351
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Morhayim J, Baroncelli M, van Leeuwen JP. Extracellular vesicles: Specialized bone messengers. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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352
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Dubuisson J, Cosset FL. Virology and cell biology of the hepatitis C virus life cycle: an update. J Hepatol 2014; 61:S3-S13. [PMID: 25443344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that causes hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It imposes a serious problem to public health in the world as the population of chronically infected HCV patients who are at risk of progressive liver disease is projected to increase significantly in the next decades. However, the arrival of new antiviral molecules is progressively changing the landscape of hepatitis C treatment. The search for new anti-HCV therapies has also been a driving force to better understand how HCV interacts with its host, and major progresses have been made on the various steps of the HCV life cycle. Here, we review the most recent advances in the fast growing knowledge on HCV life cycle and interaction with host factors and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Dubuisson
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection & Immunity of Lille (CIIL), F-59019 Lille, France; CNRS UMR8204, F-59021 Lille, France; Inserm U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France; LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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353
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Al Olaby RR, Cocquerel L, Zemla A, Saas L, Dubuisson J, Vielmetter J, Marcotrigiano J, Khan AG, Catalan FV, Perryman AL, Freundlich JS, Forli S, Levy S, Balhorn R, Azzazy HM. Identification of a novel drug lead that inhibits HCV infection and cell-to-cell transmission by targeting the HCV E2 glycoprotein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111333. [PMID: 25357246 PMCID: PMC4214736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infects 200 million individuals worldwide. Although several FDA approved drugs targeting the HCV serine protease and polymerase have shown promising results, there is a need for better drugs that are effective in treating a broader range of HCV genotypes and subtypes without being used in combination with interferon and/or ribavirin. Recently, two crystal structures of the core of the HCV E2 protein (E2c) have been determined, providing structural information that can now be used to target the E2 protein and develop drugs that disrupt the early stages of HCV infection by blocking E2’s interaction with different host factors. Using the E2c structure as a template, we have created a structural model of the E2 protein core (residues 421–645) that contains the three amino acid segments that are not present in either structure. Computational docking of a diverse library of 1,715 small molecules to this model led to the identification of a set of 34 ligands predicted to bind near conserved amino acid residues involved in the HCV E2: CD81 interaction. Surface plasmon resonance detection was used to screen the ligand set for binding to recombinant E2 protein, and the best binders were subsequently tested to identify compounds that inhibit the infection of Huh-7 cells by HCV. One compound, 281816, blocked E2 binding to CD81 and inhibited HCV infection in a genotype-independent manner with IC50’s ranging from 2.2 µM to 4.6 µM. 281816 blocked the early and late steps of cell-free HCV entry and also abrogated the cell-to-cell transmission of HCV. Collectively the results obtained with this new structural model of E2c suggest the development of small molecule inhibitors such as 281816 that target E2 and disrupt its interaction with CD81 may provide a new paradigm for HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem R. Al Olaby
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204/Inserm-U1019, Pasteur Institute of Lille, University of Lille North of France, Lille, France
| | - Adam Zemla
- Pathogen Bioinformatics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Laure Saas
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204/Inserm-U1019, Pasteur Institute of Lille, University of Lille North of France, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204/Inserm-U1019, Pasteur Institute of Lille, University of Lille North of France, Lille, France
| | - Jost Vielmetter
- Protein Expression Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph Marcotrigiano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Abdul Ghafoor Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Felipe Vences Catalan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexander L. Perryman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Freundlich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Rod Balhorn
- Department of Applied Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hassan M. Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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354
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Detection of microparticles from human red blood cells by multiparametric flow cytometry. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2014; 13:274-80. [PMID: 25369588 DOI: 10.2450/2014.0136-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During storage, red blood cells (RBC) undergo chemical and biochemical changes referred to as "storage lesions". These events determine the loss of RBC integrity, resulting in lysis and release of microparticles. There is growing evidence of the clinical importance of microparticles and their role in blood transfusion-related side effects and pathogen transmission. Flow cytometry is currently one of the most common techniques used to quantify and characterise microparticles. Here we propose multiparametric staining to monitor and quantify the dynamic release of microparticles by stored human RBC. MATERIAL AND METHODS RBC units (n=10) were stored under blood bank conditions for up to 42 days. Samples were tested at different time points to detect microparticles and determine the haemolysis rate (HR%). Microparticles were identified by flow cytometry combining carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dye, annexin V and anti-glycophorin A antibody. RESULTS We demonstrated that CFSE can be successfully used to label closed vesicles with an intact membrane. The combination of CFSE and glycophorin A antibody was effective for monitoring and quantifying the dynamic release of microparticles from RBC during storage. Double staining with CFSE/glycophorin A was a more precise approach, increasing vesicle detection up to 4.7-fold vs the use of glycophorin A/annexin V alone. Moreover, at all the time points tested, we found a robust correlation (R=0.625; p=0.0001) between HR% and number of microparticles detected. DISCUSSION Multiparametric staining, based on a combination of CFSE, glycophorin A antibody and annexin V, was able to detect, characterise and monitor the release of microparticles from RBC units during storage, providing a sensitive approach to labelling and identifying microparticles for transfusion medicine and, more broadly, for cell-based therapies.
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355
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Bukong TN, Momen-Heravi F, Kodys K, Bala S, Szabo G. Exosomes from hepatitis C infected patients transmit HCV infection and contain replication competent viral RNA in complex with Ago2-miR122-HSP90. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004424. [PMID: 25275643 PMCID: PMC4183590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting receptor-mediated entry of HCV into hepatocytes confer limited therapeutic benefits. Evidence suggests that exosomes can transfer genetic materials between cells; however, their role in HCV infection remains obscure. Here, we show that exosomes isolated from sera of chronic HCV infected patients or supernatants of J6/JFH1-HCV-infected Huh7.5 cells contained HCV RNA. These exosomes could mediate viral receptor-independent transmission of HCV to hepatocytes. Negative sense HCV RNA, indicative of replication competent viral RNA, was present in exosomes of all HCV infected treatment non-responders and some treatment-naïve individuals. Remarkably, HCV RNA was associated with Ago2, HSP90 and miR-122 in exosomes isolated from HCV-infected individuals or HCV-infected Huh7.5 cell supernatants. Exosome-loading with a miR-122 inhibitor, or inhibition of HSP90, vacuolar H+-ATPases, and proton pumps, significantly suppressed exosome-mediated HCV transmission to naïve cells. Our findings provide mechanistic evidence for HCV transmission by blood-derived exosomes and highlight potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence N. Bukong
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fatemeh Momen-Heravi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen Kodys
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shashi Bala
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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356
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Kwekkeboom J, van der Laan LJW, Betjes MGH, Manintveld OC, Hoek RAS, Cransberg K, de Bruin RWF, Dor FJMF, de Jonge J, Boor PPC, van Gent R, van Besouw NM, Boer K, Litjens NHR, Hesselink DA, Hoogduijn MJ, Massey E, Rowshani AT, van de Wetering J, de Jong H, Hendriks RW, Metselaar HJ, van Gelder T, Weimar W, IJzermans JNM, Baan CC. Rotterdam: main port for organ transplantation research in the Netherlands. Transpl Immunol 2014; 31:200-6. [PMID: 25240732 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This overview describes the full spectrum of current pre-clinical and clinical kidney-, liver-, heart- and lung transplantation research performed in Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. An update is provided on the development of a large living donor kidney transplantation program and on optimization of kidney allocation, including the implementation of a domino kidney-donation program. Our current research efforts to optimize immunosuppressive regimens and find novel targets for immunosuppressive therapy, our recent studies on prevention of ischemia-reperfusion-induced graft injury, our newest findings on stimulation of tissue regeneration, our novel approaches to prevent rejection and viral infection, and our latest insights in the regulation of allograft rejection, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel G H Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier C Manintveld
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier A S Hoek
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karlien Cransberg
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron W F de Bruin
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M F Dor
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P C Boor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gent
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van Besouw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolle H R Litjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Massey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ajda T Rowshani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Huib de Jong
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun van Gelder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Weimar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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357
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Nakai M, Seya T, Matsumoto M, Shimotohno K, Sakamoto N, Aly HH. The J6JFH1 Strain of Hepatitis C Virus Infects Human B-Cells with Low Replication Efficacy. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:285-94. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Hussein H. Aly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-ku, Japan
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358
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Dustin LB, Cashman SB, Laidlaw SM. Immune control and failure in HCV infection--tipping the balance. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:535-48. [PMID: 25015956 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ri0214-126r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of potent antiviral drugs, HCV remains a global health problem; global eradication is a long way off. In this review, we discuss the immune response to HCV infection and particularly, the interplay between viral strategies that delay the onset of antiviral responses and host strategies that limit or even eradicate infected cells but also contribute to pathogenesis. Although HCV can disable some cellular virus-sensing machinery, IFN-stimulated antiviral genes are induced in the infected liver. Whereas epitope evolution contributes to escape from T cell-mediated immunity, chronic high antigen load may also blunt the T cell response by activating exhaustion or tolerance mechanisms. The evasive maneuvers of HCV limit sterilizing humoral immunity through rapid evolution of decoy epitopes, epitope masking, stimulation of interfering antibodies, lipid shielding, and cell-to-cell spread. Whereas the majority of HCV infections progress to chronic hepatitis with persistent viremia, at least 20% of patients spontaneously clear the infection. Most of these are protected from reinfection, suggesting that protective immunity to HCV exists and that a prophylactic vaccine may be an achievable goal. It is therefore important that we understand the correlates of protective immunity and mechanisms of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Dustin
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhán B Cashman
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Laidlaw
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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359
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Nagashima S, Jirintai S, Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Tanggis, Nishizawa T, Kouki T, Yashiro T, Okamoto H. Hepatitis E virus egress depends on the exosomal pathway, with secretory exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2166-2175. [PMID: 24970738 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies indicated that hepatitis E virus (HEV) forms membrane-associated particles in the cytoplasm, most likely by budding into intracellular vesicles, and requires the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway to release virus particles, and the released HEV particles with a lipid membrane retain the trans-Golgi network protein 2 on their surface. To examine whether HEV utilizes the exosomal pathway to release the virus particles, we analysed whether the virion release from PLC/PRF/5 cells infected with genotype 3 HEV (strain JE03-1760F) is affected by treatment with bafilomycin A1 or GW4869, or by the introduction of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Rab27A or Hrs. The extracellular HEV RNA titre was increased by treatment with bafilomycin A1, but was decreased by treatment with GW4869. The relative levels of virus particles released from cells depleted of Rab27A or Hrs were decreased to 16.1 and 11.5 %, respectively, of that released from cells transfected with negative control siRNA. Electron microscopic observations revealed the presence of membrane-associated virus-like particles with a diameter of approximately 50 nm within the MVB, which possessed internal vesicles in infected cells. Immunoelectron microscopy showed positive immunogold staining for the HEV ORF2 protein on the intraluminal vesicles within the MVB. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis indicated the triple co-localization of the ORF2, ORF3 and CD63 proteins in the cytoplasm, as specific loculated signals, supporting the presence of membrane-associated HEV particles within the MVB. These findings indicate that membrane-associated HEV particles are released together with internal vesicles through MVBs by the cellular exosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Nagashima
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Suljid Jirintai
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tominari Kobayashi
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tanggis
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tom Kouki
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi-Ken 329-0498, Japan
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360
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Naturally enveloped AAV vectors for shielding neutralizing antibodies and robust gene delivery in vivo. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7598-609. [PMID: 24917028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently adeno-associated virus (AAV) became the first clinically approved gene therapy product in the western world. To develop AAV for future clinical application in a widespread patient base, particularly in therapies which require intravenous (i.v.) administration of vector, the virus must be able to evade pre-existing antibodies to the wild type virus. Here we demonstrate that in mice, AAV vectors associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) can evade human anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies. We observed different antibody evasion and gene transfer abilities with populations of EVs isolated by different centrifugal forces. EV-associated AAV vector (ev-AAV) was up to 136-fold more resistant over a range of neutralizing antibody concentrations relative to standard AAV vector in vitro. Importantly in mice, at a concentration of passively transferred human antibodies which decreased i.v. administered standard AAV transduction of brain by 80%, transduction of ev-AAV transduction was not reduced and was 4000-fold higher. Finally, we show that expressing a brain targeting peptide on the EV surface allowed significant enhancement of transduction compared to untargeted ev-AAV. Using ev-AAV represents an effective, clinically relevant approach to evade human neutralizing anti-AAV antibodies after systemic administration of vector.
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361
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Verhoeven CJ, Metselaar HJ, van der Laan LJW. Barking up the wrong tree: MicroRNAs in bile as markers for biliary complications. Liver Transpl 2014; 20:637-9. [PMID: 24777632 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia J Verhoeven
- Departments of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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362
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Mingorance L, Friesland M, Coto-Llerena M, Pérez-del-Pulgar S, Boix L, López-Oliva JM, Bruix J, Forns X, Gastaminza P. Selective inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by hydroxyzine and benztropine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:3451-60. [PMID: 24709263 PMCID: PMC4068423 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02619-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major biomedical problem worldwide as it causes severe liver disease in millions of humans around the world. Despite the recent approval of specific drugs targeting HCV replication to be used in combination with alpha interferon (IFN-α) and ribavirin, there is still an urgent need for pangenotypic, interferon-free therapies to fight this genetically diverse group of viruses. In this study, we used an unbiased screening cell culture assay to interrogate a chemical library of compounds approved for clinical use in humans. This system enables identifying nontoxic antiviral compounds targeting every aspect of the viral life cycle, be the target viral or cellular. The aim of this study was to identify drugs approved for other therapeutic applications in humans that could be effective components of combination therapies against HCV. As a result of this analysis, we identified 12 compounds with antiviral activity in cell culture, some of which had previously been identified as HCV inhibitors with antiviral activity in cell culture and had been shown to be effective in patients. We selected two novel HCV antivirals, hydroxyzine and benztropine, to characterize them by determining their specificity and genotype spectrum as well as by defining the step of the replication cycle targeted by these compounds. We found that both compounds effectively inhibited viral entry at a postbinding step of genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 without affecting entry of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mingorance
- Centro Nacional De Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martina Friesland
- Centro Nacional De Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Loreto Boix
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel López-Oliva
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bruix
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Forns
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Centro Nacional De Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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363
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Ramakrishnaiah V, van der Laan LJW. Hepatitis virus hijacks shuttle: exosome-like vesicles provide protection against neutralizing antibodies. Hepatology 2014; 59:2416-8. [PMID: 24273053 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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364
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Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector b is required for hepatitis C virus entry into hepatocytes. J Virol 2014; 88:8433-44. [PMID: 24829338 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00081-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The molecular mechanism of the hepatic tropism of hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains incompletely defined. In vitro hepatic differentiation of pluripotent stem cells produces hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) permissive for HCV infection, providing an opportunity for studying liver development and host determinants of HCV susceptibility. We previously identified the transition stage of HCV permissiveness and now investigate whether a host protein whose expression is induced during this transition stage is important for HCV infection. We suppressed the expression of a liver-specific protein, cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector b (CIDEB), and performed hepatocyte function and HCV infection assays. We also used a variety of cell-based assays to dissect the specific step of the HCV life cycle that potentially requires CIDEB function. We found CIDEB to be an essential cofactor for HCV entry into hepatocytes. Genetic interference with CIDEB in stem cells followed by hepatic differentiation leads to HLCs that are refractory to HCV infection, and infection time course experiments revealed that CIDEB functions in a late step of HCV entry, possibly to facilitate membrane fusion. The role of CIDEB in mediating HCV entry is distinct from those of the well-established receptors, as it is not required for HCV pseudoparticle entry. Finally, HCV infection effectively downregulates CIDEB protein through a posttranscriptional mechanism. IMPORTANCE This study identifies a hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry cofactor that is required for HCV infection of hepatocytes and potentially facilitates membrane fusion between viral and host membranes. CIDEB and its interaction with HCV may open up new avenues of investigation of lipid droplets and viral entry.
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365
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Nour AM, Modis Y. Endosomal vesicles as vehicles for viral genomes. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:449-54. [PMID: 24746011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocytic pathway is the principal cell entry pathway for large cargos and pathogens. Among the wide variety of specialized lipid structures within endosomes, the intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) formed in early endosomes (EEs) and transferred to late endosomal compartments are emerging as critical effectors of viral infection and immune recognition. Various viruses deliver their genomes into these ILVs, which serve as vehicles to transport the genome to the nuclear periphery for replication. When secreted as exosomes, ILVs containing viral genomes can infect permissive cells or activate immune responses in myeloid cells. We therefore propose that endosomal ILVs and exosomes are key effectors of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Nour
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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366
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Lee YA, Friedman SL. Reversal, maintenance or progression: what happens to the liver after a virologic cure of hepatitis C? Antiviral Res 2014; 107:23-30. [PMID: 24726738 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A sustained virological response (SVR) from HCV (synonymous with virological cure) leads to decreased mortality, morbidity and improved quality of life, as well as a reduced incidence of liver disease progression, including liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Large clinical trials comparing pre- and post-treatment liver biopsies demonstrate improvements in inflammation as well as fibrosis score following SVR. However, a small subset of patients display persistent hepatic inflammation and/or progress to cirrhosis despite SVR. In addition to conferring a risk of fibrosis progression, advanced fibrosis pre-treatment is a major risk factor for post-SVR hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of fibrosis regression uncovered using experimental fibrosis models and highlight potential mechanisms in those few patients with fibrosis progression despite SVR. We also introduce current concepts of fibrosis-dependent tumorigenesis post-SVR in patients with advanced disease. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Hepatitis C: next steps toward global eradication."
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin A Lee
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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367
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Hornby RJ, Starkey Lewis P, Dear J, Goldring C, Park BK. MicroRNAs as potential circulating biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury: key current and future issues for translation to humans. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 7:349-62. [PMID: 24694030 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2014.904201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common form of adverse drug reaction seen within the clinic. Sensitive, specific and non-invasive biomarkers of liver toxicity are required to help diagnose hepatotoxicity and also to identify safety liabilities during drug development. Limitations exist in the current gold standard DILI biomarkers: alanine aminotransferase is not liver-specific and therefore gives rise to false-positive signals. Interest has grown in the potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers of DILI. Some miRNAs display remarkable organ specificity, can be measured sensitively and are stable in a wide range of biofluids. However, little is currently known about the mechanisms through which miRNAs are released from cells. Furthermore, a clinically suitable method to measure miRNAs has not yet been developed. This review aims to highlight the current research surrounding these markers and areas in which further work is required to establish these markers within clinical and pre-clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert James Hornby
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Buildings, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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368
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Park SH, Rehermann B. Immune responses to HCV and other hepatitis viruses. Immunity 2014; 40:13-24. [PMID: 24439265 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Five human hepatitis viruses cause most of the acute and chronic liver disease worldwide. Over the past 25 years, hepatitis C virus (HCV) in particular has received much interest because of its ability to persist in most immunocompetent adults and because of the lack of a protective vaccine. Here we examine innate and adaptive immune responses to HCV infection. Although HCV activates an innate immune response, it employs an elaborate set of mechanisms to evade interferon (IFN)-based antiviral immunity. By comparing innate and adaptive immune responses to HCV with those to hepatitis A and B viruses, we suggest that prolonged innate immune activation by HCV impairs the development of successful adaptive immune responses. Comparative immunology provides insights into the maintenance of immune protection. We conclude by discussing prospects for an HCV vaccine and future research needs for the hepatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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369
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Katsuda T, Ikeda S, Yoshioka Y, Kosaka N, Kawamata M, Ochiya T. Physiological and pathological relevance of secretory microRNAs and a perspective on their clinical application. Biol Chem 2014; 395:365-73. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted significant attention because of their important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have shown that many cell types secrete miRNAs by packaging them into lipid-bilayered small vesicles called exosomes. Furthermore, exosomal miRNAs travel between cells, exert their RNAi effects in the recipient cells, and play important roles in various biological processes. In this article, we will summarize and describe the latest studies on exosomal miRNAs by focusing on their roles in cancer progression, immune regulation, and tissue repair. We will also provide a perspective on the clinical applications of this research field.
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370
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Abstract
Enveloped viruses escape infected cells by budding through limiting membranes. In the decade since the discovery that HIV recruits cellular ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) machinery to facilitate viral budding, this pathway has emerged as the major escape route for enveloped viruses. In cells, the ESCRT pathway catalyzes analogous membrane fission events required for the abscission stage of cytokinesis and for a series of "reverse topology" vesiculation events. Studies of enveloped virus budding are therefore providing insights into the complex cellular mechanisms of cell division and membrane protein trafficking (and vice versa). Here, we review how viruses mimic cellular recruiting signals to usurp the ESCRT pathway, discuss mechanistic models for ESCRT pathway functions, and highlight important research frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Votteler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA
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371
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Momen-Heravi F, Bala S, Bukong T, Szabo G. Exosome-mediated delivery of functionally active miRNA-155 inhibitor to macrophages. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1517-27. [PMID: 24685946 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, membranous nanovesicles, naturally carry bio-macromolecules and play pivotal roles in both physiological intercellular crosstalk and disease pathogenesis. Here, we showed that B cell-derived exosomes can function as vehicles to deliver exogenous miRNA-155 mimic or inhibitor into hepatocytes or macrophages, respectively. Stimulation of B cells significantly increased exosome production. Unlike in parental cells, baseline level of miRNA-155 was very low in exosomes derived from stimulated B cells. Exosomes loaded with a miRNA-155 mimic significantly increased miRNA-155 levels in primary mouse hepatocytes and the liver of miRNA-155 knockout mice. Treatment of RAW macrophages with miRNA-155 inhibitor loaded exosomes resulted in statistically significant reduction in LPS-induced TNFα production and partially prevented LPS-induced decrease in SOCS1 mRNA levels. Furthermore, exosome-mediated miRNA-155 inhibitor delivery resulted in functionally more efficient inhibition and less cellular toxicity compared to conventional transfection methods. Similar approaches could be useful in modification of target biomolecules in vitro and in vivo. From the clinical editor: In this study, exosome-based delivery of miRNA-155 mimicker or inhibitor was found to have significant biological response in hepatocytes and macrophages. Exosome-based approaches may be useful in the modification of other target biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Momen-Heravi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shashi Bala
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Terence Bukong
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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372
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Cosset FL, Dreux M. HCV transmission by hepatic exosomes establishes a productive infection. J Hepatol 2014; 60:674-5. [PMID: 24512825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI - International Center for Infectiology Research, Team EVIR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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373
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Sampey GC, Meyering SS, Zadeh MA, Saifuddin M, Hakami RM, Kashanchi F. Exosomes and their role in CNS viral infections. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:199-208. [PMID: 24578033 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles that carry biological macromolecules from the site of production to target sites either in the microenvironment or at distant sites away from the origin. Exosomal content of cells varies with the cell type that produces them as well as environmental factors that alter the normal state of the cell such as viral infection. Human DNA and RNA viruses alter the composition of host proteins as well as incorporate their own viral proteins and other cargo into the secreted exosomes. While numerous viruses can infect various cell types of the CNS and elicit damaging neuropathologies, few have been studied for their exosomal composition, content, and function on recipient cells. Therefore, there is a pressing need to understand how DNA and RNA viral infections in CNS control exosomal release. Some of the more recent studies including HIV-1, HTLV-1, and EBV-infected B cells indicate that exosomes from these infections contain viral miRNAs, viral transactivators, and a host of cytokines that can control the course of infection. Finally, because exosomes can serve as vehicles for the cellular delivery of proteins and RNA and given that the blood-brain barrier is a formidable challenge in delivering therapeutics to the brain, exosomes may be able to serve as ideal vehicles to deliver protein or RNA-based therapeutics to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin C Sampey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shabana S Meyering
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Asad Zadeh
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Saifuddin
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ramin M Hakami
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, and School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
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374
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Jia S, Zocco D, Samuels ML, Chou MF, Chammas R, Skog J, Zarovni N, Momen-Heravi F, Kuo WP. Emerging technologies in extracellular vesicle-based molecular diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:307-21. [PMID: 24575799 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.893828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, have been shown to carry a variety of biomacromolecules including mRNA, microRNA and other non-coding RNAs. Within the past 5 years, EVs have emerged as a promising minimally invasive novel source of material for molecular diagnostics. Although EVs can be easily identified and collected from biological fluids, further research and proper validation is needed in order for them to be useful in the clinical setting. In addition, innovative and more efficient means of nucleic acid profiling are needed to facilitate investigations into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of EV function and to establish their potential as useful clinical biomarkers and therapeutic tools. In this article, we provide an overview of recent technological improvements in both upstream EV isolation and downstream analytical technologies, including digital PCR and next generation sequencing, highlighting future prospects for EV-based molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Jia
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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375
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Fleming A, Sampey G, Chung MC, Bailey C, van Hoek ML, Kashanchi F, Hakami RM. The carrying pigeons of the cell: exosomes and their role in infectious diseases caused by human pathogens. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:109-20. [PMID: 24449527 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have recently been classified as the newest family members of 'bioactive vesicles' that function to promote intercellular communication. Long ignored and thought to be only a mechanism by which cellular waste is removed, exosomes have garnered a huge amount of interest in recent years as their critical functions in maintaining homeostasis through intercellular communication and also in different types of diseases have been demonstrated. Many groundbreaking studies of exosome functions have been performed in the cancer field and the infectious disease areas of study, revealing the importance and also the fascinating complexity of exosomal packaging, targeting, and functions. Selective packaging of exosomes in response to the type of infection, exosomal modulation of the immune response and host signaling pathways, exosomal regulation of pathogen spread, and effects of exosomes on the degree of pathogenesis have all been well documented. In this review, we provide a synthesis of the current understanding of the role of exosomes during infections caused by human pathogens and discuss the implications of these findings for a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and future therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Fleming
- School of Systems Biology, The National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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376
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Determining the involvement and therapeutic implications of host cellular factors in hepatitis C virus cell-to-cell spread. J Virol 2014; 88:5050-61. [PMID: 24554660 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03241-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 180 million people worldwide and is a leading cause of liver diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been shown that HCV can spread to naive cells using two distinct entry mechanisms, "cell-free" entry of infectious extracellular virions that have been released by infected cells and direct "cell-to-cell" transmission. Here, we examined host cell requirements for HCV spread and found that the cholesterol uptake receptor NPC1L1, which we recently identified as being an antiviral target involved in HCV cell-free entry/spread, is also required for the cell-to-cell spread. In contrast, the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) pathway, which is required for the secretion of cell-free infectious virus and thus has been identified as an antiviral target for blocking cell-free virus secretion/spread, is not required for cell-to-cell spread. Noting that HCV cell-free and cell-to-cell spread share some common factors but not others, we tested the therapeutic implications of these observations and demonstrate that inhibitors that target cell factors required for both forms of HCV spread exhibit synergy when used in combination with interferon (a representative inhibitor of intracellular HCV production), while inhibitors that block only cell-free spread do not. This provides insight into the mechanistic basis of synergy between interferon and HCV entry inhibitors and highlights the broader, previously unappreciated impact blocking HCV cell-to-cell spread can have on the efficacy of HCV combination therapies. IMPORTANCE HCV can spread to naive cells using distinct mechanisms: "cell-free" entry of extracellular virus and direct "cell-to-cell" transmission. Herein, we identify the host cell HCV entry factor NPC1L1 as also being required for HCV cell-to-cell spread, while showing that the VLDL pathway, which is required for the secretion of cell-free infectious virus, is not required for cell-to-cell spread. While both these host factors are considered viable antiviral targets, we demonstrate that only inhibitors that block factors required for both forms of HCV entry/spread (i.e., NPC1L1) exhibit synergy when used in combination with interferon, while inhibitors that block factors required only for cell-free spread (i.e., VLDL pathway components) do not. Thus, this study advances our understanding of HCV cell-to-cell spread, provides mechanistic insight into the basis of drug synergy, and highlights inhibition of HCV spread as a previously unappreciated consideration in HCV therapy design.
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377
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Fénéant L, Levy S, Cocquerel L. CD81 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Viruses 2014; 6:535-72. [PMID: 24509809 PMCID: PMC3939471 DOI: 10.3390/v6020535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a global public health problem affecting over 160 million individuals worldwide. Its symptoms include chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus mainly targeting liver cells and for which the initiation of infection occurs through a complex multistep process involving a series of specific cellular entry factors. This process is likely mediated through the formation of a tightly orchestrated complex of HCV entry factors at the plasma membrane. Among HCV entry factors, the tetraspanin CD81 is one of the best characterized and it is undoubtedly a key player in the HCV lifecycle. In this review, we detail the current knowledge on the involvement of CD81 in the HCV lifecycle, as well as in the immune response to HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Fénéant
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204, Inserm-U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, CS50447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France.
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, CCSR, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204, Inserm-U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, CS50447, 59021 Lille Cedex, France.
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378
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Hu CMJ, Fang RH, Luk BT, Zhang L. Polymeric nanotherapeutics: clinical development and advances in stealth functionalization strategies. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:65-75. [PMID: 24280870 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05444f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Long-circulating polymeric nanotherapeutics have garnered increasing interest in research and in the clinic owing to their ability to improve the solubility and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic cargoes. Modulation of carrier properties promises more effective drug localization at the disease sites and can lead to enhanced drug safety and efficacy. In the present review, we highlight the current development of polymeric nanotherapeutics in the clinic. In light of the importance of stealth properties in therapeutic nanoparticles, we also review the advances in stealth functionalization strategies and examine the performance of different stealth polymers in the literature. In addition, we discuss the recent development of biologically inspired "self" nanoparticles, which present a differing stealth concept from conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Ming J Hu
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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379
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Chen W, Xu Y, Li H, Tao W, Xiang Y, Huang B, Niu J, Zhong J, Meng G. HCV genomic RNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in human myeloid cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84953. [PMID: 24400125 PMCID: PMC3882267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma levels of IL-1β and IL-18 from patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection indicate a possible activation of inflammasome by HCV. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To demonstrate whether HCV infection activates the inflammasome, we investigated inflammasome activation from HCV infected hepatic Huh7 cells, or monocytic cells and THP-1 derived macrophages challenged with HCV virions, but no any inflammasome activation was detected in these cells. However, when we transfected HCV genomic RNA into monocytes or macrophages, IL-1β was secreted in a dose-dependent manner. We also detected ASC oligomerization and caspase-1 cleavage in HCV RNA transfected macrophages. Using shRNA-mediated gene silencing or specific inhibitors, we found that HCV RNA-induced IL-1β secretion was dependent on the presence of inflammasome components such as NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1. Furthermore, we also found that RIG-I was dispensable for HCV RNA-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was required. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that HCV RNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in a ROS-dependent manner, and RIG-I is not required for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanyin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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380
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Takahashi RU, Miyazaki H, Ochiya T. The role of microRNAs in the regulation of cancer stem cells. Front Genet 2014; 4:295. [PMID: 24427168 PMCID: PMC3879439 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been reported in many human tumors and are proposed to drive tumor initiation and progression. CSCs share a variety of biological properties with normal somatic stem cells such as the capacity for self-renewal, the propagation of differentiated progeny, and the expression of specific cell surface markers and stem cell genes. However, CSCs differ from normal stem cells in their chemoresistance and tumorigenic and metastatic activities. Despite their potential clinical importance, the regulation of CSCs at the molecular level is not well-understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs that play an important role in the regulation of several cellular, physiological, and developmental processes. Aberrant miRNA expression is associated with many human diseases including cancer. miRNAs have been implicated in the regulation of CSC properties; therefore, a better understanding of the modulation of CSC gene expression by miRNAs could aid the identification of promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In the present review, we summarize the major findings on the regulation of CSCs by miRNAs and discuss recent advances that have improved our understanding of the regulation of CSCs by miRNA networks and may lead to the development of miRNA therapeutics specifically targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou-U Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyazaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo, Japan ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Showa University School of Dentistry Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute Tokyo, Japan
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Comelli L, Rocchiccioli S, Smirni S, Salvetti A, Signore G, Citti L, Trivella MG, Cecchettini A. Characterization of secreted vesicles from vascular smooth muscle cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:1146-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70544g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dudek AM, Martin S, Garg AD, Agostinis P. Immature, Semi-Mature, and Fully Mature Dendritic Cells: Toward a DC-Cancer Cells Interface That Augments Anticancer Immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:438. [PMID: 24376443 PMCID: PMC3858649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the sentinel antigen-presenting cells of the immune system; such that their productive interface with the dying cancer cells is crucial for proper communication of the "non-self" status of cancer cells to the adaptive immune system. Efficiency and the ultimate success of such a communication hinges upon the maturation status of the DCs, attained following their interaction with cancer cells. Immature DCs facilitate tolerance toward cancer cells (observed for many apoptotic inducers) while fully mature DCs can strongly promote anticancer immunity if they secrete the correct combinations of cytokines [observed when DCs interact with cancer cells undergoing immunogenic cell death (ICD)]. However, an intermediate population of DC maturation, called semi-mature DCs exists, which can potentiate either tolerogenicity or pro-tumorigenic responses (as happens in the case of certain chemotherapeutics and agents exerting ambivalent immune reactions). Specific combinations of DC phenotypic markers, DC-derived cytokines/chemokines, dying cancer cell-derived danger signals, and other less characterized entities (e.g., exosomes) can define the nature and evolution of the DC maturation state. In the present review, we discuss these different maturation states of DCs, how they might be attained and which anticancer agents or cell death modalities (e.g., tolerogenic cell death vs. ICD) may regulate these states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Dudek
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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