301
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Hayashi Y, Samanta S, Gotoh H, Ishikawa H. Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes Catalyzed by a Diarylprolinol Silyl Ether Salt in the Presence of Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:6634-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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302
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Hayashi Y, Samanta S, Gotoh H, Ishikawa H. Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes Catalyzed by a Diarylprolinol Silyl Ether Salt in the Presence of Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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303
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Taarning E, Madsen R. Unsaturated Aldehydes as Alkene Equivalents in the Diels–Alder Reaction. Chemistry 2008; 14:5638-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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304
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305
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306
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Nicolaou KC, Dethe DH, Leung GYC, Zou B, Chen DYK. Total synthesis of thiopeptide antibiotics GE2270A, GE2270T, and GE2270C1. Chem Asian J 2008; 3:413-29. [PMID: 18188863 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of the thiopeptide antibiotics GE2270A (7), GE2270T (8), and GE2270C1 (9) are described. The original synthetic strategies employed utilized the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction to construct the pyridine core of the target molecules and relied on a macrolactamization process to construct the macrocycle. The hetero-Diels-Alder-based strategy finally evolved allows the introduction of all four thiazole units attached to the pyridine ring and a one-pot sequence for macrocyclization and side-chain extension, culminating in highly convergent and expedient syntheses of these molecules as exemplified by a 24-step synthesis of GE2270C1 (9).
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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307
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Fürstner A, Stimson CC. Two manifolds for metal-catalyzed intramolecular diels-alder reactions of unactivated alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 46:8845-9. [PMID: 17943944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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308
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Carreño M, Enríquez Á, García-Cerrada S, Sanz-Cuesta M, Urbano A, Maseras F, Nonell-Canals A. Towards Configurationally Stable [4]Helicenes: Enantioselective Synthesis of 12-Substituted 7,8-Dihydro[4]helicene Quinones. Chemistry 2008; 14:603-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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309
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Fürstner A, Stimson C. Two Manifolds for Metal-Catalyzed Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reactions of Unactivated Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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310
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Kano T, Tanaka Y, Maruoka K. exo-Selective Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction Catalyzed by Diamine Salts as Organocatalysts. Chem Asian J 2007; 2:1161-5. [PMID: 17640000 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalyst formed from a binaphthyl-substituted diamine and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid exhibited unprecedented levels of exo selectivity in the Diels-Alder reaction of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with cyclopentadiene. A novel axially chiral diamine was also designed as an organocatalyst for an asymmetric variant of this reaction, in which the desired cycloadducts were formed with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The highest diastereoselectivity observed was greater than 20:1 in favor of the exo cycloadduct in the asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of crotonaldehyde with cyclopentadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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311
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Enders D, Hüttl MRM, Runsink J, Raabe G, Wendt B. Organocatalytic one-pot asymmetric synthesis of functionalized tricyclic carbon frameworks from a triple-cascade/Diels-Alder sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:467-9. [PMID: 17154207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Enders
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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312
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Grau F, Heumann A, Duñach E. Cycloisomerization of 1,6-dienes mediated by Lewis super acids without additives: easy access to polysubstituted six-membered carbocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:7285-9. [PMID: 17024711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Grau
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Bioactives et des Arômes, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 6001, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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313
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Enders D, Hüttl M, Runsink J, Raabe G, Wendt B. Organokatalytische, asymmetrische Eintopf-Synthese von funktionalisierten tricyclischen Kohlenstoffgerüsten durch eine Tripelkaskade/Diels-Alder-Sequenz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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314
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Grau F, Heumann A, Duñach E. Cycloisomerisierung von 1,6-Dienen durch Lewis-Supersäuren ohne Additive: leichter Zugang zu polysubstituierten carbocyclischen Sechsringen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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315
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Trost BM, Frederiksen MU, Rudd MT. Ruthenium-catalyzed reactions--a treasure trove of atom-economic transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:6630-66. [PMID: 16206300 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The demand for new chemicals spanning the fields of health care to materials science combined with the pressure to produce these substances in an environmentally benign fashion pose great challenges to the synthetic chemical community. The maximization of synthetic efficiency by the conversion of simple building blocks into complex targets remains a fundamental goal. In this context, ruthenium complexes catalyze a number of non-metathesis conversions and allow the rapid assembly of complex molecules with high selectivity and atom economy. These complexes often exhibit unusual reactivity. Careful consideration of the mechanistic underpinnings of the transformations can lead to the design of new reactions and the discovery of new reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA.
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316
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Nicolaou KC, Bulger PG, Sarlah D. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4442-89. [PMID: 15991198 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2127] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In studying the evolution of organic chemistry and grasping its essence, one comes quickly to the conclusion that no other type of reaction plays as large a role in shaping this domain of science than carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The Grignard, Diels-Alder, and Wittig reactions are but three prominent examples of such processes, and are among those which have undeniably exercised decisive roles in the last century in the emergence of chemical synthesis as we know it today. In the last quarter of the 20th century, a new family of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions based on transition-metal catalysts evolved as powerful tools in synthesis. Among them, the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are the most prominent. In this Review, highlights of a number of selected syntheses are discussed. The examples chosen demonstrate the enormous power of these processes in the art of total synthesis and underscore their future potential in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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317
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Abstract
With the exception of palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings, no other group of reactions has had such a profound impact on the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and the art of total synthesis in the last quarter of a century than the metathesis reactions of olefins, enynes, and alkynes. Herein, we highlight a number of selected examples of total syntheses in which such processes played a crucial role and which imparted to these endeavors certain elements of novelty, elegance, and efficiency. Judging from their short but impressive history, the influence of these reactions in chemical synthesis is destined to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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318
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319
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy N Varseev
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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320
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McDougal NT, Schaus SE. Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.2.1]octenones through Phosphine-Mediated Condensations of 1,4-Dien-3-ones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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321
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McDougal NT, Schaus SE. Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.2.1]octenones through Phosphine-Mediated Condensations of 1,4-Dien-3-ones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:3117-9. [PMID: 16596692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nolan T McDougal
- Department of Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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322
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Trost BM, Frederiksen MU, Rudd MT. Ruthenium-katalysierte Reaktionen - eine Schatzkiste für atomökonomische Umwandlungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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323
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Zapf CW, Harrison BA, Drahl C, Sorensen EJ. A Diels-Alder Macrocyclization Enables an Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of the Antibacterial Natural Product Abyssomicin C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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324
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Zapf CW, Harrison BA, Drahl C, Sorensen EJ. A Diels-Alder Macrocyclization Enables an Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of the Antibacterial Natural Product Abyssomicin C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:6533-7. [PMID: 16163781 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph W Zapf
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1009, USA
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325
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Jarvo ER, Lawrence BM, Jacobsen EN. Highly Enantio- and Regioselective Quinone Diels-Alder Reactions Catalyzed by a Tridentate [(Schiff Base)CrIII] Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:6043-6. [PMID: 16134190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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326
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Jarvo ER, Lawrence BM, Jacobsen EN. Highly Enantio- and Regioselective Quinone Diels-Alder Reactions Catalyzed by a Tridentate [(Schiff Base)CrIII] Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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327
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Fan Q, Lin L, Liu J, Huang Y, Feng X. A Mild and Efficient Asymmetric Hetero-Diels-Alder Reaction of the Brassard Diene with Aldehydes. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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328
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Nicolaou KC, Bulger PG, Sarlah D. Palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen in der Totalsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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329
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330
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Nicolaou KC, Xu H, Wartmann M. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Gambogin and Rate Acceleration of Pericyclic Reactions in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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331
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Nicolaou KC, Xu H, Wartmann M. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Gambogin and Rate Acceleration of Pericyclic Reactions in Aqueous Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:756-61. [PMID: 15657969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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332
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Bondock S. One-pot synthesis of pyridine derivatives via diels-alder reactions of 2,4-dimethyl-5-methoxyoxazole. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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333
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Goumans TPM, Ehlers AW, Lammertsma K, Würthwein EU, Grimme S. Improved Reaction and Activation Energies of [4+2] Cycloadditions, [3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangements and Electrocyclizations with the Spin-Component-Scaled MP2 Method. Chemistry 2004; 10:6468-75. [PMID: 15540273 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new quantum mechanical scheme to calculate electronic correlation energies, spin-component-scaled MP2, was tested as a tool to predict reaction energies and barriers in computational organic chemistry. Three common pericyclic reactions with known unsatisfactory MP2 descriptions were reinvestigated with the modified MP2 approach, in which the parallel and anti-parallel spin components of the correlation energy are scaled separately. The SCS-MP2 calculated reaction and activation energies of nine Diels-Alder reactions, four [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangements, and ten electrocyclization reactions are compared to those of the MP2, B3 LYP, QCISD(T), and G3 methods. For each, the SCS-MP2 results are in excellent agreement with the experimental data and compare far more favorably to G3 than both MP2 and B3 LYP. Careful evaluation of the effect of the size of the atomic orbital (AO) basis set shows that the larger expansions improve the agreement with experiment for the SCS-MP2 method, while they get worse for both MP2 and B3 LYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P M Goumans
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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334
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Schlatterer JC, Stuhlmann F, Jäschke A. Stereoselective synthesis using immobilized Diels-Alderase ribozymes. Chembiochem 2004; 4:1089-92. [PMID: 14523927 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of artificial ribozymes by in vitro selection has so far, mostly been addressed from the viewpoint of fundamental research. However, such ribozymes also have high potential as selective catalysts in practical syntheses. Immobilization of an active and selective ribozyme is an important step towards this end. A 49-nucleotide RNA molecule that was previously found to stereoselectively catalyze Diels-Alder reactions between various anthracene dienes and maleimide dienophiles was quantitatively immobilized on an agarose matrix by periodate oxidation of the 3'-terminal ribose and coupling to a hydrazide moiety. Typical loadings were 45 pmol microL(-1) gel. The specific activity was comparable to that of soluble ribozyme, and high enantioselectivities were obtained in catalyzed cycloadditions. The catalytic matrix was found to be stable and could be regenerated about 40 times with only minimal reduction of catalytic activity. Like the soluble ribozyme, the immobilized catalyst stereoselectively converts various diene and dienophile substrates. By using either natural D-RNA or enantiomeric L-RNA, both product enantiomers were made synthetically accessible with similar selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg C Schlatterer
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Abteilung Chemie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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335
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