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Li DJ, Guo PF. The regulatory role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in maternal–fetal immune tolerance during early human pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 83:106-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Prospective studies tracking birth cohorts over periods of years indicate that the seeds for atopic asthma in adulthood are sewn during early life. The key events involve programming of functional phenotypes within the immune and respiratory systems which determine long-term responsiveness to ubiquitous environmental stimuli, particularly respiratory viruses and aeroallergens. A crucial component of asthma pathogenesis is early sensitization to aeroallergens stemming from a failure of mucosal tolerance mechanisms during the preschool years, which is associated with delayed postnatal maturation of a range of adaptive and innate immune functions. These maturational defects also increase risk for severe respiratory infections, and the combination of sensitization and infections maximizes risk for early development of the persistent asthma phenotype. Interactions between immunoinflammatory pathways stimulated by these agents also sustain the disease in later life as major triggers of asthma exacerbations. Recent studies on the nature of these interactions suggest the operation of an infection-associated lung:bone marrow axis involving upregulation of FcERlalpha on myeloid precursor populations prior to their migration to the airways, thus amplifying local inflammation via IgE-mediated recruitment of bystander atopic effector mechanisms. The key participants in the disease process are airway mucosal dendritic cells and adjacent epithelial cells, and transiting CD4(+) effector and regulatory T-cell populations, and increasingly detailed characterization of their roles at different stages of pathogenesis is opening up novel possibilities for therapeutic control of asthma. Of particular interest is the application of genomics-based approaches to drug target identification in cell populations of interest, exemplified by recent findings discussed below relating to the gene network(s) triggered by activation of Th2-memory cells from atopics.
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354
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Fonacier LS, Dreskin SC, Leung DYM. Allergic skin diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 125:S138-49. [PMID: 19932921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin is one of the largest immunologic organs and is affected by both external and internal factors, as well as innate and adaptive immune responses. Many skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, urticaria, angioedema, psoriasis, and autoimmune blistering disorders, are immune mediated. Most of these diseases are chronic, inflammatory, and proliferative, in which both genetic and environmental factors play important roles. These immunologic mechanisms might have implications for potential targets of future therapeutic interventions.
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355
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Immunologic messenger molecules: cytokines, interferons, and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 125:S53-72. [PMID: 19932918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are secreted proteins involved in numerous aspects of cell growth, differentiation, and activation. A prominent feature of these molecules is their effect on the immune system with regard to cell trafficking and development of immune tissue and organs. The nature of an immune response determines which cytokines are produced and ultimately whether the response is cytotoxic, humoral, cell mediated, or allergic. For this chapter, cytokines are grouped according to those that are predominantly antigen-presenting cell or T lymphocyte derived; that mediate cytotoxic, humoral, cell mediated, and allergic immunity; or that are immunosuppressive. A discussion of chemokine function and their role in cell trafficking and disease follows.
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356
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Miyata M, Nakamura Y, Shimokawa N, Ohnuma Y, Katoh R, Matsuoka S, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Masuyama K, Nakao A. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is a critical mediator of IL-13-driven allergic inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:3078-83. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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357
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Kawakami T, Ando T, Kimura M, Wilson BS, Kawakami Y. Mast cells in atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:666-78. [PMID: 19828304 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells play as the major effector cells in immediate hypersensitivity through activation via the high-affinity IgE receptor, Fc epsilon RI, although many other functions have recently been discovered for this cell type. Given the broad array of proinflammatory mediators secreted from Fc epsilon RI-activated mast cells, as well as sensitization to allergens, IgE elevation, and increased mast cells in a majority of atopic dermatitis patients, mast cells are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Numerous animal models have been used to study this epidemic disease. Here we review the recent progress to synthesize our current understanding of this disease and potential mechanisms for a mast cell's role in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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358
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Komine M. Analysis of the mechanism for the development of allergic skin inflammation and the application for its treatment:keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis - their pathogenic involvement. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:260-4. [PMID: 19609063 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09r06fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis frequently accompanies bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis, the pathogenesis of which has frequently focused on the immunological aspects; however, skin eruption in atopic dermatitis occurs mainly in the epidermis, whose barrier function and cytokine expression have been revealed to be abnormal. In addition, the epidermis contains Langerhans cells, antigen-presenting cells, which could be considered the sentinel of the immune system. Some atopic dermatitis patients have been revealed to have mutations or SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in the filaggrin gene, which affect the epidermal barrier function. Proteinases in the epidermis are of importance in maintaining the epidermal barrier, abnormalities of which have been reported in atopic dermatitis. Abnormalities of various cytokines and chemokines produced by keratinocytes have also been reported. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) produced by keratinocytes has recently been a focus in atopic dermatitis. Adrenergic/cholinergic responses in the epidermis could also influence the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Considering epidermal keratinocytes as a trigger of immune abnormalities, not only as a peripheral effector, would be important to further disclose the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Japan.
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359
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Helminth products bypass the need for TSLP in Th2 immune responses by directly modulating dendritic cell function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:13968-73. [PMID: 19666528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0906367106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin (IL)-7-like cytokine, mainly expressed by epithelial cells, and key to the development of allergic responses. The well-documented involvement of TSLP in allergy has led to the conviction that TSLP promotes the development of inflammatory Th2 cell responses. However, we now report that the interaction of TSLP with its receptor (TSLPR) has no functional impact on the development of protective Th2 immune responses after infection with 2 helminth pathogens, Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Mice deficient in the TSLP binding chain of the TSLPR (TSLPR(-/-)) exhibited normal Th2 cell differentiation, protective immunity and memory responses against these two distinct rodent helminths. In contrast TSLP was found to be necessary for the development of protective Th2 responses upon infection with the helminth Trichuris muris (T. muris). TSLP inhibited IL-12p40 production in response to T. muris infection, and treatment of TSLPR(-/-) animals with neutralizing anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was able to reverse susceptibility and attenuate IFN-gamma production. We additionally demonstrated that excretory-secretory (ES) products from H. polygyrus and N. brasiliensis, but not T. muris, were capable of directly suppressing dendritic cell (DC) production of IL-12p40, thus bypassing the need for TSLP. Taken together, our data show that the primary function of TSLP is to directly suppress IL-12 secretion, thus supporting Th2 immune responses.
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360
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Prostaglandin E(2)-EP(3) signaling suppresses skin inflammation in murine contact hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:809-18.e2. [PMID: 19541354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin (PG) E(2) exerts a variety of actions through 4 G protein-coupled receptors designated as EP(1), EP(2), EP(3), and EP(4). We have reported that PGE(2) acts on EP(3) in airway epithelial cells and exerts anti-inflammatory actions in ovalbumin-induced murine allergic asthma. Although EP(3) is also expressed in skin and PGE(2) is produced abundantly during skin allergic inflammation, the role of PGE(2)-EP(3) signaling in skin allergic inflammation remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether PGE(2)-EP(3) signaling exerts anti-inflammatory actions in skin allergic inflammation. METHODS We used a murine contact hypersensitivity (CHS) model and examined the role of EP(3) by using an EP(3)-selective agonist, ONO-AE-248 (AE248), and EP(3)-deficient mice. The inflammation was evaluated by the thickness and histology of the hapten-challenged ear. Inflammation-associated changes in gene expression and effects of AE248 were examined by means of microarray analysis of the skin. Localization of EP(3) was examined by staining for beta-galactosidase knocked in at the EP(3) locus in EP(3)-deficient mice. EP(3) action was also examined in cultured keratinocytes. RESULTS Administration of AE248 during the elicitation phase significantly suppressed CHS compared with that seen in vehicle-treated mice. Microarray analysis revealed that administration of AE248 inhibited the gene expression of neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, including CXCL1, at the elicitation site. X-gal staining in EP(3)-deficient mice revealed EP(3) expression in keratinocytes, which was further confirmed by anti-EP(3) antibody in wild-type mice. In cultured keratinocytes AE248 suppressed CXCL1 production induced by TNF-alpha. CONCLUSION PGE(2)-EP(3) signaling inhibits keratinocytes activation and exerts anti-inflammatory actions in murine CHS.
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361
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Demehri S, Turkoz A, Kopan R. Epidermal Notch1 loss promotes skin tumorigenesis by impacting the stromal microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2009; 16:55-66. [PMID: 19573812 PMCID: PMC2705757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Notch1 is a proto-oncogene in several organs. In the skin, however, Notch1 deletion leads to tumor formation, suggesting that Notch1 is a "tumor suppressor" within this context. Here we demonstrate that, unlike classical tumor suppressors, Notch1 loss in epidermal keratinocytes promotes tumorigenesis non-cell autonomously by impairing skin-barrier integrity and creating a wound-like microenvironment in the skin. Using mice with a chimeric pattern of Notch1 deletion, we determined that Notch1-expressing keratinocytes in this microenvironment readily formed papillomas, showing that Notch1 was insufficient to suppress this tumor-promoting effect. Accordingly, loss of other Notch paralogues that impaired the skin barrier also predisposed Notch1-expressing skin to tumorigenesis, demonstrating that the tumor-promoting effect of Notch1 loss involves a crosstalk between barrier-defective epidermis and its stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadmehr Demehri
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1095, USA
| | - Ahu Turkoz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1095, USA
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110-1095, USA
- Corresponding Author:
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362
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Corrigan CJ, Jayaratnam A, Wang Y, Liu Y, de Waal Malefyt R, Meng Q, Kay AB, Phipps S, Lee TH, Ying S. Early production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin precedes infiltration of dendritic cells expressing its receptor in allergen-induced late phase cutaneous responses in atopic subjects. Allergy 2009; 64:1014-22. [PMID: 19187393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin (IL)-7-like cytokine that triggers dendritic cell-mediated T helper (Th)2 inflammatory responses through a receptor consisting of a heterodimer of the IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Ralpha) chain and the TSLP receptor (TSLPR), which resembles the cytokine receptor common gamma chain. Dendritic cells activated by TSLP prime development of CD4(+) T cells into Th2 cells contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. We hypothesized that allergen exposure induces expression of TSLP and results in recruitment of TSLPR bearing cells in the cutaneous allergen-induced late-phase reaction (LPR) in atopic subjects. METHODS Skin biopsies were obtained from atopic subjects (n = 9) at various times after cutaneous allergen challenge. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to determine TSLP mRNA expression and to measure infiltration of TSLPR(+) DC in skin LPR. RT-PCR and flow cytometry were employed to analyse TSLPR expression on isolated blood DC. RESULTS Allergen-induced skin TSLP expression occurred as early as 1 h after allergen challenge, whereas TSLPR(+) and CD11c(+) cells infiltrated relatively late (24-48 h). The majority of TSLPR(+) cells were DC co-expressing blood DC antigen-1 (BDCA-1) or BDCA-2. Freshly isolated blood DC expressed both TSLPR and IL-7Ralpha chains. Maturation and stimulation with TSLP or polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid in vitro upregulated the expression of both TSLPR and IL-7Ralpha chains in DC but not in chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells(+) CD4(+) T cells. CONCLUSION The data suggest that TSLP plays a role in augmenting, through DC recruitment and activation, the development of Th2-type T cells in allergic inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Allergens/immunology
- Antigens, CD1
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Glycoproteins
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Interferon Inducers/pharmacology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-7/pharmacology
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cytokine/agonists
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Young Adult
- Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Corrigan
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London UK
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363
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A thymic stromal lymphopoietin gene variant is associated with asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:222-9. [PMID: 19539984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial cell-derived protein thymic stromal lymphopoietin stimulates dendritic and mast cells to promote proallergic T(H)2 responses. Studies of transgenic expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and its receptor knockout mice have emphasized its critical role in the development of allergic inflammation. Association of genetic variation in thymic stromal lymphopoietin with IgE levels has been reported for human subjects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between variants of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and asthma and related phenotypes. METHODS We selected 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms in thymic stromal lymphopoietin and genotyped 5565 individuals from 4 independent asthma studies and tested for association with asthma, atopy, atopic asthma, and airway hyperresponsiveness by using a general allelic likelihood ratio test. P values were corrected for the effective number of independent single nucleotide polymorphisms and phenotypes. RESULTS The A allele of rs1837253, which is 5.7 kb upstream of the transcription start site of the gene, was associated with protection from asthma, atopic asthma, and airway hyperresponsiveness, with the odds ratios and corrected P values for each being 0.79 and 0.0058; 0.75 and 0.0074; and 0.76 and 0.0094, respectively. Associations between thymic stromal lymphopoietin and asthma-related phenotypes were the most statistically significant observations in our study, which has to date examined 98 candidate genes. Full results are available online at http://genapha.icapture.ubc.ca/. CONCLUSIONS A genetic variant in the region of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin gene is associated with the phenotypes of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness.
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364
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Elentner A, Finke D, Schmuth M, Chappaz S, Ebner S, Malissen B, Kissenpfennig A, Romani N, Dubrac S. Langerhans cells are critical in the development of atopic dermatitis-like inflammation and symptoms in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:2658-2672. [PMID: 19538461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic or vitamin D3-induced overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by keratinocytes results in an atopic dermatitis (AD)-like inflammatory phenotype in mice echoing the discovery of high TSLP expression in epidermis from AD patients. Although skin dendritic cells (DC) are suspected to be involved in AD, direct evidence of a pathogenetic role for skin DC in TSLP-induced skin inflammation has not yet been demonstrated. In a mouse model of AD, i.e. mice treated with the low-calcemic vitamin D3 analogue, MC903, we show that epidermal Langerhans cells (LC)-depleted mice treated with MC903 do neither develop AD-like inflammation nor increased serum IgE as compared to vitamin D3 analogue-treated control mice. Accordingly, we show that, in mice treated with MC903 or in K14-TSLP transgenic mice, expression of maturation markers by LC is increased whereas maturation of dermal DC is not altered. Moreover, only LC are responsible for the polarization of naïve CD4(+) T cells to a Th2 phenotype, i.e. decrease in interferon-gamma and increase in interleukin (IL)-13 production by CD4(+) T cells. This effect of LC on T-lymphocytes does not require OX40-L/CD134 and is mediated by a concomitant down-regulation of IL-12 and CD70. Although it was previously stated that TSLP up-regulates the production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC)/CCL22 by human LC in vitro, our work shows that production of these Th2- cell attracting chemokines is increased only in keratinocytes in response to TSLP overexpression. These results demonstrate that LC are required for the development of AD in mouse models of AD involving epidermal TSLP overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Elentner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Finke
- Developmental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stéphane Chappaz
- Developmental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Ebner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Kompetenzzentrum Medizin Tirol / CEMIT, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche, Universite de la Mediterrannée, Marseille, France
| | - Adrien Kissenpfennig
- Center for cancer research and cell biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Kompetenzzentrum Medizin Tirol / CEMIT, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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365
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Ramalingam TR, Pesce JT, Mentink-Kane MM, Madala S, Cheever AW, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF, Wynn TA. Regulation of helminth-induced Th2 responses by thymic stromal lymphopoietin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6452-9. [PMID: 19414799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin was recently identified as a master switch for the development of allergen-driven Th2 responses. However, the role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in the development of helminth-induced Th2 responses is unclear. Here, using TSLPR(-/-) mice, we show that while TSLPR signaling participates in the development of Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced CD4(+) Th2 responses, it plays only a transient role in the development of Th2-dependent pathology in the lung, liver, and intestine. Studies conducted in a pulmonary granuloma model showed that while a reduction in IL-4/IL-13-dependent granulomatous inflammation and tissue eosinophilia was observed in TSLPR(-/-) mice undergoing a primary response, lesion formation was not affected during a secondary granulomatous response, even though IL-5 and IL-13 were modestly reduced in the knockout mice. To evaluate the importance of TSLPR signaling in the development of a chronic Th2-dependent response, TSLPR(-/-) mice were also infected with S. mansoni cercariae. Here, the only significant difference noted in TSLPR(-/-) mice was a modest decrease in liver fibrosis in acutely infected animals. The transient decrease in fibrosis was associated with increased production of the antifibrotic cytokine IFN-gamma and decreased production of the profibrotic cytokine IL-13. Although the altered cytokine response persisted in chronically infected TSLPR(-/-) mice, it failed to reduce granuloma formation or fibrosis, confirming that TSLPR signaling plays a limited role in the development of chronic Th2-dependent pathology. Collectively, these findings suggest that while TSLPR signaling serves a key role in allergen-driven Th2 responses, it exerts minor regulatory activity during this chronic helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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366
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MHC class II-dependent basophil-CD4+ T cell interactions promote T(H)2 cytokine-dependent immunity. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:697-705. [PMID: 19465906 PMCID: PMC2711559 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells can prime naive CD4+ T cells; however, here we demonstrate that dendritic cell-mediated priming was insufficient for the development of T helper type 2 cell-dependent immunity. We identify basophils as a dominant cell population that coexpressed major histocompatibility complex class II and interleukin 4 message after helminth infection. Basophilia was promoted by thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and depletion of basophils impaired immunity to helminth infection. Basophils promoted antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and interleukin 4 production in vitro, and transfer of basophils augmented the population expansion of helminth-responsive CD4+ T cells in vivo. Collectively, our studies suggest that major histocompatibility complex class II-dependent interactions between basophils and CD4+ T cells promote T helper type 2 cytokine responses and immunity to helminth infection.
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367
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Demehri S, Morimoto M, Holtzman MJ, Kopan R. Skin-derived TSLP triggers progression from epidermal-barrier defects to asthma. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000067. [PMID: 19557146 PMCID: PMC2700555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A skin-derived cytokine with high systemic availability provides a mechanistic explanation for atopic march and highlights a potential therapeutic target for preventing the development of asthma among people with atopic dermatitis. Asthma is a common allergic lung disease frequently affecting individuals with a prior history of eczema/atopic dermatitis (AD); however, the mechanism underlying the progression from AD to asthma (the so-called “atopic march”) is unclear. Here we show that, like humans with AD, mice with skin-barrier defects develop AD-like skin inflammation and are susceptible to allergic asthma. Furthermore, we show that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), overexpressed by skin keratinocytes, is the systemic driver of this bronchial hyper-responsiveness. As an AD-like model, we used mice with keratinocyte-specific deletion of RBP-j that sustained high systemic levels of TSLP. Antigen-induced allergic challenge to the lung airways of RBP-j–deficient animals resulted in a severe asthmatic phenotype not seen in similarly treated wild-type littermates. Elimination of TSLP signaling in these animals blocked the atopic march, demonstrating that high serum TSLP levels were required to sensitize the lung to allergic inflammation. Furthermore, we analyzed outbred K14-TSLPtg mice that maintained high systemic levels of TSLP without developing any skin pathology. Importantly, epidermal-derived TSLP was sufficient to trigger the atopic march, sensitizing the lung airways to inhaled allergens in the absence of epicutaneous sensitization. Based on these findings, we propose that in addition to early treatment of the primary skin-barrier defects, selective inhibition of systemic TSLP may be the key to blocking the development of asthma in AD patients. Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is a common allergic skin inflammation that has a particularly high prevalence among children. Importantly, a large proportion of people suffering from eczema go on to develop asthma later in life. Although the susceptibility of eczema patients to asthma is well documented, the mechanism that mediates “atopic march”—the progression from eczema to asthma—is unclear. We used genetic engineering to generate mice with chronic skin-barrier defects and a subsequent eczema-like disorder. With these mice, we were able to investigate how skin-specific defects predisposed the lungs to allergic asthma. We identified thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine that is secreted by barrier-defective skin into the systemic circulation, as the agent sensitizing the lung to allergens. We demonstrated that high systemic levels of skin-derived TSLP were both required and sufficient to render lung airways hypersensitive to allergens. Thus, these data suggest that early treatment of skin-barrier defects to prevent TSLP overexpression, and systemic inhibition of TSLP, may be crucial in preventing the progression from eczema to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadmehr Demehri
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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368
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Transgene-specific host responses in cutaneous gene therapy: the role of cells expressing the transgene. Gene Ther 2009; 16:1138-45. [PMID: 19440226 PMCID: PMC2741533 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A major issue in long-term gene therapy is host immune responses to therapeutic cells when transgene encodes a potential antigen. The nature of these responses depends on several factors including the type of cell and tissue expressing the transgene. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts, which are known to display distinct immunogenic profiles, are both potential targets for transgene expression in cutaneous gene therapy. However, whether there is an immunological advantage in targeting one cell type over the other is not known. To study the effect of cell type on transgene-specific host responses independent of antigen levels or methods of gene transfer and transplantation, we used a skin transplantation model in which transgene expression can be targeted transgene to either keratinocytes or fibroblasts. Although targeting an antigen to either cell type resulted in the induction of immune responses, these responses differed significantly. Transgenic keratinocytes were rejected acutely by a dominant Th2 response, while in the majority of grafted animals transgenic fibroblasts failed to induce acute rejection despite the induction of Th1 type inflammation in the graft. In a small number of mice, transgenic fibroblasts persisted for at least 20 weeks despite elicitation of antigen-specific responses. Therefore, fibroblasts may be an immunologically preferred target over keratinocytes for cutaneous gene therapy.
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369
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Knisz J, Banks A, McKeag L, Metcalfe DD, Rothman PB, Brown JM. Loss of SOCS7 in mice results in severe cutaneous disease and increased mast cell activation. Clin Immunol 2009; 132:277-84. [PMID: 19427817 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) protein family plays a central role in the negative regulation of cytokine action and has been implicated in the development of atopic diseases. Lack of SOCS7 is associated with severe skin disease in mice. We sought to explore the underlying mechanisms resulting in this phenotype. Skin samples were analyzed and serum immunoglobulin production was measured. Cytokine production by bone marrow derived mast cells was determined by ELISA. Mast cell thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) production was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Data obtained revealed that Socs7(-/-) mice have increased serum IgE and IgG(1) production and exhibit an increased mast cell infiltrate, as well as un-provoked mast cell degranulation in the dermis as compared to controls. In vitro, bone marrow derived mast cells from Socs7(-/-) mice are hyperactive to IgE-mediated stimuli, with elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-13, IL-6, TNF-alpha). Further, activated Socs7(-/-) bone marrow derived mast cells have increased IL-7Ralpha transcript, which is part of the heterodimeric receptor for TSLP. Finally, lack of SOCS7 was accompanied by an increase in TSLP mRNA and protein production by mast cells following FcepsilonRI aggregation. These data implicate SOCS7 in the modulation of allergic inflammation and demonstrate that SOCS7 is involved in the regulation of TSLP signaling in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Knisz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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370
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Briot A, Deraison C, Lacroix M, Bonnart C, Robin A, Besson C, Dubus P, Hovnanian A. Kallikrein 5 induces atopic dermatitis-like lesions through PAR2-mediated thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in Netherton syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1135-47. [PMID: 19414552 PMCID: PMC2715042 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a severe genetic skin disease with constant atopic manifestations that is caused by mutations in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) gene, which encodes the protease inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal-type–related inhibitor (LEKTI). Lack of LEKTI causes stratum corneum detachment secondary to epidermal proteases hyperactivity. This skin barrier defect favors allergen absorption and is generally regarded as the underlying cause for atopy in NS. We show for the first time that the pro-Th2 cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, and the macrophage-derived chemokine are overexpressed in LEKTI-deficient epidermis. This is part of an original biological cascade in which unregulated kallikrein (KLK) 5 directly activates proteinase-activated receptor 2 and induces nuclear factor κB–mediated overexpression of TSLP, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL8. This proinflammatory and proallergic pathway is independent of the primary epithelial failure and is activated under basal conditions in NS keratinocytes. This cell-autonomous process is already established in the epidermis of Spink5−/− embryos, and the resulting proinflammatory microenvironment leads to eosinophilic and mast cell infiltration in a skin graft model in nude mice. Collectively, these data establish that uncontrolled KLK5 activity in NS epidermis can trigger atopic dermatitis (AD)–like lesions, independently of the environment and the adaptive immune system. They illustrate the crucial role of protease signaling in skin inflammation and point to new therapeutic targets for NS as well as candidate genes for AD and atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Briot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U563, Toulouse F-31300, France
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371
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Headley MB, Zhou B, Shih WX, Aye T, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF. TSLP conditions the lung immune environment for the generation of pathogenic innate and antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1641-7. [PMID: 19155513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is crucial for the development of atopic diseases in humans and mice. Mice that express a lung-specific TSLP transgene (surfactant protein C promoter (SPC)-TSLP) develop a spontaneous and progressive asthma-like disease, suggesting that TSLP expression alone was sufficient for disease development. In this study, we show that, in fact, TSLP alone only causes a weak innate response that is insufficient for development of full airway inflammatory disease. Complete disease development requires both TSLP and antigenic stimulation. These data suggest that the spontaneous lung inflammation observed in SPC-TSLP mice reflects a TSLP-driven predisposition toward the development of aberrant responses against innocuous environmental Ags. This provides evidence that TSLP may act directly to induce susceptibility to the inappropriate allergic responses that characterize atopy and asthma. We additionally show that disease development requires CD4 T cells but not B cells. Further, we reveal a TSLP-driven innate response involving mucus overproduction and goblet cell metaplasia. Taken together, these data suggest a multifaceted model of TSLP-mediated airway inflammation, with an initial activation of resident innate immune cells, followed by activation of the adaptive immune system and full disease development. This study provides new insight into the unique features of the asthma pathology contributed by the innate and adaptive immune responses in response to TSLP stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Headley
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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372
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Shigeno T, Katakuse M, Fujita T, Mukoyama Y, Watanabe H. Phthalate ester-induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin mediates allergic dermatitis in mice. Immunology 2009; 128:e849-57. [PMID: 19740346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently air pollutants and irritants have been labelled as possible exogenous risk factors for allergic disorders. Although the underlying causes of allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis and asthma remain unclear, the T helper type 2 (Th2) cell-mediated allergic inflammatory cascade may contribute to their pathogenesis. In the last decade, it has been documented that one of the candidates for triggering Th2 commitment is thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), the expression of which is up-regulated in the lesions of allergic patients. Here, we describe TSLP function in a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) -induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) model. A cytokine profile indicated that the model was dominantly mediated by the Th2 milieu. Interestingly, TSLP was increased in the skin during the sensitization phase when stimulated by a solvent, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), but not by FITC hapten or another solvent, acetone. Ear swelling in FITC-induced CHS was totally abrogated by removing DBP from the sensitization or elicitation phase, and was restored by complementary injection of TSLP. Inversely, the ear swelling was suppressed by injection of small interfering RNA against TSLP during the sensitization phase, which was concomitant with decreasing expression of interleukin-4 at the swollen skin site. Taken together, DBP-induced TSLP during the sensitization phase plays a role in establishing FITC-induced CHS and may be one of the causes of Th2 commitment in the model, suggesting that certain environmental toxins, such as DBP, may endow pro-allergic and atopic predisposition in humans or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shigeno
- Drug Discovery Research, Kyoto R&D Centre, Maruho Co., Ltd, Chudoji, Kyoto, Japan
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373
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Taylor BC, Zaph C, Troy AE, Du Y, Guild KJ, Comeau MR, Artis D. TSLP regulates intestinal immunity and inflammation in mouse models of helminth infection and colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:655-67. [PMID: 19273626 PMCID: PMC2699121 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) produce thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP); however, the in vivo influence of TSLP–TSLP receptor (TSLPR) interactions on immunity and inflammation in the intestine remains unclear. We show that TSLP–TSLPR interactions are critical for immunity to the intestinal pathogen Trichuris. Monoclonal antibody–mediated neutralization of TSLP or deletion of the TSLPR in normally resistant mice resulted in defective expression of Th2 cytokines and persistent infection. Susceptibility was accompanied by elevated expression of interleukin (IL) 12/23p40, interferon (IFN) γ, and IL-17A, and development of severe intestinal inflammation. Critically, neutralization of IFN-γ in Trichuris-infected TSLPR−/− mice restored Th2 cytokine responses and resulted in worm expulsion, providing the first demonstration of TSLPR-independent pathways for Th2 cytokine production. Additionally, TSLPR−/− mice displayed elevated production of IL-12/23p40 and IFN-γ, and developed heightened intestinal inflammation upon exposure to dextran sodium sulfate, demonstrating a previously unrecognized immunoregulatory role for TSLP in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy C Taylor
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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374
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Mou Z, Xia J, Tan Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhou B, Li H, Han D. Overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2009; 129:297-301. [PMID: 18720075 DOI: 10.1080/00016480802225884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) played an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) and can be regarded a potential therapeutic target for the management of AR. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible role of TSLP in the pathogenesis of AR. PATIENTS AND METHODS We enrolled 16 patients of AR to investigate the expression of TSLP in nasal mucosa and evaluate the link of TSLP and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Expression of TSLP was detected by immunohistochemical analysis and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and concentrations of TSLP and IL-4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS TSLP was detected in all samples and the mRNA and protein expression of TSLP is increased significantly in AR nasal mucosa compared with normal control (P<0.05). TSLP production is tightly correlated with IL-4 and severity of AR (P<0.05).
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375
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Saenz SA, Taylor BC, Artis D. Welcome to the neighborhood: epithelial cell-derived cytokines license innate and adaptive immune responses at mucosal sites. Immunol Rev 2009; 226:172-90. [PMID: 19161424 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that epithelial cells (ECs) at mucosal surfaces, beyond their role in creating a physical barrier, are integral components of innate and adaptive immunity. The capacity of these cells to license the functions of specific immune cell populations in the airway and gastrointestinal tract offers the prospect of novel therapeutic strategies to target multiple inflammatory diseases in which barrier immunity is dysregulated. In this review, we discuss the critical functions of EC-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin-25 (IL-25), and IL-33 in the development and regulation of T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokine-dependent immune responses. We first highlight recent data that have provided new insights into the factors that control expression of this triad of cytokines and their receptors. In addition, we review their proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions in models of mucosal infection and inflammation. Lastly, we discuss new findings indicating that despite their diverse structural features and differential expression of their receptors, TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 cross-regulate one another and share overlapping properties that influence Th2 cytokine-dependent responses at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Saenz
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4539, USA
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376
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Thymic stromal lymphopoietin overproduced by keratinocytes in mouse skin aggravates experimental asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1536-41. [PMID: 19188585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812668106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is often the initial step in the "atopic march," given that more than half of AD patients with moderate to severe AD develop asthma later in life. Both AD and asthma share a similar "atopy" phenotype that includes T helper type 2 inflammation with eosinophilia and hyper-IgE immunoglobulinemia, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the "atopic march" remain elusive. In the present study, we show that induced expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in mouse epidermal keratinocytes upon topical application of MC903 (a low calcemic analogue of vitamin D3) not only triggers AD as we previously reported but also aggravates experimental allergic asthma induced by ovalbumin sensitization and challenge. Our study, which provides a mouse model to study human "atopic march," indicates that keratinocyte-produced TSLP may represent an important factor in the link of atopic dermatitis to asthma.
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377
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Li M, Hener P, Zhang Z, Ganti KP, Metzger D, Chambon P. Induction of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expression in Keratinocytes Is Necessary for Generating an Atopic Dermatitis upon Application of the Active Vitamin D3 Analogue MC903 on Mouse Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:498-502. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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378
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) show a Janus-like functional behavior. They help us by their orchestration of numerous immune responses to defend our body against invading pathogenic micro-organisms and also induce regulatory T cells to inhibit immune reactions against autoantigens as well as diverse harmless environmental antigens. However, DCs can also be of harm to us when misguided by their microenvironment as in allergic and autoimmune diseases or when DCs are targeted and exploited by microbes and cancer cells to evade the immune defense. This huge and diverse functional repertoire of DCs requires complex decision-making processes and the integration of multiple stimulatory and inhibitory signals. Although a given DC type has an extensive functionally plasticity, DCs are heterogeneous and individual DC subtypes are differentially distributed in tissues, express distinct sets of pattern recognition receptors and differ in their capacity to program naive T cells. With the help of transgenic mouse models and selective ablation of individual DC subtypes, we are just at the beginning of understanding the DC system in its complexity. Obtaining a more detailed knowledge of the DC system in mice and men holds strong promise for the successful induction of immunity and tolerance in therapeutic trials. This review presents the recent advances in the understanding of DC biology and discusses why and how DC can help and hurt us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Schäkel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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379
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Ozcan E, Notarangelo LD, Geha RS. Primary immune deficiencies with aberrant IgE production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 122:1054-62; quiz 1063-4. [PMID: 19084106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IgE antibodies play a central role in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases and in host immunity against parasitic infections. IgE has potent activities on mast cells and basophils. IgE class switching is a very tightly controlled process, and serum IgE levels are very low compared with other immunoglobulin isotypes. Transcription factors that activate or inhibit the IgE gene promoter, as well as T(H)1 and T(H)2 cytokines are important in the regulation of IgE levels. Hyper-IgE syndrome; Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome; immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX); Omenn syndrome; and atypical complete DiGeorge syndrome are primary immune deficiencies that are associated with elevated serum IgE levels. Increased IgE levels in IPEX, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and Omenn syndrome are likely related to increased T(H)2 cytokine production caused by decreased a number or function of CD4(+)CD25(+)forkhead box protein P3(+) regulatory T cells. The link between signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 mutations and elevated serum IgE levels in hyper-IgE syndrome is unclear. Insight into IgE regulation provided by the study of primary immune deficiencies with elevated IgE has important implications for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Ozcan
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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380
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Zhou B, Headley MB, Aye T, Tocker J, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF. Reversal of thymic stromal lymphopoietin-induced airway inflammation through inhibition of Th2 responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6557-62. [PMID: 18941246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung-specific thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression is sufficient for the development of an asthma-like chronic airway inflammatory disease. However, the nature of the downstream pathways that regulate disease development are not known. In this study, we used IL-4- and Stat6-deficient mice to establish the role of Th2-type responses downstream of TSLP. IL-4 deficiency greatly reduced, but did not eliminate, TSLP-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, eosinophilia, and goblet cell metaplasia, while Stat6 deficiency eliminated these asthma-like symptoms. We further demonstrate, using the chronic model of TSLP-mediated airway inflammation, that blockade of both IL-4 and IL-13 responses, through administration of an anti-IL-4R alpha mAb, reversed asthma-like symptoms, when given to mice with established disease. Collectively these data provide insight into the pathways engaged in TSLP-driven airway inflammation and demonstrate that simultaneous blockade of IL-4 and IL-13 can reverse established airway disease, suggesting that this may be an effective approach for the therapy of Th2-mediated inflammatory respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Zhou
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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381
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by allergic skin inflammation. A hallmark of AD is dry itchy skin due, at least in part, to defects in skin genes that are important for maintaining barrier function. The pathogenesis of AD remains incompletely understood. Since the description of the Nc/Nga mouse as a spontaneously occurring model of AD, a number of other mouse models of AD have been developed. They can be categorized into three groups: (1) models induced by epicutaneous application of sensitizers; (2) transgenic mice that either overexpress or lack selective molecules; (3) mice that spontaneously develop AD-like skin lesions. These models have resulted in a better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD. This review discusses these models and emphasizes the role of mechanical skin injury and skin barrier dysfunction in eliciting allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Jin
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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382
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Hirasawa N, Ohsawa Y, Ishihara K, Seyama T, Hong J, Ohuchi K. Analysis of the Mechanism for the Development of Allergic Skin Inflammation and the Application for Its Treatment: Establishment of a Modified Allergic Dermatitis Model in Mouse Ear Lobes by Application of 12-O-Tetradecanoyl Phorbol 13-Acetate: Putative Involvement of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin and Roles of Histamine. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:245-50. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09r03fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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383
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have the ability to sense infection and tissue stress, sample and present antigen to T lymphocytes, and instruct the initiation of different forms of immunity and tolerance. The functional versatility of DCs depends on their remarkable ability to translate collectively the information from the invading microbes, as well as their resident tissue microenvironments. Recent progress in understanding Toll-like receptor (TLR) biology has illuminated the mechanisms by which DCs link innate and adaptive antimicrobial immune responses. However, how tissue microenvironments shape the function of DCs has remained elusive. Recent studies of TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that strongly activates DCs, provide strong evidence at a molecular level that epithelial cells/tissue microenvironments directly communicate with DCs, the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. We review recent progress on how TSLP expressed within thymus and peripheral lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues regulates DC-mediated central tolerance, peripheral T cell homeostasis, and inflammatory Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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384
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Oyoshi MK, He R, Kumar L, Yoon J, Geha RS. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. Adv Immunol 2009; 102:135-226. [PMID: 19477321 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(09)01203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic inflammatory skin disease associated with a personal or family history of allergy. The prevalence of AD is on the rise and estimated at approximately 17% in the USA. The fundamental lesion in AD is a defective skin barrier that results in dry itchy skin, and is aggravated by mechanical injury inflicted by scratching. This allows entry of antigens via the skin and creates a milieu that shapes the immune response to these antigens. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the abnormal skin barrier in AD, namely abnormalities in epidermal structural proteins, such as filaggrin, mutated in approximately 15% of patients with AD, epidermal lipids, and epidermal proteases and protease inhibitors. The review also dissects, based on information from mouse models of AD, the contributions of the innate and adaptive immune system to the pathogenesis of AD, including the effect of mechanical skin injury on the polarization of skin dendritic cells, mediated by keratinocyte-derived cytokines such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-6, and IL-1, that results in a Th2-dominated immune response with a Th17 component in acute AD skin lesions and the progressive conversion to a Th1-dominated response in chronic AD skin lesions. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms of susceptibility of AD skin lesions to microbial infections and the role of microbial products in exacerbating skin inflammation in AD. Based on this information, we discuss current and future therapy of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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385
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Boehme SA, Franz-Bacon K, Chen EP, Sásik R, Sprague LJ, Ly TW, Hardiman G, Bacon KB. A small molecule CRTH2 antagonist inhibits FITC-induced allergic cutaneous inflammation. Int Immunol 2008; 21:81-93. [PMID: 19066314 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A FITC-induced allergic contact hypersensitivity model was used to investigate the role that the prostaglandin D(2) receptor-chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(h)2 cells (CRTH2) plays in modulating cutaneous inflammation. Our results show that inhibition of CRTH2, achieved via administration of a potent, small molecule antagonist, Compound A (Cmpd A), effectively blocked edema formation and greatly reduced the inflammatory infiltrate and skin pathology observed in drug vehicle-treated animals. Gene expression analysis revealed that Cmpd A administration down-regulated the transcription of a wide range of pro-inflammatory mediators. This correlated with decreases in cytokine and chemokine protein levels, notably IL-4, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta, GRO-alpha, MIP-2 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in FITC-challenged ears. The administration of an anti-TSLP-neutralizing antibody was only partially effective in lowering the FITC-induced inflammatory infiltrate and cytokine production compared with the CRTH2 antagonist. Taken together, these data suggest that blockade of CRTH2 inhibits multiple pathways leading to cutaneous inflammation in this model. This suggests that CRTH2 antagonism may be a viable route for therapeutic intervention in allergic skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefen A Boehme
- Actimis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10835 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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386
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Kinoshita H, Takai T, Le TA, Kamijo S, Wang XL, Ushio H, Hara M, Kawasaki J, Vu AT, Ogawa T, Gunawan H, Ikeda S, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Cytokine milieu modulates release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin from human keratinocytes stimulated with double-stranded RNA. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 123:179-86. [PMID: 19056108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) plays a key role in allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and asthma. TSLP is highly expressed by keratinocytes in skin lesions of patients with AD, but environmental triggers for its release from keratinocytes with endogenous factors are not well understood. Patients with AD, in whom allergic sensitization is already established, are susceptible to viral dissemination. OBJECTIVES We investigated TSLP's release from primary human keratinocytes stimulated with a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, which mimics viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and its modulation by cytokines. METHODS Primary human keratinocytes were stimulated with TLR ligands, cytokines, or both. TSLP released into culture supernatants was measured by means of ELISA. RESULTS Stimulation of keratinocytes with dsRNA induced release of TSLP and upregulated gene expression of TSLP and other cytokines and chemokines. The release of TSLP was enhanced by the addition of IL-4, IL-13, and/or TNF-alpha. With or without the T(H)2/TNF cytokines, the dsRNA-induced release of TSLP was upregulated by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta and suppressed by IFN-gamma, TGF-beta, or IL-17. CONCLUSIONS The effect of the TLR3 ligand on keratinocytes suggests contribution of viral dsRNA to skin inflammations under the influence of a cytokine milieu. The results imply that viral dsRNA and a T(H)2 cytokine milieu might promote T(H)2-type inflammation through an induction of TSLP expression, suggesting that a vicious cycle exists between AD with T(H)2-type inflammation and viral infections and a possible blockade of this cycle by other cytokine milieus provided by cells, such as T(H)1, regulatory T, and T(H)17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kinoshita
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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387
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Iyoda M, Hudkins KL, Becker-Herman S, Wietecha TA, Banas MC, Guo S, Meyer-Bahlburg A, Kowalewska J, Liu G, Ziegler SF, Rawlings DJ, Alpers CE. Imatinib suppresses cryoglobulinemia and secondary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 20:68-77. [PMID: 19020005 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Imatinib is a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of c-Abl, c-Kit, and PDGF receptors. We tested the protective effects of imatinib in thymic stromal lymphopoietin transgenic mice, a model of cryoglobulinemia and associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), in which some glomerular manifestations likely result from PDGF receptor activation. Surprising, administration of imatinib beginning at weaning suppressed production of cryoglobulin, attenuating both the renal injury and systemic features of cryoglobulinemia. Flow cytometry suggested that inhibition of B cell development in the bone marrow likely caused the reduction in cryoglobulin production. In addition, administration of imatinib to thymic stromal lymphopoietin transgenic mice with established MPGN also diminished cryoglobulin production and reversed the renal and systemic lesions. These data suggest that treatment with imatinib may be a novel therapeutic approach for cryoglobulinemia and MPGN in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Iyoda
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Avenue, Box 357470, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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388
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Torii Y, Ito T, Amakawa R, Sugimoto H, Amuro H, Tanijiri T, Katashiba Y, Ogata M, Yokoi T, Fukuhara S. Imidazoquinoline acts as immune adjuvant for functional alteration of thymic stromal lymphopoietin-mediated allergic T cell response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5340-9. [PMID: 18832690 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a major allergic disease that develops through dysregulation of Th2-mediated inflammation. Although dendritic cells (DCs) have been thought to play a critical role in the upstream phase of the allergic cascade, conventional drugs such as steroids and chemical mediator antagonists target the effector cells or factors in allergic inflammation. Recently, it has been demonstrated that interaction between thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and human DCs plays an essential role in evoking inflammatory Th2 responses in allergy through OX40 ligand expression on DCs. In this study, we provide evidence that R848, an imidazoquinoline compound, which is a TLR ligand and a strong Th1 response-inducing reagent, is a potent adjuvant for the alteration of the Th2-inducing potency of human DCs activated by TSLP (TSLP-DCs). R848 inhibited the inflammatory Th2-inducing capacity of TSLP-DCs and redirected them to possessing an IL-10 and IFN-gamma-producing regulatory Th1-inducing capacity. This functional alteration depended on both repression of OX40 ligand expression and induction of IL-12 production from DCs by the addition of R848. Additionally, R848 had the ability to inhibit the TSLP-mediated expansion and maintenance of the Th2 memory response. These findings suggest that imidazoquinoline may be a useful in the treatment of allergic diseases that are triggered by TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaro Torii
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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389
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Mazzucchelli R, Hixon JA, Spolski R, Chen X, Li WQ, Hall VL, Willette-Brown J, Hurwitz AA, Leonard WJ, Durum SK. Development of regulatory T cells requires IL-7Ralpha stimulation by IL-7 or TSLP. Blood 2008; 112:3283-92. [PMID: 18664628 PMCID: PMC2569178 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-137414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a cytokine produced by stromal cells, is required for thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of most major subsets of T cells. We examined whether regulatory T (Treg) cells also required the IL-7 pathway by analyzing IL-7Ralpha(-/-) mice. We observed a striking reduction in cells with the Treg surface phenotype (CD4, CD25, GITR (glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-like receptor), CD45RB, CD62L, CD103) or intracellular markers (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, CTLA-4, and forkhead box transcription factor 3, Foxp3). Foxp3 transcripts were virtually absent in IL-7Ralpha(-/-) lymphoid tissues, and no Treg cell suppressive activity could be detected. There are 2 known ligands for IL-7Ralpha: IL-7 itself and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Surprisingly, mice deficient in IL-7 or the other chain of the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) developed relatively normal numbers of Treg cells. Combined deletion of IL-7 and TSLP receptor greatly reduced Treg cell development in the thymus but was not required for survival of mature peripheral Treg cells. We conclude that Treg cells, like other T cells, require signals from the IL-7 receptor, but unlike other T cells, do not require IL-7 itself because of at least partially overlapping actions of IL-7 and TSLP for development of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mazzucchelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
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390
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Zheng T, Oh MH, Oh SY, Schroeder JT, Glick AB, Zhu Z. Transgenic expression of interleukin-13 in the skin induces a pruritic dermatitis and skin remodeling. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:742-51. [PMID: 18830273 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL-13 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis (AD). However, a direct role of IL-13 in AD has not been established. We aimed to develop an inducible transgenic model in which IL-13 can be expressed in the skin and to define the resulting dermal phenotype and mechanisms involved. The keratin 5 promoter was used with a tetracycline-inducible system to target IL-13 to the skin. The clinical manifestations, dermal histology, cytokine gene regulation, and systemic immune responses in the transgenic mice were assessed. IL-13 was produced exclusively in the skin and caused a chronic inflammatory phenotype characterized by xerosis and pruritic eczematous lesions; dermal infiltration of CD4+ T cells, mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and Langerhans cells; upregulation of chemokine and cytokine genes, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin; and skin remodeling with fibrosis and increased vasculature. The dermal phenotype was accompanied by elevated serum total IgE and IgG1 and increased production of IL-4 and IL-13 by CD4+ cells from lymphoid tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IL-13 is a potent stimulator of dermal inflammation and remodeling and this transgenic model of AD is a good tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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391
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Jessup HK, Brewer AW, Omori M, Rickel EA, Budelsky AL, Yoon BRP, Ziegler SF, Comeau MR. Intradermal Administration of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Induces a T Cell- and Eosinophil-Dependent Systemic Th2 Inflammatory Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4311-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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392
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TSLP acts on infiltrating effector T cells to drive allergic skin inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11875-80. [PMID: 18711124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801532105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine expressed by epithelial cells, including keratinocytes, and is important in allergic inflammation. Allergic skin inflammation elicited by epicutaneous immunization of mice with ovalbumin (OVA), a potential model of atopic dermatitis, was severely impaired in TSLPR(-/-) mice, as evidenced by decreased infiltration of eosinophils and decreased local expression of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines. However, secretion of Th2 cytokines by splenocytes from epicutaneous sensitized TSLPR(-/-) mice in response to OVA was normal. Skin dendritic cells from TSLPR(-/-) mice were normal in their ability to migrate to draining lymph nodes, express activation markers, and induce proliferation and Th2 cytokine production by naïve T cells. CD4(+) T cells from TSLPR(-/-) mice expressed the skin homing receptor E-selectin ligand normally, and homed to the skin normally, but failed to transfer allergic skin inflammation to WT recipients. TSLP enhanced Th2 cytokine secretion in vitro by targeting TSLPR on antigen specific T cells. Intradermal injection of anti-TSLP blocked the development of allergic skin inflammation after cutaneous antigen challenge of OVA immunized WT mice. These findings suggest that TSLP is essential for antigen driven Th2 cytokine secretion by skin infiltrating effector T cells and could be a therapeutic target in allergic skin inflammation.
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393
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Miyata M, Hatsushika K, Ando T, Shimokawa N, Ohnuma Y, Katoh R, Suto H, Ogawa H, Masuyama K, Nakao A. Mast cell regulation of epithelial TSLP expression plays an important role in the development of allergic rhinitis. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1487-92. [PMID: 18461563 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a master switch for asthma or atopic dermatitis by inducing a dendritic cell-mediated Th2-type allergic inflammation. Allergic rhinitis is also pathologically characterized by Th2-type allergic inflammation. This study demonstrates that mast cells regulate the epithelial TSLP expression in allergic rhinitis. TSLP expression was found to be up-regulated predominantly in the nasal epithelium in the ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -nasally challenged mouse model of allergic rhinitis, which was abolished in mast cell-deficient WBB6F1-W/W(v) in comparison with control WBB6F1-+/+ mice. Similarly, the epithelial TSLP expression was reduced in Fc receptor gamma chain (FcgammaR)-deficient mice, where the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) is not expressed on mast cells, in comparison with control C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, the administration of neutralizing TSLP antibody during the challenge phase of OVA inhibited the development of allergic rhinitis. These results suggest that the direct stimulation of epithelial cells by antigens alone may not be sufficient to induce TSLP expression in the nasal epithelium, and that mast cell regulation of epithelial TSLP expression, possibly via FcepsilonRI, plays an important role in the development of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Miyata
- Department of Immunology, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
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394
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Yokoi T, Amakawa R, Tanijiri T, Sugimoto H, Torii Y, Amuro H, Son Y, Tajima K, Liu YJ, Ito T, Fukuhara S. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin suppresses inflammatory Th2 responses by inducing functional alteration of TSLP-activated dendritic cells. Int Immunol 2008; 20:1321-9. [PMID: 18703465 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and asthma develop as a consequence of dysregulated T(h)2 responses. Recently, it has been demonstrated that interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an IL-7-like cytokine, is essential for evoking T(h)2 responses in allergy. In this study, we investigated whether Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a strong T(h)1 response-inducing adjuvant, can alter the function of DCs activated by TSLP (TSLP-DCs). We demonstrated that BCG redirects TSLP-DCs away from inducing inflammatory T(h)2 cells that produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and toward regulatory T(h)1 cells that produce IFN-gamma and IL-10. We also demonstrated that this functional alteration of TSLP-DCs by BCG depended on both production of IL-12 from DCs and down-regulation of OX40 ligand, a member of the TNF family, on DCs. These findings suggest that BCG might be a useful adjuvant for the treatment of allergic diseases that are triggered by TSLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokoi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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395
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NAKAMURA K, TSUCHIDA T, TSUNEMI Y, SAEKI H, TAMAKI K. Serum thymic stromal lymphopoietin levels are not elevated in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2008; 35:546-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2008.00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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396
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T(H)2 adjuvants: implications for food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1311-20; quiz 1321-2. [PMID: 18539190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A persistent question for immunologists studying allergic disease has been to define the characteristics of a molecule that make it allergenic. There has been substantial progress elucidating mechanisms of innate priming of T(H)2 immunity in the past several years. These accumulating data demonstrate that T(H)2 immunity is actively induced by an array of molecules, many of which were first discovered in the context of antihelminthic immune responses. Similar intrinsic or associated activities are now known to account for the T(H)2 immunogenicity of some allergens, and may prove to play a role for many more. In this review, we discuss what has been discovered regarding molecules that induce innate immune activation and the pathways that promote T(H)2-polarized immune responses generally, and specifically what role these mechanisms may play in food allergy from models of food allergy and the study of T(H)2 gastrointestinal adjuvants.
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397
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Artis D. Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:411-20. [PMID: 18469830 DOI: 10.1038/nri2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 758] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal tract are continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganisms. This creates a requirement for a homeostatic balance between tolerance and immunity that represents a unique regulatory challenge to the mucosal immune system. Recent findings suggest that intestinal epithelial cells, although once considered a simple physical barrier, are a crucial cell lineage for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. This Review discusses recent findings that identify a cardinal role for epithelial cells in sampling the intestinal microenvironment, discriminating pathogenic and commensal microorganisms and influencing the function of antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Artis
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia 19104-4539, USA.
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398
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Human thymic hormones increase in vitro IL-4 production in atopic patients. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0546(08)72539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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399
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Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder that affects approximately 15% of children in the United States. A complex disorder, AD is characterized by both skin barrier impairment and immunologic abnormalities, including decreased innate immune function and a polarized adaptive immune response. Mouse models have demonstrated the complex interdependence of immune cell-keratinocyte interactions and teased apart gene-environment relationships in a controlled setting. In this issue, Nagelkerken et al. present a mouse model with transgenic expression of apolipoprotein C1 that disrupts the skin lipid barrier and manifests many hallmark features of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia A. Segre
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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400
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Rochman Y, Leonard WJ. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: a new cytokine in asthma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 8:249-54. [PMID: 18450510 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells provide mechanical and immune protection against pathogens and allergens. Following activation, these cells produce a wide range of cytokines including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Recently it was established that a high level of TSLP is associated with asthma in mice and in humans. These findings suggest that interfering with the ability of cells to respond to TSLP might prevent the development of airway inflammation. Our review presents current knowledge on mediators that induce TSLP production and on the actions of TSLP on different populations of cells that are related to airway inflammation. TSLP affects dendritic cells, T cells, NKT cells, and mast cells, indicative of the broad role of TSLP in the regulation of inflammatory/allergic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yrina Rochman
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Building 10, Room 7B05, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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