401
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Mišurcová L, Škrovánková S, Samek D, Ambrožová J, Machů L. Health benefits of algal polysaccharides in human nutrition. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 66:75-145. [PMID: 22909979 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394597-6.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The interest in functional food, both freshwater and marine algal products with their possible promotional health effects, increases also in regions where algae are considered as rather exotic food. Increased attention about algae as an abundant source of many nutrients and dietary fiber from the nutrition point of view, as well as from the scientific approaches to explore new nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals, is based on the presence of many bioactive compounds including polysaccharides extracted from algal matter. Diverse chemical composition of dietary fiber polysaccharides is responsible for their different physicochemical properties, such as their ability to be fermented by the human colonic microbiota resulted in health benefit effects. Fundamental seaweed polysaccharides are presented by alginates, agars, carrageenans, ulvanes, and fucoidans, which are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry and also in other branches of industry. Moreover, freshwater algae and seaweed polysaccharides have emerged as an important source of bioactive natural compounds which are responsible for their possible physiological effects. Especially, sulfate polysaccharides exhibit immunomodulatory, antitumor, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities including anti-HIV infection, herpes, and hepatitis viruses. Generally, biological activity of sulfate polysaccharides is related to their different composition and mainly to the extent of the sulfation of their molecules. Significant attention has been recently focused on the use of both freshwater algae and seaweed for developing functional food by reason of a great variety of nutrients that are essential for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislava Mišurcová
- Department of Food Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic.
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402
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Kim JY, Jung EJ, Park ST, Jeong SH, Jeong CY, Ju YT, Lee YJ, Hong SC, Choi SK, Ha WS. Body size and thyroid nodules in healthy Korean population. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SURGICAL SOCIETY 2011; 82:13-7. [PMID: 22324041 PMCID: PMC3268138 DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2012.82.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excess weight and obesity have been associated with numerous diseases including thyroid cancer, but the relationship has been weak. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of body sizes on thyroid nodules in healthy Korean population. METHODS A total of 7,763 persons who underwent a health examination in our health examination center were included in this study. The epidemiologic factors, body size and thyroid ultrasound results were reviewed. We investigated the effects of body size on the presence of thyroid nodules and malignancy. RESULTS The incidence of thyroid nodules was 20.6%. In the group who were found to have thyroid nodules, mean height, weight and body surface area (BSA) were significantly smaller compared to the others. Especially, in the women, smaller height (less than 160 cm) and overweight (≥ 60 kg) were identified as independent risk factors for the presence of thyroid nodules. The patients with body mass index (BMI) subgroups of normal or overweight had a tendency to have thyroid nodules more frequently. The detection rate of thyroid cancer was 0.47%. The patients with thyroid cancer tended to be smaller in height and BSA than the others. CONCLUSION A higher frequency of thyroid nodules was associated with women and, older age. In women, there were significant correlations in height, weight and BMI subgroups to the presence of thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
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403
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Khan NF, Mant D, Carpenter L, Forman D, Rose PW. Long-term health outcomes in a British cohort of breast, colorectal and prostate cancer survivors: a database study. Br J Cancer 2011; 105 Suppl 1:S29-37. [PMID: 22048030 PMCID: PMC3251947 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The community-based incidence of cancer treatment-related long-term consequences is uncertain. We sought to establish the burden of health outcomes that have been associated with treatment among British long-term cancer survivors. Methods: We identified 26 213 adults from the General Practice Research Database who have survived 5 years or more following breast, colorectal or prostate cancer. Four age-, sex- and general practice-matched non-cancer controls were selected for each survivor. We considered the incidence of treatment-associated health outcomes using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Breast cancer survivors had an elevated incidence of heart failure (hazards ratio (HR) 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27–3.01), coronary artery disease (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.11–1.44), hypothyroidism (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02–1.56) and osteoporosis (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13–1.40). Among colorectal cancer survivors, there was increased incidence of dementia (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.20–2.35), diabetes (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.12–1.72) and osteoporosis (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.15–1.73). Prostate cancer survivors had the highest risk of osteoporosis (HR 2.49, 95% CI 1.93–3.22). Conclusions: The study confirms the occurrence of increased incidence of chronic illnesses in long-term cancer survivors attributable to underlying lifestyle and/or cancer treatments. Although the absolute risk of the majority of late effects in the cancer survivors cohort is low, identifying prior risk of osteoporosis by bone mineral density scanning for prostate survivors should be considered. There is an urgent need to improve primary care recording of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Khan
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, 2nd Floor, 23-38 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford, UK
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404
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Saxena A, Chumanevich A, Fletcher E, Larsen B, Lattwein K, Kaur K, Fayad R. Adiponectin deficiency: role in chronic inflammation induced colon cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:527-36. [PMID: 22198319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN), an adipokine, exerts an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous activity with its role in glucose and lipid metabolism and its absence related to several obesity related malignancies including colorectal cancer. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of APN deficiency on the chronic inflammation-induced colon cancer. This was achieved by inducing inflammation and colon cancer in both APN knockout (KO) and C57B1/6 wild type (WT) mice. They were divided into four treatment groups (n=6): 1) control (no treatment); 2) treatment with three cycles of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS); 3) weekly doses of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (20mg/kg of mouse body weight) for twelve weeks; 4) a single dose of DMH followed by 3 cycles of DSS (DMH+DSS). Mice were observed for diarrhea, stool hemoccult, and weight loss and were sacrificed on day 153. Tumor area and number were counted. Colonic tissues were collected for Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. APNKO mice were more protected than WT mice from DSS induced colitis during first DSS cycle, but lost this protection during the second and the third DSS cycles. APNKO mice had significantly severe symptoms and showed greater number and larger area of tumors with higher immune cell infiltration and inflammation than WT mice. This result was further confirmed by proteomic study including pSTAT3, pAMPK and Cox-2 by western blot and Immunohistochemistry. Conclusively, APN deficiency contributes to inflammation-induced colon cancer. Hence, APN may play an important role in colorectal cancer prevention by modulating genes involved in chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Saxena
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Room 402, USA
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405
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Leite-Pereira F, Medeiros R, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Overweight and obese patients do not seem to adequately recognize their own risk for colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2011; 26:767-773. [PMID: 21533584 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-011-0231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Being overweight is a risk factor for colorectal cancer; patients' adequate perception of their risk may lead to better involvement in management. The purpose of this study was to measure perception of risk for colorectal cancer in overweight and obese patients. A consecutive sample of overweight adult patients (n = 195) attending to nutritional counseling was submitted to clinical questionnaire addressing personal and family data, awareness about colorectal cancer risk factors, health status, and estimates of their own risk. Only 32% identified obesity among CCR risk factors. For 57% of participants, their own current BMI status did not confer any increased risk for CRC. Also, for half (46%) of the patients, their BMI status will not lead to an increased risk during lifetime. For 36%, an increased risk was accurately estimated as two or more. Accurate estimates tend to be made by older patients (p = 0.033), those with GI complaints (p = 0.040), or with familial history (p = 0.016). Even among patients attending to a nutritional consultation, only a third of patients seem to adequately consider their own overweight as a potential risk for colorectal cancer during lifetime. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS health education programs concerning obesity must include colorectal cancer as a potential outcome for overweight patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Leite-Pereira
- CINTESIS/Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200, Porto, Portugal
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406
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Golub N, Geba D, Mousa SA, Williams G, Block RC. Greasing the wheels of managing overweight and obesity with omega-3 fatty acids. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:1114-20. [PMID: 21981905 PMCID: PMC3210336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of overweight and obesity around the world and in the US is a major public health challenge, with 1.5 billion overweight and obese adults worldwide, and 68% of US adults and 31% of US children and adolescents overweight or obese. Obesity leads to serious health consequences, including an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart disease. Current preventive and medical treatments include lifestyle modification, medication, and bariatric surgery in extreme cases; however, they are either not very efficacious or are very expensive. Obesity is a complex condition involving the dysregulation of several organ systems and molecular pathways, including adipose tissue, the pancreas, the gastrointestinal tract, and the CNS. The role of the CNS in obesity is receiving more attention as obesity rates rise and treatments continue to fail. While the role of the hypothalamus in regulation of appetite and food intake has long been recognized, the roles of the CNS reward systems are beginning to be examined as the role of environmental influences on energy balance are explored. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential nutrients that play a beneficial role in several disease processes due to their anti-inflammatory effects, modulation of lipids, and effects on the CNS. Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA and DHA, have shown promising preliminary results in animal and human studies in the prevention and treatment of obesity. Given their effects on many of the pathways involved in obesity, and specifically in the endocannabinoid and mesocorticolimbic pathways, we hypothesize that EPA and DHA supplementation in populations can reduce the reward associated with food, thereby reduce appetite and food intake, and ultimately contribute to the prevention or reduction of obesity. If these fatty acids do harbor such potential, their supplementation in many parts of the world may hold great promise in reducing the global burden of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Golub
- The University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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407
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Keegan THM, Hurley S, Goldberg D, Nelson DO, Reynolds P, Bernstein L, Horn-Ross PL, Gomez SL. The association between neighborhood characteristics and body size and physical activity in the California teachers study cohort. Am J Public Health 2011; 102:689-97. [PMID: 21852626 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We considered interactions between physical activity and body mass index (BMI) and neighborhood factors. METHODS We used recursive partitioning to identify predictors of low recreational physical activity (< 2.5 hours/week) and overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m(2)) among 118,315 women in the California Teachers Study. Neighborhood characteristics were based on 2000 US Census data and Reference US business listings. RESULTS Low physical activity and being overweight or obese were associated with individual sociodemographic characteristics, including race/ethnicity and age. Among White women aged 36 to 75 years, living in neighborhoods with more household crowding was associated with a higher probability of low physical activity (54% vs 45% to 51%). In less crowded neighborhoods where more people worked outside the home, the existence of fewer neighborhood amenities was associated with a higher probability of low physical activity (51% vs 46%). Among non-African American middle-aged women, living in neighborhoods with a lower socioeconomic status was associated with a higher probability of being overweight or obese (46% to 59% vs 38% in high-socioeconomic status neighborhoods). CONCLUSIONS Associations between physical activity, overweight and obesity, and the built environment varied by sociodemographic characteristics in this educated population.
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408
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Notarnicola M, Miccolis A, Tutino V, Lorusso D, Caruso MG. Low levels of lipogenic enzymes in peritumoral adipose tissue of colorectal cancer patients. Lipids 2011; 47:59-63. [PMID: 22090062 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the crucial enzyme for intravascular catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a key anabolic enzyme that catalyzes the terminal steps in the novo biosynthesis of 18:2n-6. The involvement of both LPL and FAS in tumor biology has been widely demonstrated in different studies and to verify whether there are regional differences in the expression of these enzymes in visceral adipose tissue from patients with colorectal cancer might be representative of events which sustain tumor growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate LPL and FAS activity and expression of their genes in adipose tissue adjacent to neoplasia and distant from it from patients operated for colorectal cancer. LPL enzymatic activity was evaluated by a fluorescent method and FAS activity by a radiometer assay. Reverse-transcription and real-time PCR were used to detect mRNA levels of two enzymes. Our findings show a significant reduction in both LPL and FAS gene expression and activity levels in adipose tissue adjacent to tumor lesion compared to those detected in paired tissue distant from neoplasia. These results underline the influence of tumor microenvironment on lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, demonstrating a tumor-induced impairment in the formation and lipid storing capacity of adipose tissue in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases "S. de Bellis", Via Turi, 27, 70013, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy.
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409
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Increased BMI correlates with higher risk of disease relapse and differentiation syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with the AIDA protocols. Blood 2011; 119:49-54. [PMID: 22049518 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-369595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether body mass index (BMI) correlates with distinct outcomes in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The study population included 144 patients with newly diagnosed and genetically confirmed APL consecutively treated at a single institution. All patients received All-trans retinoic acid and idarubicin according to the GIMEMA protocols AIDA-0493 and AIDA-2000. Outcome estimates according to the BMI were carried out together with multivariable analysis for the risk of relapse and differentiation syndrome. Fifty-four (37.5%) were under/normal weight (BMI < 25), whereas 90 (62.5%) patients were overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25). An increased BMI was associated with older age (P < .0001) and male sex (P = .02). BMI was the most powerful predictor of differentiation syndrome in multivariable analysis (odds ratio = 7.24; 95% CI, 1.50-34; P = .014). After a median follow-up of 6 years, the estimated cumulative incidence of relapse at 5 years was 31.6% (95% CI, 22.7%-43.8%) in overweight/obese and 11.2% (95% CI, 5.3%-23.8%) in underweight/normal weight patients (P = .029). Multivariable analysis showed that BMI was an independent predictor of relapse (hazard ratio = 2.45, 95% CI, 1.00-5.99, in overweight/obese vs under/normal weight patients, P = .049). An increased BMI at diagnosis is associated with a higher risk of developing differentiation syndrome and disease relapse in APL patients treated with AIDA protocols.
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410
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Zaki A, Gaber A, Ghanem E, Moemen M, Shehata G. Abdominal obesity and endometrial cancer in egyptian females with postmenopausal bleeding. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:1272-8. [PMID: 22043928 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.615973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common type of female genital tract malignancies. We intended to assess the relation between different measures of obesity and the risk to develop endometrial cancer in Egyptian females with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). The study was conducted in Alexandria, Egypt and included all postmenopausal females presenting to the University Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics with PMB within the study period (from January 1 to September 30). A questionnaire was completed, and data about anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and waist circumference were collected. Vaginal sonography, dilatation and curettage, and pathological examination were done by experts for all participants. Endometrial cancer was diagnosed in 38% of females presenting with PMB. Using ROC curve analysis, only the measure of abdominal obesity (waist circumference) showed significant accuracy in predicting endometrial cancer (area = 0.63, P < .05). The best cutoff point that maximizes accuracy was 88 cm. Body mass index (≥30 vs. ≤30) showed no significant relation (OR = 1.1, 95%CI 0.5-2.3), and the ratio between upper and lower body obesity (W/H ratio) showed border line significant relation (OR = 2, 95% CI 1-4.1), whereas waist circumference (≥88 vs. ≤88 cm) showed strikingly high OR (OR = 13.6, 95%CI 4-46.6). The risk of abdominal obesity on endometrial cancer remains very high (OR = 15.8, 95%CI 4.1-60.9) even after adjustment, in a logistic model, for other risk factors such as age at presentation, age at menarche, age at menopause, family history of malignancy, and gravidity. Abdominal obesity (waist circumference >88 cm) is the best measure of obesity to be used in predicting the risk of endometrial cancer in Egyptian females with PMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Zaki
- Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt.
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411
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Elias B, Kliewer EV, Hall M, Demers AA, Turner D, Martens P, Hong SP, Hart L, Chartrand C, Munro G. The burden of cancer risk in Canada's indigenous population: a comparative study of known risks in a Canadian region. Int J Gen Med 2011; 4:699-709. [PMID: 22069372 PMCID: PMC3206113 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s24292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canadian First Nations, the largest of the Aboriginal groups in Canada, have had lower cancer incidence and mortality rates than non-Aboriginal populations in the past. This pattern is changing with increased life expectancy, a growing population, and a poor social environment that influences risk behaviors, metabolic conditions, and disparities in screening uptake. These factors alone do not fully explain differences in cancer risk between populations, as genetic susceptibility and environmental factors also have significant influence. However, genetics and environment are difficult to modify. This study compared modifiable behavioral risk factors and metabolic-associated conditions for men and women, and cancer screening practices of women, between First Nations living on-reserve and a non-First Nations Manitoba rural population (Canada). METHODS The study used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey and the Manitoba First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey to examine smoking, binge drinking, metabolic conditions, physical activity, fruit/vegetable consumption, and cancer-screening practices. RESULTS First Nations on-reserve had significantly higher rates of smoking (P < 0.001), binge drinking (P < 0.001), obesity (P < 0.001) and diabetes (P < 0.001), and less leisure-time physical activity (P = 0.029), and consumption of fruits and vegetables (P < 0.001). Sex differences were also apparent. In addition, First Nations women reported significantly less uptake of mammography screening (P < 0.001) but similar rates for cervical cancer screening. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this retrospective study, the future cancer burden is expected to be high in the First Nations on-reserve population. Interventions, utilizing existing and new health and social authorities, and long-term institutional partnerships, are required to combat cancer risk disparities, while governments address economic disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Elias
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Erich V Kliewer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Madelyn Hall
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alain A Demers
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Donna Turner
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Patricia Martens
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Say P Hong
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lyna Hart
- Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs Health Information Research Governance Committee, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Caroline Chartrand
- Manitoba First Nations Diabetes Integration Project, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Garry Munro
- Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs Health Information Research Governance Committee, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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412
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Korkaya H, Liu S, Wicha MS. Breast cancer stem cells, cytokine networks, and the tumor microenvironment. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3804-9. [PMID: 21965337 DOI: 10.1172/jci57099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 453] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumors, including breast cancer, are maintained by a subpopulation of cells that display stem cell properties, mediate metastasis, and contribute to treatment resistance. These cancer stem cells (CSCs) are regulated by complex interactions with the components of the tumor microenvironment - including mesenchymal stem cells, adipocytes, tumor associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells - through networks of cytokines and growth factors. Since these components have a direct influence on CSC properties, they represent attractive targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Korkaya
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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413
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Larqué C, Velasco M, Navarro-Tableros V, Duhne M, Aguirre J, Gutiérrez-Reyes G, Moreno J, Robles-Diaz G, Hong E, Hiriart M. Early endocrine and molecular changes in metabolic syndrome models. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:831-9. [PMID: 21905198 DOI: 10.1002/iub.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The twenty-first century arrived in the middle of a global epidemic of metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). It is generally accepted that an excess of nutrients linked to a low physical activity triggers the problem. However, the molecular features that interact to develop the MS are not clear. In an effort to understand and control them, they have been extensively studied, but this goal has not been achieved yet. Nonhuman animal models have been used to explore diet and genetic factors in which experimental conditions are controlled. For example, only one factor in the diet, such as fats or carbohydrates can be modified to better understand a single change that would be impossible in humans. Most of the studies have been done in rodents. However, it is difficult to directly compare them, because experiments are different in more than one variable; genetic strains, amount, and the type of fat used in the diet and sex. Thus, the only possible criteria of comparison are the relevance of the observed changes. We review different animal models and add some original observations on short-term changes in metabolism and beta cells in our own model of adult Wistar rats that are not especially prone to get fat or develop DM2, treated with 20% sucrose in drinking water. One early change observed in pancreatic beta cells is the increase in GLUT2 expression that is located to the membrane of the cells. This change could partially explain the presence of insulin hypersecretion and hyperinsulinemia in these rats. Understanding early changes that lead to MS and in time to pancreatic islet exhaustion is an important biomedical problem that may contribute to learn how to prevent or even reverse MS, before developing DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Larqué
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Neural Development and Physiology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico DF, Mexico
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414
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Tao MH, Marian C, Nie J, Ambrosone C, Krishnan SS, Edge SB, Trevisan M, Shields PG, Freudenheim JL. Body mass and DNA promoter methylation in breast tumors in the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:831-8. [PMID: 21775555 PMCID: PMC3155934 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.009365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of the observed association between body mass, particularly centralized body fat, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk is not well understood. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that body mass may affect DNA methylation through increased estrogen and chronic inflammation. The association between body mass and promoter methylation in breast tumors was investigated in a population-based, case-control study. DESIGN The promoter methylation of E-cadherin, p16, and RAR-β(2) genes was assessed in breast tumor blocks from 803 pre- and postmenopausal cases by using real-time methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Unconditional logistic regression was used to derive the adjusted OR and 95% CI for case-case comparisons of tumors with and without promoter methylation of the genes. RESULTS The frequency of promoter methylation was 20% for E-cadherin, 25.9% for p16, and 27.5% for RAR-β(2). There was no difference in the prevalence of the DNA methylation of individual genes by BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), or lifetime weight change between the age of 20 y and the present. However, in a case-case comparison of postmenopausal breast cancer, a greater WHR was associated with an increased likelihood of ≥1 of the 3 genes being methylated (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.11; P-trend < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS We showed that WHR was associated with DNA promoter methylation of ≥1 of 3 genes in postmenopausal breast tumors. It may be that the association of body fat composition and postmenopausal breast cancer is related to altered DNA methylation. However, future studies in other populations and with an examination of the methylation of more genes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hua Tao
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, NY, USA.
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415
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Varlotto J, Medford-Davis LN, Recht A, Flickinger J, Schaefer E, Shelkey J, Lazar M, Campbell D, Nikolov M, Decamp MM. Confirmation of the role of diabetes in the local recurrence of surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2011; 75:381-90. [PMID: 21864933 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently demonstrated that diabetes mellitus was an independent risk factor for local recurrence (LR) for patients undergoing resection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This investigation was performed to confirm or refute this finding in a different patient cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were eligible if they did not have a second primary cancer within 5 years of the original diagnosis, had at least 3-month follow-up, and did not receive radiotherapy. There were 373 and 168 patients in the original (P1) and confirmatory (P2) cohorts, respectively, with 66 and 30 patients with diabetes. RESULTS The median follow-up was 33 months (range, 3-98 months). Diabetes was an independent risk factor for LR in a Cox model in both the P2 (p=0.05, hazard ratio [HR] 2.15) and P1 (p=0.008, HR 1.90) cohorts, separately from BMI, glucose control, and the presence of the metabolic syndrome. The rates of LR in the patients with diabetes after combining the cohorts at 2, 3, and 5 years were 23%, 33%, and 56%, respectively; these rates were 15%, 19%, and 26% in non-diabetics. In multivariate Cox regression and competing risk analysis of the combined cohorts, the HRs for LR in patients with diabetes exceeded those of more established risk factors for LR including a 1-cm increase in tumor size and lymphovascular invasion. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes was confirmed to be an independent predictor of the risk of LR following resection of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varlotto
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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416
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Koo HK, Jin SM, Lee CH, Lim HJ, Yim JJ, Kim YT, Yang SC, Yoo CG, Han SK, Kim JH, Shim YS, Kim YW. Factors associated with recurrence in patients with curatively resected stage I–II lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2011; 73:222-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
There is growing evidence that obesity is a risk factor of cancer incidence and mortality. Hence, the identification of the mechanistic links between obesity and cancer progression is emerging as a topic of widespread interest. Recently, several groups have addressed the functional roles of leptin, an adipocyte-derived adipokine, for mammary tumor progression. In this issue of Endocrine-Related Cancer, Zheng et al. study the role of leptin on tumor growth in a xenograft model of MMTV-Wnt1-derived cancer cells. They study growth of these cancer cells in the context of obese animals, such as ob/ob mice (lacking leptin) and db/db mice (lacking functional leptin receptors (LEPR)) and find that leptin triggers LEPR-positive cancer stem cell differentiation, thereby promoting tumor cell survival. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential for leptin and leptin signaling in the context of mammary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8549, USA
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418
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Simkens LHJ, Koopman M, Mol L, Veldhuis GJ, Ten Bokkel Huinink D, Muller EW, Derleyn VA, Teerenstra S, Punt CJA. Influence of body mass index on outcome in advanced colorectal cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2560-7. [PMID: 21803570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is associated with an increased risk of development and recurrence of colorectal cancer. However, the role of obesity in advanced colorectal cancer (ACC) patients is unknown. We investigated the effect of body mass index (BMI) on overall survival (OS) in ACC patients receiving systemic treatment in two large phase III studies (CAIRO and CAIRO2). PATIENTS AND METHODS Treatment data were obtained and analysed from 796 ACC patients who were treated with chemotherapy in the CAIRO study, and from 730 ACC patients who were treated with chemotherapy plus targeted therapy in the CAIRO2 study. Baseline height and weight were used to assign patients to one of the following BMI categories: A (<18.5 kg/m(2)), B (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), C (25.0-29.9 kg/m(2)) and D (≥30.0 kg/m(2)). RESULTS In 796 patients of the CAIRO study a high BMI was associated with better median OS (8.0, 14.9, 18.4 and 19.5 months for BMI categories A, B, C, and D, respectively; P=0.001), and was an independent prognostic factor for OS in a multivariate analysis. BMI was not associated with OS in 730 patients who participated in the CAIRO2 study, although a trend was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results show that BMI is an independent prognostic factor for survival in patients receiving chemotherapy, but not in patients receiving chemotherapy and targeted therapy. The possible decreased efficacy of bevacizumab in obese patients may explain this discrepant result. The role of BMI in patients receiving targeted therapy should be further tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke H J Simkens
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Department of Medical Oncology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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419
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Sakamoto K, Niwa S, Tanaka M, Goto M, Sengoku H, Tomiki Y. Influence of obesity on the short-term outcome of laparoscopic colectomy for colorectal cancer. J Minim Access Surg 2011; 3:98-103. [PMID: 19789665 PMCID: PMC2749191 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9941.37192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Obesity has been generally associated with increased surgical risk. However, data on the outcome of laparoscopic colectomy in obese and non-obese patients are controversial. The aim of this study is to assess the short-term outcome of laparoscopic colectomy for colorectal cancer (CRC) in obese patients as compared with non-obese patients. Materials and Methods: Sixty-nine patients who underwent laparoscopic anterior resection for CRC during the past six years were retrospectively evaluated. The patients with CRC involving the sigmoid or rectosigmoid colon and subjected to intracorporeal anastomosis were included in this study. They were divided into three groups according to body mass index (BMI): obese (BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2), pre-obese (BMI: 25.0-27.9 kg/m2) and non-obese (BMI < 25.0 kg/m2). Results: Nine patients (13.0%) were obese, 11 patients (15.9%) were pre-obese and 49 patients (71.1%) were non-obese. Patient characteristics, such as age, gender, tumor location, previous laparotomy, were similar among the three groups. There were no significant differences in operative time, blood loss, intraoperative complications and conversion rates. Postoperative complications and duration of postoperative hospital stay were also similar among the three groups. However, two of the three patients in the pre-obese group had to be operated on again due to incarceration of the small bowel into a port site. Conclusions: Laparoscopic colectomy can be safely performed in obese patients with short-term results similar to those obtained in non-obese and pre-obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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420
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Thornley S, Stewart A, Marshall R, Jackson R. Per capita sugar consumption is associated with severe childhood asthma: an ecological study of 53 countries. PRIMARY CARE RESPIRATORY JOURNAL : JOURNAL OF THE GENERAL PRACTICE AIRWAYS GROUP 2011; 20:75-8. [PMID: 21190010 DOI: 10.4104/pcrj.2010.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the ecological association between population asthma symptom prevalence in six to seven year-old children and per capita sugar consumption seven years earlier (during the perinatal period). METHODS The asthma data (from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood [ISAAC] study) were collected between 1999 and 2004 from 53 countries, and per capita sugar consumption data (seven years before the asthma prevalence) were extracted from United Nations Food and Agriculture (UNFAO) food balance sheets. Linear regression and Spearman's rank coefficient were used to evaluate the relationship between exposure and disease outcome. RESULTS Per capita sugar consumption varied more than six fold-between countries. A log-linear relationship was found between severe asthma symptoms (%) and per capita added sugar consumption in kg/capita/year (exponentiated beta coefficient 1.020; 95% CI 1.005 to 1.034; P = 0.012). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was 0.34 (P= 0.015), which indicates moderate correlation. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated an ecological association between sugar consumption during the perinatal period and subsequent risk of severe asthma symptoms in six and seven year-olds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thornley
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Tamaki Campus, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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421
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Sheridan R, Lampe K, Shanmukhappa SK, Putnam P, Keddache M, Divanovic S, Bezerra J, Hoebe K. Lampe1: an ENU-germline mutation causing spontaneous hepatosteatosis identified through targeted exon-enrichment and next-generation sequencing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21979. [PMID: 21760938 PMCID: PMC3131302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a small scale ENU mutagenesis approach we identified a recessive germline mutant, designated Lampe1 that exhibited growth retardation and spontaneous hepatosteatosis. Low resolution mapping based on 20 intercrossed Lampe1 mice revealed linkage to a ∼14 Mb interval on the distal site of chromosome 11 containing a total of 285 genes. Exons and 50 bp flanking sequences within the critical region were enriched with sequence capture microarrays and subsequently analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Using this approach 98.1 percent of the targeted DNA was covered with a depth of 10 or more reads per nucleotide and 3 homozygote mutations were identified. Two mutations represented intronic nucleotide changes whereas one mutation affected a splice donor site in intron 11–12 of Palmitoyl Acetyl-coenzyme A oxygenase-1 (Acox1), causing skipping of exon 12. Phenotyping of Acox1Lampe1 mutants revealed a progression from hepatosteatosis to steatohepatitis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. The current approach provides a highly efficient and affordable method to identify causative mutations induced by ENU mutagenesis and animal models relevant to human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sheridan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kristin Lampe
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shiva Kumar Shanmukhappa
- Division of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patrick Putnam
- Department of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mehdi Keddache
- Department of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jorge Bezerra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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422
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He BS, Pan YQ, Zhang Y, Xu YQ, Wang SK. Effect of LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism on breast cancer risk in different ethnic populations: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3117-22. [PMID: 21698367 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptin and leptin receptor have been implicated in processes leading to breast cancer initiation and progression. An A to G transition mutation in codon 223, in exon 6 of the leptin receptor gene (LEPR) can result in glutamine to arginine substitution (Gln223Arg). A variety of case-control studies have been published evaluating the association between LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism and breast cancer. However, published studies have yielded contradictory conclusions. This meta-analysis enrolled eight studies to estimate the overall risk of LEPR Gln223Arg polymorphism associated with breast cancer. The pooled ORs were performed for codominant model (Arg/Arg versus Gln/Gln; Arg/Gln versus Gln/Gln), dominant model (Arg/Arg + Arg/Gln versus Gln/Gln), recessive model (Arg/Arg versus Arg/Gln + Gln/Gln). Overall significantly elevated breast cancer risk was found for recessive model (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.03-1.69) and for genotype Arg/Gln versus Gln/Gln (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01-1.34). In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risks were also found among Africans for genotype Arg/Arg versus Gln/Gln: OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.28-2.71, Arg/Gln versus Gln/Gln: OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.10-1.99, dominant model: OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.21-2.11 and recessive model: OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.07-2.05; for Asians, Arg/Arg versus Gln/Gln: OR 6.79, 95% CI 3.42-13.47 and dominant model: OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.42-2.90. However, no significantly increased risk was found among Europeans for all genetic models. In conclusion, the LEPR 223Arg is a low-penetrant risk for developing breast cancer, especially for black African women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang-shun He
- The Central Laboratory of Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006 Jiangsu, China
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423
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Kusinska R, Górniak P, Pastorczak A, Fendler W, Potemski P, Mlynarski W, Kordek R. Influence of genomic variation in FTO at 16q12.2, MC4R at 18q22 and NRXN3 at 14q31 genes on breast cancer risk. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2915-9. [PMID: 21688152 PMCID: PMC3271204 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in women. It is known that obesity is one of the risk factors of breast cancer. The subject of our interest was genes: FTO, MC4R and NRXN3–associated with obesity. In this study we have analyzed frequencies of genomic variants in FTO, MC4R and NRXN3 in the group of 134 breast cancer patients. We genotyped two polymorphic sites located in FTO gene (rs993909 and rs9930506), one polymorphic site of MC4R gene (rs17782313) and one polymorphic site of NRXN3 gene (rs10146997). Our hypothesis was that above mentioned SNPs could participate in carcinogenesis. Our research has showed that only rs10146997 was significantly (P = 0.0445) associated with higher risk of breast cancer development (OR = 0.66 (95% CI 0.44–0.99)). Moreover, G allele carriers in rs10146997 of the NRXN3 gene were the youngest patients at onset of breast cancer. On the basis of our research we suggest that further functional may elucidate the role of genomic variation in breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kusinska
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
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De Kroon MLA, Renders CM, Buskermolen MPJ, Van Wouwe JP, van Buuren S, Hirasing RA. The Terneuzen Birth Cohort. Longer exclusive breastfeeding duration is associated with leaner body mass and a healthier diet in young adulthood. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:33. [PMID: 21569265 PMCID: PMC3112108 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breastfeeding (BF) is protective against overweight and is associated with dietary behaviour. The aims of our study were to assess the relationship between exclusive BF duration and BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) at adulthood, and to study whether dietary behaviour could explain the relationship between BF duration and the proxies of fat mass. Methods In 2004-2005, 822 subjects from the Terneuzen Birth Cohort (n = 2,604), aged 18-28 years, filled in postal questionnaires including sociodemographic factors and aspects of dietary behaviour (dietary pattern, and consumption of fruit and vegetables, snacks, sweetened beverages and alcohol); 737 subjects also underwent anthropometric measurements of weight, height, and waist and hip circumference. The relationship between exclusive BF duration and dietary outcomes was investigated by logistic regression analysis. The relationships of BF duration with the anthropometric measures were investigated by linear regression analyses. All results were corrected for age, gender and possible confounders. Finally, regression analyses were performed to investigate if diet factors had a mediating effect on the relationship between BF duration and fat mass. Results A significant inverse dose-response relationship of BF duration was found for BMI (β-0.13, SE 0.06), WC (β-0.39, SE 0.18) and WHR (β-0.003, SE 0.001), after correction for age, gender and confounders. The odds ratio (OR) of exclusive BF duration in months for a breakfast frequency of at least 5 times a week was 1.16 (95%CI 1.06-1.27), and for snack consumption of less than twice a week was 1.15 (95%CI 1.06-1.25). Both ORs were corrected for age, gender and confounders. For other dietary outcomes, the results point in the same direction, i.e. a positive relationship with BF duration, but these were not statistically significant. A mediating effect of the diet factors on the association between BF and anthropometric outcomes was not shown. Conclusions Exclusive BF duration had a significant inverse dose-response relationship with BMI, WC and WHR at young adulthood. BF duration was positively related to a healthier diet at adulthood, but this did not explain the protective effect of BF against body fat. Our results underline the recommendation of the WHO to exclusively breastfeed for 6 months or longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L A De Kroon
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, The EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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426
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Chen F, Wilkens LR, Monroe KR, Stram DO, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Le Marchand L, Haiman CA. No association of risk variants for diabetes and obesity with breast cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort and PAGE studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1039-42. [PMID: 21357383 PMCID: PMC4201112 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass index is an established risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. Epidemiologic studies have also reported a positive association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and breast cancer risk. METHODS To investigate a genetic basis linking these common phenotypes with breast cancer, we tested 31 common variants for T2D and obesity in a case-control study of 1,915 breast cancer cases and 2,884 controls nested within the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study. RESULTS Following adjustment for multiple tests, we found no significant association between any variant and breast cancer risk. Summary scores comprising the numbers of risk alleles for T2D and/or obesity were also not found to be significantly associated with breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide no evidence for association between established T2D and/or obesity risk variants and breast cancer risk among women of various ethnicities. IMPACT These results suggest that the potential for a shared biology between T2D/obesity and breast cancer is not due to pleiotropic effects of these risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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428
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Yeh CC, Wang PH, Lai CR, Yen MS, Chao KC. Synchronous breast invasive ductal carcinoma and endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma: case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:1246-9. [PMID: 21518130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of synchronous primary cancers in one patient is a relatively rare event. The well-known synchronous primary cancers of women are combined ovarian and endometrial cancers, especially when both are the endometrioid cell type. Although breast cancer and endometrial cancer are two common female malignancies, they often occur during the postmenopausal period. Therefore, the possibility of concomitant breast cancer and endometrial cancer in a younger woman (premenopausal) is often neglected. The reported case is an example of this situation. A 37-year-old woman was diagnosed with synchronous breast invasive ductal carcinoma and endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Since this condition is rarely reported, the correlated risk factors are worthy of our attention and the strategy for prevention is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ching Yeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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429
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Wu C, Shapiro R. Post-transplant malignancy: reducing the risk in kidney transplant recipients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:1719-29. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.569708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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430
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Kolida
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom;
| | - Glenn R. Gibson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom;
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431
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Nahleh Z, Bhatti NS, Mal M. How to reduce your cancer risk: mechanisms and myths. Int J Gen Med 2011; 4:277-87. [PMID: 21556314 PMCID: PMC3085237 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s18657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer prevention continues to be a high research priority and the most optimal way to ultimately lower the economic and psychological burden of cancer. Many known risk factors associated with cancer are related to dietary and lifestyle factors and can be avoided. These risk factors include among others, smoking, obesity, alcohol, physical inactivity, and carcinogens in diet. This article reviews the biological mechanisms leading to cancer in association with these factors, highlights important achievable cancer prevention methods, addresses commonly asked questions about lifestyle and cancer, and dispels some of the myths about cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Nahleh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, TTUHSC-Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA
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432
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Ryan AM, Duong M, Healy L, Ryan SA, Parekh N, Reynolds JV, Power DG. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and esophageal adenocarcinoma: epidemiology, etiology and new targets. Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35:309-19. [PMID: 21470937 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of distal and junctional adenocarcinomas are increasing in Western countries. METHODS Systematic review of epidemiological evidence linking obesity to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) was performed for studies published from 2005 to 2010. The current understanding of obesity's role in the etiology and potential dysplastic progression of Barrett's esophagus (BE) to EA is reviewed. RESULTS Accumulating epidemiological studies provide evidence of obesity's role as a driving force behind the increasing rates of EA. The simplest construct is that obesity promotes reflux, causing chronic inflammation and BE, predisposing to adenocarcinoma. However, as obesity is positively associated with the prevalence of many cancers, other mechanisms are important. A link may exist between fat distribution patterns and the risk of BE and EA. Altered metabolic profiles in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) may be a key factor in cell cycle/genetic abnormalities that mark the progression of BE towards cancer. Research highlighting a unique role of MetS in the length of BE, and its association with systemic inflammation and insulin resistance is discussed, as well as adipokine receptor expression in both BE and esophageal epithelium, and how MetS and the systemic response impacts on key regulators of inflammation and tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS/IMPACT: Obesity is positively associated with EA. The systemic inflammatory state consequent on the altered metabolism of obese patients, and the associated impact of adipocytokines and pro-coagulant factors released by adipocytes in central fat, may underlie obesity's relationship to this cancer. Novel therapeutic agents that may antagonize adipo-cytokines and potentially offer a promising role in cancer therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife M Ryan
- Department of Nutrition, Food Studies & Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10044, USA.
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433
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Bao B, Wang Z, Li Y, Kong D, Ali S, Banerjee S, Ahmad A, Sarkar FH. The complexities of obesity and diabetes with the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1815:135-46. [PMID: 21129444 PMCID: PMC3056906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal malignant diseases with the worst prognosis. It is ranked as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Many risk factors have been associated with PC. Interestingly, large numbers of epidemiological studies suggest that obesity and diabetes, especially type-2 diabetes, are positively associated with increased risk of PC. Similarly, these chronic diseases (obesity, diabetes, and cancer) are also a major public health concern. In the U.S. population, 50 percent are overweight, 30 percent are medically obese, and 10 percent have diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, obesity and DM have been considered as potential risk factors for cancers; however, the focus of this article is restricted to PC. Although the mechanisms responsible for the development of these chronic diseases leading to the development of PC are not fully understood, the biological importance of the activation of insulin, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its receptor (IGF-1R) signaling pathways in insulin resistance mechanism and subsequent induction of compensatory hyperinsulinemia has been proposed. Therefore, targeting insulin/IGF-1 signaling with anti-diabetic drugs for lowering blood insulin levels and reversal of insulin resistance could be useful strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of PC. A large number of studies have demonstrated that the administration of anti-diabetic drugs such as metformin and thiazolidinediones (TZD) class of PPAR-γ agonists decreases the risk of cancers, suggesting that these agents might be useful anti-tumor agents for the treatment of PC. In this review article, we will discuss the potential roles of metformin and TZD anti-diabetic drugs as anti-tumor agents in the context of PC and will further discuss the complexities and the possible roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Shadan Ali
- Division of Hematology/Oncology Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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434
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Park SL, Lee YCA, Marron M, Agudo A, Ahrens W, Barzan L, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Canova C, Castellsague X, Conway DI, Healy CM, Holcátová I, Kjaerheim K, Lagiou P, Lowry RJ, Macfarlane TV, Macfarlane GJ, McCartan BE, McKinney PA, Merletti F, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Sneddon L, Talamini R, Trichopoulos D, Znaor A, Brennan P, Hashibe M. The association between change in body mass index and upper aerodigestive tract cancers in the ARCAGE project: multicenter case-control study. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1449-61. [PMID: 20506380 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported an inverse relationship between body mass index (BMI) and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers. Examining change in BMI over time may clarify these previous observations. We used data from 2,048 cases and 2,173 hospital- and population-based controls from ten European countries (alcohol-related cancers and genetic susceptibility in Europe study) to investigate the relationship with BMI and adult change in BMI on UADT cancer risk. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for associations between BMI at three time intervals and BMI change on UADT cancer development, adjusting for center, age, sex, education, fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol consumption. We found an inverse relationship between UADT cancers and BMI at time of interview and 2 years before interview. No association was found with BMI at 30 years of age. Regarding BMI change between age 30 and 2 years before interview, BMI decrease (BMI change <-5%) vs. BMI stability (-5% ≤ BMI change <5%) showed no overall association with UADT cancers (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.89, 1.49). An increase in BMI (BMI change ≥+5%) was inversely associated with UADT cancers (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.89). BMI gain remained inversely associated across all subsites except for esophageal cancer. When stratified by smoking or by drinking, association with BMI gain was detected only in drinkers and smokers. In conclusion, BMI gain is inversely associated with UADT cancers. These findings may be influenced by smoking and/or drinking behaviors and/or the development of preclinical UADT cancers and should be corroborated in studies of a prospective nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim Lani Park
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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435
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Mitchell NS, Dickinson LM, Kempe A, Tsai AG. Determining the effectiveness of Take Off Pounds Sensibly (TOPS), a nationally available nonprofit weight loss program. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:568-73. [PMID: 20864948 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health issue in the United States. Many commercial weight loss programs are available, but their costs prohibit some people from participating. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Take Off Pounds Sensibly (TOPS), a low-cost, nonprofit weight loss program. Longitudinal mixed-effects repeated-measures modeling of the TOPS national database was used to model changes in weight for TOPS participants who joined in 2005, 2006, and 2007 and had at least one annual renewal between 2006 and 2008. Separate analyses were performed on individuals with consecutive annual renewal and those with nonconsecutive annual renewal. During the study period, 42,481 individuals renewed their membership at least once, including 2,427 individuals with nonconsecutive renewals. Individuals with consecutive renewals in TOPS lost 5.9-7.1% of their initial weight over a period of 1-3 years. People who remained in the program lost ~6% of initial weight in the first year and maintained that weight loss for up to 3 years. TOPS participants with nonconsecutive renewal generally lost less weight than those with consecutive renewal. TOPS is associated with moderate weight loss among participants who remain in the program for at least 1 year. This degree of weight loss is likely to be clinically important for many individuals. TOPS is available at substantially lower cost than commercial weight loss programs, with similar results. Head-to-head trials of TOPS and popular commercial programs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia S Mitchell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Colorado Health Outcomes, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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436
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Abdullah A, Wolfe R, Stoelwinder JU, de Courten M, Stevenson C, Walls HL, Peeters A. The number of years lived with obesity and the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40:985-96. [PMID: 21357186 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyr018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the duration of obesity as an independent risk factor for mortality has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to analyse the association between the duration of obesity and the risk of mortality. METHODS A total of 5036 participants (aged 28-62 years) of the Framingham Cohort Study were followed up every 2 years from 1948 for up to 48 years. The association between obesity duration and all-cause and cause-specific mortality was analysed using time-dependent Cox models adjusted for body mass index. The role of biological intermediates and chronic diseases was also explored. RESULTS The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for mortality increased as the number of years lived with obesity increased. For those who were obese for 1-4.9, 5-14.9, 15-24.9 and ≥ 25 years of the study follow-up period, adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.51 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-1.79], 1.94 (95% CI 1.71-2.20), 2.25 (95% CI 1.89-2.67) and 2.52 (95% CI 2.08-3.06), respectively, compared with those who were never obese. A dose-response relation between years of duration of obesity was also clear for all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer and other-cause mortality. For every additional 2 years of obesity, the HRs for all-cause, cardiovascular disease, cancer and other-cause mortality were 1.06 (95% CI 1.05-1.07), 1.07 (95% CI 1.05-1.08), 1.03 (95% CI 1.01-1.05) and 1.07 (95% CI 1.05-1.11), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The number of years lived with obesity is directly associated with the risk of mortality. This needs to be taken into account when estimating its burden on mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asnawi Abdullah
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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437
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Ladoire S, Bonnetain F, Gauthier M, Zanetta S, Petit JM, Guiu S, Kermarrec I, Mourey E, Michel F, Krause D, Hillon P, Cormier L, Ghiringhelli F, Guiu B. Visceral fat area as a new independent predictive factor of survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with antiangiogenic agents. Oncologist 2011; 16:71-81. [PMID: 21212435 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. A better identification of patients who are more likely to benefit from vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy is warranted in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). As adipose tissue releases angiogenic factors, we determined whether parameters such as visceral fat area (VFA) were associated with outcome in these patients. Experimental Design. In 113 patients with mRCC who received antiangiogenic agents (bevacizumab, sunitinib, or sorafenib) (n = 64) or cytokines (n = 49) as first-line treatment, we used computed tomography to measure VFA and subcutaneous fat area (SFA). We evaluated associations linking body mass index (BMI), SFA, and VFA to time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS). Results. High SFA and VFA values were significantly associated with shorter TTP and OS. By multivariate analysis, high VFA was independently associated with shorter TTP and OS. These results were internally validated using bootstrap analysis. By contrast, VFA was not associated with survival in the cytokine group. In the whole population, interaction between VFA and treatment group was significant for TTP and OS, thereby confirming the results. Conclusion. Our study provides the first evidence that high VFA could be a predictive biomarker from shorter survival in patients given first-line antiangiogenic agents for mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Ladoire
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Centre de Recherche INSERM 866, Faculté de Médecine, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
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438
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Jin HJ, Shin KC, Chung JH, Lee KH. Association of Body Composition with the Development of Airway Hyper-Responsiveness. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2011.70.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Cheol Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Hong Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwan Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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439
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Diabetogenic glucose and insulin concentrations modulate transcriptome and protein levels involved in tumour cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Br J Cancer 2010; 104:345-52. [PMID: 21179032 PMCID: PMC3031898 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: During the last decade, epidemiological studies uncovered the tremendous impact of metabolic syndrome/diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM T2) as risk factors of the progression of cancer. Therefore, we studied the impact of diabetogenic glucose and insulin concentrations on the activities of tumour cells, because little is known about how high glucose and insulin levels are influencing gene activities causing changes in the signal cascade activities with respect to kinases involved in the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Methods: To address this question we analysed the activity of more than 400 gene signatures related to (i) cell cycle, (ii) cell movement as well as (iii) signal transduction. We examined transcriptoms of kinases (PKCα, PI3K), cadherins (E-, N- VE-), integrins and cyclins by comparing physiological (5.5 mM) vs diabetogenic (11 mM) glucose concentrations (without and with insulin). Results: Proliferation assays revealed that high levels of glucose (11 mM) and insulin (100 ng ml−1) did promote the proliferation of the tumour cell lines HT29, SW480, MCF-7, MDA MB468, PC3 and T24. Using a 3D-migration assay, we have shown that high glucose concentrations caused increased motility rates of the tumour cells. The increase in migratory activity at high glucose and insulin concentrations was mediated by an activation of PI3K, PKCα and MLCK, as figured out by the pharmacological inhibitors wortmannin, Go6976 and ML-7. Conclusion: We present molecular and functional data, which could help to understand how hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia might trigger tumour cell proliferation and motility in patients, too.
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440
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Campa D, Claus R, Dostal L, Stein A, Chang-Claude J, Meidtner K, Boeing H, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Rodríguez L, Bonet C, Sánchez MJ, Amiano P, Huerta JM, Barricarte A, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Travis RC, Allen NE, Trichopoulou A, Bamia C, Benetou V, Palli D, Agnoli C, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, van Kranen H, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Peeters PHM, van Gils CH, Lenner P, Sund M, Lund E, Gram IT, Rinaldi S, Chajes V, Romieu I, Engel P, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Siddiq A, Riboli E, Canzian F, Kaaks R. Variation in genes coding for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation on Cancer (EPIC). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 127:761-7. [PMID: 21116708 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensing/signalling intracellular protein which is activated by an increase in the cellular AMP:ATP ratio after ATP depletion. Once activated, AMPK inhibits fatty acid synthesis and the Akt-mTOR pathway, and activates the p53-p21 axis. All these molecular mechanisms are thought to play a key role in breast carcinogenesis. We investigated the genetic variability of four genes encoding AMPK (PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1 and PRKAB2). Using a tagging approach and selecting SNPs we covered all the common genetic variation of these genes. We tested association of tagging SNPs in our four candidate genes with breast cancer (BC) risk in a study of 1340 BC cases and 2536 controls nested into the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Given the relevance of AMPK on fatty acid synthesis and the importance of body fatness as a BC risk factor, we tested association of SNPs and body-mass index as well. We observed no statistically significant association between the SNPs in the PRKAs genes and BC risk and BMI after correction for multiple testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Campa
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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441
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Newcomb PA, Trentham-Dietz A, Hampton JM, Egan KM, Titus-Ernstoff L, Warren Andersen S, Greenberg ER, Willett WC. Late age at first full term birth is strongly associated with lobular breast cancer. Cancer 2010; 117:1946-56. [PMID: 21509772 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late age at first full-term birth and nulliparity are known to increase breast cancer risk. The frequency of these risk factors has increased in recent decades. METHODS The purpose of this population-based case-control study was to examine associations between parity, age at first birth (AFB), and specific histological subtypes of breast cancer. Women with breast cancer were identified from cancer registries in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Control subjects were randomly selected from population lists. Interviews collected information on reproductive histories and other risk factors. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of ductal, lobular, and mixed ductal-lobular breast cancer diagnosis in association with AFB and nulliparity. RESULTS AFB ≥30 years was associated with a 2.4-fold increase in risk of lobular breast cancer compared with AFB <20 years (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.9-2.9). The association was less pronounced for ductal breast cancer (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.4). Nulliparity was associated with increased risk for all breast cancer subtypes, compared with women with AFB <20 years, but the association was stronger for lobular (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2) than for ductal (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.3) subtypes (P = .004). The adverse effects of later AFB was stronger with obesity (P = .03) in lobular, but not ductal, breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS Stronger associations observed for late AFB and nulliparity suggest that these factors preferentially stimulate growth of lobular breast carcinomas. Recent temporal changes in reproductive patterns and rates of obesity may impact the histological presentation of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly A Newcomb
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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442
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Crosbie EJ, Zwahlen M, Kitchener HC, Egger M, Renehan AG. Body Mass Index, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:3119-30. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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443
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Miyasaka K, Hosoya H, Tanaka Y, Uegaki S, Kino K, Shimokata H, Kawanami T, Funakoshi A. Association of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene polymorphism with pancreatic cancer but not colon cancer. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 Suppl 1:S120-6. [PMID: 20590827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Most of the acetaldehyde, a recognized animal carcinogen, generated during alcohol metabolism is eliminated by liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). More than 40% of Japanese people have the inactive form of ALDH2, and inactive ALDH2 is a risk factor for multiple cancer of the esophagus, as well as head and neck cancer. Possible associations between pancreatic cancer and ALDH2 gene polymorphism, as well as between colon cancer and ALDH2 gene polymorphism, in conjunction with smoking and/or drinking habits, were examined in a Japanese population. METHODS Patients with pancreatic cancer (n = 187) and with colon cancer (n = 49) were examined. The drinking (5 g ethanol consumption/day) and/or smoking habits as well as ALDH2 gene polymorphism were examined. The age-matched control subjects were recruited in the NILS Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSA). RESULTS Aging, smoking and inactive ALDH2, but not alcohol, are independent risk factors for pancreatic cancer. The frequency of smoking habits tended to be higher in patients with colon cancer compared with the patients without cancer. However, age, body mass index or the distribution of ALDH2 genotypes did not differ significantly among the patients with colon cancer, colon polyps and others. CONCLUSIONS Inactive ALDH2 is an independent risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but inactive ALDH2 might not be a risk for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Miyasaka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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444
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Campa D, Hüsing A, Chang-Claude J, Dostal L, Boeing H, Kröger J, Tjønneland A, Roswall N, Overvad K, Dahm CC, Rodríguez L, Sala N, Pérez MJS, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Allen NE, Travis RC, Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Bamia C, Palli D, Sieri S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, van Kranen HJ, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Stattin P, Johansson M, Chajes V, Rinaldi S, Romieu I, Siddiq A, Norat T, Riboli E, Kaaks R, Canzian F. Genetic variability of the fatty acid synthase pathway is not associated with prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation on Cancer (EPIC). Eur J Cancer 2010; 47:420-7. [PMID: 20965718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A western lifestyle, characterised by low rates of energy expenditure and a high-energy diet rich in animal protein, saturated fats and refined carbohydrates, is associated with high incidence of prostate cancer in men. A high-energy nutritional status results in insulin/IGF signalling in cells, which in turn stimulates synthesis of fatty acids. We investigated whether the genetic variability of the genes belonging to the fatty acid synthesis pathway is related to prostate cancer risk in 815 prostate cancer cases and 1266 controls from the European Prospective Investigation on Cancer (EPIC). Using a tagging approach and selecting 252 SNPs in 22 genes, we covered all the common genetic variation of this pathway. None of the SNPs reached statistical significance after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Common SNPs in the fatty acid synthase pathway are not major contributors to prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Campa
- German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
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445
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Lim YJ, Kwack WG, Lee YS, Hahm KB, Kim YK. Increased pulse wave velocity reflecting arterial stiffness in patients with colorectal adenomas. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 47:261-5. [PMID: 21103036 PMCID: PMC2966937 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The obese patients with diabetes or cardiovascular risk factors are associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer as well as adenomas under the shared pathogenesis related to atherosclerosis. Here we determined the association between increased arterial stiffness and colorectal adenomas incorporating parameters including age, gender, waist circumference, body mass index, lipid profiles, fasting glucose, and blood pressure. Subjects who simultaneously underwent colonoscopies and pulse wave velocity (PWV) determinations between July 2005 and September 2006 were analyzed, based on which the subjects were classified into two groups as patients group with colorectal adenomas (n = 49) and control group (n = 200) with normal, non-polypoid benign lesions or hyperplastic polyps. Uni- and multi-variate analyses were performed to calculate the odd ratio for colon adenomas. Based on uni-variate analysis, age, waist circumference, body mass index, heart-femoral PWV (hfPWV), and brachial-ankle PWV were significantly associated with adenomas (p<0.05) and multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the heart-femoral PWV, waist circumference, and the levels of LDL-C were significant risk factor for colorectal adenoma. However, arterial stiffness did not affect the progression of colon adenoma. The finding that hfPWV, reflecting aortic stiffness, was increased in patients with colorectal adenomas lead to conclusion that patients who have prominently increased arterial stiffness can be recommended to undergo colonoscopic examinations and at the same time we also recommend counseling about the risk for atherosclerosis in those who have colorectal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University Graduate School of Medicine, Goyang 411-773, Korea
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446
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Hamaideh SH, Al-Khateeb RY, Al-Rawashdeh AB. Overweight and obesity and their correlates among Jordanian adolescents. J Nurs Scholarsh 2010; 42:387-94. [PMID: 21091621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide current estimates of the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Jordanian adolescents 14 to 17 years of age living in Irbid Governorate, and to determine the factors that are associated with overweight and obesity. DESIGN Descriptive correlational cross-sectional design was used. METHODS Body mass index, perceived stress, dietary habits, physical activity, and demographics of 824 Jordanian adolescents living in Irbid were measured through a multistage cluster sampling method. FINDINGS The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.1% and 6.3%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among boys was 17.2% and 5.7%, respectively, and among girls was 21.0% and 7.0%, respectively. Both overweight and obesity rates were higher among girls. Physical activity, mother's educational level, and number of family members were negatively correlated with overweight and obesity. On the other hand, eating breakfast regularly, mother's weight, consumption of fried food, and perceived stress level were positively correlated with overweight and obesity. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity are becoming a health problem among both boys and girls in Jordan. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Detecting the prevalence and the associated factors of overweight and obesity among adolescents is the first step toward proposing intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaher H Hamaideh
- Community and Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
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447
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Majed B, Dozol A, Ribassin-Majed L, Senouci K, Asselain B. Increased risk of contralateral breast cancers among overweight and obese women: a time-dependent association. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:729-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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448
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Apostolopoulos Y, Sönmez S, Shattell MM, Belzer M. Worksite-induced morbidities among truck drivers in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:285-96. [PMID: 20608567 DOI: 10.3928/08910162-20100625-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A critical review was conducted of social, psychological, and health science literature on the array of health risks and morbidities of truckers. Multilevel worksite-induced strains (e.g., long work hours and fatigue, shift work and sleep deprivation, postural fatigue and exposure to noise and vibration, sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet, exposure to diesel exhaust fumes, and other occupational stressors) were categorized into six primary morbidities for truckers: (1) psychological and psychiatric disorders; (2) detriments resulting from disrupted biological cycles; (3) musculoskeletal disorders; (4) cancer and respiratory morbidities; (5) cardiovascular disease; and (6) risk-laden substance use and sexual practices. Elevated morbidity risks suggest the need for the design and implementation of systematic epidemiological research and environmental interventions in the transport sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorghos Apostolopoulos
- Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA.
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449
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Body mass index, agricultural pesticide use, and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1759-75. [PMID: 20730623 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risks of several cancers including colon and female breast. Pesticide use in agricultural populations has also been linked with higher risks of various cancers. However, the interaction between obesity and pesticide use on cancer risk has not been well studied. Using data from the Agricultural Health Study, we examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and the risk of cancer at 17 sites and the interaction between BMI and pesticide use. Pesticide applicators residing in Iowa and North Carolina and their spouses were enrolled between 1993 and 1997 and given a self-administered questionnaire to obtain pesticide use and other information. This analysis included 39,628 men and 28,319 women with height and weight data who were cancer-free at enrollment. Among these participants, 4,432 were diagnosed with cancer between enrollment and 2005 and 64% were overweight or obese. BMI (per 1 kg/m(2)) was positively associated with colon cancer in men (hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.09) and breast cancer in postmenopausal women (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06). In contrast, BMI was inversely associated with lung cancer in men, with a significant association in ever smokers (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.97) and a null association in never smokers. The positive association between BMI and colon cancer in men was significant in those who ever used carbofuran (HR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.17; p-interaction = 0.04) or metolachlor (HR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.04-1.15; p-interaction = 0.02) but was null in non-users of these pesticides. Among male ever smokers, the inverse association between BMI and lung cancer was significant in non-users of carbofuran (HR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.82-0.92) but was null in users of carbofuran (p-interaction = 0.02). These findings suggest that certain pesticides may modify the effects of BMI on the risks of colon and lung cancers.
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Effects of dietary fat on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 27:581-90. [PMID: 20697780 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the effects of dietary fat on spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Three-week old male C57BL/6 mice were fed the AIN-93G diet or a 45% fat diet (% kcal.) for 7 weeks before they were subcutaneously injected with 2.5 × 10⁵ viable carcinoma cells. The primary tumor was resected 2 weeks later, and mice were maintained on their respective diets for an additional 2 weeks. The high-fat diet significantly increased body weight and abdominal adipose weight compared to the AIN-93G diet. Feeding mice the 45% fat diet resulted in a two-fold increase in the number of lung metastases (P < 0.05), a 35% increase in tumor cross-sectional area, and a 50% increase in tumor volume compared to mice fed the AIN-93G diet. There were no differences in plasma concentrations of TIMP-1, IL-1β, VEGF and MCP-1 in non-tumor-bearing mice fed the AIN-93G diet or the high-fat diet, but significant increases in these cytokines in tumor-bearing mice fed the AIN-93G diet compared to the non-tumor-bearing mice fed the same diet (P < 0.05 for each comparison). Further significant increases in these cytokines in tumor-bearing mice fed the 45% fat diet compared to the same tumor-bearing mice fed the AIN-93G diet (P < 0.05 for each comparison). The high-fat diet significantly increased plasma leptin and significantly decreased plasma adiponectin compared to the AIN-93G diet in both non-tumor-bearing and tumor-bearing mice. Results of the present study demonstrated that the high-fat diet enhanced spontaneous metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice and that this aggressiveness was accompanied with significant increases in plasma concentrations of angiogenic cytokines, suggesting that dietary fat affects metastasis by promoting angiogenic processes.
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