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Martinez-Useros J, Garcia-Foncillas J. Obesity and colorectal cancer: molecular features of adipose tissue. J Transl Med 2016; 14:21. [PMID: 26801617 PMCID: PMC4722674 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The huge part of population in developed countries is overweight or obese. Obesity is often determined by body mass index (BMI) but new accurate methods and ratios have recently appeared to measure body fat or fat located in the intestines. Early diagnosis of obesity is crucial since it is considered an increasing colorectal cancer risk factor. On the one hand, colorectal cancer has been strongly associated with lifestyle factors. A diet rich in red and processed meats may increase colorectal cancer risk; however, high-fiber diets (grains, cereals and fruits) have been associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer. Other life-style factors associated with obesity that also increase colorectal cancer risk are physical inactivity, smoking and high alcohol intake. Cutting-edge studies reported that high-risk transformation ability of adipose tissue is due to production of different pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-8, IL-6 or IL-2 and other enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Furthermore, oxidative stress produces fatty-acid peroxidation whose metabolites possess very high toxicities and mutagenic properties. 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is an active compounds that upregulates prostaglandin E2 which is directly associated with high proliferative colorectal cancer. Moreover, 4-HNE deregulates cell proliferation, cell survival, differentiation, autophagy, senescence, apoptosis and necrosis via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PIK3CA)—AKT and protein kinase C pathways. Other product of lipid peroxidation is malondialdehyde (MDA) being able to regulate insulin through WNT-pathway as well as having demonstrated its mutagenic capability. Accumulation of point mutation enables genomic evolution of colorectal cancer described in the model of Fearon and Vogelstein. In this review, we will summarize different determination methods and techniques to assess a truthfully diagnosis and we will explain some of the capabilities that performs adipocytes as the largest endocrine organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martinez-Useros
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, FIIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Av. Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesus Garcia-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, FIIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Av. Reyes Catolicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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252
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Tripathi S, Belkacemi L, Cheung MS, Bose RN. Correlation between Gene Variants, Signaling Pathways, and Efficacy of Chemotherapy Drugs against Colon Cancers. Cancer Inform 2016; 15:1-13. [PMID: 26819545 PMCID: PMC4721683 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s34506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacies, toxicities, and resistance mechanisms of chemotherapy drugs, such as oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), vary widely among various categories and subcategories of colon cancers. By understanding the differences in the drug efficacy and resistance at the level of protein–protein networks, we identified the correlation between the drug activity of oxaliplatin/5-FU and gene variations from the US National Cancer Institute-60 human cancer cell lines. The activity of either of these drugs is correlated with specific amino acid variant(s) of KRAS and other genes from the signaling pathways of colon cancer progression. We also discovered that the activity of a non-DNA-binding novel platinum drug, phosphaplatin, is comparable with oxaliplatin and 5-FU when it was tested against colon cancer cell lines. Our strategy that combines the knowledge from pharmacogenomics across cell lines with the molecular information from specific cancer cells is beneficial for predicting the outcome of a possible combination therapy for personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Tripathi
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louiza Belkacemi
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Margaret S Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.; Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rathindra N Bose
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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253
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FAS rs2234767 and rs1800682 polymorphisms jointly contributed to risk of colorectal cancer by affecting SP1/STAT1 complex recruitment to chromatin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19229. [PMID: 26759270 PMCID: PMC4725756 DOI: 10.1038/srep19229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
FAS rs2234767 (−1377 G>A), rs1800682 (−670 A>G) and FASLG rs763110 (−844 C>T) promoter polymorphisms can influence transcriptional activities of the genes and thus multiple tumors susceptibility. To investigate their association with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), the three SNPs were genotyped in 878 cases and 884 controls and the results showed that the FAS rs2234767 and rs1800682 were in a high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other (D’ = 0.994) and jointly contributed to an increased risk of CRC (without vs. with rs2234767 GG/rs1800682 AA genotypes, adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05 − 1.61). In vivo ChIP assays evaluated the effect of rs2234767 and rs1800682 on recruitment of SP1 and STAT1, respectively, to chromatin. The results showed SP1 interacting specifically with STAT1 recruited to their respective motifs for transcriptional activation. The mutant alleles rs2234767 A and rs1800682 G jointly affected coupled SP1 and STAT1 recruitment to chromatin. The interplay between SP1 and STAT1 was critical for the functional outcome of rs2234767 and rs1800682 in view of their high LD. In conclusion, the FAS rs2234767 and rs1800682 polymorphisms were in high LD with each other, and they jointly contributed to an increased risk of CRC by altering recruitment of SP1/STAT1 complex to the FAS promoter for transcriptional activation.
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254
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Mohammed AA, El-Tanni H, El-Khatib HM, Mirza AA, El-Kashif AT. WITHDRAWN: Molecular classification of colorectal cancer: Current perspectives and controversies. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2016:S1110-0362(15)00109-0. [PMID: 26754152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The authors have plagiarized part of a paper that had already appeared in ASCO EDUCATIONAL BOOK (2014), 91-99 (http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/114000091-144). One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents an abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy. This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrallah A Mohammed
- Medical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt; Oncology Center, King Abdullah Medical City-Holy Capital, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hani El-Tanni
- Oncology Center, King Abdullah Medical City-Holy Capital, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M El-Khatib
- Oncology Center, King Abdullah Medical City-Holy Capital, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Mirza
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr T El-Kashif
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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255
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Sahnane N, Magnoli F, Bernasconi B, Tibiletti MG, Romualdi C, Pedroni M, Ponz de Leon M, Magnani G, Reggiani-Bonetti L, Bertario L, Signoroni S, Capella C, Sessa F, Furlan D. Aberrant DNA methylation profiles of inherited and sporadic colorectal cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:131. [PMID: 26697123 PMCID: PMC4687378 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant DNA methylation has been widely investigated in sporadic colorectal carcinomas (CRCs), and extensive work has been performed to characterize different methylation profiles of CRC. Less information is available about the role of epigenetics in hereditary CRC and about the possible clinical use of epigenetic biomarkers in CRC, regardless of the etiopathogenesis. Long interspersed nucleotide element 1 (LINE-1) hypomethylation and gene-specific hypermethylation of 38 promoters were analyzed in multicenter series of 220 CRCs including 71 Lynch (Lynch colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability (LS-MSI)), 23 CRCs of patients under 40 years in which the main inherited CRC syndromes had been excluded (early-onset colorectal cancer with microsatellite stability (EO-MSS)), and 126 sporadic CRCs, comprising 28 cases with microsatellite instability (S-MSI) and 98 that were microsatellite stable (S-MSS). All tumor methylation patterns were integrated with clinico-pathological and genetic characteristics, namely chromosomal instability (CIN), TP53 loss, BRAF, and KRAS mutations. Results LS-MSI mainly showed absence of extensive DNA hypo- and hypermethylation. LINE-1 hypomethylation was observed in a subset of LS-MSI that were associated with the worse prognosis. Genetically, they commonly displayed G:A transition in the KRAS gene and absence of a CIN phenotype and of TP53 loss. S-MSI exhibited a specific epigenetic profile showing low rates of LINE-1 hypomethylation and extensive gene hypermethylation. S-MSI were mainly characterized by MLH1 methylation, BRAF mutation, and absence of a CIN phenotype and of TP53 loss. By contrast, S-MSS showed a high frequency of LINE-1 hypomethylation and of CIN, and they were associated with a worse prognosis. EO-MSS were a genetically and epigenetically heterogeneous group of CRCs. Like LS-MSI, some EO-MSS displayed low rates of DNA hypo- or hypermethylation and frequent G:A transitions in the KRAS gene, suggesting that a genetic syndrome might still be unrevealed in these patients. By contrast, some EO-MSS showed similar features to those observed in S-MSS, such as LINE-1 hypomethylation, CIN, and TP53 deletion. In all four classes, hypermethylation of ESR1, GATA5, and WT1 was very common. Conclusions Aberrant DNA methylation analysis allows the identification of different subsets of CRCs. This study confirms the potential utility of methylation tests for early detection of CRC and suggests that LINE-1 hypomethylation may be a useful prognostic marker in both sporadic and inherited CRCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0165-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sahnane
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Magnoli
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Barbara Bernasconi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Romualdi
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Pedroni
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ponz de Leon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Magnani
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Lucio Bertario
- Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Signoroni
- Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Capella
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Fausto Sessa
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Furlan
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
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256
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Briffa R, Um I, Faratian D, Zhou Y, Turnbull AK, Langdon SP, Harrison DJ. Multi-Scale Genomic, Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines to Identify Novel Biomarkers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144708. [PMID: 26678268 PMCID: PMC4692059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting colorectal cancer (CRC) patients likely to respond to therapy remains a clinical challenge. The objectives of this study were to establish which genes were differentially expressed with respect to treatment sensitivity and relate this to copy number in a panel of 15 CRC cell lines. Copy number variations of the identified genes were assessed in a cohort of CRCs. IC50's were measured for 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and BEZ-235, a PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. Cell lines were profiled using array comparative genomic hybridisation, Illumina gene expression analysis, reverse phase protein arrays, and targeted sequencing of KRAS hotspot mutations. Frequent gains were observed at 2p, 3q, 5p, 7p, 7q, 8q, 12p, 13q, 14q, and 17q and losses at 2q, 3p, 5q, 8p, 9p, 9q, 14q, 18q, and 20p. Frequently gained regions contained EGFR, PIK3CA, MYC, SMO, TRIB1, FZD1, and BRCA2, while frequently lost regions contained FHIT and MACROD2. TRIB1 was selected for further study. Gene enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes with respect to treatment response were involved in Wnt signalling, EGF receptor signalling, apoptosis, cell cycle, and angiogenesis. Stepwise integration of copy number and gene expression data yielded 47 candidate genes that were significantly correlated. PDCD6 was differentially expressed in all three treatment responses. Tissue microarrays were constructed for a cohort of 118 CRC patients and TRIB1 and MYC amplifications were measured using fluorescence in situ hybridisation. TRIB1 and MYC were amplified in 14.5% and 7.4% of the cohort, respectively, and these amplifications were significantly correlated (p≤0.0001). TRIB1 protein expression in the patient cohort was significantly correlated with pERK, Akt, and Caspase 3 expression. In conclusion, a set of candidate predictive biomarkers for 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and BEZ235 are described that warrant further study. Amplification of the putative oncogene TRIB1 has been described for the first time in a cohort of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Briffa
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United
Kingdom
| | - Inhwa Um
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, United
Kingdom
| | - Dana Faratian
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United
Kingdom
| | - Ying Zhou
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United
Kingdom
| | - Arran K. Turnbull
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United
Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Langdon
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine,
University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United
Kingdom
| | - David J. Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, United
Kingdom
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257
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Cisyk AL, Penner-Goeke S, Lichtensztejn Z, Nugent Z, Wightman RH, Singh H, McManus KJ. Characterizing the prevalence of chromosome instability in interval colorectal cancer. Neoplasia 2015; 17:306-16. [PMID: 25810015 PMCID: PMC4372653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial proportion of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are interval CRCs (I-CRCs; i.e., CRCs diagnosed soon after a colonoscopy). Chromosomal instability (CIN) is defined as an increase in the rate of which whole chromosomes/large chromosomal fragments are gained or lost and is observed in 85% of non-hereditary CRCs. The contribution of CIN to the etiology of I-CRCs remains unknown. We established a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach to characterize CIN by enumerating specific chromosomes and determined the prevalence of numerical CIN in a population-based cohort of I-CRCs and control (sporadic) CRCs. Using the population-based Manitoba Health administrative databases and Manitoba Cancer Registry, we identified an age, sex, and colonic site of CRC matched cohort of I-CRCs and controls and retrieved their archived paraffin-embedded tumor samples. FISH chromosome enumeration probes specifically recognizing the pericentric regions of chromosomes 8, 11, and 17 were first used on cell lines and then CRC tissue microarrays to detect aneusomy, which was then used to calculate a CIN score (CS). The 15th percentile CS for control CRC was used to define CIN phenotype. Mean CSs were similar in the control CRCs and I-CRCs; 82% of I-CRCs exhibited a CIN phenotype, which was similar to that in the control CRCs. This study suggests that CIN is the most prevalent contributor to genomic instability in I-CRCs. Further studies should evaluate CIN and microsatellite instability (MSI) in the same cohort of I-CRCs to corroborate our findings and to further assess concomitant contribution of CIN and MSI to I-CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Cisyk
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Winnipeg, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - S Penner-Goeke
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Winnipeg, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Z Lichtensztejn
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Winnipeg, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Z Nugent
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - R H Wightman
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Winnipeg, Canada; Grace Hospital, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - H Singh
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - K J McManus
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Winnipeg, Canada; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, Canada.
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258
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Histone Methylation Marks on Circulating Nucleosomes as Novel Blood-Based Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29654-62. [PMID: 26690425 PMCID: PMC4691123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) are under investigation as a liquid biopsy in cancer as potential non-invasive biomarkers, as stable structure in circulation nucleosomes could be valuable sources for detection of cancer-specific alterations in histone modifications. Our interest is in histone methylation marks with a focus on colorectal cancer, one of the leading cancers respective the incidence and mortality. Our previous work included the analysis of trimethylations of lysine 9 on histone 3 (H3K9me3) and of lysine 20 on histone 4 (H4K20me3) by chromatin immuno- precipitation-related PCR in circulating nucleosomes. Here we asked whether global immunologic measurement of histone marks in circulation could be a suitable approach to show their potential as biomarkers. In addition to H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 we also measured H3K27me3 in plasma samples from CRC patients (n = 63) and cancer free individuals (n = 40) by ELISA-based methylation assays. Our results show that of three marks, the amounts of H3K27me3 (p = 0.04) and H4K20me3 (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in CRC patients than in healthy controls. For H3K9me3 similar amounts were measured in both groups. Areas under the curve (AUC) in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicating the power of CRC detection were 0.620 for H3K27me3, 0.715 for H4K20me3 and 0.769 for the combination of both markers. In conclusion, findings of this preliminary study reveal the potential of blood-based detection of CRC by quantification of histone methylation marks and the additive effect of the marker combination.
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259
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Xiao YF, Yong X, Tang B, Qin Y, Zhang JW, Zhang D, Xie R, Yang SM. Notch and Wnt signaling pathway in cancer: Crucial role and potential therapeutic targets (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 48:437-49. [PMID: 26648421 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no radical cure for all cancer types. The most frequently used therapies are surgical treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, recrudescence, radiation resistance and chemotherapy resistance are the most challenging issues in clinical practice. To address these issues, they should be further studied at the molecular level, and the signaling pathways involved represent a promising avenue for this research. In the present review, we mainly discuss the components and mechanisms of activation of the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, and we summarize the recent research efforts on these two pathways in different cancers. We also evaluate the ideal drugs that could target these two signaling pathways for cancer therapy, summarize alterations in the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways in cancer, and discuss potential signaling inhibitors as effective drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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260
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Nishi A, Milner DA, Giovannucci EL, Nishihara R, Tan AS, Kawachi I, Ogino S. Integration of molecular pathology, epidemiology and social science for global precision medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 16:11-23. [PMID: 26636627 PMCID: PMC4713314 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1115346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The precision medicine concept and the unique disease principle imply that each patient has unique pathogenic processes resulting from heterogeneous cellular genetic and epigenetic alterations and interactions between cells (including immune cells) and exposures, including dietary, environmental, microbial and lifestyle factors. As a core method field in population health science and medicine, epidemiology is a growing scientific discipline that can analyze disease risk factors and develop statistical methodologies to maximize utilization of big data on populations and disease pathology. The evolving transdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) can advance biomedical and health research by linking exposures to molecular pathologic signatures, enhancing causal inference and identifying potential biomarkers for clinical impact. The MPE approach can be applied to any diseases, although it has been most commonly used in neoplastic diseases (including breast, lung and colorectal cancers) because of availability of various molecular diagnostic tests. However, use of state-of-the-art genomic, epigenomic and other omic technologies and expensive drugs in modern healthcare systems increases racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities. To address this, we propose to integrate molecular pathology, epidemiology and social science. Social epidemiology integrates the latter two fields. The integrative social MPE model can embrace sociology, economics and precision medicine, address global health disparities and inequalities, and elucidate biological effects of social environments, behaviors and networks. We foresee advancements of molecular medicine, including molecular diagnostics, biomedical imaging and targeted therapeutics, which should benefit individuals in a global population, by means of an interdisciplinary approach of integrative MPE and social health science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishi
- Yale Institute for Network Science, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (DAM, SO); Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (DAM); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN, SO); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (ELG); Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (RN); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (RN, AST, SO); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AST, IK)
| | - Danny A Milner
- Yale Institute for Network Science, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (DAM, SO); Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (DAM); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN, SO); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (ELG); Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (RN); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (RN, AST, SO); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AST, IK)
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Yale Institute for Network Science, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (DAM, SO); Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (DAM); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN, SO); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (ELG); Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (RN); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (RN, AST, SO); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AST, IK)
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Yale Institute for Network Science, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (DAM, SO); Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (DAM); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN, SO); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (ELG); Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (RN); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (RN, AST, SO); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AST, IK)
| | - Andy S. Tan
- Yale Institute for Network Science, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (DAM, SO); Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (DAM); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN, SO); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (ELG); Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (RN); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (RN, AST, SO); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AST, IK)
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Yale Institute for Network Science, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (DAM, SO); Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (DAM); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN, SO); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (ELG); Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (RN); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (RN, AST, SO); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AST, IK)
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Yale Institute for Network Science, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA (AN); Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (DAM, SO); Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (DAM); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN, SO); Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (ELG, RN); Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (ELG); Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (RN); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA (RN, AST, SO); Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA (AST, IK)
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Simultaneous Analysis of SEPT9 Promoter Methylation Status, Micronuclei Frequency, and Folate-Related Gene Polymorphisms: The Potential for a Novel Blood-Based Colorectal Cancer Biomarker. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28486-97. [PMID: 26633373 PMCID: PMC4691060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One challenge in colorectal cancer (CRC) is identifying novel biomarkers to be introduced in screening programs. The present study investigated the promoter methylation status of the SEPT9 gene in peripheral blood samples of subjects' positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT). In order to add new insights, we investigated the association between SEPT9 promoter methylation and micronuclei frequency, and polymorphisms in the folate-related pathway genes. SEPT9 promoter methylation, micronuclei frequency, and genotypes were evaluated on 74 individuals' FOBT positive. Individuals were subjected to a colonoscopy that provided written informed consent for study participation. SEPT9 promoter methylation status was significantly lower in the CRC group than controls (p = 0.0006). In contrast, the CaCo2 cell-line, analyzed as a tissue specific model of colon adenocarcinoma, showed a significantly higher percentage of SEPT9 promoter methylation compared to the CRC group (p < 0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed an inverse correlation between micronuclei frequency and the decrease in the methylation levels of SEPT9 promoter region among CRC patients (β = -0.926, p = 0.0001). With regard to genotype analysis, we showed the involvement of the DHFR polymorphism (rs70991108) in SEPT9 promoter methylation level in CRC patients only. In particular, the presence of at least one 19 bp del allele significantly correlates with decreased SEPT9 promoter methylation, compared to the 19 bp ins/ins genotype (p = 0.007). While remaining aware of the strengths and limitations of the study, this represents the first evidence of a novel approach for the early detection of CRC, using SEPT9 promoter methylation, micronuclei frequency and genotypes, with the potential to improve CRC risk assessment.
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262
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Wang M, Spiegelman D, Kuchiba A, Lochhead P, Kim S, Chan AT, Poole EM, Tamimi R, Tworoger SS, Giovannucci E, Rosner B, Ogino S. Statistical methods for studying disease subtype heterogeneity. Stat Med 2015; 35:782-800. [PMID: 26619806 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental goal of epidemiologic research is to investigate the relationship between exposures and disease risk. Cases of the disease are often considered a single outcome and assumed to share a common etiology. However, evidence indicates that many human diseases arise and evolve through a range of heterogeneous molecular pathologic processes, influenced by diverse exposures. Pathogenic heterogeneity has been considered in various neoplasms such as colorectal, lung, prostate, and breast cancers, leukemia and lymphoma, and non-neoplastic diseases, including obesity, type II diabetes, glaucoma, stroke, cardiovascular disease, autism, and autoimmune disease. In this article, we discuss analytic options for studying disease subtype heterogeneity, emphasizing methods for evaluating whether the association of a potential risk factor with disease varies by disease subtype. Methods are described for scenarios where disease subtypes are categorical and ordinal and for cohort studies, matched and unmatched case-control studies, and case-case study designs. For illustration, we apply the methods to a molecular pathological epidemiology study of alcohol intake and colon cancer risk by tumor LINE-1 methylation subtypes. User-friendly software to implement the methods is publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Aya Kuchiba
- Department of Biostatistics, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Sehee Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth M Poole
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Rulla Tamimi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Shelley S Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, U.S.A
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263
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Inamura K, Song M, Jung S, Nishihara R, Yamauchi M, Lochhead P, Qian ZR, Kim SA, Mima K, Sukawa Y, Masuda A, Imamura Y, Zhang X, Pollak MN, Mantzoros CS, Harris CC, Giovannucci E, Fuchs CS, Cho E, Chan AT, Wu K, Ogino S. Prediagnosis Plasma Adiponectin in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Risk According to KRAS Mutation Status. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 108:djv363. [PMID: 26598515 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of adiponectin (ADIPOQ; HGNC ID; HGNC:13633), an adipokine, are associated with obesity, adiposity, excess energy balance, and increased risk of colorectal neoplasia. Given the reported association of increased body mass index (BMI) and low-level physical activity with KRAS-mutated colorectal tumor, we hypothesized that low-level plasma adiponectin might be associated with increased risk of KRAS-mutant colorectal carcinoma but not with risk of KRAS wild-type carcinoma. METHODS We conducted molecular pathological epidemiology research using a nested case-control study design (307 incident rectal and colon cancer case patients and 593 matched control individuals) within prospective cohort studies, the Nurses' Health Study (152 case patients and 297 control individuals, with blood collection in 1989-1990) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (155 case patients and 296 control individuals, with blood collection in 1993-1995). Multivariable conditional logistic regression models and two-sided likelihood ratio tests were used to assess etiologic heterogeneity of the associations. RESULTS The association of low-level plasma adiponectin with colorectal cancer risk statistically significantly differed by KRAS mutation status (P heterogeneity = .004). Low levels of plasma adiponectin were associated with KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer (for the lowest vs highest tertile: multivariable odds ratio [OR] = 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.50 to 5.34, P trend = .002) but not with KRAS wild-type cancer (for the lowest vs highest tertile: multivariable OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.49 to 1.43, P trend = .48). In secondary analyses, the association between plasma adiponectin and colorectal cancer did not appreciably differ by BRAF or PIK3CA oncogene mutation status. CONCLUSIONS Low-level plasma adiponectin is associated with KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer risk but not with KRAS wild-type cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Seungyoun Jung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Atsuhiro Masuda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Yu Imamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Michael N Pollak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (KI, RN, MY, PL, ZRQ, SAK, KM, YS, YI, CSF, SO); Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (KI, CCH); Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan (KI); Department of Nutrition (MS, RN, EG, KW), Department of Epidemiology (MS, EG, SO), and Department of Biostatistics (RN), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine (SJ, XZ, EG, CSF, EC, ATC) and Department of Pathology (SO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (PL, ATC); Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (MNP); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (CSM); Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Province, RI (EC)
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Hanyuda A, Kim SA, Martinez-Fernandez A, Qian ZR, Yamauchi M, Nishihara R, Morikawa T, Liao X, Inamura K, Mima K, Cao Y, Zhang X, Wu K, Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Meyerhardt JA, Fuchs CS, Shivdasani RA, Ogino S. Survival Benefit of Exercise Differs by Tumor IRS1 Expression Status in Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 23:908-17. [PMID: 26577117 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-level physical activity is associated with lower colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality, likely through insulin sensitization. Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) is a mediator of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathways, and its down-regulation is associated with insulin resistance. Therefore, we hypothesized that tumor IRS1 expression status might modify cellular sensitivity to insulin and IGF, and the prognostic association of physical activity. METHODS We assessed IRS1 expression level in 371 stage I-III rectal and colon cancers in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by immunohistochemistry. In survival analysis, Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess an interaction between post-diagnosis physical activity (ordinal scale of sex-specific quartiles Q1 to Q4) and IRS1 expression (ordinal scale of negative, low, and high), controlling for potential confounders, including microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE-1) methylation level, and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation status. RESULTS There was a statistically significant interaction between post-diagnosis physical activity and tumor IRS1 expression in CRC-specific mortality analysis (P interaction = 0.005). Multivariable hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for higher post-diagnosis physical activity (Q3-Q4 vs. Q1-Q2) was 0.15 (0.02-1.38) in the IRS1-negative group, 0.45 (0.19-1.03) in the IRS1-low group, and 1.32 (0.50-3.53) in the IRS1-high group. CONCLUSIONS The association of post-diagnosis physical activity with colorectal carcinoma patient survival may differ by tumor IRS1 expression level. If validated, tumor IRS1 expression status may serve as a predictive marker to identify subgroups of patients who might gain greater survival benefit from an increased level of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hanyuda
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyun Liao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, JFCR, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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265
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Guan X, Yi Y, Huang Y, Hu Y, Li X, Wang X, Fan H, Wang G, Wang D. Revealing potential molecular targets bridging colitis and colorectal cancer based on multidimensional integration strategy. Oncotarget 2015; 6:37600-12. [PMID: 26461477 PMCID: PMC4741951 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated tumors. However, the underlying mechanisms bridging ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Here, we integrated multidimensional interaction resources, including gene expression profiling, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation data, and virus-host interactions, to tentatively explore potential molecular targets that functionally link UC and CRC at a systematic level. In this work, by deciphering the overlapping genes, crosstalking genes and pivotal regulators of both UC- and CRC-associated functional module pairs, we revealed a variety of genes (including FOS and DUSP1, etc.), transcription factors (including SMAD3 and ETS1, etc.) and miRNAs (including miR-155 and miR-196b, etc.) that may have the potential to complete the connections between UC and CRC. Interestingly, further analyses of the virus-host interaction network demonstrated that several virus proteins (including EBNA-LP of EBV and protein E7 of HPV) frequently inter-connected to UC- and CRC-associated module pairs with their validated targets significantly enriched in both modules of the host. Together, our results suggested that multidimensional integration strategy provides a novel approach to discover potential molecular targets that bridge the connections between UC and CRC, which could also be extensively applied to studies on other inflammation-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guan
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Yi
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xishan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huihui Fan
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiyu Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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266
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Kuipers EJ, Grady WM, Lieberman D, Seufferlein T, Sung JJ, Boelens PG, van de Velde CJH, Watanabe T. Colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2015; 1:15065. [PMID: 27189416 PMCID: PMC4874655 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 984] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer had a low incidence several decades ago. However, it has become a predominant cancer and now accounts for approximately 10% of cancer-related mortality in western countries. The 'rise' of colorectal cancer in developed countries can be attributed to the increasingly ageing population, unfavourable modern dietary habits and an increase in risk factors, such as smoking, low physical exercise and obesity. New treatments for primary and metastatic colorectal cancer have emerged, providing additional options for patients; these treatments include laparoscopic surgery for primary disease, more-aggressive resection of metastatic disease (such as liver and pulmonary metastases), radiotherapy for rectal cancer, and neoadjuvant and palliative chemotherapies. However, these new treatment options have had limited impact on cure rates and long-term survival. For these reasons, and the recognition that colorectal cancer is long preceded by a polypoid precursor, screening programmes have gained momentum. This Primer provides an overview of the current state of the art of knowledge on the epidemiology and mechanisms of colorectal cancer, as well as on diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst J. Kuipers
- Erasmus MC University Medical Center, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William M. Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Lieberman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Joseph J. Sung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Petra G. Boelens
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toshiaki Watanabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Vascular Surgery, University of Tokyo, and the University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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267
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Kalmár A, Péterfia B, Hollósi P, Galamb O, Spisák S, Wichmann B, Bodor A, Tóth K, Patai ÁV, Valcz G, Nagy ZB, Kubák V, Tulassay Z, Kovalszky I, Molnár B. DNA hypermethylation and decreased mRNA expression of MAL, PRIMA1, PTGDR and SFRP1 in colorectal adenoma and cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:736. [PMID: 26482433 PMCID: PMC4612409 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) development is accompanied by changes in expression for several genes; but the details of the underlying regulatory procesess remain unknown. Our aims were to assess the role of epigenetic processes in tumour formation and to identify characteristic DNA methylation and miRNA alterations in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Methods Whole genome expression profiling was performed on colonic biopsy samples (49 healthy normal, 49 colorectal adenoma (AD), 49 CRC); on laser capture microdissected (LCM) epithelial and stromal cells from 6 CRC-normal adjacent tissue (NAT) samples pairs, and on demethylated human CRC cell lines using HGU133 Plus 2.0 microarrays (Affymetrix). Methylation status of genes with gradually altering expression along the AD-CRC sequence was further analysed on 10–10 macrodissected and 5–5 LCM samples from healthy colon, from adenoma and from CRC biopsy samples using bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BS-PCR) followed by pyrosequencing. In silico miRNA prediction for the selected genes was performed with miRWALK algorithm, miRNA expression was analysed on 3 CRC-NAT sample pairs and 3 adenoma tissue samples using the Human Panel I + II (Exiqon). SFRP1 immunohistochemistry experiments were performed. Results A set of transcripts (18 genes including MAL, SFRP1, SULT1A1, PRIMA1, PTGDR) showed decreasing expression (p < 0.01) in the biopsy samples along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Three of those (COL1A2, SFRP2, SOCS3) showed hypermethylation and THBS2 showed hypomethylation both in AD and in CRC samples compared to NAT, while BCL2, PRIMA1 and PTGDR showed hypermethylation only in the CRC group. miR-21 was found to be significantly (p < 0.01) upregulated in adenoma and tumour samples compared to the healthy colonic tissue controls and could explain the altered expression of genes for which DNA methylation changes do not appear to play role (e.g. BCL2, MAL, PTGS2). Demethylation treatment could upregulate gene expression of genes that were found to be hypermethylated in human CRC tissue samples. Decreasing protein levels of SFRP1 was also observed along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Conclusion Hypermethylation of the selected markers (MAL, PRIMA1, PTGDR and SFRP1) can result in reduced gene expression and may contribute to the formation of colorectal cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1687-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kalmár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Péterfia
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Hollósi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Tumour Progression Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Galamb
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Spisák
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Barnabás Wichmann
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Bodor
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Tóth
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Árpád V Patai
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Valcz
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Vivien Kubák
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Molnár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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268
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Okugawa Y, Grady WM, Goel A. Epigenetic Alterations in Colorectal Cancer: Emerging Biomarkers. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1204-1225.e12. [PMID: 26216839 PMCID: PMC4589488 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. One of the fundamental processes driving the initiation and progression of CRC is the accumulation of a variety of genetic and epigenetic changes in colonic epithelial cells. Over the past decade, major advances have been made in our understanding of cancer epigenetics, particularly regarding aberrant DNA methylation, microRNA (miRNA) and noncoding RNA deregulation, and alterations in histone modification states. Assessment of the colon cancer "epigenome" has revealed that virtually all CRCs have aberrantly methylated genes and altered miRNA expression. The average CRC methylome has hundreds to thousands of abnormally methylated genes and dozens of altered miRNAs. As with gene mutations in the cancer genome, a subset of these epigenetic alterations, called driver events, are presumed to have a functional role in CRC. In addition, the advances in our understanding of epigenetic alterations in CRC have led to these alterations being developed as clinical biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. Progress in this field suggests that these epigenetic alterations will be commonly used in the near future to direct the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - William M Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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Nishihara R, VanderWeele TJ, Shibuya K, Mittleman MA, Wang M, Field AE, Giovannucci E, Lochhead P, Ogino S. Molecular pathological epidemiology gives clues to paradoxical findings. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 30:1129-35. [PMID: 26445996 PMCID: PMC4639412 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-0088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of epidemiologic studies have described what appear to be paradoxical associations, where an incongruous relationship is observed between a certain well-established risk factor for disease incidence and favorable clinical outcome among patients with that disease. For example, the "obesity paradox" represents the association between obesity and better survival among patients with a certain disease such as coronary heart disease. Paradoxical observations cause vexing clinical and public health problems as they raise questions on causal relationships and hinder the development of effective interventions. Compelling evidence indicates that pathogenic processes encompass molecular alterations within cells and the microenvironment, influenced by various exogenous and endogenous exposures, and that interpersonal heterogeneity in molecular pathology and pathophysiology exists among patients with any given disease. In this article, we introduce methods of the emerging integrative interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE), which is founded on the unique disease principle and disease continuum theory. We analyze and decipher apparent paradoxical findings, utilizing the MPE approach and available literature data on tumor somatic genetic and epigenetic characteristics. Through our analyses in colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and glioblastoma (malignant brain tumor), we can readily explain paradoxical associations between disease risk factors and better prognosis among disease patients. The MPE paradigm and approach can be applied to not only neoplasms but also various non-neoplastic diseases where there exists indisputable ubiquitous heterogeneity of pathogenesis and molecular pathology. The MPE paradigm including consideration of disease heterogeneity plays an essential role in advancements of precision medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tyler J VanderWeele
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kenji Shibuya
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 375 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alison E Field
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul Lochhead
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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270
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Chen DH, Yu JW, Jiang BJ. Contactin 1: A potential therapeutic target and biomarker in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9707-9716. [PMID: 26361417 PMCID: PMC4562954 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i33.9707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, gastric cancer remains one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, and early diagnosis remains a challenge. The lack of effective methods to detect these tumors early is a major factor contributing to the high mortality in patients with gastric cancer, who are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage. Additionally, the early detection of metastases and the curative treatment of gastric cancer are difficult to achieve, and the detailed mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Thus, the identification of valuable predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer is becoming increasingly important. Contactin 1 (CNTN1), a cell adhesion molecule, is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored neuronal membrane protein that plays an important role in cancer progression. The expression of CNTN1 is upregulated in primary lesions, and its expression level correlates with tumor metastasis in cancer patients. The current evidence reveals that the functions of CNTN1 in the development and progression of cancer likely promote the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells via the VEGFC/FLT4 axis, the RHOA-dependent pathway, the Notch signaling pathway and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition progression. Therefore, CNTN1 may be a novel biomarker and a possible therapeutic target in cancer treatment in the near future.
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272
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Whitehall VLJ, Dumenil TD, McKeone DM, Bond CE, Bettington ML, Buttenshaw RL, Bowdler L, Montgomery GW, Wockner LF, Leggett BA. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 R132C mutation occurs exclusively in microsatellite stable colorectal cancers with the CpG island methylator phenotype. Epigenetics 2015; 9:1454-60. [PMID: 25496513 PMCID: PMC4622530 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.971624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP) is fundamental to an important subset of colorectal cancer; however, its cause is unknown. CIMP is associated with microsatellite instability but is also found in BRAF mutant microsatellite stable cancers that are associated with poor prognosis. The isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene causes CIMP in glioma due to an activating mutation that produces the 2-hydroxyglutarate oncometabolite. We therefore examined IDH1 alteration as a potential cause of CIMP in colorectal cancer. The IDH1 mutational hotspot was screened in 86 CIMP-positive and 80 CIMP-negative cancers. The entire coding sequence was examined in 81 CIMP-positive colorectal cancers. Forty-seven cancers varying by CIMP-status and IDH1 mutation status were examined using Illumina 450K DNA methylation microarrays. The R132C IDH1 mutation was detected in 4/166 cancers. All IDH1 mutations were in CIMP cancers that were BRAF mutant and microsatellite stable (4/45, 8.9%). Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis identified an IDH1 mutation-like methylation signature in approximately half of the CIMP-positive cancers. IDH1 mutation appears to cause CIMP in a small proportion of BRAF mutant, microsatellite stable colorectal cancers. This study provides a precedent that a single gene mutation may cause CIMP in colorectal cancer, and that this will be associated with a specific epigenetic signature and clinicopathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L J Whitehall
- a Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Clinical Research Centre and the Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) ; Brisbane , Australia
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273
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Wang M, Kuchiba A, Ogino S. A Meta-Regression Method for Studying Etiological Heterogeneity Across Disease Subtypes Classified by Multiple Biomarkers. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:263-70. [PMID: 26116215 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In interdisciplinary biomedical, epidemiologic, and population research, it is increasingly necessary to consider pathogenesis and inherent heterogeneity of any given health condition and outcome. As the unique disease principle implies, no single biomarker can perfectly define disease subtypes. The complex nature of molecular pathology and biology necessitates biostatistical methodologies to simultaneously analyze multiple biomarkers and subtypes. To analyze and test for heterogeneity hypotheses across subtypes defined by multiple categorical and/or ordinal markers, we developed a meta-regression method that can utilize existing statistical software for mixed-model analysis. This method can be used to assess whether the exposure-subtype associations are different across subtypes defined by 1 marker while controlling for other markers and to evaluate whether the difference in exposure-subtype association across subtypes defined by 1 marker depends on any other markers. To illustrate this method in molecular pathological epidemiology research, we examined the associations between smoking status and colorectal cancer subtypes defined by 3 correlated tumor molecular characteristics (CpG island methylator phenotype, microsatellite instability, and the B-Raf protooncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF), mutation) in the Nurses' Health Study (1980-2010) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2010). This method can be widely useful as molecular diagnostics and genomic technologies become routine in clinical medicine and public health.
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274
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Valdespino V, Valdespino PM. Potential of epigenetic therapies in the management of solid tumors. Cancer Manag Res 2015; 7:241-51. [PMID: 26346546 PMCID: PMC4529253 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s70358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease with both genetic and epigenetic origins. The growing field of epigenetics has contributed to our understanding of oncogenesis and tumor progression, and has allowed the development of novel therapeutic drugs. First-generation epigenetic inhibitor drugs have obtained modest clinical results in two types of hematological malignancy. Second-generation epigenetic inhibitors are in development, and have intrinsically greater selectivity for their molecular targets. Solid tumors are more genetic and epigenetically complex than hematological malignancies, but the transcriptome and epigenome biomarkers have been identified for many of these malignancies. This solid tumor molecular aberration profile may be modified using specific or quasi-specific epidrugs together with conventional and innovative anticancer treatments. In this critical review, we briefly analyze the strategies to select the targeted epigenetic changes, enumerate the second-generation epigenetic inhibitors, and describe the main signs indicating the potential of epigenetic therapies in the management of solid tumors. We also highlight the work of consortia or academic organizations that support the undertaking of human epigenetic therapeutic projects as well as some examples of transcriptome/epigenome profile determination in clinical assessment of cancer patients treated with epidrugs. There is a good chance that epigenetic therapies will be able to be used in patients with solid tumors in the future. This may happen soon through collaboration of diverse scientific groups, making the selection of targeted epigenetic aberration(s) more rapid, the design and probe of drug candidates, accelerating in vitro and in vivo assays, and undertaking new cancer epigenetic-therapy clinical trails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Valdespino
- Health Attention Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico
| | - Patricia M Valdespino
- Bacterial Ecology and Epigenetics Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
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275
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Ayyildiz T, Dolar E, Ugras N, Adim SB, Yerci O. Association of adiponectin receptor (Adipo-R1/-R2) expression and colorectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:9385-90. [PMID: 25422229 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.21.9385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human adiponectin (ApN) is a 30 kDa glycoprotein of 244-amino acids which is extensively produced by adipocytes. ApN acts via two receptors, namely adiponectin receptor-1 (Adipo-R1) and adiponectin receptor-2 (Adipo-R2). Studies have shown the presence of Adipo-R1 and Adipo-R2 expression immunohistochemically in human colorectal cancers (CRCs). However, only a few studies exist which investigated effects of adiponectin receptor expression on CRC characteristics. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we aimed to explore Adipo-R1/-R2 expression in human colorectal cancers and any association with clinicopathological characteristics and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study enrolled 58 colorectal cancer patients with tumor resection and a control group of 30 subjects with normal colon mucosa. RESULTS Positivity for Adipo-R1/-R2 expression was significantly more common in the control group in comparison to the patient group (both p<0.001). There was no significant association between Adipo-R1/-R2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics including age, sex tumor location, pTNM stage, Duke's stage, metastasis, histological differentiation, perineural invasion, venous invasion sex, lymphatic invasion, cancer-related mortality, tumor size and recurrence. Adipo- R1/-R2 positivity was also not significantly linked to progression-free or overall survival [p values (0.871, 0.758 ) and (0.274, 0.232), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Although significantly reduced Adipo-R1/-R2 expression was found in colorectal cancer patients, it had no influence on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Ayyildiz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey E-mail :
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276
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De Rosa M, Pace U, Rega D, Costabile V, Duraturo F, Izzo P, Delrio P. Genetics, diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1087-96. [PMID: 26151224 PMCID: PMC4530899 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide and a leading cause of cancer death. Surgery represents the mainstay of treatment in early cases but often patients are primarily diagnosed in an advanced stage of disease and sometimes also distant metastases are present. Neoadjuvant therapy is therefore needed but drug resistance may influence response and concur to recurrent disease. At molecular level, it is a very heterogeneous group of diseases with about 30% of hereditary or familial cases. During colorectal adenocarcinomas development, epithelial cells from gastrointestinal trait acquire sequential genetic and epigenetic mutations in specific oncogenes and/or tumour suppressor genes, causing CRC onset, progression and metastasis. Molecular characterization of cancer associated mutations gives valuable information about disease prognosis and response to the therapy. Very early diagnosis and personalized care, as well as a better knowledge of molecular basis of its onset and progression, are therefore crucial to obtain a cure of CRC. In this review, we describe updated genetics, current diagnosis and management of CRC pointing out the extreme need for a multidisciplinary approach to achieve the best results in patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pace
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale' IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Rega
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale' IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Costabile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Delrio
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, 'Fondazione Giovanni Pascale' IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered a heterogeneous disease, both regarding pathogenesis and clinical behaviour. Four decades ago, the adenoma-carcinoma pathway was presented as the main pathway towards CRC, a conclusion that was largely based on evidence from observational morphological studies. This concept was later substantiated at the genomic level. Over the past decade, evidence has been generated for alternative routes in which CRC might develop, in particular the serrated neoplasia pathway. Providing indisputable evidence for the neoplastic potential of serrated polyps has been difficult. Reasons include the absence of reliable longitudinal observations on individual serrated lesions that progress to cancer, a shortage of available animal models for serrated lesions and challenging culture conditions when generating organoids of serrated lesions for in vitro studies. However, a growing body of circumstantial evidence has been accumulated, which indicates that ≥15% of CRCs might arise through the serrated neoplasia pathway. An even larger amount of post-colonoscopy colorectal carcinomas (carcinomas occurring within the surveillance interval after a complete colonoscopy) have been suggested to originate from serrated polyps. The aim of this Review is to assess the current status of the serrated neoplasia pathway in CRC and highlight clinical implications.
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278
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Smolle MA, Pichler M, Haybaeck J, Gerger A. Genetic markers of recurrence in colorectal cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1315-28. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) worldwide belongs to one of the most frequent cancers affecting both genders. Surgery and 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy are recommended for patients with high-risk stage II and stage III colon carcinoma. Mutations of genes encoding for specific proteins may have an impact on the time to recurrence. These proteins act over specific signaling pathways, are implicated in metabolic processes and regulate the cell cycle. Though many retrospective studies show strong associations between genetic mutations and the clinical outcome of patients with CRC, currently no validated biomarkers are used in clinical routine settings. Therefore, large prospective validation studies should be carried out in order to strengthen the position of genetic mutations in personalized treatment of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Smolle
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Armin Gerger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
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279
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Dong L, Yu D, Wu N, Wang H, Niu J, Wang Y, Zou Z. Echinacoside Induces Apoptosis in Human SW480 Colorectal Cancer Cells by Induction of Oxidative DNA Damages. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14655-68. [PMID: 26132569 PMCID: PMC4519864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160714655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinacoside is a natural compound with potent reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging and anti-oxidative bioactivities, which protect cells from oxidative damages. As cancer cells are often under intense oxidative stress, we therefore tested if Echinacoside treatment would promote cancer development. Surprisingly, we found that Echinacoside significantly inhibited the growth and proliferation of a panel of cancer cell lines. Treatment of the human SW480 cancer cells with Echinacoside resulted in marked apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, together with a significant increase in active caspase 3 and cleaved PARP, and upregulation of the G1/S-CDK blocker CDKN1B (p21). Interestingly, immunocytochemistry examination of drug-treated cancer cells revealed that Echinacoside caused a significant increase of intracellular oxidized guanine, 8-oxoG, and dramatic upregulation of the double-strand DNA break (DSB)-binding protein 53BP1, suggesting that Echinacoside induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in SW480 cancer cells via induction of oxidative DNA damages. These results establish Echinacoside as a novel chemical scaffold for development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Dong
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Debin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Nuoting Wu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Hongge Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jiajing Niu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhihua Zou
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
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280
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Ayyildiz T, Dolar E, Adim SB, Eminler AT, Yerci O. Lack of prognostic significance of SOCS-1 expression in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:8469-74. [PMID: 25339048 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.19.8469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have indicated that down-regulation of the suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) gene results in tumor formation and that SOCS-1 acts as a tumor suppressor gene. SOCS-1 has been also suggested to function as a tumor suppressor with colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we aimed to determine the association of SOCS-1 expression in colorectal cancer tissues with clinicopathologic characteristics immunohistochemically and also to identify its prognostic significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS SOCS-1 expression was studied immunohistochemically in 67 patients diagnosed with resected colorectal carcinomas and 30 control subjects. RESULTS SOCS-1 expression was found in 46.3% of tumor tissues and 46.7% of the control group. Statistical analyses did not establish any significant association between SOCS-1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics. Also, no significant association with SOCS-1 expression was found using progression-free survival and overall survival analyses (p=0.326 and p=0.360, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that SOCS-1 has no prognostic significance in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talat Ayyildiz
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey E-mail :
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281
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Colorectal Cancer Classification and Cell Heterogeneity: A Systems Oncology Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13610-32. [PMID: 26084042 PMCID: PMC4490512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that manifests through diverse clinical scenarios. During many years, our knowledge about the variability of colorectal tumors was limited to the histopathological analysis from which generic classifications associated with different clinical expectations are derived. However, currently we are beginning to understand that under the intense pathological and clinical variability of these tumors there underlies strong genetic and biological heterogeneity. Thus, with the increasing available information of inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity, the classical pathological approach is being displaced in favor of novel molecular classifications. In the present article, we summarize the most relevant proposals of molecular classifications obtained from the analysis of colorectal tumors using powerful high throughput techniques and devices. We also discuss the role that cancer systems biology may play in the integration and interpretation of the high amount of data generated and the challenges to be addressed in the future development of precision oncology. In addition, we review the current state of implementation of these novel tools in the pathological laboratory and in clinical practice.
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282
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Tariq A, Majeed I, Khurshid A. Types of Cancers Prevailing in Pakistan and their Management Evaluation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:3605-16. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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283
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Ogino S, Campbell PT, Nishihara R, Phipps AI, Beck AH, Sherman ME, Chan AT, Troester MA, Bass AJ, Fitzgerald KC, Irizarry RA, Kelsey KT, Nan H, Peters U, Poole EM, Qian ZR, Tamimi RM, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Tworoger SS, Zhang X, Giovannucci EL, van den Brandt PA, Rosner BA, Wang M, Chatterjee N, Begg CB. Proceedings of the second international molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) meeting. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:959-72. [PMID: 25956270 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disease classification system increasingly incorporates information on pathogenic mechanisms to predict clinical outcomes and response to therapy and intervention. Technological advancements to interrogate omics (genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, interactomics, etc.) provide widely open opportunities in population-based research. Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) represents integrative science of molecular pathology and epidemiology. This unified paradigm requires multidisciplinary collaboration between pathology, epidemiology, biostatistics, bioinformatics, and computational biology. Integration of these fields enables better understanding of etiologic heterogeneity, disease continuum, causal inference, and the impact of environment, diet, lifestyle, host factors (including genetics and immunity), and their interactions on disease evolution. Hence, the Second International MPE Meeting was held in Boston in December 2014, with aims to: (1) develop conceptual and practical frameworks; (2) cultivate and expand opportunities; (3) address challenges; and (4) initiate the effort of specifying guidelines for MPE. The meeting mainly consisted of presentations of method developments and recent data in various malignant neoplasms and tumors (breast, prostate, ovarian and colorectal cancers, renal cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and leukemia), followed by open discussion sessions on challenges and future plans. In particular, we recognized need for efforts to further develop statistical methodologies. This meeting provided an unprecedented opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration, consistent with the purposes of the Big Data to Knowledge, Genetic Associations and Mechanisms in Oncology, and Precision Medicine Initiative of the US National Institute of Health. The MPE meeting series can help advance transdisciplinary population science and optimize training and education systems for twenty-first century medicine and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Ave., Room M422, Boston, MA, 02215, USA,
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284
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases are incurable illnesses of the gastrointestinal tract, which substantially enhance the risk of developing colorectal carcinogenesis. Conventional photodynamic therapy is a clinically approved therapeutic modality used in the treatment of neoplastic diseases. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that photodynamic therapy with low doses of photosensitizer and/or light improves inflammatory conditions, including colitis. This study aims therefore at investigating the therapeutic potential of low-dose photodynamic therapy (LDPDT) with a liposomal formulation of meta-tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (namely Foslip) in the prevention of colitis-associated cancer in mice. METHODS LDPDT efficacy was evaluated by endoscopic, macroscopic, and histological analysis. Myeloperoxidase levels were quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and cytokines expression by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The integrity of the intestinal barrier was evaluated by immunostaining, and bacterial composition of the fecal microbiota was determined by 454 pyrosequencing of V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. RESULTS LDPDT reduced intestinal tumor growth by decreasing the expression of a wide range of inflammatory mediators and by lowering neutrophil influx. LDPDT treatment prevents onset of a dysbiotic microbiota in the colitis-associated cancer model. CONCLUSIONS LDPDT with Foslip could be considered as a novel treatment modality to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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285
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Panarelli NC, Weidner AS, Yantiss RK, Chen YT. A cautionary note on the immunohistochemical detection of BRAF v600e mutations in serrated lesions of the colon. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:740-1. [PMID: 25925285 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Panarelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna-Sophie Weidner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rhonda K Yantiss
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yao-Tseng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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286
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Huang YH, Cao YF, Jiang ZY, Zhang S, Gao F. Th22 cell accumulation is associated with colorectal cancer development. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4216-24. [PMID: 25892871 PMCID: PMC4394082 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of Th22 cells and related cytokines in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and the probably mechanism. METHODS CRC tumor and paratumor tissues were collected to detect the expression levels of Th22 cells and of related cytokines by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Interleukin (IL)-22 alone or with a STAT3 inhibitor was co-cultured with RKO cells in vitro to study the effects of IL-22 on colon cancer cells. IL-22 alone or with a STAT3 inhibitor was injected into a BALB/c nude mouse model with subcutaneously transplanted RKO cells to study the effects of IL-22 on colon cancer growth. RESULTS The percentage of Th22 cells in the CD4(+) T subset was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with that in paratumor tissues (1.47% ± 0.083% vs 1.23% ± 0.077%, P < 0.05) as determined by flow cytometry. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression levels of IL-22, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, CCL20 and CCL22 were significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with those in paratumor tissues. CCL27 mRNA also displayed a higher expression level in tumor tissues compared with that in paratumor tissues; however, these levels were not significantly different (2.58 ± 0.93 vs 2.30 ± 0.78, P > 0.05). IL-22 enhanced colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro and displayed anti-apoptotic effects; these effects were blocked by adding a STAT3 inhibitor. IL-22 promoted tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice; however, this effect was reversed by adding a STAT3 inhibitor. CONCLUSION Th22 cells that accumulate in CRC may be associated with the chemotactic effect of the tumor microenvironment. IL-22 is associated with CRC development, most likely via STAT3 activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Coculture Techniques
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/analysis
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Interleukin-22
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287
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Serrated polyps and their alternative pathway to the colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:573814. [PMID: 25945086 PMCID: PMC4405010 DOI: 10.1155/2015/573814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world. For a long time, only one pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis was known. In recent years, a new “alternative” pathway through serrated adenoma was described. Recent meta-analysis estimated these cancers as about 10% to 30% of all CRCs. Serrated polyps are the second most popular groups of polyps (after conventional adenomas) found during colonoscopy. Serrated polyps of the colon are clinically and molecularly diverse changes that have common feature as crypt luminal morphology characterized by glandular serration. Evidence suggests that subtypes of serrated polyps, particularly TSA and SSA/P, can lead to adenocarcinoma through the serrated pathway. Moreover, the data indicate that the SSA/P are the precursors of colorectal carcinoma by MSI and may be subject to rapid progression to malignancy. An important step to reduce the incidence of CRC initiated by the serrated pathway is to improve the detection of serrated polyps and to ensure their complete removal during endoscopy. Understanding of the so-called serrated carcinogenesis pathway is an important step forward in expanding possibilities in the prevention of CRC.
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288
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IJspeert JEG, Medema JP, Dekker E. Colorectal neoplasia pathways: state of the art. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2015; 25:169-82. [PMID: 25839680 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease and each CRC possesses a unique molecular tumor profile. The main pathways of oncogenesis are the chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability and serrated neoplasia pathway. Sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSA/Ps) may be the precursor lesions of CRC arising via the serrated neoplasia pathway. This has led to a paradigm shift because all SSA/Ps should be detected and resected during colonoscopy. The ability to accurately detect and resect only those polyps with a malignant potential could result in safer and cost-effective practice. Optimization of the endoscopic classification systems is however needed to implement targeted prevention methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Evert Godfried IJspeert
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Room C2-231, Amsterdam 1105 AZ The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-131, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Dekker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Room C2-115, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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289
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Inamura K, Yamauchi M, Nishihara R, Kim SA, Mima K, Sukawa Y, Li T, Yasunari M, Zhang X, Wu K, Meyerhardt JA, Fuchs CS, Harris CC, Qian ZR, Ogino S. Prognostic significance and molecular features of signet-ring cell and mucinous components in colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22:1226-1235. [PMID: 25326395 PMCID: PMC4346446 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) represents a group of histopathologically and molecularly heterogeneous diseases, which may contain signet-ring cell component and/or mucinous component to a varying extent under pathology assessment. However, little is known about the prognostic significance of those components, independent of various tumor molecular features. METHODS Utilizing a molecular pathological epidemiology database of 1,336 rectal and colon cancers in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we examined patient survival according to the proportion of signet-ring cell and mucinous components in CRCs. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute hazard ratio (HR) for mortality, adjusting for potential confounders including stage, microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, LINE-1 methylation, and KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations. RESULTS Compared to CRC without signet-ring cell component, 1-50 % signet-ring cell component was associated with multivariate CRC-specific mortality HR of 1.40 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.93], and >50 % signet-ring cell component was associated with multivariate CRC-specific mortality HR of 4.53 (95 % CI 2.53-8.12) (P trend < 0.0001). Compared to CRC without mucinous component, neither 1-50 % mucinous component (multivariate HR 1.04; 95 % CI 0.81-1.33) nor >50 % mucinous component (multivariate HR 0.82; 95 % CI 0.54-1.23) was significantly associated with CRC-specific mortality (P trend < 0.57). CONCLUSIONS Even a minor (50 % or less) signet-ring cell component in CRC was associated with higher patient mortality, independent of various tumor molecular and other clinicopathological features. In contrast, mucinous component was not associated with mortality in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Sun A Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mika Yasunari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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290
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Quan Y, Xu M, Cui P, Ye M, Zhuang B, Min Z. Grainyhead-like 2 Promotes Tumor Growth and is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. J Cancer 2015; 6:342-50. [PMID: 25767604 PMCID: PMC4349874 DOI: 10.7150/jca.10969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GRHL2 was implicated in regulating cancer development. Our previous study demonstrated that knockdown GRHL2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells inhibited cell proliferation by targeting ZEB1. It is unclear whether GRHL2 expression may have diagnostic or prognostic value in colorectal carcinoma. Additionally, how GRHL2 is associated with the clinical features of colorectal carcinoma is not known. In current study, immunohistochemistry stains were performed to examine GRHL2 in 171 colorectal cancers and paired normal colon mucosa. The prognostic value of GRHL2 was investigated in a retrospective cohort study with a five-year follow-up. The effects of GRHL2 on cell growth in vitro and in vivo were explored by GRHL2 over-expressing in HT29 and SW620 CRC cells. Further, the regulation of cell cycle and proliferation proteins by GRHL2 were assessed by flow cytometry and western blot. We found that GRHL2 was over-expressed in CRC tissues, and played an important role in CRC tumorigenesis. GRHL2 expression positively correlated with tumor size and TNM stage. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that GRHL2 was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Ectopic over-expression of GRHL2 in CRC cell line HT29 and SW620 induced an increase of cellular proliferation in vitro and promoting tumor growth in vivo. The acquisition of GRHL2 regulated cell cycle and modulates the expression of proliferation proteins p21, p27, cyclin A and cyclin D1. Together, our findings reveal GRHL2 can be used as a novel predictive biomarker and represent a potential therapeutic target against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Quan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Min Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Biao Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Zhijun Min
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
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291
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Dolatkhah R, Somi MH, Bonyadi MJ, Asvadi Kermani I, Farassati F, Dastgiri S. Colorectal cancer in iran: molecular epidemiology and screening strategies. J Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 2015:643020. [PMID: 25685149 PMCID: PMC4312646 DOI: 10.1155/2015/643020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The increasing incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the past three decades in Iran has made it a major public health burden. This study aimed to report its epidemiologic features, molecular genetic aspects, survival, heredity, and screening pattern in Iran. Methods. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify the relevant published articles. We used medical subject headings, including colorectal cancer, molecular genetics, KRAS and BRAF mutations, screening, survival, epidemiologic study, and Iran. Results. Age standardized incidence rate of Iranian CRCs was 11.6 and 10.5 for men and women, respectively. Overall five-year survival rate was 41%, and the proportion of CRC among the younger age group was higher than that of western countries. Depending on ethnicity, geographical region, dietary, and genetic predisposition, mutation genes were considerably diverse and distinct among CRCs across Iran. The high occurrence of CRC in records of relatives of CRC patients showed that family history of CRC was more common among young CRCs. Conclusion. Appropriate screening strategies for CRC which is amenable to early detection through screening, especially in relatives of CRCs, should be considered as the first step in CRC screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Dolatkhah
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Iraj Asvadi Kermani
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faris Farassati
- Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical School, Molecular Medicine Laboratory, KUMC, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Saeed Dastgiri
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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292
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Cebola I, Custodio J, Muñoz M, Díez-Villanueva A, Paré L, Prieto P, Aussó S, Coll-Mulet L, Boscá L, Moreno V, Peinado MA. Epigenetics override pro-inflammatory PTGS transcriptomic signature towards selective hyperactivation of PGE2 in colorectal cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:74. [PMID: 26207152 PMCID: PMC4512023 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misregulation of the PTGS (prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, also known as cyclooxygenase or COX) pathway may lead to the accumulation of pro-inflammatory signals, which constitutes a hallmark of cancer. To get insight into the role of this signaling pathway in colorectal cancer (CRC), we have characterized the transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes of the PTGS pathway genes in normal and cancer cells. RESULTS Data from four independent series of CRC patients (502 tumors including adenomas and carcinomas and 222 adjacent normal tissues) and two series of colon mucosae from 69 healthy donors have been included in the study. Gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR and Affymetrix U219 arrays. DNA methylation was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing, dissociation curves, and HumanMethylation450K arrays. Most CRC patients show selective transcriptional deregulation of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of prostanoids and their receptors in both tumor and its adjacent mucosa. DNA methylation alterations exclusively affect the tumor tissue (both adenomas and carcinomas), redirecting the transcriptional deregulation to activation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) function and blockade of other biologically active prostaglandins. In particular, PTGIS, PTGER3, PTGFR, and AKR1B1 were hypermethylated in more than 40 % of all analyzed tumors. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptional and epigenetic profiling of the PTGS pathway provides important clues on the biology of the tumor and its microenvironment. This analysis renders candidate markers with potential clinical applicability in risk assessment and early diagnosis and for the design of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cebola
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC, Ctra Can Ruti, Cami de les Escoles, Badalona, 08916 Spain
- Current address: Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joaquin Custodio
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC, Ctra Can Ruti, Cami de les Escoles, Badalona, 08916 Spain
- Current address: Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mar Muñoz
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC, Ctra Can Ruti, Cami de les Escoles, Badalona, 08916 Spain
| | - Anna Díez-Villanueva
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC, Ctra Can Ruti, Cami de les Escoles, Badalona, 08916 Spain
| | - Laia Paré
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL and CIBERESP, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona Spain
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susanna Aussó
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL and CIBERESP, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona Spain
| | - Llorenç Coll-Mulet
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC, Ctra Can Ruti, Cami de les Escoles, Badalona, 08916 Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- Unit of Biomarkers and Susceptibility, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), IDIBELL and CIBERESP, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Peinado
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC, Ctra Can Ruti, Cami de les Escoles, Badalona, 08916 Spain
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293
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Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Beck AH, Giovannucci E, Ogino S. Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:14-29. [PMID: 24925058 PMCID: PMC4265316 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term 'field effect' (also known as field defect, field cancerization, or field carcinogenesis) has been used to describe a field of cellular and molecular alteration, which predisposes to the development of neoplasms within that territory. We explore an expanded, integrative concept, 'etiologic field effect', which asserts that various etiologic factors (the exposome including dietary, lifestyle, environmental, microbial, hormonal, and genetic factors) and their interactions (the interactome) contribute to a tissue microenvironmental milieu that constitutes a 'field of susceptibility' to neoplasia initiation, evolution, and progression. Importantly, etiological fields predate the acquisition of molecular aberrations commonly considered to indicate presence of filed effect. Inspired by molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) research, which examines the influence of etiologic factors on cellular and molecular alterations during disease course, an etiologically focused approach to field effect can: (1) broaden the horizons of our inquiry into cancer susceptibility and progression at molecular, cellular, and environmental levels, during all stages of tumor evolution; (2) embrace host-environment-tumor interactions (including gene-environment interactions) occurring in the tumor microenvironment; and, (3) help explain intriguing observations, such as shared molecular features between bilateral primary breast carcinomas, and between synchronous colorectal cancers, where similar molecular changes are absent from intervening normal colon. MPE research has identified a number of endogenous and environmental exposures which can influence not only molecular signatures in the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and interactome, but also host immunity and tumor behavior. We anticipate that future technological advances will allow the development of in vivo biosensors capable of detecting and quantifying 'etiologic field effect' as abnormal network pathology patterns of cellular and microenvironmental responses to endogenous and exogenous exposures. Through an 'etiologic field effect' paradigm, and holistic systems pathology (systems biology) approaches to cancer biology, we can improve personalized prevention and treatment strategies for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew T Chan
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- 1] Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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294
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Dominguez-Valentin M, Therkildsen C, Da Silva S, Nilbert M. Familial colorectal cancer type X: genetic profiles and phenotypic features. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:30-6. [PMID: 24743215 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heredity is a major cause of colorectal cancer, but although several rare high-risk syndromes have been linked to disease-predisposing mutations, the genetic mechanisms are undetermined in the majority of families suspected of hereditary cancer. We review the clinical presentation, histopathologic features, and the genetic and epigenetic profiles of the familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCTX) syndrome with the aim to delineate tumor characteristics that may contribute to refined diagnostics and optimized tumor prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mev Dominguez-Valentin
- 1] HNPCC-Register, Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Therkildsen
- HNPCC-Register, Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Da Silva
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mef Nilbert
- 1] HNPCC-Register, Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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295
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Fu J, Zou Y, Huang Z, Yan C, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Lai Y, Peng S, Zhang Y. Identification of nitric oxide-releasing derivatives of oleanolic acid as potential anti-colon cancer agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00270b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NO-releasing hybrid 6 regulates colon cancer-related signaling pathways, exhibiting potent anti-colon cancer activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Yu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Chang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Qimeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Sixun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- PR China
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296
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Diab-Assaf M, Abou-khouzam R, Saadallah-Zeidan N, Habib K, Bitar N, Karam W, Liagre B, Harakeh S, Azar R. Expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and 4E binding protein 1 in colorectal carcinogenesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:404-413. [PMID: 25755728 PMCID: PMC4348849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cap dependent translation is mainly regulated at the level of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), the activity of which is controlled by phosphorylation and sequestration by its well established regulator, 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Both eIF4E and 4E-BP1 have been shown to be involved in the malignant progression of multiple human cancers, including colorectal cancer. However, the data on determining the expression of eIF4E, 4E-BP1 and their phosphorylated forms simultaneously in a single patient with colorectal cancer is lacking. Therefore the aim of our study was to explore the roles of these factors in colorectal carcinogenesis by immunohistostaining colorectal tissues (normal, low grade adenoma, high grade adenoma, and adenocarcinoma). Our results showed that the expression levels of eIF4E increased steadily as the cancer progressed from the case of benign dysplasia to an adenocarcinoma; all the while maintaining an unphosphorylated form. On the other hand, total expression levels of 4E-BP1 increased only in the premalignant state of the disease and decreased (but highly phosphorylated or inactivated) or abolished upon malignancy. Taken together, our findings suggest that strong correlations exist between the expression of eIF4E (not p-eIF4E) and tumor grade providing evidence that eIF4E expression plays a pivotal role in the malignant progression of colorectal cancer. Moreover, 4E-BP1 showed a bi-phasic level of expression during carcinogenesis, which is expressed only in hyperplasic or dysplastic tissues as an endogenous tumor suppressor molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Diab-Assaf
- Molecular Tumorigenesis and Anticancer Pharmacology, EDST, Lebanese UniversityHadath, Lebanon
| | - Raefa Abou-khouzam
- Molecular Tumorigenesis and Anticancer Pharmacology, EDST, Lebanese UniversityHadath, Lebanon
| | - Nina Saadallah-Zeidan
- Molecular Tumorigenesis and Anticancer Pharmacology, EDST, Lebanese UniversityHadath, Lebanon
| | - Khaled Habib
- Specialized Medical LaboratoryAl-Mazraa, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nizar Bitar
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese UniversityHadath, Lebanon
| | - Walid Karam
- Molecular Tumorigenesis and Anticancer Pharmacology, EDST, Lebanese UniversityHadath, Lebanon
| | - Bertrand Liagre
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of LimogesFR 3503 GEIST, EA1069, GDR CNRS 3049, Limoges, France
| | - Steve Harakeh
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz UniversityKingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania Azar
- Molecular Tumorigenesis and Anticancer Pharmacology, EDST, Lebanese UniversityHadath, Lebanon
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297
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Nishi A, Kawachi I, Koenen KC, Wu K, Nishihara R, Ogino S. Lifecourse epidemiology and molecular pathological epidemiology. Am J Prev Med 2015; 48:116-9. [PMID: 25528613 PMCID: PMC4274745 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishi
- Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health; Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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298
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Nishihara R, Wang M, Qian ZR, Baba Y, Yamauchi M, Mima K, Sukawa Y, Kim SA, Inamura K, Zhang X, Wu K, Giovannucci EL, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Schernhammer ES. Alcohol, one-carbon nutrient intake, and risk of colorectal cancer according to tumor methylation level of IGF2 differentially methylated region. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1479-88. [PMID: 25411283 PMCID: PMC4232016 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.095539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a higher consumption of alcohol, which is a methyl-group antagonist, was previously associated with colorectal cancer risk, mechanisms remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that excess alcohol consumption might increase risk of colorectal carcinoma with hypomethylation of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) differentially methylated region-0 (DMR0), which was previously associated with a worse prognosis. DESIGN With the use of a molecular pathologic epidemiology database in 2 prospective cohort studies, the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we examined the association between alcohol intake and incident colorectal cancer according to the tumor methylation level of IGF2 DMR0. Duplication-method Cox proportional cause-specific hazards regression for competing risk data were used to compute HRs and 95% CIs. In addition, we investigated intakes of vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, methionine, and folate as exposures. RESULTS During 3,206,985 person-years of follow-up, we identified 993 rectal and colon cancer cases with an available tumor DNA methylation status. Compared with no alcohol consumption, the consumption of ≥15 g alcohol/d was associated with elevated risk of colorectal cancer with lower levels of IGF2 DMR0 methylation [within the first and second quartiles: HRs of 1.55 (95% CI: 1.08, 2.24) and 2.11 (95% CI: 1.44, 3.07), respectively]. By contrast, alcohol consumption was not associated with cancer with higher levels of IGF2 DMR0 methylation. The association between alcohol and cancer risk differed significantly by IGF2 DMR0 methylation level (P-heterogeneity = 0.006). The association of vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate intakes with cancer risk did not significantly differ according to IGF2 DMR0 methylation level (P-heterogeneity > 0.2). CONCLUSIONS Higher alcohol consumption was associated with risk of colorectal cancer with IGF2 DMR0 hypomethylation but not risk of cancer with high-level IGF2 DMR0 methylation. The association between alcohol intake and colorectal cancer risk may differ by tumor epigenetic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Nishihara
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Molin Wang
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Zhi Rong Qian
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Mai Yamauchi
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Kosuke Mima
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Yasutaka Sukawa
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Sun A Kim
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Kana Wu
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Andrew T Chan
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Shuji Ogino
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
| | - Eva S Schernhammer
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (RN, ZRQ, MY, KM, YS, SAK, KI, CSF, and SO); the Departments of Nutrition (RN, KW, and ELG), Epidemiology (MW, ELG, SO, and ESS), and Biostatistics (MW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (MW, XZ, KW, ELG, ATC, CSF, and ESS); the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan (YB); the Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (ATC); and Applied Cancer Research-Institution for Translational Research Vienna, Vienna, Austria (ESS)
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299
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Li T, Liao X, Lochhead P, Morikawa T, Yamauchi M, Nishihara R, Inamura K, Kim SA, Mima K, Sukawa Y, Kuchiba A, Imamura Y, Baba Y, Shima K, Meyerhardt JA, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Ogino S, Qian ZR. SMO expression in colorectal cancer: associations with clinical, pathological, and molecular features. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:4164-73. [PMID: 25023548 PMCID: PMC4221469 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoothened, frizzled family receptor (SMO) is an important component of the hedgehog signaling pathway, which has been implicated in various human carcinomas. However, clinical, molecular, and prognostic associations of SMO expression in colorectal cancer remain unclear. METHODS Using a database of 735 colon and rectal cancers in the Nurse's Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we examined the relationship of tumor SMO expression (assessed by immunohistochemistry) to prognosis, and to clinical, pathological, and tumor molecular features, including mutations of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA, microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), LINE-1 methylation, and expression of phosphorylated AKT and CTNNB1. RESULTS SMO expression was detected in 370 tumors (50 %). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, SMO expression was independently inversely associated with phosphorylated AKT expression [odds ratio (OR) 0.48; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.67] and CTNNB1 nuclear localization (OR 0.48; 95 % CI 0.35-0.67). SMO expression was not significantly associated with colorectal cancer-specific or overall survival. However, in CIMP-high tumors, but not CIMP-low/0 tumors, SMO expression was significantly associated with better colorectal cancer-specific survival (log-rank P = 0.012; multivariate hazard ratio, 0.36; 95 % CI 0.13-0.95; P interaction = 0.035, for SMO and CIMP status). CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal novel potential associations between the hedgehog, the WNT/CTNNB1, and the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphonate 3-kinase)/AKT pathways, supporting pivotal roles of SMO and hedgehog signaling in pathway networking. SMO expression in colorectal cancer may interact with tumor CIMP status to affect patient prognosis, although confirmation by future studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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300
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Xue Y, Ma G, Gu D, Zhu L, Hua Q, Du M, Chu H, Tong N, Chen J, Zhang Z, Wang M. Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA signature in human colorectal cancer. Gene 2014; 556:227-34. [PMID: 25456707 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been widely regarded as crucial regulators in various biological processes involved in carcinogenesis. However, the comprehensive lncRNA expression signature in colorectal cancer remains fully unknown. We performed a high throughput microarray assay to detect lncRNA expression profile in three paired human colorectal cancer tissues and their adjacent normal tissues. Additional 90 paired colorectal samples were collected to verify differently expression levels of two selected lncRNAs using q-RT-PCR assay. Bioinformatic approaches were performed to explore into the functions of these differently expressed lncRNAs. Microarray assay showed a series of lncRNAs were differently expressed in colorectal cancer. Two of the lncRNAs, HOTAIR and a novel lncRNA, lncRNA-422 were confirmed in more samples (P=0.015 for HOTAIR and P=0.027 for lncRNA-422, respectively). GSEA indicated that gene sets most correlated with them were those named up-regulated in KRAS-over, down-regulated in JAK2-knockout, down-regulated in PDGF-over and down-regulated in TBK1-knockout, all of which were cancer-related. Subsequently, GO analyses of most significantly correlated coding genes of HOTAIR and lncRNA-422 showed that these two lncRNAs may participate in carcinogenesis by regulating protein coding genes involved in special biological process relevant to cancer. Our study demonstrated that different lncRNA expression patterns were involved in colorectal cancer. Besides, HOTAIR and lncRNA-422 were identified to participate in colorectal cancer. Further studies into biological mechanisms of differently expressed lncRNAs identified in our study will help to provide new perspective in colorectal cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xue
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ma
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongying Gu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingjun Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuhan Hua
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Tong
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfei Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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