251
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Balin BJ, Hammond CJ, Little CS, Hingley ST, Al-Atrache Z, Appelt DM, Whittum-Hudson JA, Hudson AP. Chlamydia pneumoniae: An Etiologic Agent for Late-Onset Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:302. [PMID: 30356749 PMCID: PMC6189393 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease known as late-onset Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition recognized as the single most commonform of senile dementia. The condition is sporadic and has been attributed to neuronal damage and loss, both of which have been linked to the accumulation of protein deposits in the brain. Significant progress has been made over the past two decades regarding our overall understanding of the apparently pathogenic entities that arise in the affected brain, both for early-onset disease, which constitutes approximately 5% of all cases, as well as late-onset disease, which constitutes the remainder of cases. Observable neuropathology includes: neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, neuritic senile plaques and often deposits of amyloid around the cerebrovasculature. Although many studies have provided a relatively detailed knowledge of these putatively pathogenic entities, understanding of the events that initiate and support the biological processes generating them and the subsequent observable neuropathology and neurodegeneration remain limited. This is especially true in the case of late-onset disease. Although early-onset Alzheimer's disease has been shown conclusively to have genetic roots, the detailed etiologic initiation of late-onset disease without such genetic origins has remained elusive. Over the last 15 years, current and ongoing work has implicated infection in the etiology and pathogenesis of late-onset dementia. Infectious agents reported to be associated with disease initiation are various, including several viruses and pathogenic bacterial species. We have reported extensively regarding an association between late-onset disease and infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia pneumoniae. In this article, we review previously published data and recent results that support involvement of this unusual respiratory pathogen in disease induction and development. We further suggest several areas for future research that should elucidate details relating to those processes, and we argue for a change in the designation of the disease based on increased understanding of its clinical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Balin
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christine J Hammond
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher Scott Little
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Susan T Hingley
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zein Al-Atrache
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Denah M Appelt
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Judith A Whittum-Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alan P Hudson
- Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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252
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Ou-Yang MH, Kurz JE, Nomura T, Popovic J, Rajapaksha TW, Dong H, Contractor A, Chetkovich DM, Tourtellotte WG, Vassar R. Axonal organization defects in the hippocampus of adult conditional BACE1 knockout mice. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaao5620. [PMID: 30232227 PMCID: PMC11017370 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao5620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
β-Site APP (amyloid precursor protein) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the β-secretase enzyme that initiates production of the toxic amyloid-β peptide that accumulates in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, BACE1 is a prime therapeutic target, and several BACE1 inhibitor drugs are currently being tested in clinical trials for AD. However, the safety of BACE1 inhibition is unclear. Germline BACE1 knockout mice have multiple neurological phenotypes, although these could arise from BACE1 deficiency during development. To address this question, we report that tamoxifen-inducible conditional BACE1 knockout mice in which the Bace1 gene was ablated in the adult largely lacked the phenotypes observed in germline BACE1 knockout mice. However, one BACE1-null phenotype was induced after Bace1 gene deletion in the adult mouse brain. This phenotype showed reduced length and disorganization of the hippocampal mossy fiber infrapyramidal bundle, the axonal pathway of dentate gyrus granule cells that is maintained by neurogenesis in the mouse brain. This defect in axonal organization correlated with reduced BACE1-mediated cleavage of the neural cell adhesion protein close homolog of L1 (CHL1), which has previously been associated with axon guidance. Although our results indicate that BACE1 inhibition in the adult mouse brain may avoid phenotypes associated with BACE1 deficiency during embryonic and postnatal development, they also suggest that BACE1 inhibitor drugs developed for treating AD may disrupt the organization of an axonal pathway in the hippocampus, an important structure for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsuan Ou-Yang
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jonathan E Kurz
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Toshihiro Nomura
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jelena Popovic
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tharinda W Rajapaksha
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Dane M Chetkovich
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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253
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Miller JE, Shivakumar MK, Lee Y, Han S, Horgousluoglu E, Risacher SL, Saykin AJ, Nho K, Kim D. Rare variants in the splicing regulatory elements of EXOC3L4 are associated with brain glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. BMC Med Genomics 2018; 11:76. [PMID: 30255815 PMCID: PMC6156983 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-018-0390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases that causes problems related to brain function. To some extent it is understood on a molecular level how AD arises, however there are a lack of biomarkers that can be used for early diagnosis. Two popular methods to identify AD-related biomarkers use genetics and neuroimaging. Genes and neuroimaging phenotypes have provided some insights as to the potential for AD biomarkers. While the field of imaging-genomics has identified genetic features associated with structural and functional neuroimaging phenotypes, it remains unclear how variants that affect splicing could be important for understanding the genetic etiology of AD. METHODS In this study, rare variants (minor allele frequency < 0.01) in splicing regulatory element (SRE) loci from whole genome sequencing (WGS) in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort, were used to identify genes that are associated with global brain cortical glucose metabolism in AD measured by FDG PET-scans. Gene-based associated analyses of rare variants were performed using the program BioBin and the optimal Sequence Kernel Association Test (SKAT-O). RESULTS The gene, EXOC3L4, was identified as significantly associated with global cortical glucose metabolism (FDR (false discovery rate) corrected p < 0.05) using SRE coding variants only. Three loci that may affect splicing within EXOC3L4 contribute to the association. CONCLUSION Based on sequence homology, EXOC3L4 is likely a part of the exocyst complex. Our results suggest the possibility that variants which affect proper splicing of EXOC3L4 via SREs may impact vesicle transport, giving rise to AD related phenotypes. Overall, by utilizing WGS and functional neuroimaging we have identified a gene significantly associated with an AD related endophenotype, potentially through a mechanism that involves splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Miller
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.,Present Address: Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manu K Shivakumar
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84106, USA
| | - Seonggyun Han
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84106, USA
| | - Emrin Horgousluoglu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Biomedical and Translational Informatics Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA. .,Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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254
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Lumsden AL, Rogers JT, Majd S, Newman M, Sutherland GT, Verdile G, Lardelli M. Dysregulation of Neuronal Iron Homeostasis as an Alternative Unifying Effect of Mutations Causing Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:533. [PMID: 30150923 PMCID: PMC6099262 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of dominant mutations causing early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (EOfAD) occur in only three genes, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP. An effect-in-common of these mutations is alteration of production of the APP-derived peptide, amyloid β (Aβ). It is this key fact that underlies the authority of the Amyloid Hypothesis that has informed Alzheimer’s disease research for over two decades. Any challenge to this authority must offer an alternative explanation for the relationship between the PSEN genes and APP. In this paper, we explore one possible alternative relationship – the dysregulation of cellular iron homeostasis as a common effect of EOfAD mutations in these genes. This idea is attractive since it provides clear connections between EOfAD mutations and major characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease such as dysfunctional mitochondria, vascular risk factors/hypoxia, energy metabolism, and inflammation. We combine our ideas with observations by others to describe a “Stress Threshold Change of State” model of Alzheimer’s disease that may begin to explain the existence of both EOfAD and late onset sporadic (LOsAD) forms of the disease. Directing research to investigate the role of dysregulation of iron homeostasis in EOfAD may be a profitable way forward in our struggle to understand this form of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Lumsden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry-Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Shohreh Majd
- Neuronal Injury and Repair Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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255
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Huang Y, Hu Y, Jin Z, Shen Z. LncRNA snaR upregulates GRB2-associated binding protein 2 and promotes proliferation of ovarian carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2028-2032. [PMID: 30093110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functionality of lncRNA snaR has only been characterized in breast cancer and colon cancer. The aim of the current study is to explore the involvement of lncRNA snaR in ovarian carcinoma (OC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of lncRNA snaR and GRB2-associated binding protein 2 (GAB2) in plasma of both patients with OC and healthy females was detected by qRT-PCR. Application value of plasma lncRNA snaR in the diagnosis of OC was evaluated by ROC analysis. Correlation between plasma lncRNA snaR and GAB2 was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient. LncRNA snaR and GAB2 expression vectors as well as GAB2 siRNA were transfected into cells of human OC cell lines, and the effect on lncRNA snaR expression, GAB2 expression and cell proliferation was detected by qRT-PCR, western blot and CCK-8 assay. RESULTS It was observed that plasma levels of lncRNA snaR and GAB2 were significantly higher in OC patients than those in healthy controls. In effect, high levels of plasma lncRNA snaR and GAB2 distinguished OC patients from healthy controls. Plasma lncRNA snaR and GAB2 were positively correlated in OC patients but not in healthy controls. LncRNA snaR overexpression promoted cancer cell proliferation and upregulated GAB2 expression. CONCLUSIONS GAB2 overexpression also promoted cancer cell proliferation but showed no significant effects on lncRNA snaR expression, while GAB2 siRNA silencing significantly attenuated the enhancing effects of lncRNA snaR overexpression on cancer cell proliferation. LncRNA snaR may promote proliferation of ovarian carcinoma cells by upregulating GAB2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, 322000, PR China.
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, 322000, PR China
| | - Zujian Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, 322000, PR China
| | - Zhaojun Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, 322000, PR China
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256
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Colligris P, Perez de Lara MJ, Colligris B, Pintor J. Ocular Manifestations of Alzheimer's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Prospect of the Eye as a Tool for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:8538573. [PMID: 30151279 PMCID: PMC6091327 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8538573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a major disorder, leading to several ocular manifestations amongst the elderly population. These visual disorders may be due to retinal nerve degenerative changes, including nerve fibre layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and changes to vascular parameters. There is no cure for Alzheimer's, but medicines can slow down the development of many of the classic symptoms, such as loss of memory and communication skills, mood swings, and depression. The disease diagnosis is difficult, and it is only possible through PET scans of the brain, detecting evidence of the accumulation of amyloid and tau. PET is expensive and invasive, requiring the injection of radioactive tracers, which bind with these proteins and glow during scanning. Recently, scientists developed promising eye-scan techniques that may detect Alzheimer's disease at its earliest stage, before major symptoms appear, leading to improved management of the disease symptoms. In this review, we are discussing the visual abnormalities of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, focused on ocular functional-visual-structural biomarkers, retinal pathology, and potential novel diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pade Colligris
- Universidad Alfonso X, Madrid, Spain
- Ocupharm Diagnostics SL, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Basilio Colligris
- Ocupharm Diagnostics SL, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Pintor
- Ocupharm Diagnostics SL, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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257
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Maccioni RB, González A, Andrade V, Cortés N, Tapia JP, Guzmán-Martínez L. Alzheimer´s Disease in the Perspective of Neuroimmunology. Open Neurol J 2018; 12:50-56. [PMID: 30069256 PMCID: PMC6040210 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01812010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder that includes the occurrence of behavioral disorders as well as memory and cognitive impairment as major symptoms. AD affects around 12% of the aged population in the world. Considerable research efforts have pointed to the role of innate immunity as the main culprit in the pathogenesis of AD. In this context, and according to with our neuroimmunomodulation theory, microglial activation modifies the cross-talks between microglia and neurons. We postulated that glial activation triggered by "damage signals" activates a pathological molecular cascade that finally leads to hyperphosphorylation and oligomerization of the tau protein. Interestingly, these modifications correlate with the gradual cognitive impairment of patients with the AD. Microglial activation is determined by the nature and strength of the stimulus. In the AD, a continuous activation state of microglia appears to generate neuronal injury and neurodegeneration, producing the outflow of pathological tau from the inner of neurons to the extraneuronal space. Released tau, together with the contribution of ApoE4 protein, would then produce reactivation of microglia, thus inducing a positive feedback that stimulates the vicious cycle in neurodegeneration. Conclusion Nevertheless, from the pathophysiological perspective AD is significantly more than a loss of memory. In the initial stages of AD pathogenesis, variations in the dopaminergic pathway along with serotonin diminution play an important role. This may explain why depression is associated with the onset of AD. All these pathophysiological events take place together with immunomodulatory changes that trigger tau oligomerization in the course of neurofibrillary tangles formation. Interestingly, mood disorders appear to be followed by neuroinflammatory processes and structural/functional alterations that lead to cognitive impairment in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Maccioni
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Chile & International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea González
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Chile & International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Andrade
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Chile & International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Cortés
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Chile & International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - José Pablo Tapia
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Chile & International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán-Martínez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Chile & International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
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258
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Stoccoro A, Coppedè F. Role of epigenetics in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2018; 8:181-193. [PMID: 29888987 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2018-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology technologies have allowed uncovering the role of epigenetic regulation in several complex diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Although the role of epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease is still little understood, recent findings clearly show that such mechanisms are dysregulated during disease progression, already in its early stages. However, it is not clear if the observed epigenetic changes represent a cause or a consequence of the disease. Promising results are emerging from studies performed in peripheral blood DNA that could provide early biomarkers of the pathology. Moreover, given the dynamic nature of the epigenetic marks, intense research is carried out to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of compounds exerting epigenetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stoccoro
- Department of Translational Research & New Technologies in Medicine & Surgery, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Doctoral School in Genetics, Oncology & Clinical Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Coppedè
- Department of Translational Research & New Technologies in Medicine & Surgery, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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259
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Secretome from SH-SY5Y APP Swe cells trigger time-dependent CHME3 microglia activation phenotypes, ultimately leading to miR-21 exosome shuttling. Biochimie 2018; 155:67-82. [PMID: 29857185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosome-mediated intercellular communication has been increasingly recognized as having a broad impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Still, limited information exists regarding their "modus operandi", as it critically depends on exosomal cargo, environmental context and target cells. Therefore, a more thorough understanding of the role of exosomes from different cell types as mediators of neuroinflammation in AD context is a decisive step to open avenues for innovative and efficient therapies. In this study, we demonstrate that SH-SY5Y cells transfected with the Swedish mutant of APP695 (SHSwe) remarkably express increased inflammatory markers, combined with higher APP and Aβ1-40 production, when compared to naïve SH-SY5Y (SH) cells. Although exerting an early clearance effect on extracellular APP and Aβ accumulation when in co-culture with SHSwe cells, human CHME3 microglia gradually lose such property, and express both pro-inflammatory (iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, MHC class II, IL-6) and pro-resolving genes (IL-10 and Arginase 1), while also evidence increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Interestingly, upregulation of inflammatory-associated miRNA (miR)-155, miR-146a and miR-124 by SHSwe secretome shows to be time-dependent and to inversely correlate with their respective targets (SOCS-1, IRAK1 and C/EBP-α). We report that microglia also internalize exosomes released from SHSwe cells, which are enriched in miR-155, miR-146a, miR-124, miR-21 and miR-125b and recapitulate the cells of origin. Furthermore, we show that SHSwe-derived exosomes are capable of inducing acute and delayed microglial upregulation of TNF-α, HMGB1 and S100B pro-inflammatory markers, from which only S100B is found on their derived exosomes. Most importantly, our data reveal that miR-21 is a consistent biomarker that is found not only in SHSwe cells and in their released exosomes, but also in the recipient CHME3 microglia and derived exosomes. This work contributes to the increased understanding of neuron-microglia communication and exosome-mediated neuroinflammation in AD, while highlights miR-21 as a promising biomarker/target for therapeutic intervention.
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260
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Mosca A, Sperduti S, Pop V, Ciavardelli D, Granzotto A, Punzi M, Stuppia L, Gatta V, Assogna F, Banaj N, Piras F, Piras F, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G, Sensi SL. Influence of APOE and RNF219 on Behavioral and Cognitive Features of Female Patients Affected by Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:92. [PMID: 29755337 PMCID: PMC5932379 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with the presence of the 𝜀4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene and, recently, with a novel genetic variant of the RNF219 gene. This study aimed at evaluating interactions between APOE-𝜀4 and RNF219/G variants in the modulation of behavioral and cognitive features of two cohorts of patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD. We enrolled a total of 173 female MCI or AD patients (83 MCI; 90 AD). Subjects were screened with a comprehensive set of neuropsychological evaluations and genotyped for the APOE and RNF219 polymorphic variants. Analysis of covariance was performed to assess the main and interaction effects of APOE and RNF219 genotypes on the cognitive and behavioral scores. The analysis revealed that the simultaneous presence of APOE-𝜀4 and RNF219/G variants results in significant effects on specific neuropsychiatric scores in MCI and AD patients. In MCI patients, RNF219 and APOE variants worked together to impact the levels of anxiety negatively. Similarly, in AD patients, the RNF219 variants were found to be associated with increased anxiety levels. Our data indicate a novel synergistic activity APOE and RNF219 in the modulation of behavioral traits of female MCI and AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Area and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Samantha Sperduti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Viorela Pop
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Domenico Ciavardelli
- Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,School of Human and Social Science, Kore University of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Miriam Punzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Assogna
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Science, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Molecular Neurology Unit, Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi G. d'Annunzio Chieti e Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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261
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Matsuda S, Senda T. BRI2 as an anti-Alzheimer gene. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 52:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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262
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Hale JM. Cognitive Disparities: The Impact of the Great Depression and Cumulative Inequality on Later-Life Cognitive Function. Demography 2018; 54:2125-2158. [PMID: 29164499 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-017-0629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Population aging has driven a spate of recent research on later-life cognitive function. Greater longevity increases the lifetime risk of memory diseases that compromise the cognitive abilities vital to well-being. Alzheimer's disease, thought to be the most common underlying pathology for elders' cognitive dysfunction (Willis and Hakim 2013), is already the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (Alzheimer's Association 2016). Understanding social determinants of pathological cognitive decline is key to crafting interventions, but evidence is inconclusive for how social factors interact over the life course to affect cognitive function. I study whether early-life exposure to the Great Depression is directly associated with later-life cognitive function, influences risky behaviors over the life course, and/or accumulates with other life-course disadvantages. Using growth curve models to analyze the Health and Retirement Study, I find that early-life exposure to the Great Depression is associated with fluid cognition, controlling for intervening factors-evidence for a critical period model. I find little support for a social trajectory model. Disadvantage accumulates over the life course to predict worse cognitive function, providing strong evidence for a cumulative inequality model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Mhairi Hale
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Konrad-Zuse-Str. 1, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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263
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Sathya M, Moorthi P, Premkumar P, Kandasamy M, Jayachandran KS, Anusuyadevi M. Resveratrol Intervenes Cholesterol- and Isoprenoid-Mediated Amyloidogenic Processing of AβPP in Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:S3-S23. [PMID: 28059793 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deterioration of cholesterol metabolism has recently been a frontier subject of investigation in the field of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Though amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) primes the pathological cascade, changes in cholesterol levels and its intermediates, geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate, is expected to have a different consequence on AβPP processing and amyloid-β (Aβ) generation. However, the use of statins (HMG-COA reductase inhibitor) has been widely implicated in slowing down the pathogenic progression of AD, while the epidemiological reports on its biological effect remains controversial. Considering this fact, the choice of drug that could maintain cholesterol homeostasis without altering its biosynthesis may yield a better therapeutic efficacy on AD. Thus, the present study focused on determining the influence of cholesterol and isoprenoids on amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, in addition to resveratrol as a potent therapeutic drug in CHO-APPswe cell lines. High levels of cholesterol were found to enhance the maturation of AβPP and altered the expression and subcellular localization of ADAM10, BACE1, and PS1 thereby promoting Aβ generation, whereas high isoprenoids increased both maturation as well as amyloidogenic-cleavage of AβPP, which was evident through β-CTF production. Interestingly, the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol maintained cholesterol homeostasis and reduced the amyloidogenic burden through its ability to enhance SIRT1 expression and thereby regulating differential expression of AD determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Sathya
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ponnusamy Moorthi
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Premkumar
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mahesh Kandasamy
- UGC-Faculty Recharge Program (UGC-FRP), University Grant Commission, Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neurodegeneration, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
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264
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Abstract
As a member of the A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, ADAM10 has been identified as the constitutive α-secretase in the process of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) cleavage and plays a critical role in reducing the generation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Recent studies have demonstrated its beneficial role in alleviating the pathologic impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) both in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of ADAM10 in AD and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not well established. Increasing evidence indicates that ADAM10 not only reduces the generation of Aβ but may also affect the pathology of AD through potential mechanisms including reducing tau pathology, maintaining normal synaptic functions, and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and the homeostasis of neuronal networks. Mechanistically, ADAM10 regulates these functions by interacting with postsynaptic substrates in brain, especially synaptic cell receptors and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, ADAM10 protein in platelets seems to be a promising biomarker for AD diagnosis. This review will summarize the role of ADAM10 in AD and highlight its functions besides its role as the α-secretase in AβPP cleavage. Meanwhile, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of ADAM10 in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhen Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sen Sun
- Qingdao Blood Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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265
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Shah NN, Dogar MU, Shah PN, Ishtiaq S, Mathew S, Shah P, Ishtiaq A, Vittorio TJ. Impact of prolonged utilization of neprilysin inhibition on the cognitive function of heart failure patients. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2018. [PMID: 29529959 DOI: 10.1177/1753944718756563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niel N Shah
- Smt. N.H.L. Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Parin N Shah
- B.J. Medical College, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Shawn Mathew
- New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | | | - Alia Ishtiaq
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Vittorio
- Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, 1650 Grand Concourse, Bronx, NY 10457, USA
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266
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Whole transcriptome profiling of Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease patients provides insights into the molecular changes involved in the disease. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29523845 PMCID: PMC5844946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia affecting the elderly population worldwide. We have performed a comprehensive transcriptome profiling of Late-Onset AD (LOAD) patients using second generation sequencing technologies, identifying 2,064 genes, 47 lncRNAs and 4 miRNAs whose expression is specifically deregulated in the hippocampal region of LOAD patients. Moreover, analyzing the hippocampal, temporal and frontal regions from the same LOAD patients, we identify specific sets of deregulated miRNAs for each region, and we confirm that the miR-132/212 cluster is deregulated in each of these regions in LOAD patients, consistent with these miRNAs playing a role in AD pathogenesis. Notably, a luciferase assay indicates that miR-184 is able to target the 3’UTR NR4A2 - which is known to be involved in cognitive functions and long-term memory and whose expression levels are inversely correlated with those of miR-184 in the hippocampus. Finally, RNA editing analysis reveals a general RNA editing decrease in LOAD hippocampus, with 14 recoding sites significantly and differentially edited in 11 genes. Our data underline specific transcriptional changes in LOAD brain and provide an important source of information for understanding the molecular changes characterizing LOAD progression.
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267
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Yoshikawa M, Soeda Y, Michikawa M, Almeida OFX, Takashima A. Tau Depletion in APP Transgenic Mice Attenuates Task-Related Hyperactivation of the Hippocampus and Differentially Influences Locomotor Activity and Spatial Memory. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:124. [PMID: 29545742 PMCID: PMC5838015 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal hyperactivity, ascribed to amyloid β (Aβ)-induced imbalances in neural excitation and inhibition, is found in patients with mild cognitive impairment, a prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To better understand the relationship between hippocampal hyperactivity and the molecular triggers of behavioral impairments in AD, we used Mn-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to assess neuronal activity after subjecting mice to a task requiring spatial learning and memory. Depletion of endogenous tau in an amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic (J20) mouse line was shown to ameliorate hippocampal hyperactivity in J20 animals, tau depletion failed to reverse memory deficits associated with APP/Aβ overproduction. On the other hand, deletion of tau alleviated the hyperlocomotion displayed by APP transgenics, suggesting that the functional effects of Aβ-tau interactions reflect the temporal appearance of these molecules in individual brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Yoshikawa
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Soeda
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Osborne F X Almeida
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan.,Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Tokyo, Japan
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268
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Magrì A, Di Natale G, Rizzarelli E. Copper-assisted interaction between amyloid-β and prion: Ternary metal complexes with Aβ N-terminus and octarepeat. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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269
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Winick-Ng W, Rylett RJ. Into the Fourth Dimension: Dysregulation of Genome Architecture in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29541020 PMCID: PMC5835833 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by synapse dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Understanding the development and progression of AD is challenging, as the disease is highly complex and multifactorial. Both environmental and genetic factors play a role in AD pathogenesis, highlighted by observations of complex DNA modifications at the single gene level, and by new evidence that also implicates changes in genome architecture in AD patients. The four-dimensional structure of chromatin in space and time is essential for context-dependent regulation of gene expression in post-mitotic neurons. Dysregulation of epigenetic processes have been observed in the aging brain and in patients with AD, though there is not yet agreement on the impact of these changes on transcription. New evidence shows that proteins involved in genome organization have altered expression and localization in the AD brain, suggesting that the genomic landscape may play a critical role in the development of AD. This review discusses the role of the chromatin organizers and epigenetic modifiers in post-mitotic cells, the aging brain, and in the development and progression of AD. How these new insights can be used to help determine disease risk and inform treatment strategies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Winick-Ng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - R Jane Rylett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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270
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Chanana N, Pati U. ORP150-CHIP chaperone antagonism control BACE1-mediated amyloid processing. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4615-4626. [PMID: 29266373 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACE1, a key protein involved in Alzheimer's progression, initiates Aβ42 generation that induce senile plaques in brain. However, the role of chaperone synergy or antagonism on BACE1-mediated amyloid processing is unknown. We have discovered that BACE1 as well as Aβ42 are antagonistically controlled by ER chaperone ORP150 and cellular chaperone CHIP. We have shown ORP150 as a chaperone interacts with and stabilizes BACE1 at post-translational level. Furthermore, ORP150 enhances BACE1-mediated amyloid processing thus masking CHIP-mediated BACE1 degradation. Conversely, siORP150 reversed the chaperone function of ORP150 resulting in BACE1 degradation. ORP150 and CHIP demonstrate antagonism under normal and stress conditions wherein they inversely regulate each other thus affecting BACE1 level. In conclusion, we have uncovered for the first time a phenomenon of chaperone antagonism on BACE1-mediated Aβ42 generation. Future strategy would require both suppression of ORP150 as well as activation of E3-ligase activity of CHIP that might prevent Aβ42 in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chanana
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Uttam Pati
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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271
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Gomez-Ramos A, Picher AJ, García E, Garrido P, Hernandez F, Soriano E, Avila J. Validation of Suspected Somatic Single Nucleotide Variations in the Brain of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:977-990. [PMID: 28106558 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing techniques and genome-wide association study analyses have provided a huge amount of data, thereby enabling the identification of DNA variations and mutations related to disease pathogenesis. New techniques and software tools have been developed to improve the accuracy and reliability of this identification. Most of these tools have been designed to discover and validate single nucleotide variants (SNVs). However, in addition to germ-line mutations, human tissues bear genomic mosaicism, which implies that somatic events are present only in low percentages of cells within a given tissue, thereby hindering the validation of these variations using standard genetic tools. Here we propose a new method to validate some of these somatic mutations. We combine a recently developed software with a method that cuts DNA by using restriction enzymes at the sites of the variation. The non-cleaved molecules, which bear the SNV, can then be amplified and sequenced using Sanger's technique. This procedure, which allows the detection of alternative alleles present in as few as 10% of cells, could be of value for the identification and validation of low frequency somatic events in a variety of tissues and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gomez-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel J Picher
- Sygnis S.L.U. Parque Científico de Madrid. Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Garrido
- Sygnis S.L.U. Parque Científico de Madrid. Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Vall d'Hebrón Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Avila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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272
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Jiang B, Zhang XP, Chen MF, Wang Z, Zhao MX, Chen BH, Li HL. A cross-sectional study of inpatients with late stage of dementia in Southeast China and the associations between biochemical parameters and apolipoprotein E genotypes. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:159-163. [PMID: 29416324 PMCID: PMC5790082 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s150283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to analyze the disease distribution of patients in the late stage of dementia through a cross-sectional investigation and to clarify the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes and the serum levels of total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and blood glucose in the late-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Methods Patients who were in the late stage of dementia in a mental health center were enrolled in this study. A broad battery of neuropsychological tests and neuroimaging was applied to make the diagnosis. The APOE genotype was determined by the multiplex amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction. The association between APOE genotype and the blood level of biochemical parameters was studied. Results A total of 155 patients were enrolled in this study. The majority of patients had AD (67.8%), followed by vascular dementia (15.5%), mixed dementia (9%), and others (7.7%). The APOE ε4 allele frequency was significantly different in the different groups. The serum level of total cholesterol (TC) in APOE ε4 carriers was higher than in non-carriers (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in the blood glucose and triglycerides (TG) levels between these two groups. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first paper to study the characteristics of late-stage dementia in hospital patients in Southeast China. We found that the disease distribution was quite consistent with previous prevalence studies. Moreover, we found that the serum level of TC was higher in APOE ε4 carriers group. However, no association was found between the APOE ε4 allele and serum levels of glucose, TC and TG in the late stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen
| | - Xue-Ping Zhang
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Fang Chen
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xue Zhao
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Hua Chen
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lei Li
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
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273
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Jamasbi E, Hossain MA, Tan M, Separovic F, Ciccotosto GD. Fluorescence imaging of the interaction of amyloid beta 40 peptides with live cells and model membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1609-1615. [PMID: 29408451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) found in plaques in the brain have been widely recognised as a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease although the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Aβ40 and Aβ40(A2T) peptides were synthesized and their effects on neuronal cells are reported together with the effect of tetramer forms of the peptides. ThT assay revealed that mutation affected the lag time and aggregation and the presence of lipid vesicles changed the fibril formation profile for both peptides. The A2T mutation appeared to reduce cytotoxicity and lessen binding of Aβ40 peptides to neuronal cells. Fluorescence microscopy of the interaction between Aβ40 peptides and giant unilamellar vesicles revealed that both peptides led to formation of smaller vesicles although the tetramer of Aβ(A2T) appeared to promote vesicle aggregation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Aggregation and Misfolding at the Cell Membrane Interface edited by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Jamasbi
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marsha Tan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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274
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Abstract
The fundamental pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuronal dysfunction leading to cognitive impairment. The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), derived from amyloid precursor protein, is one driver of AD, but how it leads to neuronal dysfunction is not established. In this Review, I discuss the complexity of AD and possible cause-and-effect relationships between Aβ and the vascular and hemostatic systems. AD can be considered a multifactorial syndrome with various contributing pathological mechanisms. Therefore, as is routinely done with cancer, it will be important to classify patients with respect to their disease signature so that specific pathologies, including vascular pathways, can be therapeutically targeted.
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275
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Jakobsen JE, Johansen MG, Schmidt M, Liu Y, Li R, Callesen H, Melnikova M, Habekost M, Matrone C, Bouter Y, Bayer TA, Nielsen AL, Duthie M, Fraser PE, Holm IE, Jørgensen AL. Expression of the Alzheimer's Disease Mutations AβPP695sw and PSEN1M146I in Double-Transgenic Göttingen Minipigs. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1617-30. [PMID: 27540966 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the amyloid-β protein precursor gene (AβPP), the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1) or the presenilin 2 gene (PSEN2) that increase production of the AβPP-derived peptide Aβ42 cause early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Rodent models of the disease show that further increase in Aβ42 production and earlier brain pathology can be obtained by coexpressing AβPP and PSEN1 mutations. To generate such elevated Aβ42 level in a large animal model, we produced Göttingen minipigs carrying in their genome one copy of a human PSEN1 cDNA with the Met146Ile (PSEN1M146I) mutation and three copies of a human AβPP695 cDNA with the Lys670Asn/Met671Leu (AβPPsw) double-mutation. Both transgenes were expressed in fibroblasts and in the brain, and their respective proteins were processed normally. Immunohistochemical staining with Aβ42-specific antibodies detected intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ42 in brains from a 10- and an 18-month-old pig. Such accumulation may represent an early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik E Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine (East), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Schmidt
- Department of Large Animal Sciences/Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Henrik Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Habekost
- Department of Biomedicine (East), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carmela Matrone
- Department of Biomedicine (East), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Bayer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Monika Duthie
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ida E Holm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Randers Hospital, Randers, Denmark
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276
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Abstract
Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the principal histopathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. The essential constituents of these lesions are structurally abnormal variants of normally generated proteins: Aβ protein in plaques and tau protein in tangles. At the molecular level, both proteins in a pathogenic state share key properties with classic prions, i.e., they consist of alternatively folded, β-sheet-rich forms of the proteins that autopropagate by the seeded corruption and self-assembly of like proteins. Other similarities with prions include the ability to manifest as polymorphic and polyfunctional strains, resistance to chemical and enzymatic destruction, and the ability to spread within the brain and from the periphery to the brain. In Alzheimer disease, current evidence indicates that the pathogenic cascade follows from the endogenous, sequential corruption of Aβ and then tau. Therapeutic options include reducing the production or multimerization of the proteins, uncoupling the Aβ-tauopathy connection, or promoting the inactivation or removal of anomalous assemblies from the brain. Although aberrant Aβ appears to be the prime mover of Alzheimer disease pathogenesis, once set in motion by Aβ, the prion-like propagation of tauopathy may proceed independently of Aβ; if so, Aβ might be solely targeted as an early preventive measure, but optimal treatment of Alzheimer disease at later stages of the cascade could require intervention in both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lary C Walker
- Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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277
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Abstract
Many neurogenetic conditions are inherited and therefore diagnosis of a patient will have implications for the patient's relatives and can raise ethical issues. Predictive genetic testing offers asymptomatic relatives the opportunity to determine their risk status for a neurogenetic condition, and professional guidelines emphasize patients' autonomy and informed, voluntary decision making. Beneficence and nonmaleficence both need to be considered when making decisions about disclosure and nondisclosure of genetic information and test results. There can be disclosure concerns and challenges in determining whose autonomy to prioritize when a patient makes a genetic testing decision that can reveal the genetic status of a relative (e.g., testing an adult child when the at-risk parent has not been tested). Ethical issues are prominent when genetic testing for neurogenetic conditions is requested prenatally, on minors, adoptees, adult children at 25% risk, and for individuals with psychiatric issues or cognitive impairment. Neurogenetic conditions can result in cognitive decline which can affect decisional capacity and lead to ethical challenges with decision making, informed consent, and determining the patient's ability to comprehend test results. The ethical implications of genetic testing and emerging issues, including direct-to-consumer genetic testing, disclosure of secondary findings from genomic sequencing, and use of apolipoprotein E testing in clinical and research settings, are also discussed. Resources for information about genetic testing practice guidelines, insurance laws, and directories of genetics clinics are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R Uhlmann
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - J Scott Roberts
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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278
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Sirtuins as Modifiers of Huntington's Disease (HD) Pathology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 154:105-145. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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279
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Colacurcio DJ, Pensalfini A, Jiang Y, Nixon RA. Dysfunction of autophagy and endosomal-lysosomal pathways: Roles in pathogenesis of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:40-51. [PMID: 28988799 PMCID: PMC5748263 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD), largely owing to a triplication of the APP gene, located on chromosome 21. In DS and AD, defects in endocytosis and lysosomal function appear at the earliest stages of disease development and progress to widespread failure of intraneuronal waste clearance, neuritic dystrophy and neuronal cell death. The same genetic factors that cause or increase AD risk are also direct causes of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, underscoring the essential partnership between this dysfunction and APP metabolites in AD pathogenesis. The appearance of APP-dependent endosome anomalies in DS beginning in infancy and evolving into the full range of AD-related endosomal-lysosomal deficits provides a unique opportunity to characterize the earliest pathobiology of AD preceding the classical neuropathological hallmarks. Facilitating this characterization is the authentic recapitulation of this endosomal pathobiology in peripheral cells from people with DS and in trisomy mouse models. Here, we review current research on endocytic-lysosomal dysfunction in DS and AD, the emerging importance of APP/βCTF in initiating this dysfunction, and the potential roles of additional trisomy 21 genes in accelerating endosomal-lysosomal impairment in DS. Collectively, these studies underscore the growing value of investigating DS to probe the biological origins of AD as well as to understand and ameliorate the developmental disability of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Colacurcio
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna Pensalfini
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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280
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Deletion of the γ-secretase subunits Aph1B/C impairs memory and worsens the deficits of knock-in mice modeling the Alzheimer-like familial Danish dementia. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11923-44. [PMID: 26942869 PMCID: PMC4914259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in BRI2/ITM2b genes cause Familial British and Danish Dementias (FBD and FDD), which are pathogenically similar to Familial Alzheimer Disease (FAD). BRI2 inhibits processing of Amyloid precursor protein (APP), a protein involved in FAD pathogenesis. Accumulation of a carboxyl-terminal APP metabolite -ß-CTF- causes memory deficits in a knock-in mouse model of FDD, called FDDKI.We have investigated further the pathogenic function of ß-CTF studying the effect of Aph1B/C deletion on FDDKI mice. This strategy is based on the evidence that deletion of Aph1B/C proteins, which are components of the γ-secretase that cleaves ß-CTF, results in stabilization of ß-CTF and a reduction of Aβ. We found that both the FDD mutation and the Aph1B/C deficiency mildly interfered with spatial long term memory, spatial working/short-term memory and long-term contextual fear memory. In addition, the Aph1BC deficiency induced deficits in long-term cued fear memory. Moreover, the two mutations have additive adverse effects as they compromise the accuracy of spatial long-term memory and induce spatial memory retention deficits in young mice. Overall, the data are consistent with a role for β-CTF in the genesis of memory deficits.
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281
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Kusne Y, Wolf AB, Townley K, Conway M, Peyman GA. Visual system manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:e668-e676. [PMID: 27864881 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an increasingly common disease with massive personal and economic costs. While it has long been known that AD impacts the visual system, there has recently been an increased focus on understanding both pathophysiological mechanisms that may be shared between the eye and brain and how related biomarkers could be useful for AD diagnosis. Here, were review pertinent cellular and molecular mechanisms of AD pathophysiology, the presence of AD pathology in the visual system, associated functional changes, and potential development of diagnostic tools based on the visual system. Additionally, we discuss links between AD and visual disorders, including possible pathophysiological mechanisms and their relevance for improving our understanding of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kusne
- University of Arizona College of Medicine; Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Andrew B. Wolf
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Kate Townley
- University of Arizona College of Medicine; Phoenix Arizona USA
| | - Mandi Conway
- University of Arizona College of Medicine; Phoenix Arizona USA
- Arizona Retinal Specialists; Sun City Arizona USA
| | - Gholam A. Peyman
- University of Arizona College of Medicine; Phoenix Arizona USA
- Arizona Retinal Specialists; Sun City Arizona USA
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282
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Akhter R, Shao Y, Shaw M, Formica S, Khrestian M, Leverenz JB, Bekris LM. Regulation of ADAM10 by miR-140-5p and potential relevance for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 63:110-119. [PMID: 29253717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research suggest that alterations in microRNA (miRNA) expression are associated with disease pathology. Our previous studies suggest that A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) expression is important in AD and could be modulated by an extended regulatory region that includes the 3' untranslated region. In this study, we have investigated the role of trans-acting factors in ADAM10 gene regulation. Our study shows that miRNA-140-5p has enhanced expression in the AD postmortem brain hippocampus using high-throughput miRNA arrays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, we have also seen that miRNA-140-5p seed sequence is present on 3' untranslated region of both ADAM10 and its transcription factor SOX2. The specific interaction of miRNA-140-5p with both ADAM10 and SOX2 signifies high regulatory importance of this miRNA in controlling ADAM10 expression. Thus, this investigation unravels mechanisms underlying ADAM10 downregulation by miR-140-5p and suggests that dysfunctional regulation of ADAM10 expression is exacerbated by AD-related neurotoxic effects. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the impact of trans-acting factors in the modulation of AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Akhter
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Yvonne Shao
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - McKenzie Shaw
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shane Formica
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria Khrestian
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lynn M Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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283
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Gugliandolo A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Role of Vitamin E in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122504. [PMID: 29168797 PMCID: PMC5751107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder representing the major cause of dementia. It is characterized by memory loss, and cognitive and behavioral decline. In particular, the hallmarks of the pathology are amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), formed by aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Oxidative stress plays a main role in AD, and it is involved in initiation and progression of AD. It is well known that Aβ induced oxidative stress, promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and consequently lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, tau hyperphosphorylation, results in toxic effects on synapses and neurons. In turn, oxidative stress can increase Aβ production. For these reasons, the administration of an antioxidant therapy in AD patients was suggested. The term vitamin E includes different fat-soluble compounds, divided into tocopherols and tocotrienols, that possess antioxidant action. α-Tocopherol is the most studied, but some studies suggested that tocotrienols may have different health promoting capacities. In this review, we focused our attention on the effects of vitamin E supplementation in AD animal models and AD patients or older population. Experimental models showed that vitamin E supplementation, by decreasing oxidative stress, may be a good strategy to improve cognitive and memory deficits. Furthermore, the combination of vitamin E with other antioxidant or anti-inflammatory compounds may increase its efficacy. However, even if some trials have evidenced some benefits, the effects of vitamin E in AD patients are still under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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284
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Kasza Á, Penke B, Frank Z, Bozsó Z, Szegedi V, Hunya Á, Németh K, Kozma G, Fülöp L. Studies for Improving a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Icv Administration of Well-Characterized β-Amyloid 1-42 Oligomers Induce Dysfunction in Spatial Memory. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22112007. [PMID: 29156571 PMCID: PMC6150403 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 15 years, several genetically altered mouse models of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been developed. These costly models have greatly facilitated the evaluation of novel therapeutic approaches. Injecting synthetic β-amyloid (Aβ) 1-42 species into different parts of the brain of non-transgenic rodents frequently provided unreliable results, owing to a lack of a genuine characterization of the administered Aβ aggregates. Previously, we have published a new rat AD-model in which protofibrillar-fibrillar Aβ1-42 was administered into rat entorhinal cortex (Sipos 2007). In order to develop a more reliable model, we have injected well-characterized toxic soluble Aβ1-42 species (oligomers, protofibrils and fibrils) intracerebroventricularly (icv) into rat brain. Studies of the distribution of fluorescent-labeled Aβ1-42 in the brain showed that soluble Aβ-species diffused into all parts of the rat brain. After seven days, the Aβ-treated animals showed a significant decrease of spatial memory in Morris water maze test and impairment of synaptic plasticity (LTP) measured in acute hippocampal slices. The results of histological studies (decreased number of viable neurons, increased tau levels and decreased number of dendritic spines) also supported that icv administration of well-characterized toxic soluble Aβ species into rat brain provides a reliable rat AD-model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Kasza
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dome square 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dome square 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Frank
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dome square 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Bozsó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dome square 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Viktor Szegedi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dome square 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Ákos Hunya
- LipidArt Research and Development Ltd., Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary.
| | - Klaudia Németh
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dome square 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Kozma
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Lívia Fülöp
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dome square 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary.
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285
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Hamilton LK, Fernandes KJL. Neural stem cells and adult brain fatty acid metabolism: Lessons from the 3xTg model of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Cell 2017; 110:6-25. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201700037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Hamilton
- Department of Neurosciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Montreal; Montreal Canada
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM); Montreal Canada
| | - Karl J. L. Fernandes
- Department of Neurosciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Montreal; Montreal Canada
- The Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM); Montreal Canada
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286
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Pike CJ. Sex and the development of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:671-680. [PMID: 27870425 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Men and women exhibit differences in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The factors underlying the sex differences in AD are not well understood. This Review emphasizes the contributions of sex steroid hormones to the relationship between sex and AD. In women, events that decrease lifetime exposure to estrogens are generally associated with increased AD risk, whereas estrogen-based hormone therapy administered near the time of menopause may reduce AD risk. In men, estrogens do not exhibit age-related reduction and are not significantly associated with AD risk. Rather, normal age-related depletions of testosterone in plasma and brain predict enhanced vulnerability to AD. Both estrogens and androgens exert numerous protective actions in the adult brain that increase neural functioning and resilience as well as specifically attenuating multiple aspects of AD-related neuropathology. Aging diminishes the activational effects of sex hormones in sex-specific manners, which is hypothesized to contribute to the relationship between aging and AD. Sex steroid hormones may also drive sex differences in AD through their organizational effects during developmental sexual differentiation of the brain. Specifically, sex hormone actions during early development may confer inherent vulnerability of the female brain to development of AD in advanced age. The combined effects of organizational and activational effects of sex steroids yield distinct sex differences in AD pathogenesis, a significant variable that must be more rigorously considered in future research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Pike
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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287
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Human Brain-Derived Aβ Oligomers Bind to Synapses and Disrupt Synaptic Activity in a Manner That Requires APP. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11947-11966. [PMID: 29101243 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2009-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling genetic evidence links the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several theories have been advanced to explain the relationship. A leading hypothesis proposes that a small amphipathic fragment of APP, the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), self-associates to form soluble aggregates that impair synaptic and network activity. Here, we used the most disease-relevant form of Aβ, protein isolated from AD brain. Using this material, we show that the synaptotoxic effects of Aβ depend on expression of APP and that the Aβ-mediated impairment of synaptic plasticity is accompanied by presynaptic effects that disrupt the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance. The net increase in the E/I ratio and inhibition of plasticity are associated with Aβ localizing to synapses and binding of soluble Aβ aggregates to synapses requires the expression of APP. Our findings indicate a role for APP in AD pathogenesis beyond the generation of Aβ and suggest modulation of APP expression as a therapy for AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we report on the plasticity-disrupting effects of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) isolated from Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and the requirement of amyloid precursor protein (APP) for these effects. We show that Aβ-containing AD brain extracts block hippocampal LTP, augment glutamate release probability, and disrupt the excitatory/inhibitory balance. These effects are associated with Aβ localizing to synapses and genetic ablation of APP prevents both Aβ binding and Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunctions. Our results emphasize the importance of APP in AD and should stimulate new studies to elucidate APP-related targets suitable for pharmacological manipulation.
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288
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Medina M, Khachaturian ZS, Rossor M, Avila J, Cedazo-Minguez A. Toward common mechanisms for risk factors in Alzheimer's syndrome. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2017; 3:571-578. [PMID: 29124116 PMCID: PMC5671628 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The global strategic goal of reducing health care cost, especially the prospects for massive increases due to expanding markets for health care services demanded by aging populations and/or people with a wide range of chronic disorders-disabilities, is a complex and formidable challenge with many facets. Current projections predict marked increases in the demand for health driven by both the exponential climb in the prevalence of chronic disabilities and the increases in the absolute numbers of people in need of some form of health care. Thus, the looming predicament for the economics of health care systems worldwide mandates the formulation of a strategic goal to foster significant expansion of global R&D efforts to discover and develop wide-ranging interventions to delay and/or prevent the onset of chronic disabling conditions. The rationale for adopting such a tactical objective is based on the premise that the costs and prevalence of chronic disabling conditions will be reduced by half even if a modest delay of 5 years in the onset of disability is obtained by a highly focused multinational research initiative. Because of the recent history of many failures in drug trials, the central thesis of this paper is to argue for the exploration-adoption of novel mechanistic ideas, theories, and paradigms for developing wide range and/or types of interventions. Although the primary focus of our discussion has been on biological approaches to therapy, we recognize the importance of emerging knowledge on nonpharmacological interventions and their potential impact in reducing health care costs. Although we may not find a drug to cure or prevent dementia for a long time, research is starting to demonstrate the potential contributes of nonpharmacological interventions toward the economics of health care in terms of rehabilitation, promoting autonomy, and potential to delay institutionalization, thus promoting healthy aging and reductions in the cost of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Medina
- CIBERNED (Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- CIEN Foundation, Reina Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Martin Rossor
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jesús Avila
- CIBERNED (Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa” CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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289
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Montagne A, Zhao Z, Zlokovic BV. Alzheimer's disease: A matter of blood-brain barrier dysfunction? J Exp Med 2017; 214:3151-3169. [PMID: 29061693 PMCID: PMC5679168 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Montagne et al. examine the role of blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in Alzheimer’s neurodegeneration and how targeting the BBB can influence the course of neurological disorder in transgenic models with human APP, PSEN1 and TAU mutations, APOE4 (major genetic risk), and pericyte degeneration causing loss of BBB integrity. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) keeps neurotoxic plasma-derived components, cells, and pathogens out of the brain. An early BBB breakdown and/or dysfunction have been shown in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) before dementia, neurodegeneration and/or brain atrophy occur. However, the role of BBB breakdown in neurodegenerative disorders is still not fully understood. Here, we examine BBB breakdown in animal models frequently used to study the pathophysiology of AD, including transgenic mice expressing human amyloid-β precursor protein, presenilin 1, and tau mutations, and apolipoprotein E, the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. We discuss the role of BBB breakdown and dysfunction in neurodegenerative process, pitfalls in BBB measurements, and how targeting the BBB can influence the course of neurological disorder. Finally, we comment on future approaches and models to better define, at the cellular and molecular level, the underlying mechanisms between BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration as a basis for developing new therapies for BBB repair to control neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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290
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β-Amyloid and the Pathomechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive View. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101692. [PMID: 28994715 PMCID: PMC6151811 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein dyshomeostasis is the common mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aging is the key risk factor, as the capacity of the proteostasis network declines during aging. Different cellular stress conditions result in the up-regulation of the neurotrophic, neuroprotective amyloid precursor protein (APP). Enzymatic processing of APP may result in formation of toxic Aβ aggregates (β-amyloids). Protein folding is the basis of life and death. Intracellular Aβ affects the function of subcellular organelles by disturbing the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria cross-talk and causing severe Ca2+-dysregulation and lipid dyshomeostasis. The extensive and complex network of proteostasis declines during aging and is not able to maintain the balance between production and disposal of proteins. The effectivity of cellular pathways that safeguard cells against proteotoxic stress (molecular chaperones, aggresomes, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy) declines with age. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion causes dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and thus the Aβ-clearance from brain-to-blood decreases. Microglia-mediated clearance of Aβ also declines, Aβ accumulates in the brain and causes neuroinflammation. Recognition of the above mentioned complex pathogenesis pathway resulted in novel drug targets in AD research.
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291
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Jeong S. Molecular and Cellular Basis of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Cells 2017; 40:613-620. [PMID: 28927263 PMCID: PMC5638769 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common form of senile dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the extracellular deposition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) plaques and the intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the cerebral cortex. Tau abnormalities are commonly observed in many neurodegenerative diseases including AD, Parkinson's disease, and Pick's disease. Interestingly, tau-mediated formation of NFTs in AD brains shows better correlation with cognitive impairment than Aβ plaque accumulation; pathological tau alone is sufficient to elicit frontotemporal dementia, but it does not cause AD. A growing amount of evidence suggests that soluble Aβ oligomers in concert with hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) serve as the major pathogenic drivers of neurodegeneration in AD. Increased Aβ oligomers trigger neuronal dysfunction and network alternations in learning and memory circuitry prior to clinical onset of AD, leading to cognitive decline. Furthermore, accumulated damage to mitochondria in the course of aging, which is the best-known nongenetic risk factor for AD, may collaborate with soluble Aβ and pTau to induce synapse loss and cognitive impairment in AD. In this review, I summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the molecular and cellular biology of AD and also the mechanisms that underlie Aβ-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyun Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
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292
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Stem Cell Technology for (Epi)genetic Brain Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:443-475. [PMID: 28523560 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the enormous efforts of the scientific community over the years, effective therapeutics for many (epi)genetic brain disorders remain unidentified. The common and persistent failures to translate preclinical findings into clinical success are partially attributed to the limited efficiency of current disease models. Although animal and cellular models have substantially improved our knowledge of the pathological processes involved in these disorders, human brain research has generally been hampered by a lack of satisfactory humanized model systems. This, together with our incomplete knowledge of the multifactorial causes in the majority of these disorders, as well as a thorough understanding of associated (epi)genetic alterations, has been impeding progress in gaining more mechanistic insights from translational studies. Over the last years, however, stem cell technology has been offering an alternative approach to study and treat human brain disorders. Owing to this technology, we are now able to obtain a theoretically inexhaustible source of human neural cells and precursors in vitro that offer a platform for disease modeling and the establishment of therapeutic interventions. In addition to the potential to increase our general understanding of how (epi)genetic alterations contribute to the pathology of brain disorders, stem cells and derivatives allow for high-throughput drugs and toxicity testing, and provide a cell source for transplant therapies in regenerative medicine. In the current chapter, we will demonstrate the validity of human stem cell-based models and address the utility of other stem cell-based applications for several human brain disorders with multifactorial and (epi)genetic bases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), fragile X syndrome (FXS), Angelman syndrome (AS), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), and Rett syndrome (RTT).
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293
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Boggs KN, Kakalec PA, Smith ML, Howell SN, Flinn JM. Circadian wheel running behavior is altered in an APP/E4 mouse model of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Physiol Behav 2017; 182:137-142. [PMID: 28958954 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are altered in several diseases associated with aging, one of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). One example of a circadian rhythm is the rest-activity cycle, which can be measured in mice by monitoring their wheel-running. The present study sought to investigate differences in light phase/dark phase activity between a mouse model of late onset AD (APP/E4) and control (C57Bl6J) mice, in both the pre-plaque and post-plaques stages of the disease. To assess activity level, 24-h wheel running behavior was monitored at six months (pre-plaque) and twelve months (post-plaque) for a period of nine days. The following measures were analyzed: counts (wheel rotations) during the dark phase, counts during the light phase, hour of activity onset, and hour of activity offset. Key findings indicate that activity onset is delayed in APP/E4 mice at six and twelve months, and activity profiles for APP/E4 and C57Bl6J mice differ during the light and dark phase in such a way that APP/E4 mice run less in the early hours of the dark phase and more in the later hours of the dark phase compared to C57Bl6J mice. These findings imply that rest-activity cycle is altered in the pre-plaque stages of AD in APP/E4 mice, as they show impairments as early as six months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Boggs
- George Mason University, Psychology Department, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Peter A Kakalec
- George Mason University, Psychology Department, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Meghann L Smith
- George Mason University, Psychology Department, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Stefanie N Howell
- George Mason University, Psychology Department, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Jane M Flinn
- George Mason University, Psychology Department, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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294
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Xu M, Zhang D, Luo R, Wu Y, Zhou H, Kong L, Bi R, Yao Y. A systematic integrated analysis of brain expression profiles reveals
YAP1
and other prioritized hub genes as important upstream regulators in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 14:215-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Kunming Yunnan China
- Kunming College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Deng‐Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Kunming Yunnan China
- Kunming College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Kunming Yunnan China
- Kunming College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Hejiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Li‐Li Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Kunming Yunnan China
- Institute of Health Science Anhui University Hefei Anhui China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Yong‐Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Kunming Yunnan China
- Kunming College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
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295
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Das B, Yan R. Role of BACE1 in Alzheimer's synaptic function. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:23. [PMID: 28855981 PMCID: PMC5575945 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-dependent disease of dementia, and there is currently no cure available. This hallmark pathologies of AD are the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Although the exact etiology of AD remains a mystery, studies over the past 30 have shown that abnormal generation or accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) is likely to be a predominant early event in AD pathological development. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) via proteolytic cleavage by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1). Chemical inhibition of BACE1 has been shown to reduce Aβ in animal studies and in human trials. While BACE1 inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials to treat AD patients, it is highly important to understand whether BACE1 inhibition will significantly impact cognitive functions in AD patients. This review summarizes the recent studies on BACE1 synaptic functions. This knowledge will help to guide the proper use of BACE1 inhibitors in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brati Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
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296
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Moussa CEH. Beta-secretase inhibitors in phase I and phase II clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1131-1136. [PMID: 28817311 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1369527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION BACE 1 is a protease that cleaves the transmembrane amyloid precursor protein and generates amyloid-β peptides that accumulate in AD brains. No known mutations are identified in the gene encoding BACE1 in AD. However, enzyme levels are elevated in AD and a single residue mutation in amyloid precursor protein protects against protein cleavage by BACE1, suggesting BACE involvement in disease pathogenesis. Drugs that can inhibit BACE1 would theoretically prevent Aβ accumulation and halt AD onset and progression. Areas covered: This review discusses clinical developments of BACE1 inhibitors and focuses on what is learned about these inhibitors as a potential treatment. Expert opinion: BACE1 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to improve cognition in AD has been challening. Brain-penetrant BACE1 inhibitors have been developed and clinical trials are underway, both safety and efficacy are questionable. Several clinical trials suggest that BACE1 inhibition and other immunotherapies to reduce brain Aβ are insufficient to improve cognition in AD. This may be due to the emphasis on the amyloid hypothesis despite big failures. We may have to seriously consider shifting attention to therapeutic strategies other than BACE1 inhibition or reduction of Aβ alone and pay more attention to simultaneous clearance of tau and Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel E-H Moussa
- a Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Translational Neurotherapeutics Program , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA
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297
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Raghavan N, Tosto G. Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease: the Importance of Polygenic and Epistatic Components. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:78. [PMID: 28825204 PMCID: PMC5699909 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aimed to summarize the recent advances in genetic findings of Alzheimer's disease (AD), focusing on traditional single-marker and gene approaches and non-traditional ones, i.e., polygenic and epistatic components. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic studies have progressed over the last few decades from linkage to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and most recently studies utilizing high-throughput sequencing. So far, GWASs have identified several common variants characterized by small effect sizes (besides APOE-ε4). Sequencing has facilitated the study of rare variants with larger effects. Nevertheless, missing heritability for AD remains extensive; a possible explanation might lie in the existence of polygenic and epistatic components. We review findings achieved by single-marker approaches, but also polygenic and epistatic associations. The latter two are critical, yet-underexplored mechanisms. Genes involved in complex diseases are likely regulated by mechanisms and pathways involving many other genes, an aspect potentially missed by traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Raghavan
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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298
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Thai NQ, Nguyen HL, Linh HQ, Li MS. Protocol for fast screening of multi-target drug candidates: Application to Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 77:121-129. [PMID: 28850894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of many diseases may require drugs that are capable to attack multiple targets simultaneously. Obviously, the virtual screening of multi-target drug candidates is much more time consuming compared to the single-target case. This, in particular, concerns the last step of virtual screening where the binding free energy is computed by conventional molecular dynamics simulation. To overcome this difficulty we propose a simple protocol which is relied on the fast steered molecular dynamics simulation and on available experimental data on binding affinity of reference ligand to a given target. Namely, first we compute non-equilibrium works generated during pulling ligands from the binding site using the steered molecular dynamics method. Then as top leads we choose only those compounds that have the non-equilibrium work larger than that of a reference compound for which the binding free energy has been already known from experiment. Despite many efforts no cures for AD (Alzheimer's disease) have been found. One of possible reasons for this failure is that drug candidates were developed for a single target, while there are exist many possible pathways to AD. Applying our new protocol to five targets including amyloid beta fibril, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, retinoic X receptor α, β- and γ-secretases, we have found two potential drugs (CID 16040294 and CID 9998128) for AD from the large PubChem database. We have also shown that these two ligands can interfere with the activity of popular Acetylcholinesterase target through strong binding towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quoc Thai
- Institute for Computational Sciences and Technology,SBI building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Dong Thap University,783 Pham Huu Lau Street, Ward 6, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap, Viet Nam; Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Technology -VNU HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Str., Distr. 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Linh Nguyen
- Institute for Computational Sciences and Technology,SBI building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Huynh Quang Linh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Technology -VNU HCM, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Str., Distr. 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Sciences and Technology,SBI building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
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299
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TREM2 Maintains Microglial Metabolic Fitness in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell 2017; 170:649-663.e13. [PMID: 28802038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hypomorphic variants of TREM2, a surface receptor required for microglial responses to neurodegeneration, including proliferation, survival, clustering, and phagocytosis. How TREM2 promotes such diverse responses is unknown. Here, we find that microglia in AD patients carrying TREM2 risk variants and TREM2-deficient mice with AD-like pathology have abundant autophagic vesicles, as do TREM2-deficient macrophages under growth-factor limitation or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Combined metabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) linked this anomalous autophagy to defective mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which affects ATP levels and biosynthetic pathways. Metabolic derailment and autophagy were offset in vitro through Dectin-1, a receptor that elicits TREM2-like intracellular signals, and cyclocreatine, a creatine analog that can supply ATP. Dietary cyclocreatine tempered autophagy, restored microglial clustering around plaques, and decreased plaque-adjacent neuronal dystrophy in TREM2-deficient mice with amyloid-β pathology. Thus, TREM2 enables microglial responses during AD by sustaining cellular energetic and biosynthetic metabolism.
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300
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Genetic variation associated with the occurrence and progression of neurological disorders. Neurotoxicology 2017; 61:243-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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