351
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Mai DN, Baxter RD. Unprotected Amino Acids as Stable Radical Precursors for Heterocycle C–H Functionalization. Org Lett 2016; 18:3738-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duy N. Mai
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Ryan D. Baxter
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, University of California, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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352
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Seth B. Herzon
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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353
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McCallum T, Barriault L. Direct alkylation of heteroarenes with unactivated bromoalkanes using photoredox gold catalysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4754-4758. [PMID: 30155127 PMCID: PMC6016576 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00807k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although visible light photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for the construction of C-C bonds, common catalysts and/or their photoexcited states suffer from low redox potentials, limiting their applicability to alkyl radical generation from substrates with activated carbon-halogen bonds. Radicals derived from these activated compounds, being highly electrophilic or stabilized, do not undergo efficient addition to heteroarenes. Herein we describe the photocatalytic generation of nucleophilic alkyl radicals from unactivated bromoalkanes as part of a universal and efficient cross-coupling strategy for the direct alkylation of heteroarenes using a dimeric gold(i) photoredox catalyst, [Au2(bis(diphenylphosphino)methane)2]Cl2. The method proves to be efficient for alkylation of arenes under mild conditions in the absence of directing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T McCallum
- Centre for Catalysis , Research and Innovation , Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - L Barriault
- Centre for Catalysis , Research and Innovation , Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie , Ottawa , ON K1N 6N5 , Canada .
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354
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Huff CA, Cohen RD, Dykstra KD, Streckfuss E, DiRocco DA, Krska SW. Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydroxymethylation of Heteroaromatic Bases. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6980-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Huff
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New
Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ryan D. Cohen
- Process Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin D. Dykstra
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New
Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric Streckfuss
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New
Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel A. DiRocco
- Process Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New
Jersey 07065, United States
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355
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Castro S, Fernández JJ, Fañanás FJ, Vicente R, Rodríguez F. Manganese-Mediated C−H Alkylation of Unbiased Arenes Using Alkylboronic Acids. Chemistry 2016; 22:9068-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Castro
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Juan J. Fernández
- R&D Department; Industrial Química del Nalón S. A.; Avenida de Galicia, 31 33005 Oviedo Spain
| | - Francisco J. Fañanás
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Félix Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”; Universidad de Oviedo; Julián Clavería, 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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356
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Fu L, Guptill DM, Davies HML. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization of Electron-Deficient Methyl Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5761-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbing Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey
Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David M. Guptill
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey
Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey
Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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357
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Gurry M, Aldabbagh F. A new era for homolytic aromatic substitution: replacing Bu3SnH with efficient light-induced chain reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3849-62. [PMID: 27056571 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00370b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein is a pertinent review of recent photochemical homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS) literature. Issues with using the reductant Bu3SnH in an oxidative process where the net loss of a hydrogen atom occurs is discussed. Nowadays more efficient light-induced chain reactions are used resulting in HAS becoming a synthetic mechanism of choice rivaling organometallic, transition-metal and electrophilic aromatic substitution protocols. The review includes aromatic substitution as part of a tandem or cascade reaction, Pschorr reaction, as well as HAS facilitated by ipso-substitution, and Smiles rearrangement. Recently visible-light photoredox catalysis, which is carried out at room temperature has become one of the most important means of aromatic substitution. The main photoredox catalysts used are polypyridine complexes of Ru(ii) and Ir(iii), although eosin Y is an alternative allowing metal-free HAS. Other radical initiator-free aromatic substitutions have used 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion and N,N-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) as the photoredox catalyst, UV-light, photoinduced electron-transfer, zwitterionic semiquinone radical anions, and Barton ester intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gurry
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, SW4 NUI, Ireland.
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358
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Gawande MB, Goswami A, Felpin FX, Asefa T, Huang X, Silva R, Zou X, Zboril R, Varma RS. Cu and Cu-Based Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3722-811. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1589] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B. Gawande
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science,
Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů
11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anandarup Goswami
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science,
Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů
11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- UFR
Sciences et Techniques, UMR CNRS 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité:
Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, Nantes 44322 Cedex 3, France
| | - Tewodros Asefa
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Rafael Silva
- Department
of Chemistry, Maringá State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Xiaoxin Zou
- State
Key
Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, International
Joint Research Laboratory of Nano-Micro Architecture Chemistry, College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science,
Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů
11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science,
Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů
11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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359
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Zhang Y, Teuscher KB, Ji H. Direct α-heteroarylation of amides (α to nitrogen) and ethers through a benzaldehyde-mediated photoredox reaction. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2111-2118. [PMID: 29899938 PMCID: PMC5968545 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03640b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A photoredox reaction for cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) was developed to Cα-arylate amides (α to nitrogen) and ethers using a variety of five- and six-membered electron-deficient heteroarenes. A unique decomposition mechanism of ammonium persulfate enhanced by photoexcited benzaldehydes was revealed. This benzaldehyde-mediated photoredox reaction proceeded smoothly with household 23 W CFL bulbs as the energy source under metal-free conditions, allowing the construction of new Csp2 -Csp2 and Csp3 -Csp2 bonds and access to important pharmacophores of broad utility using commercially available reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Cell and Genome Science , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , USA .
| | - Kevin B Teuscher
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Cell and Genome Science , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , USA .
| | - Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Cell and Genome Science , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0850 , USA .
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360
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Ruch J, Aubin A, Erbland G, Fortunato A, Goddard JP. Metal-free arylation of pyrimidines through a photochemical process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2326-9. [PMID: 26728790 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08927a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl radicals were generated under moderate energetic irradiation conditions (UVA), and proved to be prompt to undergo C-C bond formation processes. Hetero-biaryl derivatives were obtained in good to high yields with highly interesting functional group selectivities. Bis hetero-biaryls were also easily accessible leading to original compounds, ready for further transformations. Experiments supporting radical processes have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ruch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, Université de Haute-Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France.
| | - Ariane Aubin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, Université de Haute-Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France.
| | - Guillaume Erbland
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, Université de Haute-Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France.
| | - Audrey Fortunato
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, Université de Haute-Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Philippe Goddard
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566, Université de Haute-Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 bis rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France.
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361
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Bhattacharya P, Mandal SM, Basak A. Synthesis of DNA-Intercalating 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one Derivatives through a Strategic Combination of Garratt-Braverman and Minisci Acyloxylation Reactions. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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362
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Siddaraju Y, Prabhu KR. Transition metal-free Minisci reaction promoted by NCS, and TBHP: acylation of heteroarenes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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363
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Khan R, Felix R, Kemmitt PD, Coles SJ, Day IJ, Tizzard GJ, Spencer J. Late Stage CH Activation of a Privileged Scaffold; Synthesis of a Library of Benzodiazepines. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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364
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Devari S, Shah BA. Visible light-promoted C–H functionalization of ethers and electron-deficient arenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1490-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08817h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyst-free visible-light-mediated C–H arylation of ethers via C(Sp2)–C(Sp3) C–H functionalization involving hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekaraiah Devari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
- Natural Product Microbes
| | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
- Natural Product Microbes
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365
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Nicholls TP, Leonori D, Bissember AC. Applications of visible light photoredox catalysis to the synthesis of natural products and related compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:1248-1254. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00070c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of natural products and their derivatives continues to inspire organic chemists to identify and test new synthetic strategies and develop and explore novel methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Nicholls
- School of Physical Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | | | - Alex C. Bissember
- School of Physical Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
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366
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Cernak T, Dykstra KD, Tyagarajan S, Vachal P, Krska SW. The medicinal chemist's toolbox for late stage functionalization of drug-like molecules. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:546-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00628g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 976] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The advent of modern C–H functionalization chemistries has enabled medicinal chemists to consider a synthetic strategy, late stage functionalization (LSF), which utilizes the C–H bonds of drug leads as points of diversification for generating new analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Cernak
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Boston
- USA
| | - Kevin D. Dykstra
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Sriram Tyagarajan
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Petr Vachal
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Discovery Chemistry - Automation & Capabilities Enhancement
- Rahway
- USA
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367
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Tu D, Cheng X, Gao Y, Yang P, Ding Y, Jiang C. Palladium-catalysed direct C-2 methylation of indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7443-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01281g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A direct C-2 methylation reaction of indoles bearing an N-2-pyrimidyl directing group has been developed with a palladium catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoquan Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiuzhi Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yadong Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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368
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Panda S, Coffin A, Nguyen QN, Tantillo DJ, Ready JM. Synthesis and Utility of Dihydropyridine Boronic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:2205-9. [PMID: 26694785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
When activated by an acylating agent, pyridine boronic esters react with organometallic reagents to form a dihydropyridine boronic ester. This intermediate allows access to a number of valuable substituted pyridine, dihydropyridine, and piperidine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-0938, USA
| | - Aaron Coffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-0938, USA
| | - Q Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-0938, USA.
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369
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Panda S, Coffin A, Nguyen QN, Tantillo DJ, Ready JM. Synthesis and Utility of Dihydropyridine Boronic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Panda
- Department of Biochemistry Division of Chemistry UT Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas TX 75390-0938 USA
| | - Aaron Coffin
- Department of Biochemistry Division of Chemistry UT Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas TX 75390-0938 USA
| | - Q. Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry UC Davis One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry UC Davis One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Joseph M. Ready
- Department of Biochemistry Division of Chemistry UT Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas TX 75390-0938 USA
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370
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Paul S, Guin J. Dioxygen-Mediated Decarbonylative CH Alkylation of Heteroaromatic Bases with Aldehydes. Chemistry 2015; 21:17618-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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371
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Catalysis of Radical Reactions: A Radical Chemistry Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:58-102. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 834] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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372
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Studer A, Curran DP. Katalyse von Radikalreaktionen: Konzepte aus Sicht der Radikalchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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373
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Jin J, MacMillan DWC. Alcohols as alkylating agents in heteroarene C-H functionalization. Nature 2015; 525:87-90. [PMID: 26308895 PMCID: PMC4560617 DOI: 10.1038/nature14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes and radical intermediates are found in many biochemical processes, including deoxyribonucleotide synthesis and oxidative DNA damage. One of the core principles underlying DNA biosynthesis is the radical-mediated elimination of H2O to deoxygenate ribonucleotides, an example of 'spin-centre shift', during which an alcohol C-O bond is cleaved, resulting in a carbon-centred radical intermediate. Although spin-centre shift is a well-understood biochemical process, it is underused by the synthetic organic chemistry community. We wondered whether it would be possible to take advantage of this naturally occurring process to accomplish mild, non-traditional alkylation reactions using alcohols as radical precursors. Because conventional radical-based alkylation methods require the use of stoichiometric oxidants, increased temperatures or peroxides, a mild protocol using simple and abundant alkylating agents would have considerable use in the synthesis of diversely functionalized pharmacophores. Here we describe the development of a dual catalytic alkylation of heteroarenes, using alcohols as mild alkylating reagents. This method represents the first, to our knowledge, broadly applicable use of unactivated alcohols as latent alkylating reagents, achieved via the successful merger of photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer catalysis. The value of this multi-catalytic protocol has been demonstrated through the late-stage functionalization of the medicinal agents, fasudil and milrinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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374
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Iwai T, Sawamura M. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Site-Selective C–H Functionalization of Quinolines beyond C2 Selectivity. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Iwai
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaya Sawamura
- Department
of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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375
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Verbelen B, Cunha Dias Rezende L, Boodts S, Jacobs J, Van Meervelt L, Hofkens J, Dehaen W. Radical CH Alkylation of BODIPY Dyes Using Potassium Trifluoroborates or Boronic Acids. Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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376
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Wu X, Lei C, Yue G, Zhou JS. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Cyclopropylation of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9601-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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377
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Wu X, Lei C, Yue G, Zhou JS. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Cyclopropylation of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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378
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379
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Tang RJ, Kang L, Yang L. Metal-Free Oxidative Decarbonylative Coupling of Aliphatic Aldehydes with Azaarenes: Successful Minisci-Type Alkylation of Various Heterocycles. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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380
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Ali W, Behera A, Guin S, Patel BK. Regiospecific Benzoylation of Electron-Deficient N-Heterocycles with Methylbenzenes via a Minisci-Type Reaction. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5625-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Ahalya Behera
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Bhisma K. Patel
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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381
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Copper-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling of N-arylacrylamides with chloroform using tert-butyl peroxybenzoate as oxidant for the synthesis of trichloromethylated 2-oxindoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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382
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Neubert TD, Schmidt Y, Conroy E, Stamos D. Radical Mediated C–H Functionalization of 3,6-Dichloropyridazine: Efficient Access to Novel Tetrahydropyridopyridazines. Org Lett 2015; 17:2362-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Neubert
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Department of Chemistry 11010 Torreyana Road, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yvonne Schmidt
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Department of Chemistry 11010 Torreyana Road, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Erica Conroy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Department of Chemistry 11010 Torreyana Road, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dean Stamos
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Department of Chemistry 11010 Torreyana Road, San
Diego, California 92121, United States
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383
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Fang L, Chen L, Yu J, Wang L. Benzoyl Peroxide Promoted Radicalortho-Alkylation of Nitrogen Heteroaromatics with Simple Alkanes and Alcohols. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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384
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Jin J, MacMillan DWC. Direct α-arylation of ethers through the combination of photoredox-mediated C-H functionalization and the Minisci reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:1565-9. [PMID: 25470570 PMCID: PMC4311771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The direct α-arylation of cyclic and acyclic ethers with heteroarenes has been accomplished through the design of a photoredox-mediated CH functionalization pathway. Transiently generated α-oxyalkyl radicals, produced from a variety of widely available ethers through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), were coupled with a range of electron-deficient heteroarenes in a Minisci-type mechanism. This mild, visible-light-driven protocol allows direct access to medicinal pharmacophores of broad utility using feedstock substrates and a commercial photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States, Homepage: http://www.princeton.edu/chemistry/macmillan/
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States, Homepage: http://www.princeton.edu/chemistry/macmillan/
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385
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Ambala S, Thatikonda T, Sharma S, Munagala G, Yempalla KR, Vishwakarma RA, Singh PP. Cross-dehydrogenative coupling of α-C(sp3)–H of ethers/alkanes with C(sp2)–H of heteroarenes under metal-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11341-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01268f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling method between α-oxyalkyl/alkyl radicals and electron deficient heteroarenes is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ambala
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Thanusha Thatikonda
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
| | - Gurunadham Munagala
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Kushalava Reddy Yempalla
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-180001
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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386
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Abstract
Titanium dioxide is a versatile heterogeneous catalyst. Absorption of light by a TiO2 particle leads to the formation of an electron–hole pair. Electron transfer from or to the particle induces redox reactions. Although mainly applied in the context of environmental chemistry, these processes are also used to selectively transform organic compounds. Oxidations and reductions have been carried out. Applications to the synthesis of heterocycles have been reported. Many C–C bond formation reactions have been performed. Owing to adsorption of the substrates or by different surface modifications, visible light can be used to excite the catalytic system, which generates mild reaction conditions.
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387
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Thirumoorthi NT, Jia Shen C, Adsool VA. Expedient synthesis of 3-phenylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-amine via metal-free homolytic aromatic alkylation of benzene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3139-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09655j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inquisitiveness on the use of the BCP motif as a modern lead optimization tactic entails reliable synthetic access. In that direction, we disclose a new and versatile approach to 3-phenylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-amine, via metal-free homolytic alkylation of benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navanita T. Thirumoorthi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES)
- Agency for Science
- Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138667
- Singapore
| | - Chew Jia Shen
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES)
- Agency for Science
- Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138667
- Singapore
| | - Vikrant A. Adsool
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES)
- Agency for Science
- Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 138667
- Singapore
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388
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Correa A, Fiser B, Gómez-Bengoa E. Iron-catalyzed direct α-arylation of ethers with azoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05005g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct α-arylation of cyclic and acyclic ethers with azoles has been achieved, which features a novel iron-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Correa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Center
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastión
- Spain
| | - Béla Fiser
- Department of Organic Chemistry I
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
- 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
- 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián
- Spain
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389
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Jiang Y, Sun R, Wang Q, Tang XY, Shi M. Cyclization of sulfide, ether or tertiary amine-tethered N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles: a facile synthetic protocol for 3-substituted isoquinolines or dihydroisoquinolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16968-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel cyclization reaction of sulfide, ether or tertiary amine-tethered N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles, has been developed, efficiently affording 3-substituted isoquinoline or dihydroisoquinoline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Run Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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390
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Kan J, Huang S, Lin J, Zhang M, Su W. Silver-Catalyzed Arylation of (Hetero)arenes by Oxidative Decarboxylation of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:2199-203. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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391
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Kan J, Huang S, Lin J, Zhang M, Su W. Silver-Catalyzed Arylation of (Hetero)arenes by Oxidative Decarboxylation of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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392
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Douglas J, Cole KP, Stephenson CRJ. Photoredox catalysis in a complex pharmaceutical setting: toward the preparation of JAK2 inhibitor LY2784544. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11631-43. [PMID: 25356724 PMCID: PMC4260666 DOI: 10.1021/jo502288q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a detailed investigation into the application of visible light-mediated photocatalysis to a challenging bond construction in a complex pharmaceutical target. The optimized reaction allowed the direct coupling of N-methylmorpholine with an unfunctionalized pyridazine in good yield and selectivity, and with high purity of the product isolated via crystallization. The reaction also facilitated the expedient synthesis of a range of analogues via the use of other commercially available N-methyl substituted tertiary amines, and therefore it represents an attractive tool for medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, a number of other interesting photoredox reactions were discovered during the course of this investigation, such as a formal methylation reaction via C-N bond cleavage, functionalization of C-H bonds alpha to amides, and a visible light-mediated iminium ion reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
J. Douglas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Small
Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kevin P. Cole
- Small
Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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393
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Jin J, MacMillan DWC. Direct α-Arylation of Ethers through the Combination of Photoredox-Mediated CH Functionalization and the Minisci Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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394
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Wang J, Li S, Yang T, Yang J. Single-step synthesis of idebenone from Coenzyme Q0 via free-radical alkylation under silver catalysis. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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395
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Mizumori T, Hata T, Urabe H. Alkylation of Pyridines at Their 4-Positions with Styrenes plus Yttrium Reagent or Benzyl Grignard Reagents. Chemistry 2014; 21:422-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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396
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Gansäuer A, von Laufenberg D, Kube C, Dahmen T, Michelmann A, Behlendorf M, Sure R, Seddiqzai M, Grimme S, Sadasivam DV, Fianu GD, Flowers II RA. Mechanistic Study of the Titanocene(III)-Catalyzed Radical Arylation of Epoxides. Chemistry 2014; 21:280-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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397
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Zhang J, Chen J, Zhang X, Lei X. Total Syntheses of Menisporphine and Daurioxoisoporphine C Enabled by Photoredox-Catalyzed Direct C–H Arylation of Isoquinoline with Aryldiazonium Salt. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10682-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Center for Life
Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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398
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Tauber J, Imbri D, Opatz T. Radical addition to iminium ions and cationic heterocycles. Molecules 2014; 19:16190-222. [PMID: 25310148 PMCID: PMC6270771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-centered radicals represent highly useful reactive intermediates in organic synthesis. Their nucleophilic character is reflected by fast additions to electron deficient C=X double bonds as present in iminium ions or cationic heterocycles. This review covers diverse reactions of preformed or in situ-generated cationic substrates with various types of C-radicals, including alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, trifluoromethyl, aryl, acyl, carbamoyl, and alkoxycarbonyl species. Despite its high reactivity, the strong interaction of the radical's SOMO with the LUMO of the cation frequently results in a high regioselectivity. Intra- and intermolecular processes such as the Minisci reaction, the Porta reaction, and the Knabe rearrangement will be discussed along with transition metal and photoredox catalysis or electrochemical methods to generate the odd-electron species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Tauber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Imbri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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399
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Wu X, See JWT, Xu K, Hirao H, Roger J, Hierso JC, Zhou JS. A General Palladium-Catalyzed Method for Alkylation of Heteroarenes Using Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13573-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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400
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Wu X, See JWT, Xu K, Hirao H, Roger J, Hierso JC, Zhou JS. A General Palladium-Catalyzed Method for Alkylation of Heteroarenes Using Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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