures that involve the isolation of patient DCs and reintroduction after in vitro manipulation are time-consuming and expensive. The DC populations used frequently in ex vivo clinical studies are IL-4 and GM-CSF cultured DCs that may not represent the in vivo DC populations. An attractive method of targeting in vivo DCs is to utilize various ligands or antibodies that bind discrete populations of DCs. These cell surface receptors will direct the antigen to different antigen processing pathways depending on the targeted receptor to induce cytotoxic T cell or T helper responses. This review will discuss the various approaches and receptors that have been used for antigen targeting that may eventually be translated to alternative DC-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Proudfoot
- Bio-Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Burnet Institute at Austin, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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273
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Robinson MJ, Sancho D, Slack EC, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Reis e Sousa C. Myeloid C-type lectins in innate immunity. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:1258-65. [PMID: 17110942 DOI: 10.1038/ni1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins expressed on myeloid cells comprise a family of proteins that share a common structural motif, and some act as receptors in pathogen recognition. But just as the presence of leucine-rich repeats alone is not sufficient to define a Toll-like receptor, the characterization of C-type lectin receptors in innate immunity requires the identification of accompanying signaling motifs. Here we focus on the known signaling pathways of myeloid C-type lectins and on their possible functions as autonomous activating or inhibitory receptors involved in innate responses to pathogens or self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Robinson
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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274
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Sato K, Yang XL, Yudate T, Chung JS, Wu J, Luby-Phelps K, Kimberly RP, Underhill D, Cruz PD, Ariizumi K. Dectin-2 is a pattern recognition receptor for fungi that couples with the Fc receptor gamma chain to induce innate immune responses. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:38854-66. [PMID: 17050534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606542200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells recognize pathogens via pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which upon ligation transduce intracellular signals that can induce innate immune responses. Because some C-type lectin-like receptors (e.g. dectin-1 and DCSIGN) were shown to act as PRR for particular microbes, we considered a similar role for dectin-2. Binding assays using soluble dectin-2 receptors showed the extracellular domain to bind preferentially to hyphal (rather than yeast/conidial) components of Candida albicans, Microsporum audouinii, and Trichophyton rubrum. Selective binding for hyphae was also observed using RAW macrophages expressing dectin-2, the ligation of which by hyphae or cross-linking with dectin-2-specific antibody led to protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Because dectin-2 lacks an intracellular signaling motif, we searched for a signal adaptor that permits it to transduce intracellular signals. First, we found that the Fc receptor gamma (FcRgamma) chain can bind to dectin-2. Second, ligation of dectin-2 on RAW cells induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FcRgamma, activation of NF-kappaB, internalization of a surrogate ligand, and up-regulated secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Finally, these dectin-2-induced events were blocked by PP2, an inhibitor of Src kinases that are mediators for FcRgamma chain-dependent signaling. We conclude that dectin-2 is a PRR for fungi that employs signaling through FcRgamma to induce innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Sato
- Department of Dermatology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Dermatology Section (Medical Service), Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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275
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Kanazawa N. Dendritic cell immunoreceptors: C-type lectin receptors for pattern-recognition and signaling on antigen-presenting cells. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 45:77-86. [PMID: 17046204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors are equipped on phagocytes for antigen capturing. Some of them seem to have a major role in cellular activation, rather than antigen internalization. The dendritic cell (DC) immunoreceptor (DCIR) and DC-associated C-type lectin (dectin)-1 have been identified as prototypic DC-associated C-type lectin receptors, characterized by their signaling mechanisms through distinct intracellular motifs; the former contains the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM), to act as an inhibitory receptor, whereas the latter works as an activating receptor via its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). Genes of both receptors are localized very close to the natural killer (NK) gene complex (NKC), in which genes of lectin-type activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors are clustered. Recently, the gene of the DC immunoactivating receptor (DCAR) has been identified next to the DCIR gene, and this acts as a putative activating pair of DCIR through association with an ITAM-bearing Fc receptor (FcR) gamma chain. On the other hand, the gene of an ITIM-bearing myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin-like receptor (MICL) has been found close to the dectin-1 gene. The genes of other homologous DC-associated C-type lectin receptors, dectin-2 and blood DC antigen (BDCA)-2, form a cluster with those of DCIR and DCAR, while the dectin-1 gene cluster contains lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX)-1, C-type lectin-like receptor (CLEC)-1 and 2, as well as MICL. Although no ligand of DCIR has yet been identified, dectin-1 recognizes fungal beta-glucan and its critical role in the biological effects of beta-glucan has been vigorously investigated. In this review, the characteristic features of these DCIR and dectin-1 family lectins, including the signaling mechanisms, ligand recognition and regulation of cellular functions, are summarized and the term "DC immunoreceptors" is applied to a distinct set of signaling pattern-recognition receptors described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Kanazawa
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan.
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276
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Stevens J, Blixt O, Paulson JC, Wilson IA. Glycan microarray technologies: tools to survey host specificity of influenza viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006; 4:857-64. [PMID: 17013397 PMCID: PMC7097745 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
New technologies are urgently required for rapid surveillance of the current H5N1 avian influenza A outbreaks to gauge the potential for adaptation of the virus to the human population, a crucial step in the emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains. Owing to the species-specific nature of the interaction between the virus and host glycans, attention has recently focused on novel glycan array technologies that can rapidly assess virus receptor specificity and the potential emergence of human-adapted H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology,
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core-D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Molecular Biology,
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core-D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Biology,
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core-D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology,
- Glycan Array Synthesis Core-D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037 California USA
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277
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Filler SG. Candida-host cell receptor-ligand interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 9:333-9. [PMID: 16837237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of Candida species with their cognate host receptors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of different types of candidiasis. The recognition of different forms of Candida albicans by Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on mononuclear leukocytes has recently been discovered to determine the function and activity of regulatory T-cells, determine the balance of Type 1 and Type 2 cytokines and, thereby, influence the antifungal activity of both the innate and adaptive immune response. Different forms of C. albicans are also recognized by different lectins that are expressed on the surface macrophages. C. albicans and Candida glabrata express the ALS (agglutinin-like sequence) and EPA (epithelial adhesin) families of adhesins, respectively. A key difference between C. glabrata and C. albicans is that EPA expression in C. glabrata is governed by sub-telomeric silencing, whereas ALS expression in C. albicans is regulated by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Filler
- St Johns Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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278
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Carter RW, Thompson C, Reid DM, Wong SYC, Tough DF. Induction of CD8+ T cell responses through targeting of antigen to Dectin-2. Cell Immunol 2006; 239:87-91. [PMID: 16781694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of antigens to dendritic cells (DC) can be used to optimise immunisation. We investigated whether the efficacy with which immune responses are induced can be improved by targeting Ags to a C-type lectin receptor, Dectin-2. When anti-Dectin-2 mAbs were injected s.c., mAb binding was detected on a low percentage of DC in the draining lymph node. Ag conjugated to anti-Dectin-2 mAbs was presented efficiently to CD8+ T cells in vivo and elicited CD8+ T cell responses at low doses where free Ag failed to induce a response. The results reveal Dectin-2 as a potential targeting molecule for immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Carter
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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