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Algatrium® and antioxidant response ‐ Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to Algatrium® and antioxidant response Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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302
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Kim JY, Khang D, Lee JE, Webster TJ. Decreased macrophage density on carbon nanotube patterns on polycarbonate urethane. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:419-26. [PMID: 18306321 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is creating materials that can regenerate numerous tissues (including those used for bone, vascular, cartilage, bladder, and neuronal systems) better than what is currently being implanted. Despite this promise, little is known about the functions of wound healing cells (such as macrophages) on nanomaterials. Carbon nanotubes are intriguing nanomaterials for implantation due to their unique biologically inspired surface, electrical, and mechanical properties. For the above reasons, the objective of the present study was to investigate macrophage function on one promising type of nano-implant material for orthopedic applications (carbon nanotubes microscopically aligned on polymers). To align carbon nanotubes on polymers, a novel imprinting method placing carbon nanotubes in grids of defined spacings (from 30 to 100 microm) on a polymer matrix was developed. In this study, the selective adhesion and proliferation of macrophages after 4 h, 24 h, and 4 days on aligned regions of a currently implanted polymer (specifically, polycarbonate urethane) compared to aligned carbon nanotube patterns were found. That is, decreased macrophage functions were observed in this study on aligned regions of carbon nanotubes compared to polycarbonate urethane. The present in vitro study, thus, provided evidence of the ability of carbon nanotubes to down-regulate macrophage adhesion and proliferation which is important to decrease a harmful persistence wound-healing reaction to orthopedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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303
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Kaiser JP, Krug HF, Wick P. Nanomaterial cell interactions: how do carbon nanotubes affect cell physiology? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:57-63. [PMID: 19093896 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.4.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate materials and, among them, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are new types of material that are generating high expectations owing to their unique physical, chemical and optical properties. Owing to the predictably increasing production of various types of CNTs and other nanoparticle-containing products, it is expected that environmental and public exposure to engineered nanoparticles will also increase in parallel. If and how far CNTs are able to affect health is, at present, discussed controversially. In this article, we summarize how CNTs are produced and processed to identify critical parameters, which have to be included in the toxicological assessment. A special effort is made to address the adverse effects of CNTs on cell physiology. Furthermore, we report on CNTs in medical applications and we discuss two selected examples of prospective applications of CNTs in nanomedicine, which have realistic chances of achieving ready-to-market products in just a few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Kaiser
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Research & Testing, Laboratory for Materials - Biology Interactions, St Gallen, Switzerland
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304
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Konduru NV, Tyurina YY, Feng W, Basova LV, Belikova NA, Bayir H, Clark K, Rubin M, Stolz D, Vallhov H, Scheynius A, Witasp E, Fadeel B, Kichambare PD, Star A, Kisin ER, Murray AR, Shvedova AA, Kagan VE. Phosphatidylserine targets single-walled carbon nanotubes to professional phagocytes in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4398. [PMID: 19198650 PMCID: PMC2634966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad applications of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) dictate the necessity to better understand their health effects. Poor recognition of non-functionalized SWCNT by phagocytes is prohibitive towards controlling their biological action. We report that SWCNT coating with a phospholipid "eat-me" signal, phosphatidylserine (PS), makes them recognizable in vitro by different phagocytic cells - murine RAW264.7 macrophages, primary monocyte-derived human macrophages, dendritic cells, and rat brain microglia. Macrophage uptake of PS-coated nanotubes was suppressed by the PS-binding protein, Annexin V, and endocytosis inhibitors, and changed the pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Loading of PS-coated SWCNT with pro-apoptotic cargo (cytochrome c) allowed for the targeted killing of RAW264.7 macrophages. In vivo aspiration of PS-coated SWCNT stimulated their uptake by lung alveolar macrophages in mice. Thus, PS-coating can be utilized for targeted delivery of SWCNT with specified cargoes into professional phagocytes, hence for therapeutic regulation of specific populations of immune-competent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarjun V. Konduru
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Weihong Feng
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Liana V. Basova
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natalia A. Belikova
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine Clark
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marc Rubin
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Helen Vallhov
- Clinical Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Scheynius
- Clinical Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Witasp
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Padmakar D. Kichambare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elena R. Kisin
- Pathology/Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ashley R. Murray
- Pathology/Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology/Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division (HELD), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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305
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Marquis BJ, Love SA, Braun KL, Haynes CL. Analytical methods to assess nanoparticle toxicity. Analyst 2009; 134:425-39. [PMID: 19238274 DOI: 10.1039/b818082b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During the past 20 years, improvements in nanoscale materials synthesis and characterization have given scientists great control over the fabrication of materials with features between 1 and 100 nm, unlocking many unique size-dependent properties and, thus, promising many new and/or improved technologies. Recent years have found the integration of such materials into commercial goods; a current estimate suggests there are over 800 nanoparticle-containing consumer products (The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies Consumer Products Inventory, , accessed Oct. 2008), accounting for 147 billion USD in products in 2007 (Nanomaterials state of the market Q3 2008: stealth success, broad impact, Lux Research Inc., New York, NY, 2008). Despite this increase in the prevalence of engineered nanomaterials, there is little known about their potential impacts on environmental health and safety. The field of nanotoxicology has formed in response to this lack of information and resulted in a flurry of research studies. Nanotoxicology relies on many analytical methods for the characterization of nanomaterials as well as their impacts on in vitro and in vivo function. This review provides a critical overview of these techniques from the perspective of an analytical chemist, and is intended to be used as a reference for scientists interested in conducting nanotoxicological research as well as those interested in nanotoxicological assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce J Marquis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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306
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Helland A, Wick P, Koehler A, Schmid K, Som C. Reviewing the environmental and human health knowledge base of carbon nanotubes. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2009; 13:441-52. [PMID: 18813560 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232008000200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most promising materials in nanotechnology. The various synthesis, purification and postprocessing methods produce CNTs with diverse physical characteristics, appliable in many fields. Their extensive projected use makes it important to understand their potential harmful effects. Besides showing a notable range of results of some toxicology studies, this review concluded that: a) there are different types of CNTs; thus, they cannot be considered a uniform group of substances; and b) in environmental compartments, CNTs can be bioavailable to organisms. Their properties suggest a possible accumulation along the food chain and high persistence. In organisms, CNT absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity depend on the inherent physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., functionalization, coating, length and agglomeration state), influenced by external environmental conditions during CNT production, use, and disposal. Thus, characterized exposure scenarios could be useful in toxicology studies. However, upon reaching the lungs in enough quantity, CNTs produce a toxic response (time and dose-dependent). The risks to human health and environment should be identified for a successful introduction of CNTs in future applications.
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307
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309
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Tabet L, Bussy C, Amara N, Setyan A, Grodet A, Rossi MJ, Pairon JC, Boczkowski J, Lanone S. Adverse effects of industrial multiwalled carbon nanotubes on human pulmonary cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:60-73. [PMID: 19034795 PMCID: PMC2802701 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802476991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate adverse effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), produced for industrial purposes, on the human epithelial cell line A549. MWCNT were dispersed in dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL), a component of pulmonary surfactant, and the effects of dispersion in DPL were compared to those in two other media: ethanol (EtOH) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Effects of MWCNT were also compared to those of two asbestos fibers (chrysotile and crocidolite) and carbon black (CB) nanoparticles, not only in A549 cells but also in mesothelial cells (MeT5A human cell line), used as an asbestos-sensitive cell type. MWCNT formed agglomerates on top of both cell lines (surface area 15-35 microm(2)) that were significantly larger and more numerous in PBS than in EtOH and DPL. Whatever the dispersion media, incubation with 100 microg/ml MWCNT induced a similar decrease in metabolic activity without changing cell membrane permeability or apoptosis. Neither MWCNT cellular internalization nor oxidative stress was observed. In contrast, asbestos fibers penetrated into the cells, decreased metabolic activity but not cell membrane permeability, and increased apoptosis, without decreasing cell number. CB was internalized without any adverse effects. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that MWCNT produced for industrial purposes exert adverse effects without being internalized by human epithelial and mesothelial pulmonary cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyes Tabet
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Nadia Amara
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Ari Setyan
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (Institute for Work and Health)
Université de LausanneUniversité de GenèveLausanne,CH
| | - Alain Grodet
- CRB3, Centre de recherche biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon
INSERM : U773Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
| | - Michel J. Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne,CH
| | - Jean-Claude Pairon
- IMRB, Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale
INSERM : U841Université Paris XII Val de MarneHôpital Henri Mondor 51, av du mal de lattre de tassigny 94010 CRETEIL CEDEX,FR
| | - Jorge Boczkowski
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
- Hôpital Bichat- Claude Bernard
AP-HPParis,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Jorge Boczkowski
| | - Sophie Lanone
- Physiopathologie et Epidemiologie de l'Insuffisance Respiratoire
INSERM : U700Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VIIFaculte de Medecine Xavier Bichat PARIS VII 16, Rue Henri Huchard 75870 PARIS CEDEX 18,FR
- IMRB, Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale
INSERM : U841Université Paris XII Val de MarneHôpital Henri Mondor 51, av du mal de lattre de tassigny 94010 CRETEIL CEDEX,FR
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310
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Kelly RJ. Occupational medicine implications of engineered nanoscale particulate matter. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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311
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Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Porter D, Schulte P, Kagan VE, Fadeel B, Castranova V. Mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity and medical applications of carbon nanotubes: Two faces of Janus? Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:192-204. [PMID: 19103221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging science involving manipulation of materials at the nanometer scale. There are several exciting prospects for the application of engineered nanomaterials in medicine. However, concerns over adverse and unanticipated effects on human health have also been raised. In fact, the same properties that make engineered nanomaterials attractive from a technological and biomedical perspective could also make these novel materials harmful to human health and the environment. Carbon nanotubes are cylinders of one or several coaxial graphite layer(s) with a diameter in the order of nanometers, and serve as an instructive example of the Janus-like properties of nanomaterials. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that carbon nanotubes and/or associated contaminants or catalytic materials that arise during the production process may induce oxidative stress and prominent pulmonary inflammation. Recent studies also suggest some similarities between the pathogenic properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and those of asbestos fibers. On the other hand, carbon nanotubes can be readily functionalized and several studies on the use of carbon nanotubes as versatile excipients for drug delivery and imaging of disease processes have been reported, suggesting that carbon nanotubes may have a place in the armamentarium for treatment and monitoring of cancer, infection, and other disease conditions. Nanomedicine is an emerging field that holds great promise; however, close attention to safety issues is required to ensure that the opportunities that carbon nanotubes and other engineered nanoparticles offer can be translated into feasible and safe constructs for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, United States.
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312
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Ge C, Lao F, Li W, Li Y, Chen C, Qiu Y, Mao X, Li B, Chai Z, Zhao Y. Quantitative Analysis of Metal Impurities in Carbon Nanotubes: Efficacy of Different Pretreatment Protocols for ICPMS Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9426-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801469b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Ge
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Fang Lao
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Chunying Chen
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yang Qiu
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Bai Li
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Laboratory for Bio-Environmental Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China (NCNST), Beijing 100190, PR China
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313
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Ecotoxicity and analysis of nanomaterials in the aquatic environment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:81-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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314
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Ayres JG, Borm P, Cassee FR, Castranova V, Donaldson K, Ghio A, Harrison RM, Hider R, Kelly F, Kooter IM, Marano F, Maynard RL, Mudway I, Nel A, Sioutas C, Smith S, Baeza-Squiban A, Cho A, Duggan S, Froines J. Evaluating the Toxicity of Airborne Particulate Matter and Nanoparticles by Measuring Oxidative Stress Potential—A Workshop Report and Consensus Statement. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:75-99. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370701665517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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315
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Hsiao JK, Chu HH, Wang YH, Lai CW, Chou PT, Hsieh ST, Wang JL, Liu HM. Macrophage physiological function after superparamagnetic iron oxide labeling. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2008; 21:820-9. [PMID: 18470957 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to analyze the changes in morphology and physiological function (phagocytosis, migratory capabilities, humoral and cellular response, and nitric oxide secretion) of murine macrophages after labeling with a clinically used superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO), ferucarbotran. In SPIO-treated macrophages, nanoparticles were taken up in the cytoplasm and accumulated in a membrane-bound organelle. Macrophage proliferation and viability were not modified after SPIO labeling. Phagocytic function decreased after labeling with only 10 microg Fe/mL SPIO, whereas other functions including migration and production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide increased at the highest SPIO concentration (100 microg Fe/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Kai Hsiao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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316
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Pacurari M, Yin XJ, Zhao J, Ding M, Leonard SS, Schwegler-Berry D, Ducatman BS, Sbarra D, Hoover MD, Castranova V, Vallyathan V. Raw single-wall carbon nanotubes induce oxidative stress and activate MAPKs, AP-1, NF-kappaB, and Akt in normal and malignant human mesothelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:1211-7. [PMID: 18795165 PMCID: PMC2535624 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), with their unique physicochemical and mechanical properties, have many potential new applications in medicine and industry. There has been great concern subsequent to preliminary investigations of the toxicity, biopersistence, pathogenicity, and ability of SWCNTs to translocate to subpleural areas. These results compel studies of potential interactions of SWCNTs with mesothelial cells. OBJECTIVE Exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of malignant mesothelioma in 80-90% of individuals who develop the disease. Because the mesothelial cells are the primary target cells of asbestos-induced molecular changes mediated through an oxidant-linked mechanism, we used normal mesothelial and malignant mesothelial cells to investigate alterations in molecular signaling in response to a commercially manufactured SWCNT. METHODS In the present study, we exposed mesothelial cells to SWCNTs and investigated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cell viability, DNA damage, histone H2AX phosphorylation, activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERKs), Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), protein p38, and activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), and protein serine-threonine kinase (Akt). RESULTS Exposure to SWCNTs induced ROS generation, increased cell death, enhanced DNA damage and H2AX phosphorylation, and activated PARP, AP-1, NF-kappaB, p38, and Akt in a dose-dependent manner. These events recapitulate some of the key molecular events involved in mesothelioma development associated with asbestos exposure. CONCLUSIONS The cellular and molecular findings reported here do suggest that SWCNTs can cause potentially adverse cellular responses in mesothelial cells through activation of molecular signaling associated with oxidative stress, which is of sufficient significance to warrant in vivo animal exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricica Pacurari
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Xuejun J. Yin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ming Ding
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Steve S. Leonard
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Barbara S. Ducatman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Deborah Sbarra
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mark D. Hoover
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Val Vallyathan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Address correspondence to V. Vallyathan, NIOSH/CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Telephone: (304) 285-5770. Fax: (304) 285-5938. E-mail:
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317
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Yu Y, Zhang Q, Mu Q, Zhang B, Yan B. Exploring the immunotoxicity of carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2008; 3:271-7. [PMID: 21771349 PMCID: PMC3244872 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-008-9153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mass production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their applications in nanomedicine lead to the increased exposure risk of nanomaterials to human beings. Although reports on toxicity of nanomaterials are rapidly growing, there is still a lack of knowledge on the potential toxicity of such materials to immune systems. This article reviews some existing studies assessing carbon nanotubes' toxicity to immune system and provides the potential mechanistic explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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318
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Kroll A, Pillukat MH, Hahn D, Schnekenburger J. Current in vitro methods in nanoparticle risk assessment: limitations and challenges. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 72:370-7. [PMID: 18775492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are an emerging class of functional materials defined by size-dependent properties. Application fields range from medical imaging, new drug delivery technologies to various industrial products. Due to the expanding use of nanoparticles, the risk of human exposure rapidly increases and reliable toxicity test systems are urgently needed. Currently, nanoparticle cytotoxicity testing is based on in vitro methods established for hazard characterization of chemicals. However, evidence is accumulating that nanoparticles differ largely from these materials and may interfere with commonly used test systems. Here, we present an overview of current in vitro toxicity test methods for nanoparticle risk assessment and focus on their limitations resulting from specific nanoparticle properties. Nanoparticle features such as high adsorption capacity, hydrophobicity, surface charge, optical and magnetic properties, or catalytic activity may interfere with assay components or detection systems, which has to be considered in nanoparticle toxicity studies by characterization of specific particle properties and a careful test system validation. Future studies require well-characterized materials, the use of available reference materials and an extensive characterization of the applicability of the test methods employed. The resulting challenge for nanoparticle toxicity testing is the development of new standardized in vitro methods that cannot be affected by nanoparticle properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kroll
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
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319
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Ju-Nam Y, Lead JR. Manufactured nanoparticles: an overview of their chemistry, interactions and potential environmental implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 400:396-414. [PMID: 18715626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The industrial scale production and wide variety of applications of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) and their possible release in considerable amounts into the natural aquatic environment have produced an increasing concern among the nanotechnology and environmental science community. In order to address this issue, it is important to understand NP chemistry, preparation, reactivity and possible mechanisms involved in their interaction with the naturally occurring aquatic components, particularly natural colloids and NPs present in the aquatic systems. In this review, an overview of the chemistry of both manufactured and natural aquatic NPs is outlined. This review discusses the physico-chemical aspects of both type of NPs as an essential point to assess possible routes involved in manufactured NP fate in the natural aquatic environment and their toxicity. Key advances related to the characterisation of the manufactured NPs and natural colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon Ju-Nam
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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320
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Fenoglio I, Greco G, Tomatis M, Muller J, Raymundo-Piñero E, Béguin F, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Lison D, Fubini B. Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: physicochemical aspects. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1690-7. [PMID: 18636755 DOI: 10.1021/tx800100s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been reported to elicit toxic responses in vitro and in vivo, ascribed so far to metal contamination, CNT length, degree of oxidation, or extent of hydrophilicity. To examine how structural properties may modulate the toxicity of CNT, one preparation of multiwall CNT has been modified (i) by grinding (introducing structural defects) and subsequently heating either in a vacuum at 600 degrees C (causing reduction of oxygenated carbon functionalities and reduction of metallic oxides) or in an inert atmosphere at 2400 degrees C (causing elimination of metals and annealing of defects) and (ii) by heating at 2400 degrees C in an inert atmosphere and subsequently grinding the thermally treated CNT (introducing defects in a metal-deprived carbon framework). The presence of framework and surface defects, metals, and oxygenated functionalities was monitored by means of a set of techniques, including micro-Raman spectroscopy, adsorption calorimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and atomic emission spectroscopy. Contrary to traditional toxicants, such as asbestos, CNT may quench rather than generate oxygenated free radicals. The potential of the modified CNT to scavenge hydroxyl radicals was thus evaluated by means of electron spin resonance spectroscopy (spin trapping). The original ground material exhibited a scavenging activity toward hydroxyl radicals, which was eliminated by heating at 2400 degrees C but restored upon grinding. This scavenging activity, related to the presence of defects, appears to go paired with the genotoxic and inflammatory potential of CNT reported in the companion paper. Thus, defects may be one of the major factors governing the toxic potential of CNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Fenoglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, Interdepartmental Center G. Scansetti for Studies on Asbestos and other Toxic Particulates, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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321
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Card JW, Zeldin DC, Bonner JC, Nestmann ER. Pulmonary applications and toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L400-11. [PMID: 18641236 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00041.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their unique physicochemical properties, engineered nanoparticles have the potential to significantly impact respiratory research and medicine by means of improving imaging capability and drug delivery, among other applications. These same properties, however, present potential safety concerns, and there is accumulating evidence to suggest that nanoparticles may exert adverse effects on pulmonary structure and function. The respiratory system is susceptible to injury resulting from inhalation of gases, aerosols, and particles, and also from systemic delivery of drugs, chemicals, and other compounds to the lungs via direct cardiac output to the pulmonary arteries. As such, it is a prime target for the possible toxic effects of engineered nanoparticles. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the potential usefulness of nanoparticles and nanotechnology in respiratory research and medicine and to highlight important issues and recent data pertaining to nanoparticle-related pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Card
- Cantox Health Sciences International, 2233 Argentia Rd., Suite 308, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5N 2X7.
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322
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Muller J, Huaux F, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Moreau N, Delos M, Raymundo-Piñero E, Béguin F, Kirsch-Volders M, Fenoglio I, Fubini B, Lison D. Structural Defects Play a Major Role in the Acute Lung Toxicity of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes: Toxicological Aspects. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1698-705. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800101p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Muller
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - François Huaux
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Antonio Fonseca
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Janos B. Nagy
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Nicolas Moreau
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Monique Delos
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Encarnacion Raymundo-Piñero
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - François Béguin
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Bice Fubini
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
| | - Dominique Lison
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium, Laboratoire de Chimie et d’Electrochimie des Surfaces, Facultés Universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Hôpital Universitaire Mont-Godinne, Laboratoire d’Anatomie Pathologique, Yvoir, Belgium, CRMD, CNRS-University, 1B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2, France, Laboratorium voor Cellulaire Genetica, Vrije Universiteit
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323
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Hirano S, Kanno S, Furuyama A. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes injure the plasma membrane of macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 232:244-51. [PMID: 18655803 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerging nanotechnology materials which are likely to be mass-produced in the near future. However, prior to mass-production, certain health-related concerns should first be addressed. For example, when inhaled, the thin-fibrous shape and the biopersistent characteristics of CNTs may cause pulmonary diseases, in a manner similar to asbestos. In the present study, mouse macrophages (J774.1) were exposed to highly-purified multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs, 67 nm) or to UICC crocidolite in order to evaluate the toxicity of these nano-size fibers. The cytotoxicity of MWCNTs was found to be higher than that of crocidolite. The toxic effect of MWCNTs was not affected by N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, or buthionine sulfoximine, a glutathione synthesis inhibitor. cDNA microarray analyses suggested that the cytotoxicity of MWCNTs could not be explained satisfactorily by either an increase or decrease of gene expression, although mRNA levels of some cytokines were slightly increased by MWCNTs. Moreover, MWCNTs did not significantly activate either MAP kinases such as ERK, JNK and p38, nor common apoptosis pathways such as caspase 3 and PARP. Electron microscopic studies indicated that MWCNTs associate with the plasma membrane of macrophages and disrupt the integrity of the membrane. Several proteins were found to adsorb onto MWCNTs when MWCNT-exposed macrophages were gently lysed. One of these proteins was macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO). MARCO-transfected CHO-K1 cells associated with MWCNTs more rapidly than mock-transfected cells. These results indicate that MWCNTs probably trigger cytotoxic effects in phagocytotic cells by reacting with MARCO on the plasma membrane and rupturing the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishiro Hirano
- Environmental Nanotoxicology Section, RCER, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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324
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Poland CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WAH, Seaton A, Stone V, Brown S, Macnee W, Donaldson K. Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 3:423-8. [PMID: 18654567 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1421] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes have distinctive characteristics, but their needle-like fibre shape has been compared to asbestos, raising concerns that widespread use of carbon nanotubes may lead to mesothelioma, cancer of the lining of the lungs caused by exposure to asbestos. Here we show that exposing the mesothelial lining of the body cavity of mice, as a surrogate for the mesothelial lining of the chest cavity, to long multiwalled carbon nanotubes results in asbestos-like, length-dependent, pathogenic behaviour. This includes inflammation and the formation of lesions known as granulomas. This is of considerable importance, because research and business communities continue to invest heavily in carbon nanotubes for a wide range of products under the assumption that they are no more hazardous than graphite. Our results suggest the need for further research and great caution before introducing such products into the market if long-term harm is to be avoided.
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325
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Handy RD, Henry TB, Scown TM, Johnston BD, Tyler CR. Manufactured nanoparticles: their uptake and effects on fish--a mechanistic analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2008; 17:396-409. [PMID: 18408995 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an emerging literature reporting toxic effects of manufactured nanomaterials (NMs) and nanoparticles (NPs) in fish, but the mechanistic basis of both exposure and effect are poorly understood. This paper critically evaluates some of the founding assumptions in fish toxicology, and likely mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of NPs in fish compared to other chemicals. Then, using a case study approach, the paper compares these assumptions for two different NPs; TiO2 and C60 fullerenes. Adsorption of NPs onto the gill surface will involve similar processes in the gill microenvironment and mucus layer to other substances, but the uptake mechanisms for NPs by epithelial cells are more likely to occur via vesicular processes (e.g., endocytosis) than uptake on membrane transporters or by diffusion through the cell membranes. Target organs may include the gills, gut, liver and sometimes the brain. Information on metabolism and excretion of NPs in fish is limited; but hepatic excretion into the bile seems a more likely mechanism, rather than mainly by renal or branchial excretion. TiO2 and C60 share some common chemical properties that appear to be associated with some similar toxic effects, but there are also differences, that highlight the notion that chemical reactivity can inform toxic effect of NPs in a fundamentally similar way to other chemicals. In this paper we identify many knowledge gaps including the lack of field observations on fish and other wildlife species for exposure and effects of manufactured NMs. Systematic studies of the abiotic factors that influence bioavailability, and investigation of the cell biology that informs on the mechanisms of metabolism and excretion of NMs, will greatly advance our understanding of the potential for adverse effects. There are also opportunities to apply existing tools and techniques to fundamental studies of fish toxicology with NPs, such as perfused organs and fish cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Handy
- Ecotoxicology and Stress Biology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK.
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326
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Jacobsen NR, Pojana G, White P, Møller P, Cohn CA, Korsholm KS, Vogel U, Marcomini A, Loft S, Wallin H. Genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reactive oxygen species induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes and C(60) fullerenes in the FE1-Mutatrade markMouse lung epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:476-487. [PMID: 18618583 DOI: 10.1002/em.20406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Viability, cell cycle effects, genotoxicity, reactive oxygen species production, and mutagenicity of C(60) fullerenes (C(60)) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were assessed in the FE1-Mutatrade markMouse lung epithelial cell line. None of these particles induced cell death within 24 hr at doses between 0 and 200 microg/ml or during long-term subculture exposure (576 hr) at 100 microg/ml, as determined by two different assays. However, cell proliferation was slower with SWCNT exposure and a larger fraction of the cells were in the G1 phase. Exposure to carbon black resulted in the greatest reactive oxygen species generation followed by SWCNT and C(60) in both cellular and cell-free particle suspensions. C(60) and SWCNT did not increase the level of strand breaks, but significantly increased the level of FPG sensitive sites/oxidized purines (22 and 56%, respectively) determined by the comet assay. The mutant frequency in the cII gene was unaffected by 576 hr of exposure to either 100 microg/ml C(60) or SWCNT when compared with control incubations, whereas we have previously reported that carbon black and diesel exhaust particles induce mutations using an identical exposure scenario. These results indicate that SWCNT and C(60) are less genotoxic in vitro than carbon black and diesel exhaust particles.
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327
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Dong L, Joseph KL, Witkowski CM, Craig MM. Cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes suspended in various surfactants. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:255702. [PMID: 21828662 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/25/255702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) suspended in various surfactants was investigated by phase contrast light microscopy characterization in combination with an absorbance spectroscopy cytotoxicity analysis. Our data indicate that individual SWCNTs suspended in the surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), were toxic to 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells due to the toxicity of SDS and SDBS on the nanotube surfaces. This toxicity was observed when cells were exposed to an SDS or SDBS solution having a concentration as low as 0.05 mg ml(-1) for 30 min. The proliferation and viability of the cells were not affected by SWCNTs alone or by conjugates of SWCNTs with various concentrations of sodium cholate (SC) or single-stranded DNA. The cells proliferated similarly to untreated cells when surrounded by SWCNTs as they grow, which indicated that the nanotubes did not affect cells adversely. The cytotoxicity of the nanotube-surfactant conjugates was controlled in these experiments by the toxicity of the surfactants. Consequently, when evaluating a surfactant to be used for the dispersion of nanoscale materials in applications such as nanoscale electronics or non-viral biomolecular transporters, the cytotoxicity needs to be evaluated. The methodology proposed in this study can be used to investigate the cytotoxicity of other nanoscale materials suspended in a variety of surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Dong
- Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Materials Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
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328
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Journeay WS, Suri SS, Moralez JG, Fenniri H, Singh B. Low inflammatory activation by self-assembling Rosette nanotubes in human Calu-3 pulmonary epithelial cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:817-823. [PMID: 18535989 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rosette nanotubes (RNT) are a new class of metal-free organic nanotubes synthesized through self-assembly. Because of the wide range of potential biomedical applications associated with these materials, it is necessary to evaluate their potential in vitro toxicity. Here the cytotoxicity of a lysine-functionalized nanotube (RNT-K) in a human Calu-3 pulmonary epithelial cell line is investigated. The cells were treated with media only (control), lysine (50 mg mL(-1)), RNT-K (1, 5, and 50 microg mL(-1)), Min-U-Sil quartz microparticles (QM; 80 microg mL(-1)), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 microg mL(-1)). The supernatants were analyzed at 1, 6, and 24 h after treatment for the expression of three proinflammatory mediators: IL-8, TNF-alpha and EMAP-II. Cellular viability determined with the Trypan blue assay is significantly reduced in the QM and high-dose RNT-treated groups. TNF-alpha and EMAP-II are undetectable by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the supernatant of all groups. Although IL-8 concentrations do not differ between treatments, its concentrations increase with time within each of the groups. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) of IL-8 mRNA shows increased expression in the high-dose RNT-treated groups at both 1 and 6 h, while an adhesion molecule, ICAM-1 mRNA, shows the greatest increase at 6 h in the QM-treated group. In summary, RNT-K neither reduces cell viability at moderate doses nor does it induce a time-dependent inflammatory response in pulmonary epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shane Journeay
- Immunology Research Group, Toxicology Graduate Program and Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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329
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Schipper ML, Nakayama-Ratchford N, Davis CR, Kam NWS, Chu P, Liu Z, Sun X, Dai H, Gambhir SS. A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 3:216-221. [PMID: 18654506 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes are currently under evaluation in biomedical applications, including in vivo delivery of drugs, proteins, peptides and nucleic acids (for gene transfer or gene silencing), in vivo tumour imaging and tumour targeting of single-walled carbon nanotubes as an anti-neoplastic treatment. However, concerns about the potential toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes have been raised. Here we examine the acute and chronic toxicity of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes when injected into the bloodstream of mice. Survival, clinical and laboratory parameters reveal no evidence of toxicity over 4 months. Upon killing, careful necropsy and tissue histology show age-related changes only. Histology and Raman microscopic mapping demonstrate that functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes persisted within liver and spleen macrophages for 4 months without apparent toxicity. Although this is a preliminary study with a small group of animals, our results encourage further confirmation studies with larger groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike L Schipper
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Palo Alto, California 94305-5427, USA
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330
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Liu X, Guo L, Morris D, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Targeted Removal of Bioavailable Metal as a Detoxification Strategy for Carbon Nanotubes. CARBON 2008; 46:489-500. [PMID: 19255622 PMCID: PMC2614279 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence for toxicity and/or carcinogenicity upon inhalation of pure transition metals in fine particulate form. Carbon nanotube catalyst residues may trigger similar metal-mediated toxicity, but only if the metal is bioavailable and not fully encapsulated within fluid-protective carbon shells. Recent studies have documented the presence of bioavailable iron and nickel in a variety of commercial as-produced and vendor "purified" nanotubes, and the present article examines techniques to avoid or remove this bioavailable metal. First, data are presented on the mechanisms potentially responsible for free metal in "purified" samples, including kinetic limitations during metal dissolution, the re-deposition or adsorption of metal on nanotube outer surfaces, and carbon shell damage during last-step oxidation or one-pot purification. Optimized acid treatment protocols are presented for targeting the free metal, considering the effects of acid strength, composition, time, and conditions for post-treatment water washing. Finally, after optimized acid treatment, it is shown that the remaining, non-bioavailable (encapsulated) metal persists in a stable and biologically unavailable form up to two months in an in vitro biopersistence assay, suggesting that simple removal of bioavailable (free) metal is a promising strategy for reducing nanotube health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lin Guo
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Daniel Morris
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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331
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Hsu DZ, Chien SP, Li YH, Chuang YC, Chang YC, Liu MY. Sesame Oil Attenuates Hepatic Lipid Peroxidation by Inhibiting Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Anion Generation in Septic Rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32:154-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607108314766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dur-Zong Hsu
- From the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, and Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Living Science, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; and Department of Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Se-Ping Chien
- From the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, and Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Living Science, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; and Department of Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Li
- From the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, and Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Living Science, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; and Department of Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ching Chuang
- From the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, and Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Living Science, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; and Department of Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chang
- From the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, and Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Living Science, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; and Department of Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yie Liu
- From the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, and Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Living Science, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; and Department of Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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332
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Streicher RM, Schmidt M, Fiorito S. Nanosurfaces and nanostructures for artificial orthopedic implants. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2008; 2:861-74. [PMID: 18095851 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.2.6.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials and structures, such as nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanosurfaces, nanocoatings, nanoscaffolds and nanocomposites, are considered for various applications in orthopedics and traumatology. This review looks at proposed nanotechnology inspired applications for implants from the perspective of the orthopedic industry. Investigations support consistently the theory that most nanomaterials in various physical forms are able to enhance the cell response selectively for biological tissue integration or increase the strength and wear resistance of current orthopedic materials. At this stage, most of the studies are at the laboratory scale or in early in vivo testing. Significant basic and applied research and development is needed to realize their full clinical potential and biological, manufacturing, economic and regulatory issues have to be addressed. Nevertheless, a crucial factor for success is well-coordinated multimethod and multidiscipline teamwork with profound industrial and medical expertise.
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333
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Choi SJ, Oh JM, Choy JH. Human-related application and nanotoxicology of inorganic particles: complementary aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b711208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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334
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Biomedical Applications of Functionalised Carbon Nanotubes. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF FULLERENES AND CARBON NANOTUBES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6845-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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335
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Shvedova AA, Fabisiak JP, Kisin ER, Murray AR, Roberts JR, Tyurina YY, Antonini JM, Feng WH, Kommineni C, Reynolds J, Barchowsky A, Castranova V, Kagan VE. Sequential exposure to carbon nanotubes and bacteria enhances pulmonary inflammation and infectivity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:579-90. [PMID: 18096873 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0255oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT), with their applications in industry and medicine, may lead to new risks to human health. CNT induce a robust pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in rodents. Realistic exposures to CNT may occur in conjunction with other pathogenic impacts (microbial infections) and trigger enhanced responses. We evaluated interactions between pharyngeal aspiration of single-walled CNT (SWCNT) and bacterial pulmonary infection of C57BL/6 mice with Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Mice were given SWCNT (0, 10, and 40 mug/mouse) and 3 days later were exposed to LM (10(3) bacteria/mouse). Sequential exposure to SWCNT/LM amplified lung inflammation and collagen formation. Despite this robust inflammatory response, SWCNT pre-exposure significantly decreased the pulmonary clearance of LM-exposed mice measured 3 to 7 days after microbial infection versus PBS/LM-treated mice. Decreased bacterial clearance in SWCNT-pre-exposed mice was associated with decreased phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages and a decrease in nitric oxide production by these phagocytes. Pre-incubation of naïve alveolar macrophages with SWCNT in vitro also resulted in decreased nitric oxide generation and suppressed phagocytizing activity toward LM. Failure of SWCNT-exposed mice to clear LM led to a continued elevation in nearly all major chemokines and acute phase cytokines into the later course of infection. In SWCNT/LM-exposed mice, bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils, alveolar macrophages, and lymphocytes, as well as lactate dehydrogenase level, were increased compared with mice exposed to SWCNT or LM alone. In conclusion, enhanced acute inflammation and pulmonary injury with delayed bacterial clearance after SWCNT exposure may lead to increased susceptibility to lung infection in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shvedova
- Pathology/Physiology Research Branch, HELD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
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336
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Kisin ER, Murray AR, Keane MJ, Shi XC, Schwegler-Berry D, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Castranova V, Wallace WE, Kagan VE, Shvedova AA. Single-walled carbon nanotubes: geno- and cytotoxic effects in lung fibroblast V79 cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:2071-9. [PMID: 18049996 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701601251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the development of nanotechnology, there is a tremendous growth of the application of nanomaterials, which increases the risk of human exposure to these nanomaterials through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal penetration. Among different types of nanoparticles, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with extremely small size (1 nm in diameter) exhibit extraordinary properties and offer possibilities to create materials with astounding features. Since the release of nanoparticles in an enclosed environment is of great concern, a study of possible genotoxic effects is important. Our previous data showed that pharyngeal aspiration of SWCNT elicited pulmonary effects in C57BL/6 mice that was promoted by a robust, acute inflammatory reaction with early onset resulting in progressive interstitial fibrogenic response and the formation of granulomas. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of SWCNT was evaluated in vitro. The genotoxic effects of nanoparticles were examined using three different test systems: the comet assay and micronucleus (MN) test in a lung fibroblast (V79) cell line, and the Salmonella gene mutation assay in strains YG1024/YG1029. Cytotoxicity tests showed loss of viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after exposure of cells to SWCNT. Results from the comet assay demonstrated the induction of DNA damage after only 3 h of incubation with 96 microg/cm2 of SWCNT. The MN test indicated some but not significant micronucleus induction by SWCNT in the V79 cell line at the highest concentrations tested. With two different strains of Salmonella typhimurium, no mutations were found following SWCNT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Kisin
- Pathology/Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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337
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Mercer RR, Scabilloni J, Wang L, Kisin E, Murray AR, Schwegler-Berry D, Shvedova AA, Castranova V. Alteration of deposition pattern and pulmonary response as a result of improved dispersion of aspirated single-walled carbon nanotubes in a mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 294:L87-97. [PMID: 18024722 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00186.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have a fundamental dimension of <100 nm. However, on suspension in media, agglomerates of nanoparticles are the more common structure. This is particularly evident in prior intratracheal instillation or aspiration studies of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), in which granulomatous lesions encased by epithelioid macrophages were produced by large agglomerates. In this study, we tested the hypothesis of whether exposure to more dispersed SWCNT structures would alter pulmonary distribution and response. A dispersed preparation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (DSWCNT) with a mean diameter of 0.69 microm was given by pharyngeal aspiration to C57BL/6 mice. Electron microscopy demonstrated a highly dispersed, interstitial distribution of DSWCNT deposits by 1 day postexposure. Deposits were generally <1 microm. Macrophage phagocytosis of DSWCNT was rarely observed at any time point. Lung responses were studied by lavage and morphometry at 1 h, 1 day, 7 day, and 1 mo after a single DSWCNT exposure of 10 microg/mouse. Lung sections and lavage cells demonstrated an early, transient neutrophilic and inflammatory phase that rapidly resolved and was similar to that observed with large agglomerates. No granulomatous lesions or epithelioid macrophages were detected. Morphometric measurement of Sirius red staining was used to assess the connective tissue response. The average thickness of connective tissue in alveolar regions was 0.10 +/- 0.02, 0.09 +/- 0.02, 0.10 +/- 0.01, 0.48 +/- 0.04, and 0.88 +/- 0.19 microm for PBS and 1-h, 1-day, 7-day, and 1-mo postexposure groups, respectively. The results demonstrate that dispersed SWCNT are rapidly incorporated into the alveolar interstitium and that they produce an increase in collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Mercer
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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338
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Porter AE, Gass M, Muller K, Skepper JN, Midgley PA, Welland M. Direct imaging of single-walled carbon nanotubes in cells. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:713-717. [PMID: 18654411 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of single-walled carbon nanotubes for various biomedical applications is an area of great promise. However, the contradictory data on the toxic effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes highlight the need for alternative ways to study their uptake and cytotoxic effects in cells. Single-walled carbon nanotubes have been shown to be acutely toxic in a number of types of cells, but the direct observation of cellular uptake of single-walled carbon nanotubes has not been demonstrated previously due to difficulties in discriminating carbon-based nanotubes from carbon-rich cell structures. Here we use transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy to image the translocation of single-walled carbon nanotubes into cells in both stained and unstained human cells. The nanotubes were seen to enter the cytoplasm and localize within the cell nucleus, causing cell mortality in a dose-dependent manner.
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339
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Yan A, Von Dem Bussche A, Kane AB, Hurt RH. Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol Succinate as a Safe, Antioxidant Surfactant for Processing Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes. CARBON 2007; 45:2463-2470. [PMID: 19081834 PMCID: PMC2598771 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the physical interactions between carbon nanomaterials and tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS). TPGS is a synthetic amphiphile that undergoes enzymatic cleavage to deliver the lipophilic antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) to cell membranes, and is FDA approved as a water-soluble vitamin E nutritional supplement and drug delivery vehicle. Here we show that TPGS 1000 is capable of dispersing multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotubes in aqueous media, and for multiwall tubes is more effective than the commonly used non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. TPGS is also capable of solubilizing C(60) in aqueous phases by dissolving fullerene in the core of its spherical micelles. Drying of these solutions leads to fullerene/TPGS phase separation and the self-assembly of highly ordered asymmetric nanoparticles, with fullerene nanocrystals attached to the hydrophobic end of crystalline TPGS nanobrushes. The article discusses surface charge, colloidal stability, and the potential applications of TPGS as a safe surfactant for "green" processing of carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Annette Von Dem Bussche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Robert H. Hurt
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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340
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Yehia HN, Draper RK, Mikoryak C, Walker EK, Bajaj P, Musselman IH, Daigrepont MC, Dieckmann GR, Pantano P. Single-walled carbon nanotube interactions with HeLa cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2007; 5:8. [PMID: 17956629 PMCID: PMC2131758 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-5-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This work concerns exposing cultured human epithelial-like HeLa cells to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) dispersed in cell culture media supplemented with serum. First, the as-received CoMoCAT SWNT-containing powder was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analyses. Characterizations of the purified dispersions, termed DM-SWNTs, involved atomic force microscopy, inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry, and absorption and Raman spectroscopies. Confocal microRaman spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that DM-SWNTs were taken up by HeLa cells in a time- and temperature-dependent fashion. Transmission electron microscopy revealed SWNT-like material in intracellular vacuoles. The morphologies and growth rates of HeLa cells exposed to DM-SWNTs were statistically similar to control cells over the course of 4 d. Finally, flow cytometry was used to show that the fluorescence from MitoSOXtrade mark Red, a selective indicator of superoxide in mitochondria, was statistically similar in both control cells and cells incubated in DM-SWNTs. The combined results indicate that under our sample preparation protocols and assay conditions, CoMoCAT DM-SWNT dispersions are not inherently cytotoxic to HeLa cells. We conclude with recommendations for improving the accuracy and comparability of carbon nanotube (CNT) cytotoxicity reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi N Yehia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Rockford K Draper
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Carole Mikoryak
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Erin Kate Walker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Pooja Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Inga H Musselman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Meredith C Daigrepont
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Gregg R Dieckmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Paul Pantano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
- NanoTech Institute, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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341
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Abstract
A substantial literature demonstrates that the main ultrafine particles found in ambient urban air are combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) which originate from a number of sources and pose a hazard to the lungs. For CDNP, three properties appear important-surface area, organics and metals. All of these can generate free radicals and so induce oxidative stress and inflammation. Inflammation is a process involved in the diseases exhibited by the individuals susceptible to the effects of PM- development and exacerbations of airways disease and cardiovascular disease. It is therefore possible to implicate CDNP in the common adverse effects of increased PM. The adverse effects of increases in PM on the cardiovascular system are well-documented in the epidemiological literature and, as argued above, these effects are likely to be driven by the combustion-derived NP. The epidemiological findings can be explained in a number of hypotheses regarding the action of NP:-1) Inflammation in the lungs caused by NP causes atheromatous plaque development and destabilization; 2) The inflammation in the lungs causes alteration in the clotting status or fibrinolytic balance favouring thrombogenesis; 3) The NP themselves or metals/organics released by the particles enter the circulation and have direct effects on the endothelium, plaques, the clotting system or the autonomic nervous system/ heart rhythm. Environmental nanoparticles are accidentally produced but they provide a toxicological model for a new class of purposely 'engineered' NP arising from the nanotechnology industry, whose effects are much less understood. Bridging our toxicological knowledge between the environmental nanoparticles and the new engineered nanoparticles is a considerable challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Duffin
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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342
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Helland A, Wick P, Koehler A, Schmid K, Som C. Reviewing the environmental and human health knowledge base of carbon nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1125-31. [PMID: 17687437 PMCID: PMC1940104 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered one of the most promising materials in nanotechnology, with attractive properties for many technologic applications. The different synthesis, purification, and postprocessing methods produce CNTs with different physical characteristics, which can be applied in different fields ranging from composite materials, medical applications, and electronics to energy storage. The widespread projected use of CNTs makes it important to understand their potential harmful effects. In this environmental health review we observed a remarkable range of results of some of the toxicology studies. The comparability should be improved by further standardization and introduction of reference materials. However, at present the findings of this review suggest several key points: a) there are different types of CNTs, and therefore they cannot be considered a uniform group of substances; and b) in environmental compartments, CNTs can be bioavailable to organisms. The properties of CNTs suggest a possible accumulation along the food chain and high persistence. In organisms the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of CNTs depend on the inherent physical and chemical characteristics such as CNT functionalization, coating, length, and agglomeration state that are influenced by the external environmental conditions during CNT production, use, and disposal stages. Characterized exposure scenarios could therefore be useful when conducting toxicologic studies. However, CNTs produce a toxic response upon reaching the lungs in sufficient quantity; this reaction is produced in a time-and dose-dependent manner. The identification of possible risks to human health and environment is a prerequisite for a successful introduction of CNTs in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasgeir Helland
- Technology and Society Lab, EMPA (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research), St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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343
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Boczkowski J, Lanone S. Potential uses of carbon nanotubes in the medical field: how worried should patients be? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 2:407-10. [PMID: 17716127 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.2.4.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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344
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging science involving manipulation of matter at the nanometer scale. Due to concerns over nanomaterial risks, there has been a dramatic increase in focused safety research. The present review provides a summary of these published findings, identifying areas of agreement and discordance with regard to: (1) the potential for nanomaterial exposure, (2) the relative hazard nanomaterials pose to humans and the environment, and (3) the present deficits in our understanding of risk. Special attention is paid to study design and methodologies, offering valuable insight into the complexities encountered with nanomaterial safety assessment. Recent data highlight the impact of surface characteristics on nanomaterial biocompatibility and point to the inadequacy of the current size-dependent mechanistic paradigms, with nanoscale materials lacking unique or characteristic toxicity profiles. The available data support the ability of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and skin to act as a significant barrier to the systemic exposure of many nanomaterials. Furthermore, the acute systemic toxicity of many nanomaterials appear to be low. By contrast, the potential pulmonary toxicity of certain nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, is significant, requiring a better understanding of exposure to further evaluate their risk. While these findings arrive at an overall picture of material-specific rather than nanogeneralized risk, any conclusions should clearly be tempered by the fact that nanomaterial safety data are limited. Until such time as the exposures, hazards, and environmental life cycle of nanomaterials have been more clearly defined, cautious development and implementation of nanotechnology is the most prudent course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan T Stern
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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345
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Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Murray AR, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Castranova V, Young SH, Gao F, Tyurina YY, Oury TD, Kagan VE. Vitamin E deficiency enhances pulmonary inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 221:339-48. [PMID: 17482224 PMCID: PMC2266092 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of mice to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) induces an unusually robust pulmonary inflammatory response with an early onset of fibrosis, which is accompanied by oxidative stress and antioxidant depletion. The role of specific components of the antioxidant protective system, specifically vitamin E, the major lipid-soluble antioxidant, in the SWCNT-induced reactions has not been characterized. We used C57BL/6 mice, maintained on vitamin E-sufficient or vitamin E-deficient diets, to explore and compare the pulmonary inflammatory reactions to aspired SWCNTs. The vitamin E-deficient diet caused a 90-fold depletion of alpha-tocopherol in the lung tissue and resulted in a significant decline of other antioxidants (GSH, ascorbate) as well as accumulation of lipid peroxidation products. A greater decrease of pulmonary antioxidants was detected in SWCNT-treated vitamin E-deficient mice as compared to controls. Lowered levels of antioxidants in vitamin E-deficient mice were associated with a higher sensitivity to SWCNT-induced acute inflammation (total number of inflammatory cells, number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, released LDH, total protein content and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-6) and enhanced profibrotic responses (elevation of TGF-beta and collagen deposition). Exposure to SWCNTs markedly shifted the ratio of cleaved to full-length extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD). Given that pulmonary levels of vitamin E can be manipulated through diet, its effects on SWCNT-induced inflammation may be of practical importance in optimizing protective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology/Physiology Research Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
| | - Elena R. Kisin
- Pathology/Physiology Research Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
| | - Ashley R. Murray
- Pathology/Physiology Research Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
| | - Olga Gorelik
- Lockheed Martin Corporation, Engineering Directorate, Materials and Processes Branch, and Nanotube Team, GBTech, Inc., NASA-JSC, Houston, TX
| | - Sivaram Arepalli
- Lockheed Martin Corporation, Engineering Directorate, Materials and Processes Branch, and Nanotube Team, GBTech, Inc., NASA-JSC, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Fei Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tim D. Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Graduate School of Public Health, and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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346
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Li Z, Hulderman T, Salmen R, Chapman R, Leonard SS, Young SH, Shvedova A, Luster MI, Simeonova PP. Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:377-82. [PMID: 17431486 PMCID: PMC1849906 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered nanosized materials, such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), are emerging as technologically important in different industries. OBJECTIVE The unique physical characteristics and the pulmonary toxicity of SWCNTs raised concerns that respiratory exposure to these materials may be associated with cardiovascular adverse effects. METHODS In these studies we evaluated aortic mitochondrial alterations by oxidative stress assays, including quantitative polymerase chain reaction of mitochondrial (mt) DNA and plaque formation by morphometric analysis in mice exposed to SWCNTs. RESULTS A single intrapharyngeal instillation of SWCNTs induced activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a marker of oxidative insults, in lung, aorta, and heart tissue in HO-1 reporter transgenic mice. Furthermore, we found that C57BL/6 mice, exposed to SWCNT (10 and 40 mug/mouse), developed aortic mtDNA damage at 7, 28, and 60 days after exposure. mtDNA damage was accompanied by changes in aortic mitochondrial glutathione and protein carbonyl levels. Because these modifications have been related to cardiovascular diseases, we evaluated whether repeated exposure to SWCNTs (20 mug/mouse once every other week for 8 weeks) stimulates the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice. Although SWCNT exposure did not modify the lipid profiles of these mice, it resulted in accelerated plaque formation in ApoE(-/-) mice fed an atherogenic diet. Plaque areas in the aortas, measured by the en face method, and in the brachiocephalic arteries, measured histopathologically, were significantly increased in the SWCNT-treated mice. This response was accompanied by increased mtDNA damage but not inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the findings are of sufficient significance to warrant further studies to evaluate the systemic effects of SWCNT under workplace or environmental exposure paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch and
| | | | | | | | - Stephen S. Leonard
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shih-Houng Young
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Petia P. Simeonova
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch and
- Address correspondence to P. Simeonova, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Telephone: (304) 285-6126. Fax: (304) 285-6038. E-mail:
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Kostarelos K, Lacerda L, Pastorin G, Wu W, Wieckowski S, Luangsivilay J, Godefroy S, Pantarotto D, Briand JP, Muller S, Prato M, Bianco A. Cellular uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes is independent of functional group and cell type. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:108-113. [PMID: 18654229 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2006.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Kolosnjaj J, Szwarc H, Moussa F. Toxicity Studies of Carbon Nanotubes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 620:181-204. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76713-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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