301
|
Niche filling slows the diversification of Himalayan songbirds. Nature 2014; 509:222-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
302
|
Parallel and convergent diversification in two northern hemispheric species-rich Carex lineages (Cyperaceae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-014-0171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
303
|
Baab KL, Perry JMG, Rohlf FJ, Jungers WL. PHYLOGENETIC, ECOLOGICAL, AND ALLOMETRIC CORRELATES OF CRANIAL SHAPE IN MALAGASY LEMURIFORMS. Evolution 2014; 68:1450-68. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Baab
- Department of Anthropology; Stony Brook University; Social and Behavioral Sciences Building; 5th Floor Stony Brook New York 11794
- Interdepartmental Program in Anthropological Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - Jonathan M. G. Perry
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland 21205
| | - F. James Rohlf
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794
| | - William L. Jungers
- Interdepartmental Program in Anthropological Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York 11794
| |
Collapse
|
304
|
Atallah J, Teixeira L, Salazar R, Zaragoza G, Kopp A. The making of a pest: the evolution of a fruit-penetrating ovipositor in Drosophila suzukii and related species. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132840. [PMID: 24573846 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary innovation can allow a species access to a new ecological niche, potentially reducing competition with closely related species. While the vast majority of Drosophila flies feed on rotting fruit and other decaying matter, and are harmless to human activity, Drosophila suzukii, which has a morphologically modified ovipositor, is capable of colonizing live fruit that is still in the process of ripening, causing massive agricultural damage. Here, we conducted the first comparative analysis of this species and its close relatives, analysing both ovipositor structure and fruit susceptibility. We found that the ovipositor of the species most closely related to D. suzukii, Drosophila subpulchrella, has a similar number of enlarged, evolutionarily derived bristles, but a notably different overall shape. Like D. suzukii, D. subpulchrella flies are capable of puncturing the skin of raspberries and cherries, but we found no evidence that they could penetrate the thicker skin of two varieties of grapes. More distantly related species, one of which has previously been mistaken for D. suzukii, have blunt ovipositors with small bristles. While they did not penetrate fruit skin in any of the assays, they readily colonized fruit interiors where the skin was broken. Our results suggest that considering evolutionary context may be beneficial to the management of invasive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Atallah
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, , One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
305
|
Mallet B, Martos F, Blambert L, Pailler T, Humeau L. Evidence for isolation-by-habitat among populations of an epiphytic orchid species on a small oceanic island. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87469. [PMID: 24498329 PMCID: PMC3911949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying factors that promote population differentiation is of interest for understanding the early stages of speciation. Gene flow among populations inhabiting different environments can be reduced by geographical distance (isolation-by-distance) or by divergent selection resulting from local adaptation (isolation-by-ecology). Few studies have investigated the influence of these factors in small oceanic islands where the influence of geographic distance is expected to be null but where habitat diversity could have a strong effect on population differentiation. In this study, we tested for the spatial divergence of phenotypes (floral morphology and floral scent) and genotypes (microsatellites) among ten populations of Jumellea rossii, an epiphytic orchid endemic to Réunion growing in three different habitats. We found a significant genetic differentiation between populations that is structured by habitat heterogeneity rather than by geographic distance between populations. These results suggest that ecological factors might reduce gene flow among populations located in different habitats. This pattern of isolation-by-habitat may be the result of both isolation-by-ecology by habitat filtering and asynchrony in flowering phenology. Furthermore, data on floral morphology match these findings, with multivariate analysis grouping populations by habitat type but could be only due to phenotypic plasticity. Indeed floral scent compounds were not significantly different between populations indicating that specific plant-pollinator mutualism does not seem to play a major role in the population differentiation of J. rossii. In conclusion, the results from our study emphasize the importance of habitat diversity of small oceanic islands as a factor of population differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Mallet
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-Agresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Florent Martos
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Laury Blambert
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-Agresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Thierry Pailler
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-Agresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Laurence Humeau
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-Agresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, Ile de La Réunion, France
| |
Collapse
|
306
|
Chen Y. Tempo of Diversification of Global Amphibians: One-Constant Rate, One-Continuous Shift or Multiple-Discrete Shifts? ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 2014. [DOI: 10.5635/ased.2014.30.1.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
307
|
Hayden S, Bekaert M, Goodbla A, Murphy WJ, Dávalos LM, Teeling EC. A cluster of olfactory receptor genes linked to frugivory in bats. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:917-27. [PMID: 24441035 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity of the mammalian olfactory receptor (OR) repertoire has been globally reshaped by niche specialization. However, little is known about the variability of the OR repertoire at a shallower evolutionary timeframe. The vast bat radiation exhibits an extraordinary variety of trophic and sensory specializations. Unlike other mammals, bats possess a unique and diverse OR gene repertoire. We elucidated whether the evolution of the OR gene repertoire can be linked to ecological niche specializations, such as sensory modalities and diet. The OR gene repertoires of 27 bat species spanning the chiropteran radiation were amplified and sequenced. For each species, intact and nonfunctional genes were assessed, and the OR gene abundances in each gene family were analyzed and compared. We identified a unique OR pattern linked to the frugivorous diet of New World fruit-eating bats and a similar convergent pattern in the Old World fruit-eating bats. Our results show a strong association between niche specialization and OR repertoire diversity even at a shallow evolutionary timeframe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hayden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
308
|
Stankowski S, Johnson MS. Biogeographic discordance of molecular phylogenetic and phenotypic variation in a continental archipelago radiation of land snails. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:2. [PMID: 24393567 PMCID: PMC3897969 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In island archipelagos, where islands have experienced repeated periods of fragmentation and connection through cyclic changes in sea level, complex among-island distributions might reflect historical distributional changes or local evolution. We test the relative importance of these mechanisms in an endemic radiation of Rhagada land snails in the Dampier Archipelago, a continental archipelago off the coast of Western Australia, where ten morphospecies have complex, overlapping distributions. Results We obtained partial mtDNA sequence (COI) for 1015 snails collected from 213 locations across 30 Islands, and used Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) to determine whether geography or the morphological taxonomy best explains the pattern of molecular evolution. Rather than forming distinct monophyletic groups, as would be expected if they had single, independent origins, all of the widely distributed morphospecies were polyphyletic, distributed among several well-supported clades, each of which included several morphospecies. Each mitochondrial clade had a clear, cohesive geographic distribution, together forming a series of parapatric replacements separated by narrow contact zones. AMOVA revealed further incongruence between mtDNA diversity and morphological variation within clades, as the taxonomic hypothesis always explained a low or non-significant proportion of the molecular variation. In contrast, the pattern of mtDNA evolution closely reflected contemporary and historical marine barriers. Conclusions Despite opportunities for distributional changes during periods when the islands were connected, there is no evidence that dispersal has contributed to the geographic variation of shell form at the broad scale. Based on an estimate of dispersal made previously for Rhagada, we conclude that the periods of connection have been too short in duration to allow for extensive overland dispersal or deep mitochondrial introgression. The result is a sharp and resilient phylogeographic pattern. The distribution of morphotypes among clades and distant islands is explained most simply by their parallel evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Stankowski
- School of Animal Biology (M092), University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
309
|
Kirchberger PC, Sefc KM, Sturmbauer C, Koblmüller S. Outgroup effects on root position and tree topology in the AFLP phylogeny of a rapidly radiating lineage of cichlid fish. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 70:57-62. [PMID: 24055738 PMCID: PMC3842234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of rapid radiations are particularly challenging as short basal branches and incomplete lineage sorting complicate phylogenetic inference. Multilocus data of presence-absence polymorphisms such as obtained by AFLP genotyping overcome some of the difficulties, but also present their own intricacies. Here we analyze >1000 AFLP markers to address the evolutionary history of the Limnochromini, a cichlid fish lineage endemic to Lake Tanganyika, and to test for potential effects of outgroup composition on tree topology. The data support previous mitochondrial evidence on the tribe's taxonomy by confirming the polyphyly of the genus Limnochromis and - in contradiction to a recent taxonomic revision - nesting the genus Greenwoodochromis within the Limnochromini. Species relationships suggest that ecological segregation occurred during the rapid basal radiation of the Limnochromini. The large phylogenetic distance between candidate outgroup taxa and the Limnochromini radiation caused random outgroup effects. Bootstrap support for ingroup nodes was lower in outgroup-rooted than in midpoint-rooted trees, and root positions and ingroup tree topologies varied in response to the composition of the outgroup. These observations suggest that the predisposition for homoplastic evolution makes AFLP-based phylogenetic analyses particularly susceptible to random biases introduced by too-distant outgroup taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
310
|
Renaut S, Owens GL, Rieseberg LH. Shared selective pressure and local genomic landscape lead to repeatable patterns of genomic divergence in sunflowers. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:311-24. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Renaut
- Department of Botany; Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Gregory L. Owens
- Department of Botany; Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Loren H. Rieseberg
- Department of Botany; Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; 1001 East Third Street Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| |
Collapse
|
311
|
Hollingsworth PR, Simons AM, Fordyce JA, Hulsey CD. Explosive diversification following a benthic to pelagic shift in freshwater fishes. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:272. [PMID: 24341464 PMCID: PMC3880099 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interspecific divergence along a benthic to pelagic habitat axis is ubiquitous in freshwater fishes inhabiting lentic environments. In this study, we examined the influence of this habitat axis on the macroevolution of a diverse, lotic radiation using mtDNA and nDNA phylogenies for eastern North America’s most species-rich freshwater fish clade, the open posterior myodome (OPM) cyprinids. We used ancestral state reconstruction to identify the earliest benthic to pelagic transition in this group and generated fossil-calibrated estimates of when this shift occurred. This transition could have represented evolution into a novel adaptive zone, and therefore, we tested for a period of accelerated lineage accumulation after this historical habitat shift. Results Ancestral state reconstructions inferred a similar and concordant region of our mtDNA and nDNA based gene trees as representing the shift from benthic to pelagic habitats in the OPM clade. Two independent tests conducted on each gene tree suggested an increased diversification rate after this inferred habitat transition. Furthermore, lineage through time analyses indicated rapid early cladogenesis in the clade arising after the benthic to pelagic shift. Conclusions A burst of diversification followed the earliest benthic to pelagic transition during the radiation of OPM cyprinids in eastern North America. As such, the benthic/pelagic habitat axis has likely influenced the generation of biodiversity across disparate freshwater ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Hollingsworth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
312
|
Selz OM, Lucek K, Young KA, Seehausen O. Relaxed trait covariance in interspecific cichlid hybrids predicts morphological diversity in adaptive radiations. J Evol Biol 2013; 27:11-24. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. M. Selz
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - K. Lucek
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | | | - O. Seehausen
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
313
|
Abstract
Adaptive radiation of a lineage into a range of organisms with different niches underpins the evolution of life's diversity. Although the role of the environment in shaping adaptive radiation is well established, theory predicts that the evolvability and niche of the founding ancestor are also of importance. Direct demonstration of a causal link requires resolving the independent effects of these additional factors. Here, we accomplish this using experimental bacterial populations and demonstrate how the dynamics of adaptive radiation are constrained by the niche of the founder. We manipulated the propensity of the founder to undergo adaptive radiation and resolved the underlying causal changes in both its evolvability and niche. Evolvability did not change, but the propensity for adaptive radiation was altered by changes in the position and breadth of the niche of the founder. These observations provide direct empirical evidence for a link between the niche of organisms and their propensity for adaptive radiation. This general mechanism may have rendered the evolutionary dynamics of extant adaptive radiations dependent on chance events that determined their founding ancestors.
Collapse
|
314
|
Præbel K, Knudsen R, Siwertsson A, Karhunen M, Kahilainen KK, Ovaskainen O, Ostbye K, Peruzzi S, Fevolden SE, Amundsen PA. Ecological speciation in postglacial European whitefish: rapid adaptive radiations into the littoral, pelagic, and profundal lake habitats. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4970-86. [PMID: 24455129 PMCID: PMC3892361 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how a monophyletic lineage of a species diverges into several adaptive forms has received increased attention in recent years, but the underlying mechanisms in this process are still under debate. Postglacial fishes are excellent model organisms for exploring this process, especially the initial stages of ecological speciation, as postglacial lakes represent replicated discrete environments with variation in available niches. Here, we combine data of niche utilization, trophic morphology, and 17 microsatellite loci to investigate the diversification process of three sympatric European whitefish morphs from three northern Fennoscandian lakes. The morphological divergence in the gill raker number among the whitefish morphs was related to the utilization of different trophic niches and was associated with reproductive isolation within and across lakes. The intralacustrine comparison of whitefish morphs showed that these systems represent two levels of adaptive divergence: (1) a consistent littoral–pelagic resource axis; and (2) a more variable littoral–profundal resource axis. The results also indicate that the profundal whitefish morph has diverged repeatedly from the ancestral littoral whitefish morph in sympatry in two different watercourses. In contrast, all the analyses performed revealed clustering of the pelagic whitefish morphs across lakes suggesting parallel postglacial immigration with the littoral whitefish morph into each lake. Finally, the analyses strongly suggested that the trophic adaptive trait, number of gill rakers, was under diversifying selection in the different whitefish morphs. Together, the results support a complex evolutionary scenario where ecological speciation acts, but where both allopatric (colonization history) and sympatric (within watercourse divergence) processes are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Præbel
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø Tromsø, N-9037, Norway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø Tromsø, N-9037, Norway
| | - Anna Siwertsson
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø Tromsø, N-9037, Norway
| | - Markku Karhunen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki PO Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kimmo K Kahilainen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki PO Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland ; Kilpisjärvi Biological Station, University of Helsinki Käsivarrentie 14622, Kilpisjärvi, FI-99490, Finland
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki PO Box 65, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kjartan Ostbye
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo PO Box 1066, Blindern, Oslo, N-0315, Norway ; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hedmark University College Campus Evenstad, Elverum, NO-2418, Norway
| | - Stefano Peruzzi
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø Tromsø, N-9037, Norway
| | - Svein-Erik Fevolden
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø Tromsø, N-9037, Norway
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø Tromsø, N-9037, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
315
|
Moen DS, Irschick DJ, Wiens JJ. Evolutionary conservatism and convergence both lead to striking similarity in ecology, morphology and performance across continents in frogs. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20132156. [PMID: 24174109 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clades contain ecologically and phenotypically similar species across continents, yet the processes generating this similarity are largely unstudied, leaving fundamental questions unanswered. Is similarity in morphology and performance across assemblages caused by evolutionary convergence or by biogeographic dispersal of evolutionarily conserved ecotypes? Does convergence to new ecological conditions erase evidence of past adaptation? Here, we analyse ecology, morphology and performance in frog assemblages from three continents (Asia, Australia and South America), assessing the importance of dispersal and convergent evolution in explaining similarity across regions. We find three striking results. First, species using the same microhabitat type are highly similar in morphology and performance across both clades and continents. Second, some species on different continents owe their similarity to dispersal and evolutionary conservatism (rather than evolutionary convergence), even over vast temporal and spatial scales. Third, in one case, an ecologically specialized ancestor radiated into diverse ecotypes that have converged with those on other continents, largely erasing traces of past adaptation to their ancestral ecology. Overall, our study highlights the roles of both evolutionary conservatism and convergence in explaining similarity in species traits over large spatial and temporal scales and demonstrates a statistical framework for addressing these questions in other systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Moen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, , 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11795-5245, USA, Center for Applied Mathematics, École Polytechnique, , UMR 7641 CNRS, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France, Department of Biology, 221 Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, , Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, , Amherst, MA 01003, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, , Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
316
|
Garcia-Porta J, Ord TJ. Key innovations and island colonization as engines of evolutionary diversification: a comparative test with the Australasian diplodactyloid geckos. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2662-80. [PMID: 24256519 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of key innovations and the invasion of new areas constitute two major processes that facilitate ecological opportunity and subsequent evolutionary diversification. Using a major lizard radiation as a model, the Australasian diplodactyloid geckos, we explored the effects of two key innovations (adhesive toepads and a snake-like phenotype) and the invasion of new environments (island colonization) in promoting the evolution of phenotypic and species diversity. We found no evidence that toepads had significantly increased evolutionary diversification, which challenges the common assumption that the evolution of toepads has been responsible for the extensive radiation of geckos. In contrast, a snakelike phenotype was associated with increased rates of body size evolution and, to a lesser extent, species diversification. However, the clearest impact on evolutionary diversification has been the colonization of New Zealand and New Caledonia, which were associated with increased rates of both body size evolution and species diversification. This highlights that colonizing new environments can drive adaptive diversification in conjunction or independently of the evolution of a key innovation. Studies wishing to confirm the putative link between a key innovation and subsequent evolutionary diversification must therefore show that it has been the acquisition of an innovation specifically, not the colonization of new areas more generally, that has prompted diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Garcia-Porta
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
317
|
Adaptive divergence in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. V. Insight into the niche specialist fuzzy spreader compels revision of the model Pseudomonas radiation. Genetics 2013; 195:1319-35. [PMID: 24077305 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.154948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens is a model for the study of adaptive radiation. When propagated in a spatially structured environment, the bacterium rapidly diversifies into a range of niche specialist genotypes. Here we present a genetic dissection and phenotypic characterization of the fuzzy spreader (FS) morphotype-a type that arises repeatedly during the course of the P. fluorescens radiation and appears to colonize the bottom of static broth microcosms. The causal mutation is located within gene fuzY (pflu0478)-the fourth gene of the five-gene fuzVWXYZ operon. fuzY encodes a β-glycosyltransferase that is predicted to modify lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigens. The effect of the mutation is to cause cell flocculation. Analysis of 92 independent FS genotypes showed each to have arisen as the result of a loss-of-function mutation in fuzY, although different mutations have subtly different phenotypic and fitness effects. Mutations within fuzY were previously shown to suppress the phenotype of mat-forming wrinkly spreader (WS) types. This prompted a reinvestigation of FS niche preference. Time-lapse photography showed that FS colonizes the meniscus of broth microcosms, forming cellular rafts that, being too flimsy to form a mat, collapse to the vial bottom and then repeatably reform only to collapse. This led to a reassessment of the ecology of the P. fluorescens radiation. Finally, we show that ecological interactions between the three dominant emergent types (smooth, WS, and FS), combined with the interdependence of FS and WS on fuzY, can, at least in part, underpin an evolutionary arms race with bacteriophage SBW25Φ2, to which mutation in fuzY confers resistance.
Collapse
|
318
|
Davis AM, Unmack PJ, Pusey BJ, Pearson RG, Morgan DL. Effects of an adaptive zone shift on morphological and ecological diversification in terapontid fishes. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
319
|
Nürk NM, Scheriau C, Madriñán S. Explosive radiation in high Andean Hypericum-rates of diversification among New World lineages. Front Genet 2013; 4:175. [PMID: 24062764 PMCID: PMC3769627 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The páramos, high-elevation Andean grasslands ranging from ca. 2800 m to the snow line, harbor one of the fastest evolving biomes worldwide since their appearance in the northern Andes 3–5 million years (Ma) ago. Hypericum (St. John's wort), with over 65% of its Neotropical species, has a center of diversity in these high Mountain ecosystems. Using nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of a broad sample of New World Hypericum species we investigate phylogenetic patterns, estimate divergence times, and provide the first insights into diversification rates within the genus in the Neotropics. Two lineages appear to have independently dispersed into South America around 3.5 Ma ago, one of which has radiated in the páramos (Brathys). We find strong support for the polyphyly of section Trigynobrathys, several species of which group within Brathys, while others are found in temperate lowland South America (Trigynobrathys s.str.). All páramo species of Hypericum group in one clade. Within these páramo Hypericum species enormous phenotypic evolution has taken place (life forms from arborescent to prostrate shrubs) evidently in a short time frame. We hypothesize multiple mechanisms to be responsible for the low differentiation in the ITS region contrary to the high morphological diversity found in Hypericum in the páramos. Amongst these may be ongoing hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, as well as the putative adaptive radiation, which can explain the contrast between phenotypic diversity and the close phylogenetic relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai M Nürk
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
320
|
Esselstyn JA, Maharadatunkamsi, Achmadi AS, Siler CD, Evans BJ. Carving out turf in a biodiversity hotspot: multiple, previously unrecognized shrew species co-occur on Java Island, Indonesia. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4972-87. [PMID: 24010862 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In theory, competition among species in a shared habitat results in niche separation. In the case of small recondite mammals such as shrews, little is known about their autecologies, leaving open questions regarding the degree to which closely related species co-occur and how or whether ecological niches are partitioned. The extent to which species are able to coexist may depend on the degree to which they exploit different features of their habitat, which may in turn influence our ability to recognize them as species. We explored these issues in a biodiversity hotspot, by surveying shrew (genus Crocidura) diversity on the Indonesian island of Java. We sequenced portions of nine unlinked genes in 100-117 specimens of Javan shrews and incorporated homologous data from most known Crocidura species from other parts of island South-East Asia. Current taxonomy recognizes four Crocidura species on Java, including two endemics. However, our phylogenetic, population genetic and species delimitation analyses identify five species on the island, and all are endemic to Java. While the individual ranges of these species may not overlap in their entirety, we found up to four species living syntopically and all five species co-occurring on one mountain. Differences in species' body size, use of above ground-level habitats by one species and habitat partitioning along ecological gradients may have facilitated species diversification and coexistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Esselstyn
- Biology Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
321
|
Abstract
The evolutionary origins of Madagascar's biodiversity remain mysterious despite the fact that relative to land area, there is no other place with consistently high levels of species richness and endemism across a range of taxonomic levels. Most efforts to explain diversification on the island have focused on geographical models of speciation, but recent studies have begun to address the island's accumulation of species through time, although with conflicting results. Prevailing hypotheses for diversification on the island involve either constant diversification rates or scenarios where rates decline through time. Using relative-time-calibrated phylogenies for seven endemic vertebrate clades and a model-fitting framework, I find evidence that diversification rates have declined through time on Madagascar. I show that diversification rates have clearly declined throughout the history of each clade, and models invoking diversity-dependent reductions to diversification rates best explain the diversification histories for each clade. These results are consistent with the ecological theory of adaptive radiation, and, coupled with ancillary observations about ecomorphological and life-history evolution, strongly suggest that adaptive radiation was an important formative process for one of the most species-rich regions on the Earth. These results cast the Malagasy biota in a new light and provide macroevolutionary justification for conservation initiatives.
Collapse
|
322
|
Wollenberg KC, Wang IJ, Glor RE, Losos JB. DETERMINISM IN THE DIVERSIFICATION OF HISPANIOLAN TRUNK-GROUND ANOLES (ANOLIS CYBOTESSPECIES COMPLEX). Evolution 2013; 67:3175-90. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C. Wollenberg
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St. Cambridge Massachusetts 02134
- Current address: School of Science; Engineering and Mathematics; Bethune-Cookman University; 640 Dr Mary McLeod Bethune Blvd Daytona Beach Florida 32114
| | - Ian J. Wang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St. Cambridge Massachusetts 02134
| | - Richard E. Glor
- Department of Biology; University of Rochester; River Campus Box 270211 Rochester New York 14627
| | - Jonathan B. Losos
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology & Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St. Cambridge Massachusetts 02134
| |
Collapse
|
323
|
Odling-Smee J, Erwin DH, Palkovacs EP, Feldman MW, Laland KN. Niche construction theory: a practical guide for ecologists. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2013; 88:4-28. [PMID: 23653966 DOI: 10.1086/669266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Niche construction theory (NCT) explicitly recognizes environmental modication by organisms ("niche construction") and their legacy overtime ("ecological inheritance") to be evolutionary processes in their own right. Here we illustrate how niche construction theory provides usedl conceptual tools and theoretical insights for integrating ecosystem ecology and evolutionary theory. We begin by briefly describing NCT, and illustrating how it deifers from conventional evolutionary approaches. We then distinguish between two aspects ofniche construction--environment alteration and subsequent evolution in response to constructed environments--equating the first of these with "ecosystem engineering." We describe some of the ecological and evolutionary impacts on ecosystems of niche construction, ecosystem engineering and ecological inheritance, and illustrate how these processes trigger ecological and evolutionary feedbacks and leave detectable ecological signatures that are open to investigation. FIinally, we provide a practical guide to how NCT could be deployed by ecologists and evolutionary biologists to aeplore ecoeoolutionay dynamics. We suggest that, by highlighting the ecological and evolutionay ramifications of changes that organisms bring about in ecosystems, NCT helps link ecosystem ecology to evolutionary biology, potentially leading to a deeper understanding of how ecosystems change over time.
Collapse
|
324
|
Pennell MW, Harmon LJ. An integrative view of phylogenetic comparative methods: connections to population genetics, community ecology, and paleobiology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1289:90-105. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke J. Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies; University of Idaho; Moscow; Idaho
| |
Collapse
|
325
|
Rovito SM, Parra-Olea G, Hanken J, Bonett RM, Wake DB. Adaptive radiation in miniature: the minute salamanders of the Mexican highlands (Amphibia: Plethodontidae:Thorius). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Parra-Olea
- Departamento de Zoología; Instituto de Biología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; AP 70-153, CP 04510, Ciudad Universitaria; México; D.F.; México
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University; 26 Oxford St.; Cambridge; MA; 02138; USA
| | - Ronald M. Bonett
- Department of Biological Science; University of Tulsa; 800 S Tucker Drive; Tulsa; OK; 74104; USA
| | - David B. Wake
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology; University of California; Berkeley; CA; 94720-3160; USA
| |
Collapse
|
326
|
Boyd ES, Hamilton TL, Wang J, He L, Zhang CL. The role of tetraether lipid composition in the adaptation of thermophilic archaea to acidity. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:62. [PMID: 23565112 PMCID: PMC3615187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diether and tetraether lipids are fundamental components of the archaeal cell membrane. Archaea adjust the degree of tetraether lipid cyclization in order to maintain functional membranes and cellular homeostasis when confronted with pH and/or thermal stress. Thus, the ability to adjust tetraether lipid composition likely represents a critical phenotypic trait that enabled archaeal diversification into environments characterized by extremes in pH and/or temperature. Here we assess the relationship between geochemical variation, core- and polar-isoprenoid glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (C-iGDGT and P-iGDGT, respectively) lipid composition, and archaeal 16S rRNA gene diversity and abundance in 27 geothermal springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. The composition and abundance of C-iGDGT and P-iGDGT lipids recovered from geothermal ecosystems were distinct from surrounding soils, indicating that they are synthesized endogenously. With the exception of GDGT-0 (no cyclopentyl rings), the abundances of individual C-iGDGT and P-iGDGT lipids were significantly correlated. The abundance of a number of individual tetraether lipids varied positively with the relative abundance of individual 16S rRNA gene sequences, most notably crenarchaeol in both the core and polar GDGT fraction and sequences closely affiliated with Candidatus Nitrosocaldus yellowstonii. This finding supports the proposal that crenarchaeol is a biomarker for nitrifying archaea. Variation in the degree of cyclization of C- and P-iGDGT lipids recovered from geothermal mats and sediments could best be explained by variation in spring pH, with lipids from acidic environments tending to have, on average, more internal cyclic rings than those from higher pH ecosystems. Likewise, variation in the phylogenetic composition of archaeal 16S rRNA genes could best be explained by spring pH. In turn, the phylogenetic similarity of archaeal 16S rRNA genes was significantly correlated with the similarity in the composition of C- and P-iGDGT lipids. Taken together, these data suggest that the ability to adjust the composition of GDGT lipid membranes played a central role in the diversification of archaea into or out of environments characterized by extremes of low pH and high temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Boyd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
327
|
Pincheira-Donoso D, Bauer AM, Meiri S, Uetz P. Global taxonomic diversity of living reptiles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59741. [PMID: 23544091 PMCID: PMC3609858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are one of the most ecologically and evolutionarily remarkable groups of living organisms, having successfully colonized most of the planet, including the oceans and some of the harshest and more environmentally unstable ecosystems on earth. Here, based on a complete dataset of all the world's diversity of living reptiles, we analyse lineage taxonomic richness both within and among clades, at different levels of the phylogenetic hierarchy. We also analyse the historical tendencies in the descriptions of new reptile species from Linnaeus to March 2012. Although (non-avian) reptiles are the second most species-rich group of amniotes after birds, most of their diversity (96.3%) is concentrated in squamates (59% lizards, 35% snakes, and 2% amphisbaenians). In strong contrast, turtles (3.4%), crocodilians (0.3%), and tuataras (0.01%) are far less diverse. In terms of species discoveries, most turtles and crocodilians were described early, while descriptions of lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians are multimodal with respect to time. Lizard descriptions, in particular, have reached unprecedented levels during the last decade. Finally, despite such remarkably asymmetric distributions of reptile taxonomic diversity among groups, we found that the distributions of lineage richness are consistently right-skewed, with most clades (monophyletic families and genera) containing few lineages (monophyletic genera and species, respectively), while only a few have radiated greatly (notably the families Colubridae and Scincidae, and the lizard genera Anolis and Liolaemus). Therefore, such consistency in the frequency distribution of richness among clades and among phylogenetic levels suggests that the nature of reptile biodiversity is fundamentally fractal (i.e., it is scale invariant). We then compared current reptile diversity with the global reptile diversity and taxonomy known in 1980. Despite substantial differences in the taxonomies (relative to 2012), the patterns of lineage richness remain qualitatively identical, hence reinforcing our conclusions about the fractal nature of reptile biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pincheira-Donoso
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology of Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Riseholme Park, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
328
|
Santini F, Nguyen MTT, Sorenson L, Waltzek TB, Lynch Alfaro JW, Eastman JM, Alfaro ME. Do habitat shifts drive diversification in teleost fishes? An example from the pufferfishes (Tetraodontidae). J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1003-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Santini
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - M. T. T. Nguyen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - L. Sorenson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - T. B. Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida; Gainesville FL USA
| | - J. W. Lynch Alfaro
- Institute for Society and Genetics & Department of Anthropology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - J. M. Eastman
- Department of Biological Sciences & the Institute of Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Study; University of Idaho; Moscow ID USA
| | - M. E. Alfaro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Los Angeles; Los Angeles CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
329
|
Bonett RM, Trujano-Alvarez AL, Williams MJ, Timpe EK. Biogeography and body size shuffling of aquatic salamander communities on a shifting refuge. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130200. [PMID: 23466988 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater habitats of coastal plains are refugia for many divergent vertebrate lineages, yet these environments are highly vulnerable to sea-level fluctuations, which suggest that resident communities have endured dynamic histories. Using the fossil record and a multi-locus nuclear phylogeny, we examine divergence times, biogeography, body size evolution and patterns of community assembly of aquatic salamanders from North American coastal plains since the Late Cretaceous. At least five salamander families occurred on the extensive Western Interior Coastal Plain (WICP), which existed from the Late Cretaceous through the Eocene. Four of these families subsequently colonized the emergent Southeastern Coastal Plain (SECP) by the Early Oligocene to Late Miocene. Three families ultimately survived and underwent extensive body size evolution in situ on the SECP. This included at least two major size reversals in recent taxa that are convergent with confamilial WICP ancestors. Dynamics of the coastal plain, major lineage extinctions and frequent extreme changes in body size have resulted in significant shuffling of the size structure of aquatic salamander communities on this shifting refuge since the Cretaceous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Bonett
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
330
|
Parada A, Pardiñas UF, Salazar-Bravo J, D’Elía G, Palma RE. Dating an impressive Neotropical radiation: Molecular time estimates for the Sigmodontinae (Rodentia) provide insights into its historical biogeography. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 66:960-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
331
|
Gómez P, Buckling A. Real-time microbial adaptive diversification in soil. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:650-5. [PMID: 23438288 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria undergo adaptive diversification over a matter of days in test tubes, but the relevance to natural populations remains unclear. Here, we report real-time adaptive diversification of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in its natural environment, soil. Crucially, adaptive diversification was much greater in the absence of the established natural microbial community, suggesting that resident diversity is likely to inhibit, rather than promote, adaptive radiations in natural environments. Rapid diversification is therefore likely to play an important role in the population and community dynamics of microbes in environments where resident communities are perturbed, such as by agriculture, pollution and antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
332
|
López-Fernández H, Arbour JH, Winemiller KO, Honeycutt RL. Testing for ancient adaptive radiations in neotropical cichlid fishes. Evolution 2013; 67:1321-37. [PMID: 23617911 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most contemporary studies of adaptive radiation focus on relatively recent and geographically restricted clades. It is less clear whether diversification of ancient clades spanning entire continents is consistent with adaptive radiation. We used novel fossil calibrations to generate a chronogram of Neotropical cichlid fishes and to test whether patterns of lineage and morphological diversification are congruent with hypothesized adaptive radiations in South and Central America. We found that diversification in the Neotropical cichlid clade and the highly diverse tribe Geophagini was consistent with diversity-dependent, early bursts of divergence followed by decreased rates of lineage accumulation. South American Geophagini underwent early rapid differentiation in body shape, expanding into novel morphological space characterized by elongate-bodied predators. Divergence in head shape attributes associated with trophic specialization evolved under strong adaptive constraints in all Neotropical cichlid clades. The South American Cichlasomatini followed patterns consistent with constant rates of morphological divergence. Although morphological diversification in South American Heroini was limited, Eocene invasion of Central American habitats was followed by convergent diversification mirroring variation observed in Geophagini. Diversification in Neotropical cichlids was influenced by the early adaptive radiation of Geophagini, which potentially limited differentiation in other cichlid clades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hernán López-Fernández
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
333
|
Rocha S, Posada D, Harris DJ. Phylogeography and diversification history of the day-gecko genus Phelsuma in the Seychelles islands. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:3. [PMID: 23289814 PMCID: PMC3598968 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lying in a shallow continental shelf cyclically affected by oscillating sea levels since the Miocene, the Seychelles islands are particularly interesting for evolutionary studies. Recent molecular studies are generating an emerging picture of the origin of its biota, yet very little is known regarding their phylogeographic structure or on the factors promoting diversification within the archipelago. Here we aimed to obtain a detailed depiction of the genetic structure and evolution of one of the most widespread vertebrate groups in the archipelago: the day-geckos of the genus Phelsuma. In parallel, we aimed to infer divergence times between species and subspecies, testing a long-standing hypothesis that argues for different time since sympatry between species as the cause of their different morphological differentiation across the archipelago. RESULTS Molecular data corroborated the existence of two main lineages, corresponding to the two currently recognized species. Divergences between species likely date back to the Mio-Pliocene, while more recent, Pleistocenic, divergences are suggested within each species. Populations from outer islands share mtDNA haplotypes with inner island populations, suggesting very recent dispersals (or introductions). We found no evidence of current gene flow between species, but results pointed to the possibility of gene flow between (now allopatric) subspecies. Time estimates suggest a synchronous divergence within each species (between island groups). CONCLUSIONS The geographic patterns of genetic variation agree with previous taxonomic subdivisions within each species and the origin of outer islands populations is clearly tracked. The similar intraspecific divergence time estimates obtained suggest that the differential body-size differentiation between species within each group of islands may be driven by factors other than character displacement proportional to time since sympatry, as previously suggested. These factors could include different habitats/resources available within each island group, niche differentiation and/or character displacement. We also bring again into consideration the hypothesis of body size being influenced by the distribution of native vegetation and social systems within this group, although it remains to be tested. Our results highlight not only the necessity of clarifying the role of ecology and interspecific interactions in this group's morphological diversification and community assemblage, but also the importance of co-evolutionary mechanisms and their importance for appropriate conservation of island biodiversity. Further, we provide a detailed description of the phylogeographic structure of these taxa across these islands, which still remain poorly characterized in this respect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rocha
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto FC4 4169-007, Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - David Posada
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - D James Harris
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto FC4 4169-007, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
334
|
Frédérich B, Sorenson L, Santini F, Slater GJ, Alfaro ME. Iterative Ecological Radiation and Convergence during the Evolutionary History of Damselfishes (Pomacentridae). Am Nat 2013; 181:94-113. [DOI: 10.1086/668599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
335
|
Sánchez-Villagra MR. Why are There Fewer Marsupials than Placentals? On the Relevance of Geography and Physiology to Evolutionary Patterns of Mammalian Diversity and Disparity. J MAMM EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-012-9220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
336
|
Aguilée R, Claessen D, Lambert A. Adaptive radiation driven by the interplay of eco-evolutionary and landscape dynamics. Evolution 2012; 67:1291-306. [PMID: 23617909 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigate an individual-based model of adaptive radiation based on the biogeographical changes of the Great African Lakes where cichlid fishes radiated. In our model, the landscape consists of a mosaic of three habitat types which may or may not be separated by geographic barriers. We study the effect of the alternation between allopatry and sympatry called landscape dynamics. We show that landscape dynamics can generate a significantly higher diversity than allopatric or sympatric speciation alone. Diversification is mainly due to the joint action of allopatric, ecological divergence, and of disruptive selection increasing assortative mating and allowing for the coexistence in sympatry of species following reinforcement or character displacement. Landscape dynamics possibly increase diversity at each landscape change. The characteristics of the radiation depend on the speed of landscape dynamics and of the number of geographically isolated regions at steady state. Under fast dynamics of a landscape with many fragments, the model predicts a high diversity, possibly subject to the temporary collapse of all species into a hybrid swarm. When fast landscape dynamics induce the recurrent fusion of several sites, diversity is moderate but very stable over time. Under slow landscape dynamics, diversification proceeds similarly, although at a slower pace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Aguilée
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Univ Montpellier II, CNRS UMR 5554, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
337
|
Feutry P, Castelin M, Ovenden JR, Dettaï A, Robinet T, Cruaud C, Keith P. Evolution of diadromy in fish: insights from a tropical genus (Kuhlia species). Am Nat 2012; 181:52-63. [PMID: 23234845 DOI: 10.1086/668593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Diadromous species undergo regular migration between fresh and marine waters. This behavior is found in many species, including fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, some of which are commercially valuable species. Several attempts to trace the evolution of this behavior have been made in Salmonidae and Galaxiidae, but ambiguous phylogenies and multiple character state changes prevented unequivocal conclusions. The Kuhliidae family consists of 12 fish species that inhabit tropical islands in the Indo-Pacific region. The species have marine, partially catadromous, or fully catadromous life histories (i.e., they migrate from rivers to the sea to reproduce). The evolution of migratory behavior was traced on a well-resolved phylogeny. Catadromous Kuhlia species were basal, and partially catadromous and marine species formed derived monophyletic groups. This is, to our knowledge, the first time that a clear origin and polarity for the diadromous character has been demonstrated. We propose that the relative lack of resources in tropical, inshore, marine habitats and the ephemeral and isolated nature of freshwater environments of tropical islands, combined with phenotypic plasticity of migratory traits, play key roles in driving the evolution of diadromy in the Kuhliidae and probably in other groups. This work is an important starting point to understand the role of diadromy in speciation and adaptation in unstable habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Feutry
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Unité de Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7208, Ichtyologie, 57 rue Cuvier, CP026, Paris 75231, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
338
|
Morales-Hojas R, Vieira J. Phylogenetic patterns of geographical and ecological diversification in the subgenus Drosophila. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49552. [PMID: 23152919 PMCID: PMC3495880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonisation of new geographic regions and/or of new ecological resources can result in rapid species diversification into the new ecological niches available. Members of the subgenus Drosophila are distributed across the globe and show a large diversity of ecological niches. Furthermore, taxonomic classification of Drosophila includes the rank radiation, which refers to closely related species groups. Nevertheless, it has never been tested if these taxonomic radiations correspond to evolutionary radiations. Here we present a study of the patterns of diversification of Drosophila to test for increased diversification rates in relation to the geographic and ecological diversification processes. For this, we have estimated and dated a phylogeny of 218 species belonging to the major species groups of the subgenus. The obtained phylogenies are largely consistent with previous studies and indicate that the major groups appeared during the Oligocene/Miocene transition or early Miocene, characterized by a trend of climate warming with brief periods of glaciation. Ancestral reconstruction of geographic ranges and ecological resource use suggest at least two dispersals to the Neotropics from the ancestral Asiatic tropical disribution, and several transitions to specialized ecological resource use (mycophagous and cactophilic). Colonisation of new geographic regions and/or of new ecological resources can result in rapid species diversification into the new ecological niches available. However, diversification analyses show no significant support for adaptive radiations as a result of geographic dispersal or ecological resource shift. Also, cactophily has not resulted in an increase in the diversification rate of the repleta and related groups. It is thus concluded that the taxonomic radiations do not correspond to adaptive radiations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Morales-Hojas
- Molecular Evolution Lab, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | |
Collapse
|
339
|
Litsios G, Sims CA, Wüest RO, Pearman PB, Zimmermann NE, Salamin N. Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:212. [PMID: 23122007 PMCID: PMC3532366 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adaptive radiation is the process by which a single ancestral species diversifies into many descendants adapted to exploit a wide range of habitats. The appearance of ecological opportunities, or the colonisation or adaptation to novel ecological resources, has been documented to promote adaptive radiation in many classic examples. Mutualistic interactions allow species to access resources untapped by competitors, but evidence shows that the effect of mutualism on species diversification can greatly vary among mutualistic systems. Here, we test whether the development of obligate mutualism with sea anemones allowed the clownfishes to radiate adaptively across the Indian and western Pacific oceans reef habitats. Results We show that clownfishes morphological characters are linked with ecological niches associated with the sea anemones. This pattern is consistent with the ecological speciation hypothesis. Furthermore, the clownfishes show an increase in the rate of species diversification as well as rate of morphological evolution compared to their closest relatives without anemone mutualistic associations. Conclusions The effect of mutualism on species diversification has only been studied in a limited number of groups. We present a case of adaptive radiation where mutualistic interaction is the likely key innovation, providing new insights into the mechanisms involved in the buildup of biodiversity. Due to a lack of barriers to dispersal, ecological speciation is rare in marine environments. Particular life-history characteristics of clownfishes likely reinforced reproductive isolation between populations, allowing rapid species diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Litsios
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
340
|
Erwin DH, Laflamme M, Tweedt SM, Sperling EA, Pisani D, Peterson KJ. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 2012; 334:1091-7. [PMID: 22116879 DOI: 10.1126/science.1206375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diverse bilaterian clades emerged apparently within a few million years during the early Cambrian, and various environmental, developmental, and ecological causes have been proposed to explain this abrupt appearance. A compilation of the patterns of fossil and molecular diversification, comparative developmental data, and information on ecological feeding strategies indicate that the major animal clades diverged many tens of millions of years before their first appearance in the fossil record, demonstrating a macroevolutionary lag between the establishment of their developmental toolkits during the Cryogenian [(850 to 635 million years ago (Ma)], and the later ecological success of metazoans during the Ediacaran (635 to 541 Ma) and Cambrian (541 to 488 Ma) periods. We argue that this diversification involved new forms of developmental regulation, as well as innovations in networks of ecological interaction within the context of permissive environmental circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Erwin
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
341
|
Colombo M, Diepeveen ET, Muschick M, Santos ME, Indermaur A, Boileau N, Barluenga M, Salzburger W. The ecological and genetic basis of convergent thick-lipped phenotypes in cichlid fishes. Mol Ecol 2012; 22:670-84. [PMID: 23050496 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of convergent phenotypes is one of the most interesting outcomes of replicate adaptive radiations. Remarkable cases of convergence involve the thick-lipped phenotype found across cichlid species flocks in the East African Great Lakes. Unlike most other convergent forms in cichlids, which are restricted to East Africa, the thick-lipped phenotype also occurs elsewhere, for example in the Central American Midas Cichlid assemblage. Here, we use an ecological genomic approach to study the function, the evolution and the genetic basis of this phenotype in two independent cichlid adaptive radiations on two continents. We applied phylogenetic, demographic, geometric morphometric and stomach content analyses to an African (Lobochilotes labiatus) and a Central American (Amphilophus labiatus) thick-lipped species. We found that similar morphological adaptations occur in both thick-lipped species and that the 'fleshy' lips are associated with hard-shelled prey in the form of molluscs and invertebrates. We then used comparative Illumina RNA sequencing of thick vs. normal lip tissue in East African cichlids and identified a set of 141 candidate genes that appear to be involved in the morphogenesis of this trait. A more detailed analysis of six of these genes led to three strong candidates: Actb, Cldn7 and Copb. The function of these genes can be linked to the loose connective tissue constituting the fleshy lips. Similar trends in gene expression between African and Central American thick-lipped species appear to indicate that an overlapping set of genes was independently recruited to build this particular phenotype in both lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colombo
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
342
|
Burbrink FT, Chen X, Myers EA, Brandley MC, Pyron RA. Evidence for determinism in species diversification and contingency in phenotypic evolution during adaptive radiation. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4817-26. [PMID: 23034709 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiation (AR) theory predicts that groups sharing the same source of ecological opportunity (EO) will experience deterministic species diversification and morphological evolution. Thus, deterministic ecological and morphological evolution should be correlated with deterministic patterns in the tempo and mode of speciation for groups in similar habitats and time periods. We test this hypothesis using well-sampled phylogenies of four squamate groups that colonized the New World (NW) in the Late Oligocene. We use both standard and coalescent models to assess species diversification, as well as likelihood models to examine morphological evolution. All squamate groups show similar early pulses of speciation, as well as diversity-dependent ecological limits on clade size at a continental scale. In contrast, processes of morphological evolution are not easily predictable and do not show similar pulses of early and rapid change. Patterns of morphological and species diversification thus appear uncoupled across these groups. This indicates that the processes that drive diversification and disparification are not mechanistically linked, even among similar groups of taxa experiencing the same sources of EO. It also suggests that processes of phenotypic diversification cannot be predicted solely from the existence of an AR or knowledge of the process of diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Burbrink
- Department of Biology, The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
343
|
Etienne RS, Haegeman B. A Conceptual and Statistical Framework for Adaptive Radiations with a Key Role for Diversity Dependence. Am Nat 2012; 180:E75-89. [DOI: 10.1086/667574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
344
|
Weir JT, Mursleen S. DIVERSITY-DEPENDENT CLADOGENESIS AND TRAIT EVOLUTION IN THE ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF THE AUKS (AVES: ALCIDAE). Evolution 2012; 67:403-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
345
|
Abstract
Two conflicting hypotheses have been proposed to explain large-scale species diversity patterns and dynamics. The unbounded hypothesis proposes that regional diversity depends only on time and diversification rate and increases without limit. The bounded hypothesis proposes that ecological constraints place upper limits on regional diversity and that diversity is usually close to its limit. Recent evidence from the fossil record, phylogenetic analysis, biogeography, and phenotypic disparity during lineage diversification suggests that diversity is constrained by ecological processes but that it is rarely asymptotic. Niche space is often unfilled or can be more finely subdivided and still permit coexistence, and new niche space is often created before ecological limits are reached. Damped increases in diversity over time are the prevalent pattern, suggesting the need for a new 'damped increase hypothesis'. The damped increase hypothesis predicts that diversity generally increases through time but that its rate of increase is often slowed by ecological constraints. However, slowing due to niche limitation must be distinguished from other possible mechanisms creating similar patterns. These include sampling artifacts, the inability to detect extinctions or declines in clade diversity with some methods, the distorting effects of correlated speciation-extinction dynamics, the likelihood that opportunities for allopatric speciation will vary in space and time, and the role of undetected natural enemies in reducing host ranges and thus slowing speciation rates. The taxonomic scope of regional diversity studies must be broadened to include all ecologically similar species so that ecological constraints may be accurately inferred. The damped increase hypothesis suggests that information on evolutionary processes such as time-for-speciation and intrinsic diversification rates as well as ecological factors will be required to explain why regional diversity varies among times, places and taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard V Cornell
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
346
|
Kautt AF, Elmer KR, Meyer A. Genomic signatures of divergent selection and speciation patterns in a ‘natural experiment’, the young parallel radiations of Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fishes. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4770-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn R. Elmer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Universitätsstrasse 10; 78457; Konstanz; Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
347
|
Abstract
Rodents are important ecological components of virtually every terrestrial ecosystem. Their success is a result of their gnawing incisors, battery of grinding molars and diastema that spatially and functionally separates the incisors from the molars. Until now these traits defined all rodents. Here, we describe a new species and genus of shrew-rat from Sulawesi Island, Indonesia that is distinguished from all other rodents by the absence of cheek teeth. Moreover, rather than gnawing incisors, this animal has bicuspid upper incisors, also unique among the more than 2200 species of rodents. Stomach contents from a single specimen suggest that the species consumes only earthworms. We posit that by specializing on soft-bodied prey, this species has had no need to process food by chewing, allowing its dentition to evolve for the sole purpose of procuring food. Thus, the removal of functional constraints, often considered a source of evolutionary innovations, may also lead to the loss of the very same traits that fuelled evolutionary diversification in the past.
Collapse
|
348
|
Stireman JO, Devlin H, Abbot P. Rampant host- and defensive phenotype-associated diversification in a goldenrod gall midge. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1991-2004. [PMID: 22882228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural selection can play an important role in the genetic divergence of populations and their subsequent speciation. Such adaptive diversification, or ecological speciation, might underlie the enormous diversity of plant-feeding insects that frequently experience strong selection pressures associated with host plant use as well as from natural enemies. This view is supported by increasing documentation of host-associated (genetic) differentiation in populations of plant-feeding insects using alternate hosts. Here, we examine evolutionary diversification in a single nominal taxon, the gall midge Asteromyia carbonifera (O.S.), with respect to host plant use and gall phenotype. Because galls can be viewed as extended defensive phenotypes of the midges, gall morphology is likely to be a reflection of selective pressures by enemies. Using phylogenetic and comparative analyses of mtDNA and nuclear sequence data, we find evidence that A. carbonifera populations are rapidly diversifying along host plant and gall morphological lines. At a broad scale, geography explains surprisingly little genetic variation, and there is little evidence of strict co-cladogenesis with their Solidago hosts. Gall morphology is relatively labile, distinct gall morphs have evolved repeatedly and colonized multiple hosts, and multiple genetically and morphologically distinct morphs frequently coexist on a single host plant species. These results suggest that Asteromyia carbonifera is in the midst of an adaptive radiation driven by multitrophic selective pressures. Similar complex community pressures are likely to play a role in the diversification of other herbivorous insect groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J O Stireman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - H Devlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - P Abbot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
349
|
Ord TJ. Historical contingency and behavioural divergence in territorial Anolis lizards. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2047-2055. [PMID: 22862423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The extent that evolution - including adaptation - is historically contingent (dependent on past events) has often been hotly debated, but is still poorly understood. In particular, there are little data on the degree that behaviour, an aspect of the phenotype that is strongly linked to contemporary environments (social or physical), retains the imprint of evolutionary history. In this study, I examined whether differences in the design of the territorial displays among species of Caribbean Anolis lizards reflect island-specific selection regimes, or historically contingent predispositions associated with different clade histories. Adult males advertise territory ownership using a series of headbobs and dewlap extensions, bouts of which vary in duration among species. When display durations were mapped onto the Anolis phylogeny, prominent differences between species belonging to the Western and Eastern Caribbean radiations were apparent. Statistical analyses confirmed that species differences in the duration of headbob displays, and to some extent the duration of dewlap extensions, were historically contingent. The unique evolutionary histories of each clade have seemingly had a profound effect on the subsequent direction of display evolution among descendent taxa. These results combined with those from previous studies on these lizards show that past history can have an important impact on the type of behaviour exhibited by species today, to the point that adaptive evolution can proceed quite differently in lineages originating from different evolutionary starting points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Ord
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
350
|
Urošević A, Ljubisavljević K, Jelić D, Ivanović A. Variation in the cranium shape of wall lizards (Podarcis spp.): effects of phylogenetic constraints, allometric constraints and ecology. ZOOLOGY 2012; 115:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|