3501
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Zhou G, Chen S, Chen Z. Advances in COVID-19: the virus, the pathogenesis, and evidence-based control and therapeutic strategies. Front Med 2020; 14:117-125. [PMID: 32318975 PMCID: PMC7171433 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in early December 2019, 81 174 confirmed cases and 3242 deaths have been reported in China as of March 19, 2020. The Chinese people and government have contributed huge efforts to combat this disease, resulting in significant improvement of the situation, with 58 new cases (34 were imported cases) and 11 new deaths reported on March 19, 2020. However, as of March 19, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to develop in 167 countries/territories outside of China, and 128 665 confirmed cases and 5536 deaths have been reported, with 16 498 new cases and 817 new deaths occurring in last 24 hours. Therefore, the world should work together to fight against this pandemic. Here, we review the recent advances in COVID-19, including the insights in the virus, the responses of the host cells, the cytokine release syndrome, and the therapeutic approaches to inhibit the virus and alleviate the cytokine storm. By sharing knowledge and deepening our understanding of the virus and the disease pathogenesis, we believe that the community can efficiently develop effective vaccines and drugs, and the mankind will eventually win this battle against this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Saijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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3502
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Yang S, Meng G. More evidence is urgently needed to confirm the relation between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and COVID-19. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 141:110-111. [PMID: 32272142 PMCID: PMC7195166 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengju Yang
- Nantong University, Nantong, China; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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3503
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Ho M. Perspectives on the development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Antib Ther 2020; 3:109-114. [PMID: 32566896 PMCID: PMC7291920 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 gains entry to human cells through its spike (S) protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Therefore, the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein is the primary target for neutralizing antibodies. Selection of broad-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV is attractive and might be useful for treating not only COVID-19 but also future SARS-related CoV infections. Broad-neutralizing antibodies, such as 47D11, S309, and VHH-72, have been reported to target a conserved region in the RBD of the S1 subunit. The S2 subunit required for viral membrane fusion might be another target. Due to their small size and high stability, single-domain antibodies might have the ability to be administered by an inhaler making them potentially attractive therapeutics for respiratory infections. A cocktail strategy combining two (or more) antibodies that recognize different parts of the viral surface that interact with human cells might be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3504
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Nath A. Neurologic complications of coronavirus infections. Neurology 2020; 94:809-810. [PMID: 32229625 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avindra Nath
- From the Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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3505
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Dong S, Sun J, Mao Z, Wang L, Lu YL, Li J. A guideline for homology modeling of the proteins from newly discovered betacoronavirus, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). J Med Virol 2020; 92:1542-1548. [PMID: 32181901 PMCID: PMC7228330 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During an outbreak of respiratory diseases including atypical pneumonia in Wuhan, a previously unknown β‐coronavirus was detected in patients. The newly discovered coronavirus is similar to some β‐coronaviruses found in bats but different from previously known SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV. High sequence identities and similarities between 2019‐nCoV and SARS‐CoV were found. In this study, we searched the homologous templates of all nonstructural and structural proteins of 2019‐nCoV. Among the nonstructural proteins, the leader protein (nsp1), the papain‐like protease (nsp3), the nsp4, the 3C‐like protease (nsp5), the nsp7, the nsp8, the nsp9, the nsp10, the RNA‐directed RNA polymerase (nsp12), the helicase (nsp13), the guanine‐N7 methyltransferase (nsp14), the uridylate‐specific endoribonuclease (nsp15), the 2'‐O‐methyltransferase (nsp16), and the ORF7a protein could be built on the basis of homology templates. Among the structural proteins, the spike protein (S‐protein), the envelope protein (E‐protein), and the nucleocapsid protein (N‐protein) can be constructed based on the crystal structures of the proteins from SARS‐CoV. It is known that PL‐Pro, 3CL‐Pro, and RdRp are important targets for design antiviral drugs against 2019‐nCoV. And S protein is a critical target candidate for inhibitor screening or vaccine design against 2019‐nCoV because coronavirus replication is initiated by the binding of S protein to cell surface receptors. It is believed that these proteins should be useful for further structure‐based virtual screening and related computer‐aided drug development and vaccine design. High sequence identities between 2019‐nCoV and SARS‐CoV were found. Homology templates of all structural proteins of 2019‐nCoV were identified. Homology templates of all nonstructural proteins of 2019‐nCoV were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Dong
- Faculty of Education and Sports, Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuo Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, Faculty of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Yi-Lin Lu
- College of New Energy, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jiesen Li
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,Department of Research and Development, Guangzhou Ginpie Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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3506
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Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, SARS and MERS are all enveloped viruses that can cause acute respiratory syndrome. Arachidonic acid (AA) and other unsaturated fatty acids (especially eicosapentaenoic acd, EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA) are known to inactivate enveloped viruses and inhibit proliferation of various microbial organisms. The pro-inflammatory metabolites of AA and EPA such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes induce inflammation whereas lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins derived from AA, EPA and DHA not only suppress inflammation but also enhance would healing and augment phagocytosis of macrophages and other immunocytes and decrease microbial load. In view of these actions, it is suggested that AA and other unsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites may serve as endogenous anti-viral compounds and their deficiency may render humans susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, SARS and MERS and other similar viruses' infections. Hence, oral or intravenous administration of AA and other unsaturated fatty acids may aid in enhancing resistance and recovery from SARS-CoV-2, SARS and MERS infections.
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3507
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Pinto BG, Oliveira AE, Singh Y, Jimenez L, Gonçalves ANA, Ogava RL, Creighton R, Peron JPS, Nakaya HI. ACE2 Expression is Increased in the Lungs of Patients with Comorbidities Associated with Severe COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.03.21.20040261. [PMID: 32511627 PMCID: PMC7276054 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.21.20040261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in several thousand deaths worldwide in just a few months. Patients who died from Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often had comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic obstructive lung disease. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was identified as a crucial factor that facilitates SARS-CoV2 to bind and enter host cells. To date, no study has assessed the ACE2 expression in the lungs of patients with these diseases. Here, we analyzed over 700 lung transcriptome samples of patients with comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and found that ACE2 was highly expressed in these patients, compared to control individuals. This finding suggests that patients with such comorbidities may have higher chances of developing severe COVID-19. We also found other genes, such as RAB1A, that can be important for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung. Correlation and network analyses revealed many potential regulators of ACE2 in the human lung, including genes related to histone modifications, such as HAT1, HDAC2, and KDM5B. In fact, epigenetic marks found in ACE2 locus were compatible to with those promoted by KDM5B. Our systems biology approach offers a possible explanation for increase of COVID-19 severity in patients with certain comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna G.G. Pinto
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio E.R. Oliveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Youvika Singh
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Jimenez
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andre N A. Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L.T. Ogava
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rachel Creighton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron
- Neuroimmune Interactions Laboratory – Department of Immunology – Institute of Biomedical Sciences - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. CEP 05508-000
- Scientific Platform Pasteur USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I. Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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3508
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Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM, De Buyzere ML. The host's angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism may explain epidemiological findings in COVID-19 infections. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 505:192-193. [PMID: 32220422 PMCID: PMC7102561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3509
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Perico L, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Should COVID-19 Concern Nephrologists? Why and to What Extent? The Emerging Impasse of Angiotensin Blockade. Nephron Clin Pract 2020; 144:213-221. [PMID: 32203970 PMCID: PMC7179544 DOI: 10.1159/000507305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the most recent findings on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, and examine the potential effects of ARBs on the outcomes of patients with COVID-19. Lastly, we discuss the clinical management of COVID-19 patients with existing chronic renal disorders, particularly those in dialysis and with kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Perico
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy,
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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3510
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Baglivo M, Baronio M, Natalini G, Beccari T, Chiurazzi P, Fulcheri E, Petralia PP, Michelini S, Fiorentini G, Miggiano GA, Morresi A, Tonini G, Bertelli M. Natural small molecules as inhibitors of coronavirus lipid-dependent attachment to host cells: a possible strategy for reducing SARS-COV-2 infectivity? ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:161-164. [PMID: 32191676 PMCID: PMC7569585 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i1.9402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral infectivity depends on interactions between components of the host cell plasma membrane and the virus envelope. Here we review strategies that could help stem the advance of the SARS-COV-2 epidemic. METHODS AND RESULTS We focus on the role of lipid structures, such as lipid rafts and cholesterol, involved in the process, mediated by endocytosis, by which viruses attach to and infect cells. Previous studies have shown that many naturally derived substances, such as cyclodextrin and sterols, could reduce the infectivity of many types of viruses, including the coronavirus family, through interference with lipid-dependent attachment to human host cells. CONCLUSIONS Certain molecules prove able to reduce the infectivity of some coronaviruses, possibly by inhibiting viral lipid-dependent attachment to host cells. More research into these molecules and methods would be worthwhile as it could provide insights the mechanism of transmission of SARS-COV-2 and, into how they could become a basis for new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Baronio
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Natalini
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Pietro Chiurazzi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ezio Fulcheri
- Pathology Division of Anatomic Pathology Dept. of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC) University of Genova, Italy; UOSD Fetal Pathology and Ginecology IRCCS . Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
| | | | - Sandro Michelini
- Department of Vascular Rehabilitation, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Assunta Morresi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gerolamo Tonini
- Department of Surgery, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI-Euregio, Bolzano, Italy; EBTNA-Lab, Rovereto (TN), Italy.
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3511
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Ortega JT, Serrano ML, Pujol FH, Rangel HR. Role of changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the interaction with the human ACE2 receptor: An in silico analysis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:410-417. [PMID: 32210742 PMCID: PMC7081066 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many human viral diseases are a consequence of a zoonotic event. Some of the diseases caused by these zoonotic events have affected millions of people around the world, some of which have resulted in high rates of morbidity/mortality in humans. Changes in the viral proteins that function as ligands of the host receptor may promote the spillover between species. The most recent of these zoonotic events that have caused an ongoing epidemic of high magnitude is the Covid-19 epidemics caused by SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study was to determine the mutation(s) in the sequence of the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 that might be favoring human to human transmission. An in silico approach was performed, and changes were detected in the S1 subunit of the receptor-binding domain of spike. The observed changes have significant effect on SARS-CoV-2 spike/ACE2 interaction and produce a reduction in the binding energy, compared to the one of the Bat-CoV to this receptor. The data presented in this study suggest a higher affinity of the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein to the human ACE2 receptor, compared to the one of Bat-CoV spike and ACE2. This could be the cause of the rapid viral spread of SARS-CoV-2 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Thomas Ortega
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Serrano
- Unidad de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Flor Helene Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Hector Rafael Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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3512
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Advance of promising targets and agents against COVID-19 in China. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:810-812. [PMID: 32198066 PMCID: PMC7102657 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3513
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Joyce MG, Sankhala RS, Chen WH, Choe M, Bai H, Hajduczki A, Yan L, Sterling SL, Peterson CE, Green EC, Smith C, de Val N, Amare M, Scott P, Laing ED, Broder CC, Rolland M, Michael NL, Modjarrad K. A Cryptic Site of Vulnerability on the Receptor Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.03.15.992883. [PMID: 32511298 PMCID: PMC7217142 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.15.992883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic virus that has caused a pandemic of severe respiratory disease-COVID-19-within several months of its initial identification. Comparable to the first SARS-CoV, this novel coronavirus's surface Spike (S) glycoprotein mediates cell entry via the human ACE-2 receptor, and, thus, is the principal target for the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Molecular information on the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein remains limited. Here we report the crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 S receptor-binding-domain (RBD) at a the highest resolution to date, of 1.95 Å. We identified a set of SARS-reactive monoclonal antibodies with cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 RBD and other betacoronavirus S glycoproteins. One of these antibodies, CR3022, was previously shown to synergize with antibodies that target the ACE-2 binding site on the SARS-CoV RBD and reduce viral escape capacity. We determined the structure of CR3022, in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, and defined a broadly reactive epitope that is highly conserved across betacoronaviruses. This epitope is inaccessible in the "closed" prefusion S structure, but is accessible in "open" conformations. This first-ever resolution of a human antibody in complex with SARS-CoV-2 and the broad reactivity of this set of antibodies to a conserved betacoronavirus epitope will allow antigenic assessment of vaccine candidates, and provide a framework for accelerated vaccine, immunotherapeutic and diagnostic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 and related betacoronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rajeshwer S. Sankhala
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hongjun Bai
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Agnes Hajduczki
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Spencer L. Sterling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline E. Peterson
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ethan C. Green
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Clayton Smith
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mihret Amare
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Paul Scott
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Eric D. Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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3514
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Kaul D. An overview of coronaviruses including the SARS-2 coronavirus - Molecular biology, epidemiology and clinical implications. CURRENT MEDICINE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 10:54-64. [PMID: 32363221 PMCID: PMC7194867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infections have emerged as epidemic and pandemic threats in last two decades. After the H1N1 influenza pandemic in 2009, recently diagnosed novel betacoronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has spread across 203 countries and territories in all 5 major continents. World Health Organization (WHO) declared this as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020. Subsequently on February 11, 2020 a new name was given to this disease i.e. COVID-19 by an expert group from WHO. As of April 12, 2020, 10:00 CET, GMT+2:00, 1,696,588 confirmed cases and 105,952 confirmed deaths have been reported to the WHO. (Coronavirus disease 2019, situation report 83). It possibly originated from a small animal market in Wuhan, China. A cluster of patients were admitted with unusual pneumonia not responding to treatment in various hospitals. Epidemiological, genomic analysis and correlation with other coronaviruses led to the isolation of new coronavirus, closely resembling the bat coronaviruses, from such patients in Wuhan. They were identified as the SARS-CoV-2. This virus infection presents as influenza like illness in the affected people. Fever, cough, respiratory distress with fatigue, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting are common symptoms seen in adults. This may progress on to severe respiratory distress, hypoxia, need for oxygen supplementation and ventilator support as seen in patients in the SARS-CoV-1 epidemic (2003) in Guangdong, China. The transmissibility of SARS-CoV-1 was less as compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and it was well controlled with good public health efforts. The present COVID-19 epidemic is still in the acceleration phase of 3 and 4 in various countries. Without any effective antiviral agents available at present, the need of the hour is early case detection, isolation of cases, use of good preventive care measures by the household contacts and in the hospital set up. The results of ongoing clinical trials on hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin alone or in combination and a new antiviral agent remdesivir may help to treat some of the infections. A need for effective vaccine is being seen an as good preventive strategy in this pandemic. However the results of clinical trials and incorporation of vaccines in public health programs is a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kaul
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi -110060, India
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3515
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Veljkovic V, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Paessler S. Use of the informational spectrum methodology for rapid biological analysis of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prediction of potential receptor, natural reservoir, tropism and therapeutic/vaccine target. F1000Res 2020; 9:52. [PMID: 32419926 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22149.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus recently identified in Wuhan, China (SARS-CoV-2) has expanded the number of highly pathogenic coronaviruses affecting humans. The SARS-CoV-2 represents a potential epidemic or pandemic threat, which requires a quick response for preparedness against this infection. The present report uses the informational spectrum methodology to identify the possible origin and natural host of the new virus, as well as putative therapeutic and vaccine targets. The performed in silico analysis indicates that the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and, to a lesser degree, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV. Moreover, the well-known SARS-CoV receptor (ACE2) might be a putative receptor for the novel virus as well. Actin protein was also suggested as a host factor that participates in cell entry and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2; therefore, drugs modulating biological activity of this protein (e.g. ibuprofen) were suggested as potential candidates for treatment of this viral infection. Additional results indicated that civets and poultry are potential candidates for the natural reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2, and that domain 288-330 of S1 protein from the SARS-CoV-2 represents promising therapeutic and/or vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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3516
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Veljkovic V, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Paessler S. Use of the informational spectrum methodology for rapid biological analysis of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prediction of potential receptor, natural reservoir, tropism and therapeutic/vaccine target. F1000Res 2020; 9:52. [PMID: 32419926 PMCID: PMC7202090 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22149.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus recently identified in Wuhan, China (SARS-CoV-2) has expanded the number of highly pathogenic coronaviruses affecting humans. The SARS-CoV-2 represents a potential epidemic or pandemic threat, which requires a quick response for preparedness against this infection. The present report uses the informational spectrum methodology to identify the possible origin and natural host of the new virus, as well as putative therapeutic and vaccine targets. The performed
in silico analysis indicates that the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and, to a lesser degree, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV. Moreover, the well-known SARS-CoV receptor (ACE2) might be a putative receptor for the novel virus as well. Actin protein was also suggested as a host factor that participates in cell entry and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2; therefore, drugs modulating biological activity of this protein (e.g. ibuprofen) were suggested as potential candidates for treatment of this viral infection. Additional results indicated that civets and poultry are potential candidates for the natural reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2, and that domain 288-330 of S1 protein from the SARS-CoV-2 represents promising therapeutic and/or vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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3517
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Veljkovic V, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Paessler S. Use of the informational spectrum methodology for rapid biological analysis of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prediction of potential receptor, natural reservoir, tropism and therapeutic/vaccine target. F1000Res 2020; 9:52. [PMID: 32419926 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22149.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus recently identified in Wuhan, China (SARS-CoV-2) has expanded the number of highly pathogenic coronaviruses affecting humans. The SARS-CoV-2 represents a potential epidemic or pandemic threat, which requires a quick response for preparedness against this infection. The present report uses the informational spectrum methodology to identify the possible origin and natural host of the new virus, as well as putative therapeutic and vaccine targets. The performed in silico analysis indicates that the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and, to a lesser degree, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV. Moreover, the well-known SARS-CoV receptor (ACE2) might be a putative receptor for the novel virus as well. Actin protein was also suggested as a host factor that participates in cell entry and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2; therefore, drugs modulating biological activity of this protein (e.g. ibuprofen) were suggested as potential candidates for treatment of this viral infection. Additional results indicated that civets and poultry are potential candidates for the natural reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2, and that domain 288-330 of S1 protein from the SARS-CoV-2 represents promising therapeutic and/or vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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3518
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Veljkovic V, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Paessler S. Use of the informational spectrum methodology for rapid biological analysis of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: prediction of potential receptor, natural reservoir, tropism and therapeutic/vaccine target. F1000Res 2020; 9:52. [PMID: 32419926 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22149.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus recently identified in Wuhan, China (SARS-CoV-2) has expanded the number of highly pathogenic coronaviruses affecting humans. The SARS-CoV-2 represents a potential epidemic or pandemic threat, which requires a quick response for preparedness against this infection. The present report uses the informational spectrum methodology to identify the possible origin and natural host of the new virus, as well as putative therapeutic and vaccine targets. The performed in silico analysis indicates that the newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and, to a lesser degree, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV. Moreover, the well-known SARS-CoV receptor (ACE2) might be a putative receptor for the novel virus as well. Actin protein was also suggested as a host factor that participates in cell entry and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2; therefore, drugs modulating biological activity of this protein (e.g. ibuprofen) were suggested as potential candidates for treatment of this viral infection. Additional results indicated that civets and poultry are potential candidates for the natural reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2, and that domain 288-330 of S1 protein from the SARS-CoV-2 represents promising therapeutic and/or vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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3519
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Nigro E, Perrotta F, Polito R, D'Agnano V, Scialò F, Bianco A, Daniele A. Metabolic Perturbations and Severe COVID-19 Disease: Implication of Molecular Pathways. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8896536. [PMID: 33312199 PMCID: PMC7703458 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8896536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which can result in serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia leading to respiratory failure. It was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019 and rapidly spread globally, becoming a pandemic in March 2020. Among comorbidities observed in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, hypertension (68.3%) and type 2-diabetes (30.1%) are the most frequent conditions. Although symptoms are highly heterogeneous (ranging from absence of symptoms to severe acute respiratory failure), patients with metabolic-associated diseases often experience worse COVID-19 outcomes. This review investigates the association between metabolic disorders and COVID-19 severity, exploring the molecular mechanisms potentially underlying this relationship and those that are responsible for more severe COVID-19 outcomes. In addition, the role of the main biological processes that may connect metabolic alterations to SARS-CoV-2 infection such as hyperglycemia, immune system deregulation, ACE-2 receptor modulation, and inflammatory response is described. The impact of metabolic disorders on the prognosis of COVID-19 has major implications in public health especially for countries affected by a high incidence of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università Degli Studi Della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via G. Vivaldi 42, Caserta 81100, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, Napoli 80145, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrotta
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze Della Salute “V. Tiberio”, Università Del Molise, Campobasso 86100, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, Napoli 80145, Italy
| | - Vito D'Agnano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali e Chirurgiche, Università Della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Filippo Scialò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali e Chirurgiche, Università Della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali e Chirurgiche, Università Della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università Degli Studi Della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via G. Vivaldi 42, Caserta 81100, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via G. Salvatore 486, Napoli 80145, Italy
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3520
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Wang D. Coronaviruses' sugar shields as vaccine candidates. CURRENT TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 21:17-23. [PMID: 32606565 PMCID: PMC7326345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A successful global healthcare response relies on versatile vaccines and production of broadly virus-neutralizing antibodies by the immune system to protect us from emerging infectious diseases. The present 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic highlights the urgent need for development of anti-viral biodefense. Due to the genetic and proteomic diversities of viral pathogens, establishing versatile anti-viral vaccines or therapeutic agents is highly challenging. Carbohydrate antigens represent an important class of immunological targets for vaccine development and immunotherapy against microbial infections. In this mini review, some concepts and strategies for exploring the potential of immunogenic sugar moieties as CoV vaccine candidates are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denong Wang
- Tumor Glycomics Laboratory, SRI International Biosciences Division, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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3521
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Gulyaev YV, Taranov IV, Cherepenin VA. The Use of High-Power Electromagnetic Pulses on Bacteria and Viruses. DOKLADY PHYSICS 2020; 65:230-232. [PMCID: PMC7667278 DOI: 10.1134/s1028335820070034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis about the possibility of using strong electromagnetic pulses for effective action on bacteria and viruses is discussed. A simple coronavirus model that allows us to obtain in a quasi-static approximation estimates of the electric field strength is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu. V. Gulyaev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - I. V. Taranov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V. A. Cherepenin
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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3522
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Petraglia F, Chiavilli M, Zaccaria B, Nora M, Mammi P, Ranza E, Rampello A, Marcato A, Pessina F, Salghetti A, Costantino C, Frizziero A, Fanzaghi P, Faverzani S, Bergamini O, Allegri S, Rodà F, Brianti R. Rehabilitative treatment of patients with COVID-19 infection: the P.A.R.M.A. evidence based clinical practice protocol. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:e2020169. [PMID: 33525225 PMCID: PMC7927566 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i4.10629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the National Health System (NHS) required a reorganization of the various levels of care, which also involved the rehabilitation reality. AIM OF THE WORK A clinical practice review of the literature was conducted to provide operational-rehabilitation guidelines adapted to the local reality and to the recent corporate reorganization in the context of the COVID-19 emergency. METHODS A practice review of the available scientific evidence was regularly conducted from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to periodically update the clinical practice guidelines. Articles that met the following inclusion criteria were included: studies conducted on human adult subjects with COVID-19 infection, undergoing rehabilitation in any hospitalization setting. RESULTS The results of this clinical practice update were periodically discussed with colleagues and collaborators in a multi-professional team, in order to guarantee a good clinical practice protocol, named P.A.R.M.A. CONCLUSIONS The P.A.R.M.A. protocol is the result of a periodic review literature update, which has allowed us to take charge of patients affected by COVID-19 according to the most up-to-date clinical evidences, guaranteeing a shared and uniform treatment within a local reality in an era of health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Petraglia
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Chiavilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Zaccaria
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Nora
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mammi
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Ranza
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anais Rampello
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcato
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Pessina
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Annamaria Salghetti
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Cosimo Costantino
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Frizziero
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Fanzaghi
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Faverzani
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ottavia Bergamini
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Allegri
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Rodà
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Brianti
- Rehabilitation Medicine Service, Rehabilitation Geriatrics Department of the NHS-University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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3523
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Samavati L, Uhal BD. ACE2, Much More Than Just a Receptor for SARS-COV-2. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020. [PMID: 32582574 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly evolving pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection worldwide cost many lives. The angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) has been identified as the receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry. As such, it is now receiving renewed attention as a potential target for anti-viral therapeutics. We review the physiological functions of ACE2 in the cardiovascular system and the lungs, and how the activation of ACE2/MAS/G protein coupled receptor contributes in reducing acute injury and inhibiting fibrogenesis of the lungs and protecting the cardiovascular system. In this perspective, we predominantly focus on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on ACE2 and dysregulation of the protective effect of ACE2/MAS/G protein pathway vs. the deleterious effect of Renin/Angiotensin/Aldosterone. We discuss the potential effect of invasion of SARS-CoV-2 on the function of ACE2 and the loss of the protective effect of the ACE2/MAS pathway in alveolar epithelial cells and how this may amplify systemic deleterious effect of renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAS) in the host. Furthermore, we speculate the potential of exploiting the modulation of ACE2/MAS pathway as a natural protection of lung injury by modulation of ACE2/MAS axis or by developing targeted drugs to inhibit proteases required for viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobelia Samavati
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Bruce D Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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3524
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Lamas-Barreiro JM, Alonso-Suárez M, Fernández-Martín JJ, Saavedra-Alonso JA. Angiotensin II suppression in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a therapeutic approach ☆. NEFROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020; 40. [PMCID: PMC7323640 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Lamas-Barreiro
- Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mario Alonso-Suárez
- Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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3525
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Müller WEG, Neufurth M, Schepler H, Wang S, Tolba E, Schröder HC, Wang X. The biomaterial polyphosphate blocks stoichiometric binding of the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein to the cellular ACE2 receptor. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6603-6610. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
The polymer polyphosphate, abundant in blood platelets, blocks the binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS- spike (S)-protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Hadrian Schepler
- Department of Dermatology
- University Clinic Mainz
- 55131 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Emad Tolba
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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3526
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Abstract
The recent pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) worldwide caught the health care systems in every country around the world by storm and without a proper defense mechanism to cope and control such a pandemic. In this special Theme issue, we would like to discuss the latest treatment modalities available around the world in tackling this dreadful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong China
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, Somerville, NJ 08876 USA
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3527
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Evolutionary and Structural Studies of NCoV and SARS CoV-Spike proteins and their association with ACE2 Receptor. NOVEL CORONAVIRUS 2019 2020. [PMCID: PMC7677609 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-7918-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)/Novel Corona Virus Disease-19 (nCOVID-19)/COVID-19 has only been discovered recently, and so our understanding of the disease epidemiology is continuously evolving. WHO has declared it a worldwide pandemic with high morbidity and significant mortality, hence it has been announced as the global health and wealth emergency. At present there is no any specific therapy available to fight against this virus, hence the drug repositioning is the most challenging to entire scientific community. The aim of this study is to determine the mutation(s) in the sequence of the spike protein, which plays a significant role in transmission from human to human. By using bioinformatics approach first we analyzed spike protein sequence of four nearest coronavirus family that include COVID-19, bat coronavirus RaTG13, pangolian coronavirus and SARS CoV, to determine phylogenetic distance between them. The homology modeling of COVID-19 spike protein has been done by iTASSER. and the protein-protein docking with human receptor ACE2 by Frodock web based docking tool showing the less binding energy of COVID-19 (−12.7 kcal/mol) in comparison with SARS CoV (10.3 kcal/mol). Further, the superimposed structure of COVID-19 and SARS CoV viruses has been performed to find the mutational site in association with human ACE2 protein. The extensive and detailed computational analyses approaches help to identify conserved region of COVID-19 and SARS CoV. Hence, our present data might help to identify potential target site and to develop antiviral drugs/vaccine to combat this pandemic.
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3528
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Uchida Y, Uemura H, Yamaba S, Hamada D, Tarumoto N, Maesaki S, Mochida S. Significance of liver dysfunction associated with decreased hepatic CT attenuation values in Japanese patients with severe COVID-19. J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:1098-1106. [PMID: 32776161 PMCID: PMC7415328 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-020-01717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has emerged as a threat to human health. Liver dysfunction has been reported to occur frequently in patients with COVID-19, although its significance has not yet been elucidated. METHODS The subjects were 35 patients with COVID-19, and clinical characteristics were retrospectively analyzed. COVID-19 patients requiring ventilator were classified as having severe COVID-19. RESULTS All 35 patients were diagnosed as having mild-to-moderate COVID-19 at admission, but the severity aggravated to severe in 8 patients (22.9%) in hospital. Hepatocellular-type liver injury, defined as elevation of the serum AST and/or ALT levels to ≥ 3 times the ULN, was seen in 2 patients (5.7%), and cholestasis-type liver injury, defined as elevation of the serum ALP, γ-GTP and/or total bilirubin levels to ≥ twice the ULN, was seen in 4 patients (11.4%). A total of 9 patients (25.7%) fulfilled the criteria for liver injury. The percentage of patients with liver injury was higher in patients with severe COVID-19 than in the remaining patients (P = 0.001). Both the hepatic CT attenuation values and the liver-to-spleen attenuation (L/S) ratios at admission were lower in the former patients than in the latter patients (P < 0.001). ROC curve revealed the optimal cut-off value of the L/S ratio of 1.03 for discriminating between patients with severe and non-severe diseases. The hepatic CT attenuation values increased at the remission phase of the disease as compared to the values at admission (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Liver dysfunction associated with reduced hepatic CT attenuation values correlated with the disease severity in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Uchida
- grid.410802.f0000 0001 2216 2631Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-Gun, Saitama, 350-0495 Japan
| | - Hayato Uemura
- grid.410802.f0000 0001 2216 2631Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-Gun, Saitama, 350-0495 Japan
| | - Shinpei Yamaba
- grid.410802.f0000 0001 2216 2631Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-Gun, Saitama, 350-0495 Japan
| | - Daisuke Hamada
- grid.410802.f0000 0001 2216 2631Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-Gun, Saitama, 350-0495 Japan
| | - Norihito Tarumoto
- grid.410802.f0000 0001 2216 2631Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Maesaki
- grid.410802.f0000 0001 2216 2631Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mochida
- grid.410802.f0000 0001 2216 2631Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-Gun, Saitama, 350-0495 Japan
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3529
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Abstract
We highlighted the discovery process, preparation techniques, broad-spectrum activities, antiviral mechanism, and future perspectives of GS-5734.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Liyan Yang
- School of Physics and Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu 273165
- China
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