401
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Godavarthi SK, Dey P, Sharma A, Jana NR. Impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its partial reversal by chronic treatment of fluoxetine in a mouse model of Angelman syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:1196-1201. [PMID: 26231800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe cognitive and motor deficits, caused by the loss of function of maternally inherited Ube3a. Ube3a-maternal deficient mice (AS model mice) recapitulate many essential features of AS, but how the deficiency of Ube3a lead to such behavioural abnormalities is poorly understood. Here we have demonstrated significant impairment of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in AS mice brain. Although, the number of BrdU and Ki67-positive cell in the hippocampal DG region was nearly equal at early postnatal days among wild type and AS mice, they were significantly reduced in adult AS mice compared to wild type controls. Reduced number of doublecortin-positive immature neurons in this region of AS mice further indicated impaired neurogenesis. Unaltered BrdU and Ki67-positive cells number in the sub ventricular zone of adult AS mice brain along with the absence of imprinted expression of Ube3a in the neural progenitor cell suggesting that Ube3a may not be directly linked with altered neurogenesis. Finally, we show that the impaired hippocampal neurogenesis in these mice can be partially rescued by the chronic treatment of antidepressant fluoxetine. These results suggest that the chronic stress may lead to reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in AS mice and that impaired neurogenesis could contribute to cognitive disturbances observed in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha K Godavarthi
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 050, India
| | - Parthanarayan Dey
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 050, India
| | - Ankit Sharma
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 050, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, 122 050, India.
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402
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Hevner RF. Evolution of the mammalian dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:578-94. [PMID: 26179319 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), a part of the hippocampal formation, has important functions in learning, memory, and adult neurogenesis. Compared with homologous areas in sauropsids (birds and reptiles), the mammalian DG is larger and exhibits qualitatively different phenotypes: 1) folded (C- or V-shaped) granule neuron layer, concave toward the hilus and delimited by a hippocampal fissure; 2) nonperiventricular adult neurogenesis; and 3) prolonged ontogeny, involving extensive abventricular (basal) migration and proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs). Although gaps remain, available data indicate that these DG traits are present in all orders of mammals, including monotremes and marsupials. The exception is Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), in which DG size, convolution, and adult neurogenesis have undergone evolutionary regression. Parsimony suggests that increased growth and convolution of the DG arose in stem mammals concurrently with nonperiventricular adult hippocampal neurogenesis and basal migration of NSPCs during development. These traits could all result from an evolutionary change that enhanced radial migration of NSPCs out of the periventricular zones, possibly by epithelial-mesenchymal transition, to colonize and maintain nonperiventricular proliferative niches. In turn, increased NSPC migration and clonal expansion might be a consequence of growth in the cortical hem (medial patterning center), which produces morphogens such as Wnt3a, generates Cajal-Retzius neurons, and is regulated by Lhx2. Finally, correlations between DG convolution and neocortical gyrification (or capacity for gyrification) suggest that enhanced abventricular migration and proliferation of NSPCs played a transformative role in growth and folding of neocortex as well as archicortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hevner
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, 98101
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104
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403
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Whitfield JF, Chiarini A, Dal Prà I, Armato U, Chakravarthy B. The Possible Roles of the Dentate Granule Cell's Leptin and Other Ciliary Receptors in Alzheimer's Neuropathology. Cells 2015; 4:253-74. [PMID: 26184316 PMCID: PMC4588035 DOI: 10.3390/cells4030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentate-gyral granule cells in the hippocampus plus dentate gyrus memory-recording/retrieving machine, unlike most other neurons in the brain, are continuously being generated in the adult brain with the important task of separating overlapping patterns of data streaming in from the outside world via the entorhinal cortex. This "adult neurogenesis" is driven by tools in the mature granule cell's cilium. Here we report our discovery of leptin's LepRb receptor in this cilium. In addition, we discuss how ciliary LepRb signaling might be involved with ciliary p75NTR and SSTR3 receptors in adult neurogenesis and memory formation as well as attenuation of Alzheimer's neuropathology by reducing the production of its toxic amyloid-β-derived drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Whitfield
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Anna Chiarini
- Histology & Embryology Unit, Department of Life & Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, 8 Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Venetia 37134, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Dal Prà
- Histology & Embryology Unit, Department of Life & Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, 8 Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Venetia 37134, Italy.
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Histology & Embryology Unit, Department of Life & Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Medical School, 8 Strada Le Grazie, Verona, Venetia 37134, Italy.
| | - Balu Chakravarthy
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
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404
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Lee H, Kang E, GoodSmith D, Yoon DY, Song H, Knierim JJ, Ming GL, Christian KM. DISC1-mediated dysregulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:93. [PMID: 26161071 PMCID: PMC4479724 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, the constitutive generation of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the mature brain, is a robust model of neural development and its dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Previous studies in mice have shown that altered expression of Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (Disc1), the mouse homolog of a risk gene for major psychiatric disorders, results in several distinct morphological phenotypes during neuronal development. Although there are advantages to using rats over mice for neurophysiological studies, genetic manipulations have not been widely utilized in rat models. Here, we used a retroviral-mediated approach to knockdown DISC1 expression in dividing cells in the rat dentate gyrus and characterized the morphological development of adult-born granule neurons. Consistent with earlier findings in mice, we show that DISC1 knockdown in adult-born dentate granule cells in rats resulted in accelerated dendritic growth, soma hypertrophy, ectopic dendrites, and mispositioning of new granule cells due to overextended migration. Our study thus demonstrates that the Disc1 genetic manipulation approach used in prior mouse studies is feasible in rats and that there is a conserved biological function of this gene across species. Extending gene-based studies of adult hippocampal neurogenesis from mice to rats will allow for the development of additional models that may be more amenable to behavioral and in vivo electrophysiological investigations. These models, in turn, can generate additional insight into the systems-level mechanisms of how risk genes for complex psychiatric disorders may impact adult neurogenesis and hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Lee
- Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eunchai Kang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Douglas GoodSmith
- Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Do Yeon Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James J Knierim
- Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA ; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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405
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Foster PP. Role of physical and mental training in brain network configuration. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:117. [PMID: 26157387 PMCID: PMC4477154 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the topology of brain networks is constructed by connecting nodes which may be continuously remodeled by appropriate training. Efficiency of physical and/or mental training on the brain relies on the flexibility of networks' architecture molded by local remodeling of proteins and synapses of excitatory neurons producing transformations in network topology. Continuous remodeling of proteins of excitatory neurons is fine-tuning the scaling and strength of excitatory synapses up or down via regulation of intra-cellular metabolic and regulatory networks of the genome-transcriptome-proteome interface. Alzheimer's disease is a model of “energy cost-driven small-world network disorder” with dysfunction of high-energy cost wiring as the network global efficiency is impaired by the deposition of an informed agent, the amyloid-β, selectively targeting high-degree nodes. In schizophrenia, the interconnectivity and density of rich-club networks are significantly reduced. Training-induced homeostatic synaptogenesis-enhancement, presumably via reconfiguration of brain networks into greater small-worldness, appears essential in learning, memory, and executive functions. A macroscopic cartography of creation-removal of synaptic connections in a macro-network, and at the intra-cellular scale, micro-networks regulate the physiological mechanisms for the preferential attachment of synapses. The strongest molecular relationship of exercise and functional connectivity was identified for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The allele variant, rs7294919, also shows a powerful relationship with the hippocampal volume. How the brain achieves this unique quest of reconfiguration remains a puzzle. What are the underlying mechanisms of synaptogenesis promoting communications brain ↔ muscle and brain ↔ brain in such trainings? What is the respective role of independent mental, physical, or combined-mental-physical trainings? Physical practice seems to be playing an instrumental role in the cognitive enhancement (brain ↔ muscle com.). However, mental training, meditation or virtual reality (films, games) require only minimal motor activity and cardio-respiratory stimulation. Therefore, other potential paths (brain ↔ brain com.) molding brain networks are nonetheless essential. Patients with motor neuron disease/injury (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatism) also achieve successful cognitive enhancement albeit they may only elicit mental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P Foster
- Department of Nano Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, The Brown Foundation, Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston - Medical School Houston, TX, USA ; Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston - Medical School Houston, TX, USA
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406
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Xu C, Zheng H, Loh HH, Law PY. Morphine Promotes Astrocyte-Preferential Differentiation of Mouse Hippocampal Progenitor Cells via PKCε-Dependent ERK Activation and TRBP Phosphorylation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2762-72. [PMID: 26012717 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that morphine regulates adult neurogenesis by modulating miR-181a maturation and subsequent hippocampal neural progenitor cell (NPC) lineages. Using NPCs cultured from PKCε or β-arrestin2 knockout mice and the MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor U0126, we demonstrate that regulation of NPC differentiation via the miR-181a/Prox1/Notch1 pathway exhibits ligand-dependent selectivity. In NPCs, morphine and fentanyl activate ERK via the PKCε- and β-arrestin-dependent pathways, respectively. After fentanyl exposure, the activated phospho-ERK translocates to the nucleus. Conversely, after morphine treatment, phospho-ERK remains in the cytosol and is capable of phosphorylating TAR RNA-binding protein (TRBP), a cofactor of Dicer. This augments Dicer activity and promotes the maturation of miR-181a. Furthermore, using NPCs transfected with wild-type TRBP, SΔA, and SΔD TRBP mutants, we confirmed the crucial role of TRBP phosphorylation in Dicer activity, miR-181a maturation, and finally the morphine-induced astrocyte-preferential differentiation of NPCs. Thus, morphine modulates the lineage-specific differentiation of NPCs by PKCε-dependent ERK activation with subsequent TRBP phosphorylation and miR-181a maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Group, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Horace H Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ping-Yee Law
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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407
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Bonds JA, Kuttner-Hirshler Y, Bartolotti N, Tobin MK, Pizzi M, Marr R, Lazarov O. Presenilin-1 Dependent Neurogenesis Regulates Hippocampal Learning and Memory. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131266. [PMID: 26098332 PMCID: PMC4476567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1), the catalytic core of the aspartyl protease γ-secretase, regulates adult neurogenesis. However, it is not clear whether the role of neurogenesis in hippocampal learning and memory is PS1-dependent, or whether PS1 loss of function in adult hippocampal neurogenesis can cause learning and memory deficits. Here we show that downregulation of PS1 in hippocampal neural progenitor cells causes progressive deficits in pattern separation and novelty exploration. New granule neurons expressing reduced PS1 levels exhibit decreased dendritic branching and dendritic spines. Further, they exhibit reduced survival. Lastly, we show that PS1 effect on neurogenesis is mediated via β-catenin phosphorylation and notch signaling. Together, these observations suggest that impairments in adult neurogenesis induce learning and memory deficits and may play a role in the cognitive deficits observed in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Bonds
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
| | - Yafit Kuttner-Hirshler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
| | - Nancy Bartolotti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
| | - Matthew K. Tobin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
| | - Michael Pizzi
- Midwestern University, 555 31 street, Downers Grove, IL, 60515, United States of America
| | - Robert Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, United States of America
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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408
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Licht T, Keshet E. The vascular niche in adult neurogenesis. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 1:56-62. [PMID: 26103548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels (BVs) not only serve as conduits for oxygen and nutrients but may also fulfill perfusion-independent functions. A growing body of data suggests that blood vessels are an integral component of stem cell niches, including stem cell niches in the adult brain. This review summarizes in vivo studies supporting the contention that blood vessels may indeed control function of neuronal stem cells (NSCs) residing in the two major neurogenic niches of the adult brain, namely the sub-ventricular zone and the hippocampus. The review discusses different modes of BV-NSC communication and possible mechanisms by which BV may modulate NSC behavior and responses to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Licht
- Dept. of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Keshet
- Dept. of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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409
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Microglia-derived IL-1β triggers p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in neural precursor cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1779. [PMID: 26043079 PMCID: PMC4669832 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain and can contribute to learning and memory processes and potentially to regeneration and repair of the affected nervous system. Deregulated neurogenesis has been observed in neuropathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, trauma and stroke. However, the survival of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and newly born neurons is adversely affected by the inflammatory environment that arises as a result of microglial activation associated with injury or disease processes. In the present study, we have investigated the mechanisms by which microglia affect NPC proliferation and survival. Importantly, we demonstrate that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) produced by lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ-activated microglia is necessary to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NPCs in vitro. Mechanistically, we show that IL-1β activates the tumor suppressor p53 through an oxidative stress-dependent mechanism resulting in p53-mediated induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the proapoptotic Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family members Puma (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis) and Noxa. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by recombinant IL-1β or activated microglia is attenuated in p53-deficient NPCs. Finally, we have determined that IL-1β induces NPC death via the p53-dependent induction of Puma leading to the activation of a Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein)-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In summary, we have elucidated a novel role for p53 in the regulation of NPC proliferation and survival during neuroinflammatory conditions that could be targeted to promote neurogenesis and repair in a number of neurological conditions.
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410
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Tronel S, Charrier V, Sage C, Maitre M, Leste-Lasserre T, Abrous DN. Adult-born dentate neurons are recruited in both spatial memory encoding and retrieval. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1472-9. [PMID: 25913775 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, which is a key structure in learning and memory. Adult-generated granule cells have been shown to play a role in spatial memory processes such as acquisition or retrieval, in particular during an immature stage when they exhibit a period of increased plasticity. Here, we demonstrate that immature and mature neurons born in the DG of adult rats are similarly activated in spatial memory processes. By imaging the activation of these two different neuron generations in the same rat and by using the immediate early gene Zif268, we show that these neurons are involved in both spatial memory acquisition and retrieval. These results demonstrate that adult-generated granule cells are involved in memory beyond their immaturity stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tronel
- Neurocentre MagendiePhysiopathologie De La Plasticité NeuronaleUnité 862, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, Inserm U862, Bordeaux-F33077, Paris, France.,Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33000, France
| | - Vanessa Charrier
- Neurocentre MagendiePhysiopathologie De La Plasticité NeuronaleUnité 862, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, Inserm U862, Bordeaux-F33077, Paris, France.,Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33000, France
| | - Cyrille Sage
- Neurocentre MagendiePhysiopathologie De La Plasticité NeuronaleUnité 862, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, Inserm U862, Bordeaux-F33077, Paris, France.,Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33000, France
| | - Marlene Maitre
- Neurocentre MagendiePhysiopathologie De La Plasticité NeuronaleUnité 862, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, Inserm U862, Bordeaux-F33077, Paris, France.,Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33000, France
| | - Thierry Leste-Lasserre
- Neurocentre MagendiePhysiopathologie De La Plasticité NeuronaleUnité 862, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, Inserm U862, Bordeaux-F33077, Paris, France.,Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33000, France
| | - Djoher N Abrous
- Neurocentre MagendiePhysiopathologie De La Plasticité NeuronaleUnité 862, Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, Inserm U862, Bordeaux-F33077, Paris, France.,Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33000, France
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411
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Wabik A, Jones PH. Switching roles: the functional plasticity of adult tissue stem cells. EMBO J 2015; 34:1164-79. [PMID: 25812989 PMCID: PMC4426478 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult organisms have to adapt to survive, and the same is true for their tissues. Rates and types of cell production must be rapidly and reversibly adjusted to meet tissue demands in response to both local and systemic challenges. Recent work reveals how stem cell (SC) populations meet these requirements by switching between functional states tuned to homoeostasis or regeneration. This plasticity extends to differentiating cells, which are capable of reverting to SCs after injury. The concept of the niche, the micro-environment that sustains and regulates stem cells, is broadening, with a new appreciation of the role of physical factors and hormonal signals. Here, we review different functions of SCs, the cellular mechanisms that underlie them and the signals that bias the fate of SCs as they switch between roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wabik
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge Hutchison/MRC Research Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge Hutchison/MRC Research Centre Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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412
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Sun D. Endogenous neurogenic cell response in the mature mammalian brain following traumatic injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 275 Pt 3:405-410. [PMID: 25936874 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the mature mammalian brain, new neurons are generated throughout life in the neurogenic regions of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Over the past two decades, extensive studies have examined the extent of adult neurogenesis in the SVZ and DG, the role of the adult generated new neurons in normal brain function and the underlying mechanisms regulating the process of adult neurogenesis. The extent and the function of adult neurogenesis under neuropathological conditions have also been explored in varying types of disease models in animals. Increasing evidence has indicated that these endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells may play regenerative and reparative roles in response to CNS injuries or diseases. This review will discuss the potential functions of adult neurogenesis in the injured brain and will describe the recent development of strategies aimed at harnessing this neurogenic capacity in order to repopulate and repair the injured brain following trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980631, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298-631, USA.
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413
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Leuchter AF, Hunter AM, Krantz DE, Cook IA. Rhythms and blues: modulation of oscillatory synchrony and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1344:78-91. [PMID: 25809789 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) act at different hierarchical levels of biological complexity, ranging from the individual synapse to the brain as a whole. Theories of antidepressant medication action traditionally have focused on the level of cell-to-cell interaction and synaptic neurotransmission. However, recent evidence suggests that modulation of synchronized electrical activity in neuronal networks is a common effect of antidepressant treatments, including not only medications, but also neuromodulatory treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Synchronization of oscillatory network activity in particular frequency bands has been proposed to underlie neurodevelopmental and learning processes, and also may be important in the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments. Here, we review current research on the relationship between neuroplasticity and oscillatory synchrony, which suggests that oscillatory synchrony may help mediate neuroplastic changes related to neurodevelopment, learning, and memory, as well as medication and neuromodulatory treatment for MDD. We hypothesize that medication and neuromodulation treatments may have related effects on the rate and pattern of neuronal firing, and that these effects underlie antidepressant efficacy. Elucidating the mechanisms through which oscillatory synchrony may be related to neuroplasticity could lead to enhanced treatment strategies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Leuchter
- Laboratory of Brain, Behavior, and Pharmacology, and the Depression Research and Clinic Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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414
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Adult hippocampal neural stem and progenitor cells regulate the neurogenic niche by secreting VEGF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4128-33. [PMID: 25775598 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1422448112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult hippocampus hosts a population of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) that proliferates throughout the mammalian life span. To date, the new neurons derived from NSPCs have been the primary measure of their functional relevance. However, recent studies show that undifferentiated cells may shape their environment through secreted growth factors. Whether endogenous adult NSPCs secrete functionally relevant growth factors remains unclear. We show that adult hippocampal NSPCs secrete surprisingly large quantities of the essential growth factor VEGF in vitro and in vivo. This self-derived VEGF is functionally relevant for maintaining the neurogenic niche as inducible, NSPC-specific loss of VEGF results in impaired stem cell maintenance despite the presence of VEGF produced from other niche cell types. These findings reveal adult hippocampal NSPCs as an unanticipated source of an essential growth factor and imply an exciting functional role for adult brain NSPCs as secretory cells.
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415
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Peretto P, Bonfanti L. Adult neurogenesis 20 years later: physiological function vs. brain repair. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:71. [PMID: 25798084 PMCID: PMC4351634 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Peretto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Orbassano, Italy ; Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Orbassano, Italy ; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin Torino, Italy
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416
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Lépinay AL, Larrieu T, Joffre C, Acar N, Gárate I, Castanon N, Ferreira G, Langelier B, Guesnet P, Brétillon L, Parnet P, Layé S, Darnaudéry M. Perinatal high-fat diet increases hippocampal vulnerability to the adverse effects of subsequent high-fat feeding. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 53:82-93. [PMID: 25614359 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological observations report an increase in fat consumption associated with low intake of n-3 relative to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in women of childbearing age. However, the impact of these maternal feeding habits on cognitive function in the offspring is unknown. This study aims to investigate the impact of early exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) with an unbalanced n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio on hippocampal function in adult rats. Furthermore, we explored the effects of perinatal HFD combined with exposure to HFD after weaning. Dams were fed a control diet (C, 12% of energy from lipids, n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio: 5) or HFD (HF, 39% of energy from lipids, n-6/n-3 PUFAs ratio: 39) throughout gestation and lactation. At weaning, offspring were placed either on control (C-C, HF-C) or high-fat (HF-HF) diets. In adulthood, hippocampus-dependent memory was assessed using the water-maze task and potential hippocampal alterations were determined by studying PUFA levels, gene expression, neurogenesis and astrocyte morphology. Perinatal HFD induced long-lasting metabolic alterations and some changes in gene expression in the hippocampus, but had no effect on memory. In contrast, spatial memory was impaired in animals exposed to HFD during the perinatal period and maintained on this diet. HF-HF rats also exhibited low n-3 and high n-6 PUFA levels, decreased neurogenesis and downregulated expression of several plasticity-related genes in the hippocampus. To determine the contribution of the perinatal diet to the memory deficits reported in HF-HF animals, an additional experiment was conducted in which rats were only exposed to HFD starting at weaning (C-HF). Interestingly, memory performance in this group was similar to controls. Overall, our results suggest that perinatal exposure to HFD with an unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratio sensitizes the offspring to the adverse effects of subsequent high-fat intake on hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine L Lépinay
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Larrieu
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Corinne Joffre
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- CNRS, UMR 6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France; INRA, UMR 1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Iciar Gárate
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Castanon
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bénédicte Langelier
- INRA, Nutrition et Régulation Lipidique des Fonctions Cérébrales, UR909, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Guesnet
- PG Consulting, 13 Villa Bellevue, 91440 Bures sur Yvette, France
| | - Lionel Brétillon
- CNRS, UMR 6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France; INRA, UMR 1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Patricia Parnet
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, 44093 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Darnaudéry
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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417
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Machado VM, Morte MI, Carreira BP, Azevedo MM, Takano J, Iwata N, Saido TC, Asmussen H, Horwitz AR, Carvalho CM, Araújo IM. Involvement of calpains in adult neurogenesis: implications for stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:22. [PMID: 25698931 PMCID: PMC4316774 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are ubiquitous proteases involved in cell proliferation, adhesion and motility. In the brain, calpains have been associated with neuronal damage in both acute and neurodegenerative disorders, but their physiological function in the nervous system remains elusive. During brain ischemia, there is a large increase in the levels of intracellular calcium, leading to the activation of calpains. Inhibition of these proteases has been shown to reduce neuronal death in a variety of stroke models. On the other hand, after stroke, neural stem cells (NSC) increase their proliferation and newly formed neuroblasts migrate towards the site of injury. However, the process of forming new neurons after injury is not efficient and finding ways to improve it may help with recovery after lesion. Understanding the role of calpains in the process of neurogenesis may therefore open a new window for the treatment of stroke. We investigated the involvement of calpains in NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration in two highly neurogenic regions in the mouse brain, the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). We used mice that lack calpastatin, the endogenous calpain inhibitor, and calpains were also modulated directly, using calpeptin, a pharmacological calpain inhibitor. Calpastatin deletion impaired both NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration. Calpain inhibition increased NSC proliferation, migration speed and migration distance in cells from the SVZ. Overall, our work suggests that calpains are important for neurogenesis and encourages further research on their neurogenic role. Prospective therapies targeting calpain activity may improve the formation of new neurons following stroke, in addition to affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Machado
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Biomedical Research, CBMR, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria I Morte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno P Carreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria M Azevedo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jiro Takano
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hannelore Asmussen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alan R Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Caetana M Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês M Araújo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Biomedical Research, CBMR, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
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418
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Identity of the NMDA receptor coagonist is synapse specific and developmentally regulated in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:E204-13. [PMID: 25550512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416668112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) require the coagonists D-serine or glycine for their activation, but whether the identity of the coagonist could be synapse specific and developmentally regulated remains elusive. We therefore investigated the contribution of D-serine and glycine by recording NMDAR-mediated responses at hippocampal Schaffer collaterals (SC)-CA1 and medial perforant path-dentate gyrus (mPP-DG) synapses in juvenile and adult rats. Selective depletion of endogenous coagonists with enzymatic scavengers as well as pharmacological inhibition of endogenous D-amino acid oxidase activity revealed that D-serine is the preferred coagonist at SC-CA1 mature synapses, whereas, unexpectedly, glycine is mainly involved at mPP-DG synapses. Nevertheless, both coagonist functions are driven by the levels of synaptic activity as inferred by recording long-term potentiation generated at both connections. This regional compartmentalization in the coagonist identity is associated to different GluN1/GluN2A to GluN1/GluN2B subunit composition of synaptic NMDARs. During postnatal development, the replacement of GluN2B- by GluN2A-containing NMDARs at SC-CA1 synapses parallels a change in the identity of the coagonist from glycine to D-serine. In contrast, NMDARs subunit composition at mPP-DG synapses is not altered and glycine remains the main coagonist throughout postnatal development. Altogether, our observations disclose an unprecedented relationship in the identity of the coagonist not only with the GluN2 subunit composition at synaptic NMDARs but also with astrocyte activity in the developing and mature hippocampus that reconciles the complementary functions of D-serine And Glycine In Modulating Nmdars During The Maturation Of Tripartite Glutamatergic Synapses.
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419
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Influences of prenatal and postnatal stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis: the double neurogenic niche hypothesis. Behav Brain Res 2014; 281:309-17. [PMID: 25546722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is involved in learning, memory, and stress, and plays a significant role in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. As an age-dependent process, AHN is largely influenced by changes that occur during the pre- and postnatal stages of brain development, and constitutes an important field of research. This review examines the current knowledge regarding the regulators of AHN and the influence of prenatal and postnatal stress on later AHN. In addition, a hypothesis is presented suggesting that each kind of stress influences a specific neurogenic pool, developmental or postnatal, that later becomes a precursor with important repercussions for AHN. This hypothesis is referred to as "the double neurogenic niche hypothesis." Discovering what receptors, transcription factors, or genes are specifically activated by different stressors is proposed as an essential line of future research in the field. Such knowledge shall constitute an important starting point toward the goal of modifying AHN in neurodegenerative or psychiatric diseases.
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420
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Calabrese F, Rossetti AC, Racagni G, Gass P, Riva MA, Molteni R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a bridge between inflammation and neuroplasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:430. [PMID: 25565964 PMCID: PMC4273623 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are key regulatory mediators involved in the host response to immunological challenges, but also play a critical role in the communication between the immune and the central nervous system. For this, their expression in both systems is under a tight regulatory control. However, pathological conditions may lead to an overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines that may have a detrimental impact on central nervous system. In particular, they may damage neuronal structure and function leading to deficits of neuroplasticity, the ability of nervous system to perceive, respond and adapt to external or internal stimuli. In search of the mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory cytokines may affect this crucial brain capability, we will discuss one of the most interesting hypotheses: the involvement of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which represents one of the major mediators of neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea C Rossetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marco A Riva
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
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421
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Sha S, Xu J, Lu ZH, Hong J, Qu WJ, Zhou JW, Chen L. Lack of JWA Enhances Neurogenesis and Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Leading to Spatial Cognitive Potentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:355-368. [PMID: 25432888 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
JWA (Arl6ip5), a homologous gene of glutamate-transporter-associated protein 3-18 (GTRAP3-18) and addicsin, is highly expressed in hippocampus. We generated systemic and neuronal JWA knockout (JWA-KO and JWA-nKO) mice to investigate the influence of JWA deficiency on spatial cognitive performance, process of neurogenesis, and induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). In comparison with wild-type (WT) mice and JWA (loxP/loxP) (control of JWA-nKO) mice, 8-week-old JWA-KO mice and JWA-nKO mice showed spatial cognitive potentiation as assessed by Morris water maze test. In hippocampal DG of JWA-nKO mice, either survival and migration or neurite growth of newborn neurons were significantly enhanced without the changes in proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. In addition, the increase of LTP amplitude and the decline of LTP threshold were observed in DG, but not in CA1 region, of JWA-nKO mice compared to control mice. The levels of hippocampal FAK, Akt, and mTOR phosphorylation in JWA-nKO mice were higher than those in control mice. The PI3K or FAK inhibitor could abolish the enhanced neurogenesis and LTP induction in JWA-nKO mice, which was accompanied by disappearance of the spatial cognitive potentiation. The treatment of JWA-nKO mice with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), a telomerase inhibitor, suppressed not only the enhanced neurogenesis but also the enhanced LTP induction in DG, but it did not affect the LTP induction in CA1 region. The results suggest that the JWA deficiency through cascading FAK-PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway increases the newborn neurons and enhances the LTP induction in hippocampal DG, which leads to the spatial cognitive potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zi-Hong Lu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Juan Hong
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Wei-Jun Qu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Hanzhong Road 140, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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422
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Ruat M, Faure H, Daynac M. Smoothened, Stem Cell Maintenance and Brain Diseases. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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