401
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Liu Z, Shen Y, Cui N, Yang J. Clinical observation of immunity for severe acute pancreatitis. Inflammation 2012; 34:426-31. [PMID: 20842417 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to observe the dynamic changes of immunity for patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and intervention by traditional Chinese medicine. Twenty-three patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomized to combined treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine (TCM) or conventional western medicine treatment (WM) groups. The clinical data for all patients were collected. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained from patients on days 1, 7, 14, and 28 after admission. Biochemical data including the percentage of CD4+/CD8+/natural killer (NK) cells/B lymphocytes/HLA-DR and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in serum were determined by flow cytometer. Patients' characteristics and immunity at admission were similar between the two groups. The secondary infection was different. The levels of T-lymphocyte subsets in the TCM group were quite different from the WM group, with much more the percentage of CD4+ and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio on days 7, 14, and 28 and much less the percentage of CD8+ on days 4 and 28. On days 14 and 28, the levels of NK cells and B lymphocytes were significantly higher in the TCM group compared with the controls. Compared with the TCM group, the levels of HLA-DR were significantly decreased in the WM group on days 7, 14, and 28. The immune dysregulation exists in the development and progression of SAP. The combined treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine can upregulate the patient's immune and maintain the immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiMin Liu
- Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300010, People's Republic of China
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402
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Effect of ageing on systemic inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:270319. [PMID: 22292125 PMCID: PMC3265080 DOI: 10.1155/2012/270319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly patients show increased incidence of multiple organ dysfunction in acute pancreatitis possibly due to bacterial translocation. This is associated with increased susceptibility to infections in older people. Several reports have related this increased susceptibility to a proinflammatory status called inflammaging, which decreases the capacity of the immunological system to respond to antigens. Cellular senescence also contributes to this low-grade chronic inflammation in older subjects. We discuss here the effect of ageing on systemic inflammation, focusing on that induced by acute pancreatitis and some of the mechanisms involved. It is important to understand the immunological changes in the elderly to adjust treatment strategies in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with acute pancreatitis and other conditions that lead to systemic inflammation.
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403
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Camargol EA, Zanonil CI, Toyamal MH, Muscaral MN, Dochertyl RJ, Costal SK. Abdominal hyperalgesia in secretory phospholipase A2-induced rat pancreatitis: Distinct roles of NK1receptors. Eur J Pain 2012; 15:900-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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404
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MacConell L, Brown C, Gurney K, Han J. Safety and tolerability of exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes: integrated analysis of 5594 patients from 19 placebo-controlled and comparator-controlled clinical trials. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2012; 5:29-41. [PMID: 22375098 PMCID: PMC3287409 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s28387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exenatide twice daily is a first-in-class glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the safety profile of exenatide twice daily and to compare its profile with that of a pooled comparator (placebo and insulin) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Data from 19 completed, randomized, controlled clinical trials of exenatide twice daily (5 μg and 10 μg) were pooled and analyzed; the pooled data included 5594 intent-to-treat patients who were followed for 12-52 weeks. Incidence rates, exposure-adjusted incidence rates, and 95% confidence intervals around risk differences between groups were calculated. RESULTS Baseline demographics and exposure time were comparable between groups (exenatide, N = 3261; pooled comparator, N = 2333; mean exposure time 166-171 days). Transient, mild- to-moderate nausea was the most frequent adverse event with exenatide (36.9% versus 8.3% in the pooled comparator). The incidence of hypoglycemia (minor or major) with concomitant sulfonylurea (exenatide 26.5%, pooled comparator 20.7%) was higher than that without sulfonylurea (exenatide 3.1%, pooled comparator 2.7%) in all groups. Serious adverse events, discontinuations due to serious adverse events, and deaths were reported with similar frequency in the exenatide and pooled comparator groups. Composite exposure-adjusted incidence rates were not statistically different between groups for pancreatitis, renal impairment, or major adverse cardiac events; there was a difference in incidence rates for benign thyroid neoplasm (0.3% versus 0%). CONCLUSION Overall, this analysis, representing over 1500 patient-years of exposure, demonstrated that exenatide twice daily was safe and generally well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes. The incidence of most adverse events, including serious adverse events, was similar in both exenatide-treated and comparator-treated patients. The most distinct differences between groups were in gastrointestinal-related adverse events, which is consistent with other therapies within the glucagon-like peptide class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kate Gurney
- Correspondence: Kate Gurney, 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA, Tel +1 858 458 8520, Fax +1 858 824 7755, Email
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405
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Malloy J, Gurney K, Shan K, Yan P, Chen S. Increased variability and abnormalities in pancreatic enzyme concentrations in otherwise asymptomatic subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2012; 5:419-24. [PMID: 23269874 PMCID: PMC3529626 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s34241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated an increased incidence of pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with obese nondiabetic individuals. Serum lipase and pancreatic amylase concentrations are used in conjunction with clinical findings to diagnose pancreatitis. METHODS In two large clinical trials of overweight/obese nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects, lipase and pancreatic amylase were measured at screening and 2-5 weeks later at baseline (prior to treatment with study medication). RESULTS Lipase and pancreatic amylase concentrations were above the upper limit of normal (ULN) in 13% and 6% of type 2 diabetic subjects, respectively, and were approximately three-fold (3 ×) higher than the proportion of nondiabetic subjects with levels above ULN. Elevations exceeding ULN were seen in many subjects asymptomatic for pancreatitis; however, elevations >2 × ULN and >3 × ULN were uncommon, and elevations >3 × ULN were often associated with a history of dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, and gastrointestinal disorders. Additionally, enzyme concentrations varied within this 2-5-week screening period, including shifts between elevated and normal levels. CONCLUSION Results from this post hoc analysis suggest that, although pancreatic enzymes can be a useful marker for pancreatitis within the proper clinical context, diagnosis of pancreatitis may be confounded in populations known to have asymptomatic elevations associated with disease, such as type 2 diabetes. Further effort is needed to clarify the etiology and epidemiology of pancreatic enzyme elevations in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaret Malloy
- Correspondence: Jaret Malloy, Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA, Tel +1 858 736 8856, Fax +1 858 334 1258, Email
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406
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Case matched comparison study of the necrosectomy by retroperitoneal approach with transperitoneal approach for necrotizing pancreatitis in patients with CT severity score of 7 and above. Int J Surg 2012; 10:587-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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407
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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a common cause of hospitalization and a major source of morbidity worldwide. When it is severe, and especially when it progresses to include necrosis of the pancreas, the risk of infection rises and mortality increases. Early reports suggested prophylactic antibiotics given in severe pancreatitis prevent infection and death. More recent clinical trials do not support this benefit, and meta-analyses on the topic offer conflicting recommendations. In this article, we evaluate the body of published literature examining the use of antibiotics as a preventive measure in acute pancreatitis. The highest quality, currently available data fail to support prophylactic use of antibiotics, which should be added to treatment regimens only where infection has been proven.
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408
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Koh YH, Moochhala S, Bhatia M. The role of neutral endopeptidase in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5429-39. [PMID: 22013111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is well known to promote inflammation in acute pancreatitis (AP) by interacting with neurokinin-1 receptor. However, mechanisms that terminate SP-mediated responses are unclear. Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is a cell-surface enzyme that degrades SP in the extracellular fluid. In this study, we examined the expression and the role of NEP in caerulein-induced AP. Male BALB/c mice (20-25 g) subjected to 3-10 hourly injections of caerulein (50 μg/kg) exhibited reduced NEP activity and protein expression in the pancreas and lungs. Additionally, caerulein (10(-7) M) also downregulated NEP activity and mRNA expression in isolated pancreatic acinar cells. The role of NEP in AP was examined in two opposite ways: inhibition of NEP (phosphoramidon [5 mg/kg] or thiorphan [10 mg/kg]) followed by 6 hourly caerulein injections) or supplementation with exogenous NEP (10 hourly caerulein injections, treatment of recombinant mouse NEP [1 mg/kg] during second caerulein injection). Inhibition of NEP raised SP levels and exacerbated inflammatory conditions in mice. Meanwhile, the severity of AP, determined by histological examination, tissue water content, myeloperoxidase activity, and plasma amylase activity, was markedly better in mice that received exogenous NEP treatment. Our results suggest that NEP is anti-inflammatory in caerulein-induced AP. Acute inhibition of NEP contributes to increased SP levels in caerulein-induced AP, which leads to augmented inflammatory responses in the pancreas and associated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hua Koh
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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409
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this present study was to investigate the d-dimer in acute pancreatitis and its associations with triglyceride (TG). METHODS The d-dimer was measured in 45 patients with mild acute pancreatitis, 43 patients with severe acute pancreatitis, and 45 healthy controls. Eighty-eight patients were divided into high and low TG groups based on their TG levels. Twenty outpatients with serumal TG levels higher than 5.65 mM were chosen as hypertriglyceridemia controls. We investigated whether there were any correlations between the d-dimer levels and serumal TG in acute pancreatitis. RESULTS In 45 patients with mild acute pancreatitis, the d-dimer increased to approximately 2 times over the reference value, whereas in 43 patients with severe acute pancreatitis, the d-dimer level increased to 6 times above the limit; the difference was significant. Both TG and acute pancreatitis could cause an elevation of the d-dimer level, in which TG takes a more important role. The increase in the d-dimer was also directly related to the severity of acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Plasma concentrations of the d-dimer increase in acute pancreatitis. The increase in TG is probably the main cause of the d-dimer elevation in patients with acute pancreatitis.
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410
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Zhao J, Chen J, Tang W, Wan L, Xiong W, Zhou L. Effect of Da-Cheng-Qi decoction on pancreatitis-associated lung injury in patients and anti-inflammatory responses in rat models. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:1058-1064. [PMID: 21595575 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.565059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional herbal medicinal formula Da-Cheng-Qi decoction (DCQD) has long been used to treat pancreatitis in China; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM To investigate whether DCQD is beneficial to the patients with lung injury in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP); if it is, then to explore the lung protective effect of DCQD and the mechanism involved in rats. METHODS DCQD was enema administered to 70 patients for 7 days. Mortality, (multi)organ failure during admission were observed, blood samples for laboratory analysis were drawn on admission, on Days 3, 7, and 14 of the treatment. We also experimentally examined the function of two doses of DCQD in SAP rat models. IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 mRNA expression in rat lungs was measured quantitatively by the RT-PCR method and confirmed by morphometric studies of the lungs. RESULTS It was demonstrated that the administration of DCQD did shorten the average time that patients suffered acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Compared with untreated rats, the lungs of rats treated with DCQD showed significantly lower levels of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA. Rats treated with DCQD had lower mean pathological lung lesion scores than those in SAP rats. CONCLUSION DCQD has good prospects in the treatment for SAP because it did shorten the average time that patients suffered ARDS in the clinic. It exerts therapeutic effects on this disease through inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators, decreasing the anti-inflammatory factors, and mitigating the pathological damage of the lung injury in SAP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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411
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Pancreas divisum: a differentiated surgical approach in symptomatic patients. World J Surg 2011; 35:1360-6. [PMID: 21472371 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some patients with pancreas divisum (PD) develop symptoms of recurrent pancreatitis. This is probably caused by insufficient drainage of the pancreatic duct. We report the results of our follow-up of patients who underwent surgery for symptomatic pancreas divisum according to an individualized surgical approach. METHODS Between October 2001 and April 2009, 28 patients with symptomatic pancreas divisum were operated at the University Hospital of Heidelberg. According to the localization and type of morphological changes of the pancreas, patients received a reinsertion of the papilla (SP; n=11), duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR; n=10), pylorus-preserving Whipple (ppWhipple; n=4), or other pancreatic resections (n=3). Hospitalization, morbidity, mortality, pain course, and patient satisfaction were analyzed. RESULTS Before surgery, patients received a median of three endoscopic interventions and were hospitalized for 77 days. The median postoperative follow-up was 4.1 years. Surgical morbidity was 11% and mortality 0%. We performed an SP when the pancreas was soft (n=10). When the pancreas was inflammatory altered, a DPPHR was performed in ten, ppW in four, segmental resection in two, and SP and pancreatic left resection in one case. A redo operation for persisting symptoms was needed in six patients (3 soft and 3 altered pancreas). Compared with the preoperative situation, pain was significantly reduced in the follow-up (median Visual Analogue Scale 0 vs. 10). Ninety-six percent of patients were without symptoms during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The individualized surgical approach for patients with symptomatic PD achieves significant reduction of pain in all patients. Reinsertions of the papilla should be performed as a first surgical intervention in patients with a soft pancreas when symptoms persist despite adequate endoscopic treatment. DPPHR should be performed when fibrotic alterations of the pancreas are present.
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412
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Viljoen A, Patrick JT. In search for a better marker of acute pancreatitis: third time lucky? Clin Chem 2011; 57:1471-3. [PMID: 21920916 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.173385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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413
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414
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Therapeutic effect of pentoxifylline versus losartan on experimentally induced acute pancreatitis in adult albino rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000401367.91216.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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415
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Sadr Azodi O, Orsini N, Andrén-Sandberg Å, Wolk A. Effect of type of alcoholic beverage in causing acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2011; 98:1609-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The effect of different alcoholic beverages and drinking behaviour on the risk of acute pancreatitis has rarely been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different types of alcoholic beverage in causing acute pancreatitis.
Methods
A follow-up study was conducted, using the Swedish Mammography Cohort and Cohort of Swedish Men, to study the association between consumption of spirits, wine and beer and the risk of acute pancreatitis. No patient with a history of chronic pancreatitis was included and those who developed pancreatic cancer during follow-up were excluded. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate rate ratios.
Results
In total, 84 601 individuals, aged 46-84 years, were followed for a median of 10 years, of whom 513 developed acute pancreatitis. There was a dose–response association between the amount of spirits consumed on a single occasion and the risk of acute pancreatitis. After multivariable adjustments, there was a 52 per cent (risk ratio 1·52, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·12 to 2·06) increased risk of acute pancreatitis for every increment of five standard drinks of spirits consumed on a single occasion. The association weakened slightly when those with gallstone-related pancreatitis were excluded. There was no association between consumption of wine or beer, frequency of alcoholic beverage consumption including spirits, or average total monthly consumption of alcohol (ethanol) and the risk of acute pancreatitis.
Conclusion
The risk of acute pancreatitis was associated with the amount of spirits consumed on a single occasion but not with wine or beer consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sadr Azodi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Orsini
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Å Andrén-Sandberg
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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416
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Brisinda G, Vanella S, Crocco A, Mazzari A, Tomaiuolo P, Santullo F, Grossi U, Crucitti A. Severe acute pancreatitis: advances and insights in assessment of severity and management. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23:541-51. [PMID: 21659951 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e328346e21e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The patients with acute pancreatitis are at risk to develop different complications from ongoing pancreatic inflammation. Often, there is no correlation between the degree of structural damage to pancreas and clinical manifestation of the disease. The effectiveness of any treatment is related to the ability to predict severity accurately, but there is no ideal predictive system or biochemical marker. Severity assessment is indispensable to the selection of proper initial treatment in the management of acute pancreatitis. The use of multiparametric criteria and the evaluation of severity index permit us to select high-risk patients. Furthermore, contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scanning and contrast-enhanced MRI play an important role in severity assessment. The adoption of multiparametric criteria proposed together with morphological evaluation consents the formulation of a discreetly reliable prognosis on the evolution of the disease a few days from onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Brisinda
- Department of Surgery, Catholic School of Medicine, University Hospital Agostino Gemelli, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, Rome, Italy.
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417
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Effects of ORP150 on appearance and function of pancreatic beta cells following acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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418
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Dore DD, Bloomgren GL, Wenten M, Hoffman C, Clifford CR, Quinn SG, Braun DK, Noel RA, Seeger JD. A cohort study of acute pancreatitis in relation to exenatide use. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13:559-66. [PMID: 21320263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Reports of acute pancreatitis associated with exenatide treatment prompted this study to estimate the association between acute pancreatitis and exenatide use relative to other antihyperglycaemic drugs. METHODS This cohort study included patients without claims for prior pancreatic disease who initiated exenatide or other antihyperglycaemic drugs between June 2005 and December 2007. Acute pancreatitis was identified with diagnosis codes and confirmed through review of blinded medical records. Poisson regression models provided estimates of rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the rate of acute pancreatitis during periods of current (days supplied + 31 days), recent (current definition + 31 days) and past use (≥32 days beyond current definition) of exenatide relative to other antihyperglycaemic drugs, adjusted for propensity scores. A prespecified nested case-control analysis provided RR estimates adjusted for patient characteristics abstracted from medical records. RESULTS Initiators of exenatide (N = 25719) had more baseline claims for obesity and concomitant diabetes drugs than comparators (N = 234536). There were 40 confirmed cases of acute pancreatitis in the exenatide cohort and 254 among other antihyperglycaemic drug initiators. Compared to other antihyperglycaemic drugs, the propensity score-adjusted RR for exenatide was 0.5 (95% CI 0.2-0.9) for current use, 1.1 (95% CI 0.4-3.2) for recent use and 2.8 (95% CI 1.6-4.7) for past use. The case-control analysis resulted in a RR of 0.2 for current use (95% CI 0.0-1.4) and 0.1 for recent use (95% CI 0.0-1.3), but an attenuated RR in the past use association (RR 1.1; 95% CI 0.1-11.0). CONCLUSIONS Exenatide use was not associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Dore
- i3 Drug Safety, Waltham, MA, USA.
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419
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Abstract
Biliary stones are usually found in the gallbladder, but about 10-20% may spontaneously migrate into the common bile duct where they either remain trapped or migrate subsequently via the papilla of Vater into the duodenal lumen. In some cases, biliary stones may form de novo in the common bile duct because of local precipitating factors. We here present a spectacular case of huge gallstones impacted in the common bile duct (empierrement of the common bile duct) that led to the development of acute cholangitis with septic shock. Urgent nocturnal percutaneous cholangiography permitted biliary drainage and resolution of the cholangitis while the stones were secondarily removed surgically because of the large size of the stones.Acute suppurative cholangitis may be fatal unless adequate biliary drainage is obtained in a timely manner. The association of fever and rapid onset of jaundice in elderly patients should always make physicians think of cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Louis Frossard
- Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil 24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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420
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Beenen E, Brown L, Connor S. A comparison of the hospital costs of open vs. minimally invasive surgical management of necrotizing pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford) 2011; 13:178-84. [PMID: 21309935 PMCID: PMC3048969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infected necrotizing pancreatitis is a major burden for both the patient and the health care system. Little is known about how hospital costs break down and how they may have shifted with the increasing use of minimally invasive techniques. The aim of this study was to analyse inpatient hospital costs associated with pancreatic necrosectomy. METHODS A prospective database was used to identify all patients who underwent an intervention for necrotizing pancreatitis. Costs of treatment were calculated using detailed information from the Decision Support Department. Costs for open and minimally invasive surgical modalities were compared. RESULTS Twelve open and 13 minimally invasive necrosectomies were performed in a cohort of 577 patients presenting over a 50-month period. One patient in each group died in hospital. Overall median stay was 3.8 days in the intensive care unit (ICU) and 44 days on the ward. The median overall treatment cost was US$ 56,674. The median largest contributors to this total were ward (26.3%), surgical personnel (22.3%) and ICU (17.0%) costs. These did not differ statistically between the two treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic necrosectomy uses considerable health care resources. Minimally invasive techniques have not been shown to reduce costs. Any intervention that can reduce the length of hospital and, in particular, ICU stay by reducing the incidence of organ failure or by preventing secondary infection is likely to be cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Beenen
- Department of Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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421
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Lee KM, Paik CN, Chung WC, Yang JM. Association between acute pancreatitis and peptic ulcer disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1058-62. [PMID: 21448359 PMCID: PMC3057150 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i8.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the relationship between peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and acute pancreatitis.
METHODS: A cohort of 78 patients with acute pancreatitis were included in this study. The presence of PUD and the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) status were assessed by an endoscopic method. The severity of acute pancreatitis was assessed using Ranson’s score, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, computed tomography severity index and the clinical data during hospitalization, all of which were compared between the patients with and without PUD. The risk factors for PUD were also evaluated.
RESULTS: Among 78 patients, 41 patients (52.6%) with acute pancreatitis suffered from PUD, but only 13 (31.7%) patients with PUD were infected by H. pylori. On univariate analysis, male gender, an etiology of alcohol-induced pancreatitis, a history of smoking or alcohol consumption, elevated triglyceride and C-reactive protein levels, and high APACHE II score were significantly associated with PUD. However, on multivariate logistic regression analysis, the APACHE II score (odds ratio: 7.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.78-33.33; P < 0.01) was found to be the only independent risk factor for PUD.
CONCLUSION: Patients with acute pancreatitis are liable to suffer from PUD. PUD is associated with severe acute pancreatitis according to the APACHE II score, and treatment for PUD should be considered for patients with severe acute pancreatitis.
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422
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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease that is mild and self-limiting in about 80% of cases. However, severe necrotizing disease still has a mortality of up to 30%. Differentiated multimodal treatment concepts are needed for these patients, including a multidisciplinary team (intensivists, gastroenterologists, interventional radiologists, and surgeons). The primary therapy is supportive. Patients with infected pancreatic necrosis who are septic undergo interventional or surgical treatment, ideally not before the fourth week after onset of symptoms. This article reviews the pathophysiologic mechanisms of acute pancreatitis and describes clinical pathways for diagnosis and management based on the current literature and guidelines.
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423
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Jung B, Carr J, Chanques G, Cisse M, Perrigault PF, Savey A, Lefrant JY, Lepape A, Jaber S. [Severe and acute pancreatitis admitted in intensive care: a prospective epidemiological multiple centre study using CClin network database]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 30:105-12. [PMID: 21316909 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the demographic characteristics, incidence of extra-abdominal hospital-acquired infections and outcome of patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) with severe acute pancreatitis. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective, observational multiple center (65 centers) analysis of prospectively acquired data. PATIENTS AND METHODS During 2 years, all consecutive admitted patients to ICU for severe acute pancreatitis in the centers participating in the nosocomial infections surveillance network CClin Sud-Est were included. Patients whose ICU stay was less than 48 hours were not included. Demographic characteristics, extra-abdominal hospital-acquired infections and clinical course were described. RESULTS During the study period, 510 patients were included which represented 2 % of patients with a length of stay longer than 48 hours in the 65 participating ICUs. The global attack rate of extra-abdominal hospital-acquired infections (pneumonia, bacteremia, urinary tract or central venous catheter infection) was 23 % in overall patients and it was 33 % in the 294 mechanically ventilated patients. ICU mortality was 20 % in overall patients and it was 34 % in mechanically ventilated patients. CONCLUSION Severe acute pancreatitis represents 2 % of ICU stay longer than 48 hours. Its clinical course is frequently complicated by hospital-acquired infections and is associated with an high ICU mortality rate. This epidemiological observational study may be used for calculating sample size for future multicenter interventional therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jung
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation Saint-Éloi, CHU de Montpellier, 80 avenue Augustin-Fliche, Montpellier, France
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424
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425
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Sarmiento N, Sánchez-Yagüe J, Juanes PP, Pérez N, Ferreira L, García-Hernández V, Mangas A, Calvo JJ, Sánchez-Bernal C. Changes in the morphology and lability of lysosomal subpopulations in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43:132-8. [PMID: 20934396 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lysosomes play an important role in acute pancreatitis (AP). Here we developed a method for the isolation of lysosome subpopulations from rat pancreas and assessed the stability of lysosomal membranes. METHODS AP was induced by four subcutaneous injections of 20 μg caerulein/kg body weight at hourly intervals. The animals were killed 9h after the first injection. Marker enzymes [N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), cathepsin B and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)] were assayed in subcellular fractions from control pancreas and in pancreatitis. Lysosomal subpopulations were separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and observed by electron microscopy. NAG molecular forms were determined by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. RESULTS AP was associated with: (i) increases in the specific activity of lysosomal enzymes in the soluble fraction, (ii) changes in the size and alterations in the morphology of the organelles from the lysosomal subpopulations, (iii) the appearance of large vacuoles in the primary and secondary lysosome subpopulations, (iv) the increase in the amount of the NAG form associated with the pancreatic lysosomal membrane as well as its release towards the soluble fraction. CONCLUSIONS Lysosome subpopulations are separated by a combination of differential and Percoll density gradient centrifugations. Primary lysosome membrane stability decreases in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Sarmiento
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
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426
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Pastor CM, Morel DR, Vonlaufen A, Schiffer E, Lescuyer P, Frossard JL. Delayed production of IL-18 in lungs and pancreas of rats with acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2011; 10:752-7. [PMID: 21273803 DOI: 10.1159/000317283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS During acute pancreatitis, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 play a pivotal role in promoting injury in the pancreas and remote organs. IL- 18 is a more recently discovered proinflammatory cytokine whose expression is also increased in serum. However, the profile of IL-18 expression in the pancreas and lung is unknown, and the aim of our study was to investigate such expression in rats with pancreatitis. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced by taurocholic acid and endotoxin. Pulmonary and pancreatic injury was measured by biological and histological parameters. Lung injury was also evaluated in ex vivo lung preparations. RESULTS Pancreatic and pulmonary injury appeared within 2 h after pancreatitis induction and persisted until the end of the protocol (18 h). TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 expression increased early in the lungs and pancreas, with a partial recovery by the end of the study. In contrast, IL-18 increased mostly by the end of the protocol (18 h after pancreatitis induction). CONCLUSION IL-18 may serve as an additional marker to monitor the severity of inflammation during pancreatitis since its tissue production is delayed and appears after that of more commonly investigated cytokines. and IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Pastor
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Hépatique et Imagerie Moléculaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Suisse. Catherine.Pastor @ hcuge.ch
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427
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Singer M, Jones AM. Bench-to-bedside review: the role of C1-esterase inhibitor in sepsis and other critical illnesses. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2011; 15:203. [PMID: 21345278 PMCID: PMC3222011 DOI: 10.1186/cc9304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this bench-to-bedside review is to summarize the literature relating to complement activation in sepsis and other critical illnesses and the role of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1 INH) as a potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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428
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The discovery of novel and effective treatment methods would be of great help to patients with acute pancreatitis. The aims of this study were to determine the inhibitory effects of vitamin K3 (VK3) against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice and to examine the mechanisms behind these effects. METHODS Acute pancreatitis in mice was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein 6 times at hourly intervals. Vitamin K3 was administered once before the first injection of cerulein or twice before and after the first injection of cerulein. The degrees of inflammation and autophagy in the pancreatic tissue were estimated by histological examination, measurement of enzyme activity, confocal microscopy, and Western blotting. The inhibitory effects of VK3 against rapamycin-induced autophagy were also examined using HeLa cells stably expressing green fluorescent protein LC3. RESULTS Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis was markedly attenuated by the administration of VK3. In addition, VK3 led to the inhibition of cerulein-evoked autophagic changes and colocalization of autophagosomes and lysosomes in the pancreatic tissue. Vitamin K3 also reduced rapamycin-induced autophagy in HeLa/green fluorescent protein LC3 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the administration of VK3 reduces pancreatic inflammation in acute pancreatitis through inhibition of the autophagic pathway. Vitamin K3 may be an effective therapeutic strategy against acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Stem
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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430
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Mole DJ, Hall A, McKeown D, Garden OJ, Parks RW. Detailed fluid resuscitation profiles in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford) 2011; 13:51-8. [PMID: 21159104 PMCID: PMC3019542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Appropriate and timely initial fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis (AP) is critical. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate fluid therapy on an hour-by-hour basis in relation to standard indices of adequate resuscitation during AP. METHODS Emergency room shock charts, fluid balance sheets and intensive care (ICU) charts for all patients with AP admitted to ICU in a large acute hospital were examined. Vital signs, clinical course and fluid administered during the first 72 h after admission were tabulated against urine output, central venous pressure (CVP) and inotrope/vasopressor therapy. RESULTS Sixty-three consecutive patients with AP were initially evaluated. Inter-hospital transfers with established organ dysfunction (n= 11) or where records had insufficient detail (n= 22) were excluded. In the remaining 30 patients, in-hospital death occurred in 7. The cumulative volume of crystalloid given was significantly less at 48 h in patients who died in hospital (3331 ± 800 ml vs. survivors, 7287 ± 544 ml; P < 0.001). Non-survivors had a higher CVP, and received more inotropes/vasopressors. CONCLUSION In severe AP-associated organ failure, fluid resuscitation profiles differ between survivors and non-survivors. CVP alone as a crude indicator of adequate resuscitation may be unreliable, potentially leading to the use of inotropes/vasopressors in the inadequately filled patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J Mole
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Hall
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Dermot McKeown
- Critical Care, Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - O James Garden
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Rowan W Parks
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Surgery), University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
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431
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TANIGUCHI K, YAMASHITA A, MUTOH KI. Morphological Changes in the Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreas of Rats after Experimental Obstructive Jaundice. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:161-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi TANIGUCHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Atsushi YAMASHITA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Ken-ichiro MUTOH
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
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432
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Dore DD, Chaudhry S, Hoffman C, Seeger JD. Stratum-specific positive predictive values of claims for acute pancreatitis among commercial health insurance plan enrollees with diabetes mellitus. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010; 20:209-13. [PMID: 21254293 DOI: 10.1002/pds.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) of claims for acute pancreatitis among initiators of antihyperglycemic drugs in commercial health insurance claims data. METHODS As part of a systematic study of the occurrence of acute pancreatitis among antihyperglycemic drug initiators (N=260,255) within a large US health insurer's claims database, we identified potential cases of acute pancreatitis and confirmed them through medical record review. Potential cases had an International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision diagnosis code for acute pancreatitis (577.0) associated with an inpatient or emergency department claim. We sought 860 medical records to confirm potential cases and received 585 (70%), which were reviewed by a clinical adjudication committee. We estimated the PPV and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of claims for these medical records and a subset that had the diagnosis code listed in the first position of an inpatient claim. RESULTS The PPV was 0.50 (95% CI 0.44-0.53) for an acute pancreatitis diagnosis code in any position and 0.60 (95% CI 0.55-0.65) if in the first position of an inpatient claim. The estimated PPV varied across strata defined by patient characteristics and was generally lower within strata where potential risk factors for acute pancreatitis were present. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that health insurance claims-based identification of acute pancreatitis might overestimate actual cases and introduce appreciable bias, usually toward the null. Further case confirmation or relative risk correction may be necessary to address potential bias.
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433
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Güngör B, Cağlayan K, Polat C, Seren D, Erzurumlu K, Malazgirt Z. The predictivity of serum biochemical markers in acute biliary pancreatitis. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2010; 2011:279607. [PMID: 21991501 PMCID: PMC3168389 DOI: 10.5402/2011/279607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim. There are no accurate methods of differentiating acute biliary pancreatitis. Obstructions of biliary ducts, idiopathic pancreatitis may be related with biliary origin which needs identification for acute treatment. We searched for the predictivity of biochemical markers in early acute biliary pancreatitis. Patients and Methods. Serum levels of AST (Aspartate Transaminase),ALT (Alanine Transaminase), ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase), GGT (Gamma Glutamyl Transferase), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase), amylase, lipase, CRP (C-Reactive Protein) and WBC (White Blood Cell) were measured in 157 patients with acute pancreatitis. Biliary and nonbiliary pancreatitis were differentiated by Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), Intraoperative Cholangiopancreatography (IOC). Cut-off points of admission biochemical markers with sensitivity, specifity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were determined after identification of significant variables. Receiver Operator Curves were plotted for each biochemical marker. Results. Serum Alkaline Phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, amylase and lipase levels were significantly higher in biliary pancreatitis with a positive predictive value of 80.8%, 83.9%, 81.6%, 78.8%, 79.7%. Conclusion. Increased Alkaline Phosphatase,total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, amylase and lipase levels may be used in prediction of biliary pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Güngör
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
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434
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Xenoulis P, Levinski M, Suchodolski J, Steiner J. Serum Triglyceride Concentrations in Miniature Schnauzers with and without a History of Probable Pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:20-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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435
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Takemura Y, Furuta S, Hirayama S, Miyashita K, Imai S, Narita M, Kuzumaki N, Tsukiyama Y, Yamazaki M, Suzuki T, Narita M. Upregulation of bradykinin receptors is implicated in the pain associated with caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Synapse 2010; 65:608-16. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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436
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Tatarkiewicz K, Smith PA, Sablan EJ, Polizzi CJ, Aumann DE, Villescaz C, Hargrove DM, Gedulin BR, Lu MGW, Adams L, Whisenant T, Roy D, Parkes DG. Exenatide does not evoke pancreatitis and attenuates chemically induced pancreatitis in normal and diabetic rodents. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E1076-86. [PMID: 20923958 PMCID: PMC3006257 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00479.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The risk of developing pancreatitis is elevated in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Cases of pancreatitis have been reported in type 2 diabetes patients treated with GLP-1 (GLP-1R) receptor agonists. To examine whether the GLP-1R agonist exenatide potentially induces or modulates pancreatitis, the effect of exenatide was evaluated in normal or diabetic rodents. Normal and diabetic rats received a single exenatide dose (0.072, 0.24, and 0.72 nmol/kg) or vehicle. Diabetic ob/ob or HF-STZ mice were infused with exenatide (1.2 and 7.2 nmol·kg(-1)·day(-1)) or vehicle for 4 wk. Post-exenatide treatment, pancreatitis was induced with caerulein (CRN) or sodium taurocholate (ST), and changes in plasma amylase and lipase were measured. In ob/ob mice, plasma cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, MCP-1, IFNγ, and TNFα) and pancreatitis-associated genes were assessed. Pancreata were weighed and examined histologically. Exenatide treatment alone did not modify plasma amylase or lipase in any models tested. Exenatide attenuated CRN-induced release of amylase and lipase in normal rats and ob/ob mice but did not modify the response to ST infusion. Plasma cytokines and pancreatic weight were unaffected by exenatide. Exenatide upregulated Reg3b but not Il6, Ccl2, Nfkb1, or Vamp8 expression. Histological analysis revealed that the highest doses of exenatide decreased CRN- or ST-induced acute inflammation, vacuolation, and acinar single cell necrosis in mice and rats, respectively. Ductal cell proliferation rates were low and similar across all groups of ob/ob mice. In conclusion, exenatide did not modify plasma amylase and lipase concentrations in rodents without pancreatitis and improved chemically induced pancreatitis in normal and diabetic rodents.
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437
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Williamson JML, Williamson RCN. Alcohol and the pancreas. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2010; 71:556-61. [PMID: 21085071 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2010.71.10.78938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M L Williamson
- Department of Surgery, The Great Western Hospital, Swindon, Wiltshire SN3 6BB
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438
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Mossmann DDF, Edelweiss MIA, Kulczynski JM, Marroni NAP, Kretzmann NA, Antunes C, Birkhan OA, Osvaldt AB. [Effects of gadolinium chloride on sodium taurocholate-induced pancreatitis in rats]. Rev Col Bras Cir 2010; 37:288-94. [PMID: 21085847 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-69912010000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of the use of gadolinium chloride before and after induction of acute pancreatitis with sodium taurocholate 3% in rats. METHODS Wistar rats were divided into five groups: SF--control with saline intra-ductal and IV; GD control with saline intra-ductal and gadolinium chloride IV; TS--with AP control induced by sodium taurocholate 3% and saline IV; GDTS--pre-treatment with GD (24 hours before the induction of AP) and TSGD--treatment with GD (1 hour after the induction of AP). Analysis was made in serum amylase, transaminases and TNF-α; determination of the MPO activity in lung tissue, lung and pancreatic histology. RESULTS The number of dead animals before the end of the experiment was significantly higher in TSGD (P = 0.046). The scores of pancreatitis and lung damage were higher in the groups that used sodium taurocholate compared to groups with intra-ductal infusion of saline solution. There were no differences in other variables studied when comparing TS, GDTS and TSGD groups. CONCLUSION The benefits with the use of gadolinium chloride as a prophylactic and therapeutic drug were not demonstrated.
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440
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Li YY, Lu S, Li K, Feng JY, Li YN, Gao ZR, Chen CJ. Down-regulation of HSP60 expression by RNAi increases lipopolysaccharide- and cerulein-induced damages on isolated rat pancreatic tissues. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:965-75. [PMID: 20574674 PMCID: PMC3024061 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the function of heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) on pancreatic tissues by applying HSP60 small interfering RNA (siRNA) to reduce HSP60 expression. Rat pancreas was isolated and pancreatic tissue snips were prepared, cultured, and stimulated with low and high concentrations of cerulein (10(-11) and 10(-5) mol/L) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 and 20 μg/mL). Before the stimulation and 1 and 4 h after the stimulation, the viability and the level of trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) in the tissue fragments were determined and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the culture supernatants were measured. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate the HSP60 mRNA and protein expression. After the administration of siRNA to inhibit HSP60 expression in the isolated tissues, these injury parameters were measured and compared. The pancreatic tissues in the control (mock-interfering) group showed a decreased viability to varying degrees after being stimulated with cerulein or LPS, and the levels of TAP, TNF-α, and IL-6 increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the tissues and/or in the culture supernatant. The expressions of HSP60 mRNA and protein were raised moderately after stimulating 1 h with low concentrations of cerulein or LPS, but decreased with high concentrations of the toxicants. In particular, the expression of HSP60 protein was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) when the tissues were stimulated by the two toxicants for 4 h. In contrast, the tissue fragments in which HSP60 siRNA was applied showed much lower tissue viability (p < 0.01) and higher levels of TNF-a, IL-6, and TAP (p < 0.01) in the tissues or culture supernatant after stimulating with the toxicants at the same dose and for the same time duration as compared with those of the control groups (p < 0.05). The results indicated that both cerulein and LPS can induce injuries on isolated pancreatic tissues, but the induction effects are dependent on the duration of the stimulation and on the concentrations of the toxicants. HSP60 siRNA reduces HSP60 expression and worsens the cerulein- or LPS-induced injuries on isolated pancreatic tissues, suggesting that HSP60 has a protective effect on pancreatic tissues against these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Si Ping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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441
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Mortele KJ, Ip IK, Wu BU, Conwell DL, Banks PA, Khorasani R. Acute pancreatitis: imaging utilization practices in an urban teaching hospital--analysis of trends with assessment of independent predictors in correlation with patient outcomes. Radiology 2010; 258:174-81. [PMID: 20980450 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate imaging utilization trends in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) and to assess independent predictors of radiology usage in relation to patient outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval was obtained for this HIPAA-compliant study; written informed consent was waived. AP-related radiologic studies in 252 patients admitted for AP between June 2005 and December 2007 were collected during and for a 1-year period after hospitalization. Clinical data were collected from patients' medical records, while imaging data were obtained from the radiology information system. Linear regression models were used to investigate predictors and time trends of imaging utilization, after adjustment for confounders. Patient outcomes, measured by using mortality, intensive care unit admission, need for surgical intervention, organ failure, and persistent systemic inflammatory response syndrome, were evaluated by using logistic regression. RESULTS Mean utilization was 9.9 radiologic studies per patient (95% confidence interval: 7.5, 12.3), with relative value unit (RVU) of 7.8 (95% confidence interval: 6.3, 9.4). Utilization was highest on day 0, declining rapidly by day 4; 53% of imaging occurred during initial hospitalization. Chest radiography (38%) and abdominal computed tomography (CT) (17%) were the most commonly performed studies. Patients with longer hospital stay (P = .001), higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (P = .0012), higher pain levels (P = .003), drug-induced AP (P = .002), and prior episodes of AP (P < .001) underwent significantly more radiologic studies. After adjustment for confounders, a 2.5-fold increase in the use of high-cost (CT and magnetic resonance imaging) examinations and a 1.4-fold increase in RVUs per case-mix-adjusted admissions (P < .05) were observed during the 2.5-year study period. This increased use was not associated with improvement in patient outcomes. CONCLUSION AP severity explained substantial variation in imaging utilization. After case-mix adjustment for severity and other patient level factors, there was still increasing use over the course of time without notable improvement in patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koenraad J Mortele
- Center for Evidence Based Imaging, Division of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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442
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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the annual incidence appears to be increasing. It presents as a mild self-limiting illness in 80% of patients. However, one-fifth of these develop a severe complicated life-threatening disease requiring intensive and prolonged therapeutic intervention. Alcohol and gallstone disease remain the commonest causes of AP but metabolic abnormalities, obesity and genetic susceptibility are thought be increasingly important aetiological factors. The prompt diagnosis of AP and stratification of disease severity is essential in directing rapid delivery of appropriate therapeutic measures. In this review, the range of diagnostic and prognostic assays, severity scoring systems and radiological investigations used in current clinical practice are described, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Increased understanding of the complex pathophysiology of AP has generated an array of new potential diagnostic assays and these are discussed. The multidisciplinary approach to management of severe pancreatitis is outlined, including areas of controversy and novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J F Harper
- Department of Pancreaticobiliar Surgery, Luton & Dunstable NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton, LU4 0DZ, UK.
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443
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Frossard JL, Morel PM. Detection and management of bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72:808-16. [PMID: 20883860 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Louis Frossard
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Surgery Service, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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444
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Fetaud-Lapierre V, Pastor CM, Farina A, Hochstrasser DF, Frossard JL, Lescuyer P. Proteomic analysis of heat shock-induced protection in acute pancreatitis. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5929-42. [PMID: 20815342 DOI: 10.1021/pr100695d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas, which can result in serious morbidity or death. Acute pancreatitis severity can be reduced in experimental models by preconditioning animals with a short hyperthermia prior to disease induction. Heat shock proteins 27 and 70 are key effectors of this protective effect. In this study, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis using a combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and isobaric tagging to investigate changes in pancreatic proteins expression that were associated with thermal stress, both in healthy rats and in a model of caerulein-induced pancreatitis. In agreement with previous studies, we observed modulation of heat shock and inflammatory proteins expression in response to heat stress or pancreatitis induction. We also identified numerous other proteins, whose pancreatic level changed following pancreatitis induction, when acute pancreatitis severity was reduced by prior thermal stress, or in healthy rats in response to hyperthermia. Interestingly, we showed that the expression of various proteins associated with the secretory pathway was modified in the different experimental models, suggesting that modulation of this process is involved in the protective effect against pancreatic tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fetaud-Lapierre
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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445
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Abstract
Pregnancy is a physiological condition that affects all organs. Diseases unrelated to pregnancy may present coincidentally during pregnancy or may be exacerbated by pregnancy, and may increase maternal and/or fetal morbidity or mortality. Compared with many other systems, the changes within the biliary tree and pancreas are relatively minimal. However, pregnancy is associated with an increased likelihood of cholelithiasis, which can have significant implications for the parturient.
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446
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Frossard JL, Felley C, Michetti P. Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis and Therapy for Ulcerative Colitis. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2010; 4:304-306. [PMID: 21060690 PMCID: PMC2974989 DOI: 10.1159/000320591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs are a rare cause of pancreatitis. Whereas some drugs are well known to induce an attack of pancreatitis, some people may be more prone to develop pancreatitis because of personal susceptibility. We describe a recurrent case of acute pancreatitis after administration of several drugs in a patient with intestinal inflammatory bowel disease that needed to be treated with subsequent antiinflammatory agents. Genetic mutation in the CFTR gene was found in the patient that led us to postulate that CFTR was a trigger for drug-induced acute pancreatitis. In conclusion, genetic analysis should be advised in case of recurrent pancreatitis in patient with intestinal inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Louis Frossard
- Service of Gastroenterology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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447
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Abstract
Established therapies for type-2 diabetes effectively reduce blood glucose, but are often associated with adverse effects that pose risks to patient's health or diminish adherence to treatment. Weight gain, hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal symptoms are commonly reported and some agents may not be safe for use in patients with renal impairment or elevated cardiovascular risk. New treatments based on the action of the endogenous human hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), including exenatide and liraglutide, are available. These therapies provide a novel pharmacological approach to glycaemic control via multiple mechanisms of action, and accordingly exhibit different safety and tolerability profiles than conventional treatments. GLP-1 receptor agonists stimulate insulin release only in the presence of elevated blood glucose and are therefore associated with a fairly low risk of hypoglycaemia. Gastrointestinal symptoms are common but transient, and there appears to be little potential for interaction with other drugs. GLP-1 receptor agonists are associated with weight loss rather than weight gain. As protein-based therapies, these agents have the potential to induce antibody formation, but the impact on efficacy and safety is minor. GLP-1 receptor agonists thus offer a new and potentially useful option for clinicians concerned about some of the common adverse effects of type-2 diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Russell-Jones
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cedar Centre at the Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.
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448
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449
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Orabi AI, Shah AU, Ahmad MU, Choo-Wing R, Parness J, Jain D, Bhandari V, Husain SZ. Dantrolene mitigates caerulein-induced pancreatitis in vivo in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G196-204. [PMID: 20448143 PMCID: PMC2904115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00498.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a painful, inflammatory disorder for which adequate treatments are lacking. An early, critical step in its development is the aberrant signaling of Ca(2+) within the pancreatic acinar cell. This Ca(2+) release is modulated by the intracellular Ca(2+) channel the ryanodine receptor (RYR). We have previously shown that RYR inhibition reduces pathological intra-acinar protease activation, an early marker of pancreatitis. In this study, we examined whether pretreatment with the RYR inhibitor dantrolene attenuates the severity of caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice. Immunofluorescent labeling for RYR from mouse pancreatic sections showed localization to the basolateral region of the acinar cell. After 1 h of caerulein hyperstimulation in vivo, dantrolene 1) reduced pancreatic trypsin activity by 59% (P < 0.05) and 2) mitigated early ultrastructural derangements within the acinar cell. Eight hours after pancreatitis induction, dantrolene reduced pancreatic trypsin activity and serum amylase by 61 and 32%, respectively (P < 0.05). At this later time point, overall histological severity of pancreatitis was reduced by 63% with dantrolene pretreatment (P < 0.05). TUNEL-positive cells were reduced by 58% (P < 0.05). These data suggest that the RYR plays an important role in mediating early acinar cell events during in vivo pancreatitis and contributes to disease severity. Blockade of Ca(2+) signals and particularly RYR-Ca(2+) may be useful as prophylactic treatment for this disease in high-risk settings for pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jerome Parness
- 2Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh/University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhanpat Jain
- 3Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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450
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A novel recombinant snake venom metalloproteinase from Agkistrodon acutus protects against taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis in rats. Biochimie 2010; 92:1354-61. [PMID: 20600562 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) remains a challenging disease to manage, with high mortality, limited understanding of pathogenesis and lack of specific therapy. Recombinant fibrinogenase II (rFII) from Agkistrodon acutus venom has been found to degrade tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) which is vital in mortality of SAP. Here we investigate the in vivo effects of rFII in rat SAP and confirm the degradation effect of rFII for TNF-αin vitro. The SAP model was prepared by retrograde infusion of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Treatment with 1 mg/kg rFII could significantly increase survival rate of SAP rats (P = 0.006) as well as 8 mg/kg Infliximab treatment did. The pancreatic and pulmonary injury and the peritoneal and systemic inflammatory response were also attenuated by rFII as well as Infliximab. Furthermore, rFII inhibited TNF-α secretion by rat peritoneal macrophages in a time- and concentration-dependent manner but didn't influence interleukin (IL) -1β secretion in vitro. The degradation potency of rFII for human TNF-α was greater than that for rat TNF-α. Our findings suggest that rFII could have protective effect on taurocholate-induced SAP in rats, mainly depending on direct degradation of TNF-α.
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