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Amstadter AB, Lönn SL, Cusack S, Sundquist J, Kendler KS, Sundquist K. Testing Quantitative and Qualitative Sex Effects in a National Swedish Twin-Sibling Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2024; 181:720-727. [PMID: 38831706 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Twin studies have demonstrated that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is moderately heritable, and the pattern of findings across studies suggests higher heritability in females compared with males. Formal testing of sex differences has yet to be done in twin studies of PTSD. The authors sought to estimate the genetic and environmental contributions to PTSD, and to formally test for sex differences, in the largest sample to date of both sexes, among twins and siblings. METHODS Using the Swedish National Registries, the authors performed structural equation modeling to decompose genetic and environmental variance for PTSD and to formally test for quantitative and qualitative sex differences in twins (16,242 pairs) and in full siblings within 2 years of age of each other (376,093 pairs), using diagnostic codes from medical registries. RESULTS The best-fit model suggested that additive genetic and unique environmental effects contributed to PTSD. Evidence for a quantitative sex effect was found, such that heritability was significantly greater in females (35.4%) than males (28.6%). Evidence of a qualitative sex effect was found, such that the genetic correlation was high but less than complete (rg=0.81, 95% CI=0.73-0.89). No evidence of shared environment or special twin environment was found. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of quantitative and qualitative sex effects for PTSD. The results suggest that unique environmental effects, but not the shared environment, contributed to PTSD and that genetic influences for the disorder are stronger in females compared with males. Although the heritability is highly correlated, it is not at unity between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda B Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Amstadter, Cusack, Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Lönn, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
| | - Sara L Lönn
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Amstadter, Cusack, Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Lönn, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
| | - Shannon Cusack
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Amstadter, Cusack, Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Lönn, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Amstadter, Cusack, Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Lönn, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Amstadter, Cusack, Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Lönn, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (Amstadter, Cusack, Kendler); Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (Lönn, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist)
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Rhee SJ, Abrahamsson L, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Kendler KS. The risks for major psychiatric disorders in the siblings of probands with major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02650-1. [PMID: 38972942 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Using a case-controlled study including siblings of major depression (MD) and control probands, born 1970-1990 and followed through 2018, we sought to clarify the degree to which the familial liability to MD is reflected in its clinical features, and the pattern of psychiatric disorders at elevated risk in the siblings of MD probands. The study population included full-siblings of 197,309 MD and matched 197,309 control probands. The proband-sibling tetrachoric correlation of for MD was +0.20. Both linear and quadratic effects of younger AAO and number of episodes significantly increased the risk of MD in siblings. Male sex, anxiety disorder, alcohol use disorder (AUD), inpatient treatment, psychotic symptoms, severity, and antidepressant prescription in MD probands increased the risk of MD in siblings. Cox proportional hazard models (hazard ratios, 95% CI) revealed a significantly increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (1.82, 1.76-1.88), generalized anxiety disorder (1.79, 1.74-1.85), bipolar disorder (1.78, 1.70-1.85), MD (1.74, 1.72-1.76), obsessive-compulsive disorder (1.72, 1.65-1.80), phobic anxiety disorder (1.71, 1.65-1.76), and panic disorder (1.68, 1.64-1.72) in MD co-siblings. The HRs for AUD (1.64, 1.60-1.68), post-traumatic stress disorder (1.62, 1.59-1.66) were modestly lower, and the lowest was seen for schizophrenia (1.42, 1.30-1.54). The overall pattern of increased risk of these disorders was similar in reared-apart half-siblings and cousins of MD probands. Our findings suggest that MD is familial, and a range of important clinical factors predict its familial liability. The familial liability to MD, mostly due to genetic factors, is shared with a broad range of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jin Rhee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Linda Abrahamsson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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3
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Patrizia P, Pingault JB, Eley TC, McCrory E, Viding E. Causal and common risk pathways linking childhood maltreatment to later intimate partner violence victimization. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4409798. [PMID: 38883746 PMCID: PMC11177992 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4409798/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization are major psychiatric risk factors. Maltreatment substantially increases the likelihood of subsequent IPV victimization, but what drives this association is poorly understood. We analyzed retrospective self-reports of maltreatment and IPV in 12794 participants (58% women, 42% men) from the Twins Early Development Study at ages 21 and 26 using quantitative genetic methods. We estimated the etiological influences common to maltreatment and IPV, and the direct causal effect of maltreatment on IPV beyond such common influences. Participants exposed to maltreatment (~7% of the sample) were 3 times more likely to experience IPV victimization than their peers at age 21, 4 times more likely at 26. The association between maltreatment and IPV was mostly due to environmental influences shared by co-twins (42-43%) and genetic influences (30-33%). The association between maltreatment and IPV was similar for women and men, but its etiology partly differed by sex. Maltreatment had a moderate-to-large effect on IPV in phenotypic models (β = 0.23-0.34), decreasing to a small-to-moderate range in causal models accounting for their common etiology (β = 0.15-0.21). Risk factors common to maltreatment and IPV victimization are largely familial in origin, environmental and genetic. Even considering common risk factors, experiencing maltreatment is causally related to subsequent IPV victimization. Interventions promoting safe intimate relationships among young adults exposed to maltreatment are warranted and should address family-level environmental risk and individual-level risk shaped by genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezzoli Patrizia
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (UCL)
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (UCL)
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Thalia C Eley
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Eamon McCrory
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (UCL)
| | - Essi Viding
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (UCL)
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Oginni OA, Alanko K, Jern P, Rijsdijk FV. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Sexual Orientation: Moderation by Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Early-Life Adversity. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:1763-1776. [PMID: 38155338 PMCID: PMC11106125 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Existing evidence indicates genetic and non-genetic influences on sexual orientation; however, the possibility of gene-environment interplay has not been previously formally tested despite theories indicating this. Using a Finnish twin cohort, this study investigated whether childhood gender nonconformity and early-life adversities independently moderated individual differences in sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity, the relationship between them, and the etiological bases of the proposed moderation effects. Sexual orientation, childhood gender nonconformity, and early-life adversities were assessed using standard questionnaires. Structural equation twin model fitting was carried out using OpenMx. Childhood gender nonconformity was significantly associated with reduced phenotypic variance in sexual orientation (β = - 0.14, 95% CI - 0.27, - 0.01). A breakdown of the underlying influences of this moderation effect showed that this was mostly due to moderation of individual-specific environmental influences which significantly decreased as childhood gender nonconformity increased (βE = - 0.38; 95% CI - 0.52, - 0.001) while additive genetic influences were not significantly moderated (βA = 0.05; 95% CI - 0.30, 0.27). We also observed that the relationship between sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity was stronger at higher levels of childhood gender nonconformity (β = 0.10, 95% CI 0.05, 0.14); however, significance of the underlying genetic and environmental influences on this relationship could not be established in this sample. The findings indicate that beyond a correlation of their genetic and individual-specific environmental influences, childhood gender nonconformity is further significantly associated with reduced individual-specific influences on sexual orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle Ayokunmi Oginni
- The Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Denmark Hill, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Katarina Alanko
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Patrick Jern
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Frühling Vesta Rijsdijk
- The Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Denmark Hill, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Anton de Kom University, Paramaribo, Suriname
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Chen Y, Shen Q, Lichtenstein P, Gradus JL, Arnberg FK, Larsson H, D’Onofrio BM, Fang F, Song H, Valdimarsdottir UA. Incidence Trajectories of Psychiatric Disorders After Assault, Injury, and Bereavement. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81:374-385. [PMID: 38231519 PMCID: PMC10794980 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Importance Traumatic events have been associated with elevated risks of psychiatric disorders, while the contributions of familial factors to these associations remain less clear. Objective To determine the contribution of familial factors to long-term incidence trajectories of psychiatric disorders following potentially traumatic events. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study evaluated 3 separate cohorts of individuals residing in Sweden who were free of previous diagnosed psychiatric disorders when first exposed to assault (n = 49 957), injury (n = 555 314), or bereavement (n = 321 263) from January 1987 to December 2013, together with their unexposed full siblings, and 10 age-, sex-, and birthplace-matched unexposed individuals (per exposed individual). Cohorts were created from the Swedish Total Population Register linked to health and population registers. Data were analyzed from March 2022 to April 2023. Exposures Potentially traumatic events, including various types of assault, injuries, and bereavement (death of a child or of a spouse or partner), were ascertained from the Swedish national registers. Main Outcomes and Measures Incident psychiatric disorders were ascertained from the Swedish Patient Register. Flexible parametric and Cox models were used to estimate associations of potentially traumatic events with incident psychiatric disorders after multivariable adjustment. Results The median (IQR) age at exposure to assault, injury, and bereavement was 22 (18-31), 19 (8-40), and 60 (51-68) years, respectively. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 4.9 (2.2-8.2), 9.1 (4.1-15.6), and 8.1 (3.4-14.8) years, the incidence rates of any psychiatric disorder were 38.1, 13.9, and 9.0 per 1000 person-years for the exposed groups of the 3 cohorts, respectively. Elevated risk of any psychiatric disorder was observed during the first year after exposure to any assault (hazard ratio [HR], 4.55; 95% CI, 4.34-4.77), injury (HR, 3.31; 95% CI,3.23-3.38), or bereavement (HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 2.72-2.91) and thereafter (assault HR, 2.50; 95% CI, 2.43-2.56; injury HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.68-1.70; bereavement HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.40-1.44). Comparable associations were obtained in sibling comparison (first year: assault HR, 3.70; 95% CI, 3.37-4.05; injury HR, 2.98; 95% CI, 2.85-3.12; bereavement HR, 2.72; 95% CI, 2.54-2.91; thereafter: assault HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.84-2.02; injury HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.48-1.53; bereavement HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.31-1.38). The risk elevation varied somewhat by type of traumatic events and psychiatric disorders, with the greatest HR noted for posttraumatic stress disorder after sexual assault (sibling comparison HR, 4.52; 95% CI, 3.56-5.73 during entire follow-up period). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the long-term risk elevation of psychiatric disorders after potentially traumatic events was largely independent of familial factors. The risk elevation observed immediately after these events motivates early clinical surveillance and mental health services for these vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Chen
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Qing Shen
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Jaimie L. Gradus
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Filip K. Arnberg
- National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Brian M. D’Onofrio
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Fang Fang
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huan Song
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Unnur A. Valdimarsdottir
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kobayashi N, Shimada K, Ishii A, Osaka R, Nishiyama T, Shigeta M, Yanagisawa H, Oka N, Kondo K. Identification of a strong genetic risk factor for major depressive disorder in the human virome. iScience 2024; 27:109203. [PMID: 38414857 PMCID: PMC10897923 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The heritability of major depressive disorder (MDD) is reportedly 30-50%. However, the genetic basis of its heritability remains unknown. Within SITH-1, a risk factor for MDD in human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), we discovered a gene polymorphism with a large odds ratio for an association with MDD. It was a sequence whose number of repeats was inversely correlated with SITH-1 expression. This number was significantly lower in MDD patients. Rates for 17 or fewer repeats of the sequence were 67.9% for MDD and 28.6% for normal controls, with an odds ratio of 5.28. For patients with 17 or less repeats, the rate for presence of another MDD patient in their families was 47.4%, whereas there were no MDD patients in the families of patients with more than 17 repeats. Since HHV-6B is transmitted primarily mother to child and within families and persists for life, this gene polymorphism could potentially influence heritability of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimada
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishii
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Rui Osaka
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Toshiko Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health & Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shigeta
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health & Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Naomi Oka
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kondo
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Rice RC, Gil DV, Baratta AM, Frawley RR, Hill SY, Farris SP, Homanics GE. Inter- and transgenerational heritability of preconception chronic stress or alcohol exposure: Translational outcomes in brain and behavior. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 29:100603. [PMID: 38234394 PMCID: PMC10792982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress and alcohol (ethanol) use are highly interrelated and can change an individual's behavior through molecular adaptations that do not change the DNA sequence, but instead change gene expression. A recent wealth of research has found that these nongenomic changes can be transmitted across generations, which could partially account for the "missing heritability" observed in genome-wide association studies of alcohol use disorder and other stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize the molecular and behavioral outcomes of nongenomic inheritance of chronic stress and ethanol exposure and the germline mechanisms that could give rise to this heritability. In doing so, we outline the need for further research to: (1) Investigate individual germline mechanisms of paternal, maternal, and biparental nongenomic chronic stress- and ethanol-related inheritance; (2) Synthesize and dissect cross-generational chronic stress and ethanol exposure; (3) Determine cross-generational molecular outcomes of preconception ethanol exposure that contribute to alcohol-related disease risk, using cancer as an example. A detailed understanding of the cross-generational nongenomic effects of stress and/or ethanol will yield novel insight into the impact of ancestral perturbations on disease risk across generations and uncover actionable targets to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Rice
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniela V. Gil
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Annalisa M. Baratta
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Remy R. Frawley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shirley Y. Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sean P. Farris
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregg E. Homanics
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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8
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Xu L, Zhang J, Yang H, Cao C, Fang R, Liu P, Luo S, Wang B, Zhang K, Wang L. Epistasis in neurotransmitter receptors linked to posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder comorbidity in traumatized Chinese. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1257911. [PMID: 38487579 PMCID: PMC10937445 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1257911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) comorbidity occurs through exposure to trauma with genetic susceptibility. Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and dopamine are neurotransmitters associated with anxiety and stress-related psychiatry through receptors. We attempted to explore the genetic association between two neurotransmitter receptor systems and the PTSD-MDD comorbidity. Methods Four groups were identified using latent profile analysis (LPA) to examine the patterns of PTSD and MDD comorbidity among survivors exposed to earthquake-related trauma: low symptoms, predominantly depression, predominantly PTSD, and PTSD-MDD comorbidity. NPY2R (rs4425326), NPY5R (rs11724320), DRD2 (rs1079597), and DRD3 (rs6280) were genotyped from 1,140 Chinese participants exposed to earthquake-related trauma. Main, gene-environment interaction (G × E), and gene-gene interaction (G × G) effects for low symptoms, predominantly depression, and predominantly PTSD were tested using a multinomial logistic model with PTSD-MDD comorbidity as a reference. Results The results demonstrated that compared to PTSD-MDD comorbidity, epistasis (G × G) NPY2R-DRD2 (rs4425326 × rs1079597) affects low symptoms (β = -0.66, OR = 0.52 [95% CI: 0.32-0.84], p = 0.008, pperm = 0.008) and predominantly PTSD (β = -0.56, OR = 0.57 [95% CI: 0.34-0.97], p = 0.037, pperm = 0.039), while NPY2R-DRD3 (rs4425326 × rs6280) impacts low symptoms (β = 0.82, OR = 2.27 [95% CI: 1.26-4.10], p = 0.006, pperm = 0.005) and predominantly depression (β = 1.08, R = 2.95 [95% CI: 1.55-5.62], p = 0.001, pperm = 0.001). The two G × G effects are independent. Conclusion NPY and dopamine receptor genes are related to the genetic etiology of PTSD-MDD comorbidity, whose specific mechanisms can be studied at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengqi Cao
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojiao Fang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu Luo
- People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlin Zhang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Leve LD, Oro V, Natsuaki MN, Harold GT, Neiderhiser JM, Ganiban JM, Shaw DS, DeGarmo DS. The pernicious role of stress on intergenerational continuity of psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38384191 PMCID: PMC11339241 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Development and Psychopathology has been a premier resource for understanding stressful childhood experiences and the intergenerational continuity of psychopathology. Building on that tradition, we examined the unique and joint influences of maternal stress on children's effortful control (age 7) and externalizing behavior (age 11) as transmitted via genetics, the prenatal environment, and the postnatal environment. The sample included N = 561 adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents. Path models identified a direct effect of biological mother life stress on children's effortful control (β = -.08) and an indirect effect of her life stress on child externalizing behavior via effortful control (β = .52), but no main or indirect effects of biological parent psychopathology, prenatal stress, or adoptive mother adverse childhood experiences (ACES). Adoptive mother ACES amplified the association between biological mother life stress and child effortful control (β = -.08), externalizing behavior (β = 1.41), and the indirect effect via effortful control, strengthening associations when adoptive mothers reported average or high ACES during their own childhoods. Results suggest that novel study designs are needed to enhance the understanding of how life stress gets "under the skin" to affect psychopathology in the offspring of adults who have experienced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D. Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon
| | - Veronica Oro
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon
| | | | | | | | - Jody M. Ganiban
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University
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ter Kuile AR, Hübel C, Cheesman R, Coleman JR, Peel AJ, Levey DF, Stein MB, Gelernter J, Rayner C, Eley TC, Breen G. Genetic Decomposition of the Heritable Component of Reported Childhood Maltreatment. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:716-724. [PMID: 37881567 PMCID: PMC10593925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Decades of research have shown that environmental exposures, including self-reports of trauma, are partly heritable. Heritable characteristics may influence exposure to and interpretations of environmental factors. Identifying heritable factors associated with self-reported trauma could improve our understanding of vulnerability to exposure and the interpretation of life events. Methods We used genome-wide association study summary statistics of childhood maltreatment, defined as reporting of abuse (emotional, sexual, and physical) and neglect (emotional and physical) (N = 185,414 participants). We calculated genetic correlations (rg) between reported childhood maltreatment and 576 traits to identify phenotypes that might explain the heritability of reported childhood maltreatment, retaining those with |rg| > 0.25. We specified multiple regression models using genomic structural equation modeling to detect residual genetic variance in childhood maltreatment after accounting for genetically correlated traits. Results In 2 separate models, the shared genetic component of 12 health and behavioral traits and 7 psychiatric disorders accounted for 59% and 56% of heritability due to common genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability [h2SNP]) of childhood maltreatment, respectively. Genetic influences on h2SNP of childhood maltreatment were generally accounted for by a shared genetic component across traits. The exceptions to this were general risk tolerance, subjective well-being, posttraumatic stress disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, identified as independent contributors to h2SNP of childhood maltreatment. These 4 traits alone were sufficient to explain 58% of h2SNP of childhood maltreatment. Conclusions We identified putative traits that reflect h2SNP of childhood maltreatment. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying these associations may improve trauma prevention and posttraumatic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. ter Kuile
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hübel
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rosa Cheesman
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan R.I. Coleman
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia J. Peel
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F. Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Murray B. Stein
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher Rayner
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thalia C. Eley
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Yarlagadda A, Swift K, Chakraborty N, Hammamieh R, Abubakar A, Wilbur M, Clayton AH. Outpatient Pharmacogenomic Screenings to Prevent Addiction, Overdose, and Suicide. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 20:12-17. [PMID: 38193100 PMCID: PMC10773601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-care genetic testing for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to improve psychiatric treatment in outpatient settings remains a challenge. The presence or absence of certain genomic alleles determines the activity of the encoded enzymes, which ultimately defines the individual's drug metabolism rate. Classification of poor metabolizers (PMs) and rapid/ultrarapid metabolizers (RMs/UMs) would facilitate personalization and precision of treatment. However, current pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing of multiple genes is comprehensive and requires quantitative analyses for interpretations. We recommend qualitative, fast-track, point-of-care screenings, which are one- or-two gene-based analyses, as a quick initial screening tool to potentially eliminate the need for an expensive quantitative send-out test, which is a costly and lengthy process. We speculate that these tests will be relevant in two major scenarios: 1) clinical psychiatry for treating disease states such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where trial and error is still the mainstay of drug selection and symptom management, a process that is associated with significant delay in optimizing individualized treatment and dose, and thus response; and 2) pain management, where quickly determining an effective level of analgesia while avoiding a toxic level can cause a drastic improvement in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atmaram Yarlagadda
- Dr. Yarlagadda is Installation Director of Psychological Health at McDonald Army Health Center in Fort Eustis, Virginia
| | - Kevin Swift
- Drs. Swift, Chakraborty, and Hammamieh are with Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Nabarun Chakraborty
- Drs. Swift, Chakraborty, and Hammamieh are with Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Drs. Swift, Chakraborty, and Hammamieh are with Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Drs. Abubakar and Wilbur are with Avant Institute in Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Marianna Wilbur
- Drs. Abubakar and Wilbur are with Avant Institute in Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Anita H. Clayton
- Dr. Clayton is with Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville, Virginia
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Marchese S, Huckins LM. Trauma Matters: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Components of PTSD. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:2200017. [PMID: 37766803 PMCID: PMC10520418 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Trauma is ubiquitous, but only a subset of those who experience trauma will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this review, it is argued that to determine who is at risk of developing PTSD, it is critical to examine the genetic etiology of the disorder and individual trauma profiles of those who are susceptible. First, the state of current PTSD genetic research is described, with a particular focus on studies that present evidence for trauma type specificity, or for differential genetic etiology according to gender or race. Next, approaches that leverage non-traditional phenotyping approaches are reviewed to identify PTSD-associated variants and biology, and the relative advantages and limitations inherent in these studies are reflected on. Finally, it is discussed how trauma might influence the heritability of PTSD, through type, risk factors, genetics, and associations with PTSD symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Marchese
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric GenomicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Laura M. Huckins
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric GenomicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and TreatmentIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Present address:
Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT06511USA
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13
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Meisinger C, Freuer D. Understanding the causal relationships of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with mental disorders and suicide attempt: a network Mendelian randomisation study. BMJ MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 26:e300642. [PMID: 37669871 PMCID: PMC11146378 DOI: 10.1136/bmjment-2022-300642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a lifespan neurodevelopmental condition resulting from complex interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. There is evidence that ADHD is associated with other mental disorders, but it remains unclear whether and in what way a causal relationship exists. OBJECTIVE To investigate the direct and indirect causal paths between ADHD and seven common mental disorders. METHODS Two-sample network Mendelian randomisation analysis was performed to identify psychiatric disorders causally related to ADHD. Total and direct effects were estimated in an univariable and multivariable setting, respectively. Robustness of results was ensured in three ways: a range of pleiotropy-robust methods, an iterative approach identifying and excluding outliers, and use of up to two genome-wide association studies per outcome to replicate results and calculate subsequently pooled meta-estimates. RESULTS Genetic liability to ADHD was independently associated with the risk of anorexia nervosa (OR 1.28 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.47); p=0.001). A bidirectional association was found with major depressive disorder (OR 1.09 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.15); p=0.003 in the forward direction and OR 1.76 (95% CI 1.50 to 2.06); p=4×10-12 in the reverse direction). Moreover, after adjustment for major depression disorder, a direct association with both suicide attempt (OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.547); p=2×10-5) and post-traumatic stress disorder (OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.33); p=0.007) was observed. There was no evidence of a relationship with anxiety, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that ADHD is an independent risk factor for a number of common psychiatric disorders. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The risk of comorbid psychiatric disorders in individuals with ADHD needs to be considered both in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Meisinger
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Freuer
- Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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14
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Yirmiya K, Motsan S, Zagoory-Sharon O, Schonblum A, Koren L, Feldman R. Continuity of psychopathology v. resilience across the transition to adolescence: role of hair cortisol and sensitive caregiving. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4487-4498. [PMID: 35634966 PMCID: PMC10388331 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition to adolescence implicates heightened vulnerability alongside increased opportunities for resilience. Contexts of early life stress (ELS) exacerbate risk; still, little research addressed biobehavioral mediators of risk and resilience across the adolescent transition following ELS. Utilizing a unique cohort, we tested biosocial moderators of chronicity in adolescents' internalizing disorders v. resilience. METHOD Families exposed to chronic war-related trauma, v. controls, were followed. We utilized data from three time-points framing the adolescent transition: late childhood (N = 177, Mage = 9.3 years ± 1.41), early adolescence (N = 111, Mage = 11 0.66 years ± 1.23), and late adolescence (N = 138, Mage = 15.65 years ± 1.31). In late childhood and late adolescence children's internalizing disorders were diagnosed. At early adolescence maternal and child's hair cortisol concentrations (HCC), maternal sensitivity, and mothers' post-traumatic symptoms evaluated. RESULTS War-exposed children exhibited more internalizing disorders of chronic trajectory and mothers were less sensitive and more symptomatic. Three pathways elucidated the continuity of psychopathology: (a) maternal sensitivity moderated the risk of chronic psychopathology, (b) maternal post-traumatic symptoms mediated continuity of risk, (c) trauma exposure moderated the association between child internalizing disorders at late childhood and maternal HCC, which linked with child HCC. Child HCC linked with maternal post-traumatic symptoms, which were associated with child disorders in late adolescence. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate the complex interplay of maternal and child's biosocial factors as mediators and moderators of risk chronicity across the adolescent transition following trauma. Findings are first to utilize maternal and child's HCC as biomarkers of chronic stress v. resilience during adolescence, a period of neural reorganization and personal growth that shapes the individual's lifetime adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Yirmiya
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Shai Motsan
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
| | | | - Anat Schonblum
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lee Koren
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ruth Feldman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
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15
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Pine JG, Paul SE, Johnson E, Bogdan R, Kandala S, Barch DM. Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Hippocampal Subregion Volumes in Middle Childhood. Behav Genet 2023; 53:279-291. [PMID: 36720770 PMCID: PMC10875985 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-023-10134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies demonstrate that individuals with diagnoses for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and Schizophrenia (SCZ) may exhibit smaller hippocampal gray matter relative to otherwise healthy controls, although the effect sizes vary in each disorder. Existing work suggests that hippocampal abnormalities in each disorder may be attributable to genetic liability and/or environmental variables. The following study uses baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development[Formula: see text] Study (ABCD Study[Formula: see text]) to address three open questions regarding the relationship between genetic risk for each disorder and hippocampal volume reductions: (a) whether polygenic risk scores (PGRS) for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ are related to hippocampal volume; (b) whether PGRS for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ are differentially related to specific hippocampal subregions along the longitudinal axis; and (c) whether the association between PGRS for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ and hippocampal volume is moderated by sex and/or environmental adversity. In short, we did not find associations between PGRS for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ to be significantly related to any hippocampal subregion volumes. Furthermore, neither sex nor enviornmental adversity significantly moderated these associations. Our study provides an important null finding on the relationship genetic risk for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ to measures of hippocampal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Pine
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Sarah E Paul
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Emma Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sridhar Kandala
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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16
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Hicks EM, Seah C, Cote A, Marchese S, Brennand KJ, Nestler EJ, Girgenti MJ, Huckins LM. Integrating genetics and transcriptomics to study major depressive disorder: a conceptual framework, bioinformatic approaches, and recent findings. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:129. [PMID: 37076454 PMCID: PMC10115809 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous psychiatric syndrome with genetic and environmental influences. In addition to neuroanatomical and circuit-level disturbances, dysregulation of the brain transcriptome is a key phenotypic signature of MDD. Postmortem brain gene expression data are uniquely valuable resources for identifying this signature and key genomic drivers in human depression; however, the scarcity of brain tissue limits our capacity to observe the dynamic transcriptional landscape of MDD. It is therefore crucial to explore and integrate depression and stress transcriptomic data from numerous, complementary perspectives to construct a richer understanding of the pathophysiology of depression. In this review, we discuss multiple approaches for exploring the brain transcriptome reflecting dynamic stages of MDD: predisposition, onset, and illness. We next highlight bioinformatic approaches for hypothesis-free, genome-wide analyses of genomic and transcriptomic data and their integration. Last, we summarize the findings of recent genetic and transcriptomic studies within this conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Hicks
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Carina Seah
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Alanna Cote
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Shelby Marchese
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Matthew J Girgenti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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Biological Correlates of Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG): A Literature Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020305. [PMID: 36831848 PMCID: PMC9953771 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of medical science, much research have focused on the psychopathological effects of traumatic experiences. Despite in past centuries the scientific literature on mental health has been mainly focused on the harmful effects of traumatic occurrences, more recently the idea of "post-traumatic growth" emerged, on the basis of a growing interest in the characteristics of resilience and possible positive consequences of trauma. In this framework, increasing attention is now being paid to the psychological meaning of PTG, with a consistent number of psychopathological and epidemiological studies on this subject, but limited literature focused on neurobiological correlates or eventual biomarkers of this condition. The present work aimed to summarize and review the available evidence on neurobiological correlates of PTG and their psychological and clinical meaning. Results highlighted a variety of biochemical and neurobiological differences between PTG and non-PTG individuals, partially corroborating findings from earlier research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, although promising, findings in this field are still too limited and additional studies on the neurobiological correlates of traumatic experiences are needed in order to gain a better understanding of the subject.
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18
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Brewerton TD. Mechanisms by which adverse childhood experiences, other traumas and PTSD influence the health and well-being of individuals with eating disorders throughout the life span. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:162. [PMID: 36372878 PMCID: PMC9661783 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple published sources from around the world have confirmed an association between an array of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and other traumatic events with eating disorders (EDs) and related adverse outcomes, including higher morbidity and mortality. METHODS In keeping with this Special Issue's goals, this narrative review focuses on the ACEs pyramid and its purported mechanisms through which child maltreatment and other forms of violence toward human beings influence the health and well-being of individuals who develop EDs throughout the life span. Relevant literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highlighted when applicable. RESULTS At every level of the pyramid, it is shown that EDs interact with each of these proclaimed escalating mechanisms in a bidirectional manner that contributes to the predisposition, precipitation and perpetuation of EDs and related medical and psychiatric comorbidities, which then predispose to early death. The levels and their interactions that are discussed include the contribution of generational embodiment (genetics) and historical trauma (epigenetics), social conditions and local context, the ACEs and other traumas themselves, the resultant disrupted neurodevelopment, subsequent social, emotional and cognitive impairment, the adoption of health risk behaviors, and the development of disease, disability and social problems, all resulting in premature mortality by means of fatal complications and/or suicide. CONCLUSIONS The implications of these cascading, evolving, and intertwined perspectives have important implications for the assessment and treatment of EDs using trauma-informed care and trauma-focused integrated treatment approaches. This overview offers multiple opportunities at every level for the palliation and prevention of EDs and other associated trauma-related conditions, including PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Brewerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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19
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Parental post-traumatic stress disorder and increased risk of chronic pain conditions and major psychiatric disorders in their offspring. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2022; 79:152-157. [PMID: 36379154 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have higher risk of chronic pain symptoms. It remains unknown whether risk of chronic pain symptoms occurs in the offspring of parents with PTSD. This study aimed to explore the risk of chronic pain conditions and depression in the offspring of parents with PTSD. METHODS Between 1996 and 2011, we included subjects whose parents had PTSD and controls with parents without PTSD or any major psychiatric disorders (MPDs) from the Taiwan National Health Research Database. The controls (1:10) were matched for age, sex, time of birth, income, and residence. Poisson regression was applied to estimate the risk of chronic pain conditions and MPDs between case and control cohorts during the study period. The chronic pain conditions assessed were migraine, tension headache, fibromyalgia, peripheral neuropathy, dorsopathies, dysmenorrhea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and dyspepsia. RESULTS We included 1139 cases and 11,390 matched controls. After adjusting for demographics and family history of psychiatric comorbidities, offspring of parents with PTSD had higher risk for depressive disorder [reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.59, 1.71-3.92] than controls. For chronic pain conditions, offspring of parents with PTSD had higher risk for migraine (2.01, 1.01-3.98) and IBS (1.55, 1.02-2.34) than controls. CONCLUSIONS Healthcare workers should be aware that offspring of parents with PTSD have a higher risk of chronic pain conditions and depressive disorder. Further intervention to mitigate the risk is warranted.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging: A genome-wide association study. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 154:209-218. [PMID: 35952521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Canada exhibits one of highest lifetime prevalence for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the etiology of this debilitating mental health condition still remains largely unknown. This study aims to examine the genetics of PTSD in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) to identify potential genetic factors involved in the development of PTSD. METHOD The CLSA sample was screened for primary (PTSD status) and secondary outcomes (avoidance, detachment, guardedness, and nightmares) based on the Primary Care PTSD Screen Scale (PC-PTSD). After GWAS quality control and whole-genome imputation, single-marker, gene-based, and polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses were performed. RESULTS Based on available genotype and phenotype data, N = 16,535 individuals were selected for the analyses. While genome-wide analyses did not show significant findings for our primary and secondary outcomes, PRS analyses showed variable levels of association between PC-PTSD items with trauma, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, educational attainment, and insomnia (p < 5e-4). CONCLUSION This is the first GWAS of PTSD status and individual PC-PTSD items in a population sample of older adults from Canada. This study was also able to replicate findings from previous studies. Genetic investigations into individual symptom components of PTSD may help untangle the complex genetic architecture of PTSD.
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21
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Lu D, Sapkota Y, Valdimarsdóttir UA, Koenen KC, Li N, Leisenring WM, Gibson T, Wilson CL, Robison LL, Hudson MM, Armstrong GT, Krull KR, Yasui Y, Bhatia S, Recklitis CJ. Genome-wide association study of posttraumatic stress disorder among childhood cancer survivors: results from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study and the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:342. [PMID: 35999196 PMCID: PMC9399128 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic influence shapes who develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events. However, the genetic variants identified for PTSD may in fact be associated with traumatic exposures (e.g., interpersonal violence), which appear heritable as well. Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at risk for PTSD, but genetic influences affecting cancer are unlikely to overlap with those affecting PTSD. This offers a unique opportunity to identify variants specific to PTSD risk. In a genome-wide association study (GWAS), 3984 5-year survivors of childhood cancer of European-ancestry from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) were evaluated for discovery and 1467 survivors from the St. Jude Lifetime (SJLIFE) cohort for replication. Childhood cancer-related PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale in CCSS. GWAS was performed in CCSS using logistic regression and lead markers were replicated/meta-analyzed using SJLIFE. Cross-associations of identified loci were examined between CCS and the general population. PTSD criteria were met for 671 participants in CCSS and 161 in SJLIFE. Locus 10q26.3 was significantly associated with PTSD (rs34713356, functionally mapped to ECHS1, P = 1.36 × 10-8, OR 1.57), and was replicated in SJLIFE (P = 0.047, OR 1.37). Variants in locus 6q24.3-q25.1 reached marginal significance (rs9390543, SASH1, P = 3.56 × 10-6, OR 0.75) in CCSS and significance when meta-analyzing with SJLIFE (P = 2.02 × 10-8, OR 0.75). Both loci were exclusively associated with PTSD in CCS rather than PTSD/stress-related disorders in general population (P-for-heterogeneity < 5 × 10-6). Our CCS findings support the role of genetic variation in PTSD development and may provide implications for understanding PTSD heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Lu
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Perini Family Survivors' Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, US.
| | - Yadav Sapkota
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Unnur A. Valdimarsdóttir
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 US ,grid.14013.370000 0004 0640 0021Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 US ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Nan Li
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Wendy M. Leisenring
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Public Health Sciences and Clinical Research Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Todd Gibson
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD US
| | - Carmen L. Wilson
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Leslie L. Robison
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Melissa M. Hudson
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA ,grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Gregory T. Armstrong
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Kevin R. Krull
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA ,grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Psychology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- grid.240871.80000 0001 0224 711XDepartment of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Smita Bhatia
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Institute for Cancer Outcomes and Survivorship, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA
| | - Christopher J. Recklitis
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPerini Family Survivors’ Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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22
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Wingo TS, Gerasimov ES, Liu Y, Duong DM, Vattathil SM, Lori A, Gockley J, Breen MS, Maihofer AX, Nievergelt CM, Koenen KC, Levey DF, Gelernter J, Stein MB, Ressler KJ, Bennett DA, Levey AI, Seyfried NT, Wingo AP. Integrating human brain proteomes with genome-wide association data implicates novel proteins in post-traumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3075-3084. [PMID: 35449297 PMCID: PMC9233006 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, how they confer PTSD risk remains unclear. We aimed to identify genes that confer PTSD risk through their effects on brain protein abundance to provide new insights into PTSD pathogenesis. To that end, we integrated human brain proteomes with PTSD GWAS results to perform a proteome-wide association study (PWAS) of PTSD, followed by Mendelian randomization, using a discovery and confirmatory study design. Brain proteomes (N = 525) were profiled from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using mass spectrometry. The Million Veteran Program (MVP) PTSD GWAS (n = 186,689) was used for the discovery PWAS, and the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium PTSD GWAS (n = 174,659) was used for the confirmatory PWAS. To understand whether genes identified at the protein-level were also evident at the transcript-level, we performed a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) using human brain transcriptomes (N = 888) and the MVP PTSD GWAS results. We identified 11 genes that contribute to PTSD pathogenesis via their respective cis-regulated brain protein abundance. Seven of 11 genes (64%) replicated in the confirmatory PWAS and 4 of 11 also had their cis-regulated brain mRNA levels associated with PTSD. High confidence level was assigned to 9 of 11 genes after considering evidence from the confirmatory PWAS and TWAS. Most of the identified genes are expressed in other PTSD-relevant brain regions and several are preferentially expressed in excitatory neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. These genes are novel, promising targets for mechanistic and therapeutic studies to find new treatments for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Selina M Vattathil
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Michael S Breen
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Health Care System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry Yale, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry Yale, University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Center System, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Atlanta Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA.
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23
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Cannon-Albright LA, Romesser J, Teerlink CC, Thomas A, Meyer LJ. Evidence for excess familial clustering of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the US Veterans Genealogy resource. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 150:332-337. [PMID: 34953562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A genealogy of the United States has been record-linked to National Veteran's Health Administration (VHA) patient data to allow non-identifiable analysis of familial clustering. This genealogy, including over 70 million individuals linked to over 1 million VHA patients, is the largest such combined resource reported. Analysis of familial clustering among VHA patients diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) allowed a test of the hypothesis of an inherited contribution to PTSD. PTSD is associated strongly with military service and extended familial clustering data have not previously been presented. PTSD-affected VHA patients with genealogy data were identified by presence of an ICD diagnosis code in the VHA medical record in at least 2 different years. The Genealogical Index of Familiality (GIF) method was used to compare the average relatedness of VHA patients diagnosed with PTSD with their expected average relatedness, estimated from randomly selected sets of matched linked VHA patient controls. Relative risks for PTSD were estimated in first-, second-, and third-degree relatives of PTSD patients who were also VHA patients, using sex and age-matched rates for PTSD estimated from all linked VHA patients. Significant excess pairwise relatedness, and significantly elevated risk for PTSD in first-, second-, and third-degree relatives was observed; multiple high-risk extended PTSD pedigrees were identified. The analysis provides evidence for excess familial clustering of PTSD and identified high-risk PTSD pedigrees. These results support an inherited contribution to PTSD predisposition and identify a powerful resource of high-risk PTSD pedigrees for predisposition gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jennifer Romesser
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Craig C Teerlink
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Alun Thomas
- Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Lawrence J Meyer
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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24
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Bountress KE, Brick LA, Sheerin C, Grotzinger A, Bustamante D, Hawn SE, Gillespie N, Kirkpatrick RM, Kranzler H, Morey R, Edenberg HJ, Maihofer AX, Disner S, Ashley-Koch A, Peterson R, Lori A, Stein DJ, Kimbrel N, Nievergelt C, Andreassen OA, Luykx J, Javanbakht A, Youssef NA, Amstadter AB. Alcohol use and alcohol use disorder differ in their genetic relationships with PTSD: A genomic structural equation modelling approach. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 234:109430. [PMID: 35367939 PMCID: PMC9018560 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD), which are all moderately heritable. Studies suggest the genetic association between PTSD and alcohol use differs from that of PTSD and AUD, but further analysis is needed. BASIC PROCEDURES We used genomic Structural Equation Modeling (genomicSEM) to analyze summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of European Ancestry participants to investigate the genetic relationships between PTSD (both diagnosis and re-experiencing symptom severity) and a range of alcohol use and AUD phenotypes. MAIN FINDINGS When we differentiated genetic factors for alcohol use and AUD we observed improved model fit relative to models with all alcohol-related indicators loading onto a single factor. The genetic correlations (rG) of PTSD were quite discrepant for the alcohol use and AUD factors. This was true when modeled as a three-correlated-factor model (PTSD-AUD rG:.36, p < .001; PTSD-alcohol use rG: -0.17, p < .001) and as a Bifactor model, in which the common and unique portions of alcohol phenotypes were pulled out into an AUD-specific factor (rG with PTSD:.40, p < .001), AU-specific factor (rG with PTSD: -0.57, p < .001), and a common alcohol factor (rG with PTSD:.16, NS). PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the genetic architecture of alcohol use and AUD are differentially associated with PTSD. When the portions of variance unique to alcohol use and AUD are extracted, their genetic associations with PTSD vary substantially, suggesting different genetic architectures of alcohol phenotypes in people with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin E Bountress
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Quantitative Sciences Program, Alpert Medical School at Brown University, USA
| | - Christina Sheerin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Andrew Grotzinger
- Behavioral, Psychiatric, and Statistical Genetics, Institute for Behavior Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Daniel Bustamante
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Sage E Hawn
- National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Robert M Kirkpatrick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Henry Kranzler
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rajendra Morey
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham VAMC, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke-UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Seth Disner
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Roseann Peterson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nathan Kimbrel
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham VAMC, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Caroline Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jurjen Luykx
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology Maastricht, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry Utrecht, University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Outpatient second opinion clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Arash Javanbakht
- Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic (STARC), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nagy A Youssef
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
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25
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Maihofer AX, Choi KW, Coleman JRI, Daskalakis NP, Denckla CA, Ketema E, Morey RA, Polimanti R, Ratanatharathorn A, Torres K, Wingo AP, Zai CC, Aiello AE, Almli LM, Amstadter AB, Andersen SB, Andreassen OA, Arbisi PA, Ashley-Koch AE, Austin SB, Avdibegović E, Borglum AD, Babić D, Bækvad-Hansen M, Baker DG, Beckham JC, Bierut LJ, Bisson JI, Boks MP, Bolger EA, Bradley B, Brashear M, Breen G, Bryant RA, Bustamante AC, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Calabrese JR, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Chen CY, Dale AM, Dalvie S, Deckert J, Delahanty DL, Dennis MF, Disner SG, Domschke K, Duncan LE, Džubur Kulenović A, Erbes CR, Evans A, Farrer LA, Feeny NC, Flory JD, Forbes D, Franz CE, Galea S, Garrett ME, Gautam A, Gelaye B, Gelernter J, Geuze E, Gillespie CF, Goçi A, Gordon SD, Guffanti G, Hammamieh R, Hauser MA, Heath AC, Hemmings SMJ, Hougaard DM, Jakovljević M, Jett M, Johnson EO, Jones I, Jovanovic T, Qin XJ, Karstoft KI, Kaufman ML, Kessler RC, Khan A, Kimbrel NA, King AP, Koen N, Kranzler HR, Kremen WS, Lawford BR, Lebois LAM, Lewis C, Liberzon I, Linnstaedt SD, Logue MW, Lori A, Lugonja B, Luykx JJ, Lyons MJ, Maples-Keller JL, Marmar C, Martin NG, Maurer D, Mavissakalian MR, McFarlane A, McGlinchey RE, McLaughlin KA, McLean SA, Mehta D, Mellor R, Michopoulos V, Milberg W, Miller MW, Morris CP, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Nelson EC, Nordentoft M, Norman SB, O'Donnell M, Orcutt HK, Panizzon MS, Peters ES, Peterson AL, Peverill M, Pietrzak RH, Polusny MA, Rice JP, Risbrough VB, Roberts AL, Rothbaum AO, Rothbaum BO, Roy-Byrne P, Ruggiero KJ, Rung A, Rutten BPF, Saccone NL, Sanchez SE, Schijven D, Seedat S, Seligowski AV, Seng JS, Sheerin CM, Silove D, Smith AK, Smoller JW, Sponheim SR, Stein DJ, Stevens JS, Teicher MH, Thompson WK, Trapido E, Uddin M, Ursano RJ, van den Heuvel LL, Van Hooff M, Vermetten E, Vinkers CH, Voisey J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Werge T, Williams MA, Williamson DE, Winternitz S, Wolf C, Wolf EJ, Yehuda R, Young KA, Young RM, Zhao H, Zoellner LA, Haas M, Lasseter H, Provost AC, Salem RM, Sebat J, Shaffer RA, Wu T, Ripke S, Daly MJ, Ressler KJ, Koenen KC, Stein MB, Nievergelt CM. Enhancing Discovery of Genetic Variants for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Through Integration of Quantitative Phenotypes and Trauma Exposure Information. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:626-636. [PMID: 34865855 PMCID: PMC8917986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is heritable and a potential consequence of exposure to traumatic stress. Evidence suggests that a quantitative approach to PTSD phenotype measurement and incorporation of lifetime trauma exposure (LTE) information could enhance the discovery power of PTSD genome-wide association studies (GWASs). METHODS A GWAS on PTSD symptoms was performed in 51 cohorts followed by a fixed-effects meta-analysis (N = 182,199 European ancestry participants). A GWAS of LTE burden was performed in the UK Biobank cohort (N = 132,988). Genetic correlations were evaluated with linkage disequilibrium score regression. Multivariate analysis was performed using Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS. Functional mapping and annotation of leading loci was performed with FUMA. Replication was evaluated using the Million Veteran Program GWAS of PTSD total symptoms. RESULTS GWASs of PTSD symptoms and LTE burden identified 5 and 6 independent genome-wide significant loci, respectively. There was a 72% genetic correlation between PTSD and LTE. PTSD and LTE showed largely similar patterns of genetic correlation with other traits, albeit with some distinctions. Adjusting PTSD for LTE reduced PTSD heritability by 31%. Multivariate analysis of PTSD and LTE increased the effective sample size of the PTSD GWAS by 20% and identified 4 additional loci. Four of these 9 PTSD loci were independently replicated in the Million Veteran Program. CONCLUSIONS Through using a quantitative trait measure of PTSD, we identified novel risk loci not previously identified using prior case-control analyses. PTSD and LTE have a high genetic overlap that can be leveraged to increase discovery power through multivariate methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
| | - Karmel W Choi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Center of Excellence in Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Christy A Denckla
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Ketema
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York
| | - Katy Torres
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- Division of Mental Health, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Clement C Zai
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Molecular Brain Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lynn M Almli
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Soren B Andersen
- Research and Knowledge Centre, The Danish Veteran Centre, Ringsted, Denmark
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul A Arbisi
- Mental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - S Bryn Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Esmina Avdibegović
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anders D Borglum
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dragan Babić
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Genetics Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A Bolger
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Mental Health Services, Decatur, Georgia; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Meghan Brashear
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Bryant
- Department of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela C Bustamante
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph R Calabrese
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - José M Caldas-de-Almeida
- Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Douglas L Delahanty
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio; Research and Sponsored Programs, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Michelle F Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Genetics Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Seth G Disner
- Research Service Line, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laramie E Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Alma Džubur Kulenović
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Christopher R Erbes
- Mental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexandra Evans
- Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Norah C Feeny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Janine D Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - David Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melanie E Garrett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Charles F Gillespie
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aferdita Goçi
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Scott D Gordon
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guia Guffanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miro Jakovljević
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marti Jett
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Eric Otto Johnson
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Fellows Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xue-Jun Qin
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Karen-Inge Karstoft
- Research and Knowledge Centre, The Danish Veteran Centre, Ringsted, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Milissa L Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alaptagin Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Mental Health Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Genetics Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anthony P King
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nastassja Koen
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lauren A M Lebois
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Catrin Lewis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas
| | - Sarah D Linnstaedt
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark W Logue
- Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adriana Lori
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Božo Lugonja
- Medical Research Council Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Dean of Students' Office, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L Maples-Keller
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Charles Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Matig R Mavissakalian
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alexander McFarlane
- Centre for Traumatic Stress Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Regina E McGlinchey
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Samuel A McLean
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Divya Mehta
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca Mellor
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William Milberg
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark W Miller
- Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles Phillip Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Jamieson Trauma Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ole Mors
- Psychosis Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonya B Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Executive Division, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, White River Junction, Vermont
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Phoenix Australia Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly K Orcutt
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Edward S Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Alan L Peterson
- Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Matthew Peverill
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Melissa A Polusny
- Mental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John P Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alex O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter Roy-Byrne
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- Department of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ariane Rung
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nancy L Saccone
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sixto E Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Dick Schijven
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Soraya Seedat
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Antonia V Seligowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Julia S Seng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christina M Sheerin
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Derrick Silove
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Mental Health Service, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dan J Stein
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer S Stevens
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Edward Trapido
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Monica Uddin
- Genomics Program, University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, Florida
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leigh Luella van den Heuvel
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Miranda Van Hooff
- Centre for Traumatic Stress Studies, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Vermetten
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Research Expert Group, Diemen, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joanne Voisey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zhewu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Mental Health, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas E Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Research Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sherry Winternitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Christiane Wolf
- Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erika J Wolf
- Biomedical Genetics Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Department of Mental Health, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx
| | - Keith A Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas; Department of Psychiatry, Baylor Scott & White Health Central Texas Division, Temple, Texas; Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Waco, Texas
| | - Ross McD Young
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Jamieson Trauma Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lori A Zoellner
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Magali Haas
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Rany M Salem
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Richard A Shaffer
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California
| | - Tianying Wu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, California
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark J Daly
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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Intranasal oxytocin administration impacts the acquisition and consolidation of trauma-associated memories: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled experimental study in healthy women. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1046-1054. [PMID: 34887528 PMCID: PMC8938422 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intrusive memories are a hallmark symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and oxytocin has been implicated in the formation of intrusive memories. This study investigates how oxytocin influences the acquisition and consolidation of trauma-associated memories and whether these effects are influenced by individual neurobiological and genetic differences. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 220 healthy women received either a single dose of intranasal 24IU oxytocin or a placebo before exposure to a trauma film paradigm that solicits intrusive memories. We used a "general random forest" machine learning approach to examine whether differences in the noradrenergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders, and genetic polymorphism of the oxytocin receptor influence the effect of oxytocin on the acquisition and consolidation of intrusive memories. Oxytocin induced significantly more intrusive memories than placebo did (t(188.33) = 2.12, p = 0.035, Cohen's d = 0.30, 95% CI 0.16-0.44). As hypothesized, we found that the effect of oxytocin on intrusive memories was influenced by biological covariates, such as salivary cortisol, heart rate variability, and PTSD polygenic risk scores. The five factors that were most relevant to the oxytocin effect on intrusive memories were included in a Poisson regression, which showed that, besides oxytocin administration, higher polygenic loadings for PTSD and major depressive disorder were directly associated with a higher number of reported intrusions after exposure to the trauma film stressor. These results suggest that intranasal oxytocin amplifies the acquisition and consolidation of intrusive memories and that this effect is modulated by neurobiological and genetic factors. Trial registration: NCT03031405.
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Youssef NA. Potential Societal and Cultural Implications of Transgenerational Epigenetic Methylation of Trauma and PTSD: Pathology or Resilience? THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022; 95:171-174. [PMID: 35370497 PMCID: PMC8961703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychological trauma is unique in that it is an environmental event that could induce biological changes and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, or other mood disorders in some patients. On the other hand, there may be no psychopathology (in most cases), or even sometimes post-traumatic growth and resilience. According to the DSM-5, trauma is a prerequisite for PTSD and traumatic stress disorder, but not for depressive episodes or mood disorders, or other psychiatric conditions. This paper brings attention to the preliminary literature on transgenerational inheritance due to trauma exposure and its societal and cultural implications. There is accumulating evidence that exposure to trauma can be passed transgenerationally through epigenetic inheritance leading to changes in gene expression and possible disorders or resilience. The effects of resilience from transgenerational inheritance have not been studied, but should be, for a full understanding not only of the disease risk across generations, but also of its social and cultural implications. The epigenetic pathologic effects across generations also need further studies, as the current research is preliminary; larger replications are needed for definitive and more complete understanding. I present here a glimpse of where we are, a vision of where we should go in terms of future research direction for disease risk transmission, and recommend studies of resilience and post-traumatic growth across generations, as well as other studies related to the societal implications at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagy A. Youssef
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Nagy Youssef, MD, PhD, Director of Clinical Research, Professor of Psychiatry,
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University
College of Medicine, Columbus, OH; ;
ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1922-9396
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Martins J, Yusupov N, Binder EB, Brückl TM, Czamara D. Early adversity as the prototype gene × environment interaction in mental disorders? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 215:173371. [PMID: 35271857 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity (CA) as a significant stressor has consistently been associated with the development of mental disorders. The interaction between CA and genetic variants has been proposed to play a substantial role in disease etiology. In this review, we focus on the gene by environment (GxE) paradigm, its background and interpretation and stress the necessity of its implementation in psychiatric research. Further, we discuss the findings supporting GxCA interactions, ranging from candidate gene studies to polygenic and genome-wide approaches, their strengths and limitations. To illustrate potential underlying epigenetic mechanisms by which GxE effects are translated, we focus on results from FKBP5 × CA studies and discuss how molecular evidence can supplement previous GxE findings. In conclusion, while GxE studies constitute a valuable line of investigation, more harmonized GxE studies in large, deep-phenotyped, longitudinal cohorts, and across different developmental stages are necessary to further substantiate and understand reported GxE findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Martins
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany.
| | - Natan Yusupov
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Tanja M Brückl
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
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29
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Bustamante D, Amstadter AB, Pritikin JN, Brick TR, Neale MC. Associations Between Traumatic Stress, Brain Volumes and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children: Data from the ABCD Study. Behav Genet 2022; 52:75-91. [PMID: 34860306 PMCID: PMC8860798 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reduced volumes in brain regions of interest (ROIs), primarily from adult samples, are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We extended this work to children using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® (N = 11,848; Mage = 9.92). Structural equation modeling and an elastic-net (EN) machine-learning approach were used to identify potential effects of traumatic events (TEs) on PTSD symptoms (PTSDsx) directly, and indirectly via the volumes 300 subcortical and cortical ROIs. We then estimated the genetic and environmental variation in the phenotypes. TEs were directly associated with PTSDsx (r = 0.92) in children, but their indirect effects (r < 0.0004)-via the volumes of EN-identified subcortical and cortical ROIs-were negligible at this age. Additive genetic factors explained a modest proportion of the variance in TEs (23.4%) and PTSDsx (21.3%), and accounted for most of the variance of EN-identified volumes of four of the five subcortical (52.4-61.8%) three of the nine cortical ROIs (46.4-53.3%) and cerebral white matter in the left hemisphere (57.4%). Environmental factors explained most of the variance in TEs (C = 61.6%, E = 15.1%), PTSDsx (residual-C = 18.4%, residual-E = 21.8%), right lateral ventricle (C = 15.2%, E = 43.1%) and six of the nine EN-identified cortical ROIs (C = 4.0-13.6%, E = 56.7-74.8%). There is negligible evidence that the volumes of brain ROIs are associated with the indirect effects of TEs on PTSDsx at this age. Overall, environmental factors accounted for more of the variation in TEs and PTSDsx. Whereas additive genetic factors accounted for most of the variability in the volumes of a minority of cortical and in most of subcortical ROIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bustamante
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, 800 E Leigh Street, Biotech One, Box 980126, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
- Integrative Life Sciences Doctoral Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, 800 E Leigh Street, Biotech One, Box 980126, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joshua N Pritikin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, 800 E Leigh Street, Biotech One, Box 980126, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Timothy R Brick
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, and Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, 800 E Leigh Street, Biotech One, Box 980126, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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30
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Knežević G, Savić D, Vermetten E, Vidaković I. From war-related trauma exposure to PTSD and depression: A personality perspective. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhang J, Li G, Yang H, Cao C, Fang R, Liu P, Luo S, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Wang L. The main effect and gene-environment interaction effect of the ADCYAP1R1 polymorphism rs2267735 on the course of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms-A longitudinal analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1032837. [PMID: 36386994 PMCID: PMC9650374 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1032837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have been performed to investigate the association between the ADCYAP1R1 polymorphism rs2267735 and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the results have been inconsistent, and the way in which this gene affects the course of PTSD has not been widely investigated. Thus, a longitudinal study of the course (development trajectory) of PTSD is needed. METHODS In this study, we performed a longitudinal analysis of rs2267735 in 1017 young, trauma-exposed Chinese people (549 females and 468 males, ranging from 7 to 11 years old). At four time points after trauma exposure (2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 years), we measured PTSD symptoms with the University of California, Los Angeles PTSD Reaction Index (PTSD-RI) for DSM-IV (Child Version). We employed a latent growth model (LGM) for the longitudinal data to test the association between rs2267735 (main and gene-environment interaction effects) and the course of PTSD symptoms. RESULTS The results of LGM showed that the gene-environment interaction (rs2267735 × trauma exposure) effects were associated with PTSD symptoms in girls at 2.5 years (β = -0.291 and P = 0.013 for LGM intercept). The gene-environment interaction (rs2267735 × trauma exposure) effect was also correlated with PTSD symptoms in girls at 3.5 and 4.5 years (β = -0.264 and P = 0.005; β = -0.217 and P = 0.013). CONCLUSION Our study revealed that the gene-environment interaction of the ADCYAP1R1 polymorphism rs2267735 is associated with PTSD symptoms in girls at 2.5 years and that the effects may be stable over time and not related to the PTSD symptom recovery rate. This is the first study to detect the how the ADCYAP1R1 gene affects the course of PTSD after trauma exposure in a longitudinal view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gen Li
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Yang
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengqi Cao
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruojiao Fang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Shu Luo
- People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangyi Zhao
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqian Zhang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlin Zhang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies and Center for Genetics and BioMedical Informatics Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Dalvie S, Chatzinakos C, Al Zoubi O, Georgiadis F, Lancashire L, Daskalakis NP. From genetics to systems biology of stress-related mental disorders. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100393. [PMID: 34584908 PMCID: PMC8456113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many individuals will be exposed to some form of traumatic stress in their lifetime which, in turn, increases the likelihood of developing stress-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (ANX). The development of these disorders is also influenced by genetics and have heritability estimates ranging between ∼30 and 70%. In this review, we provide an overview of the findings of genome-wide association studies for PTSD, depression and ANX, and we observe a clear genetic overlap between these three diagnostic categories. We go on to highlight the results from transcriptomic and epigenomic studies, and, given the multifactorial nature of stress-related disorders, we provide an overview of the gene-environment studies that have been conducted to date. Finally, we discuss systems biology approaches that are now seeing wider utility in determining a more holistic view of these complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareefa Dalvie
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chris Chatzinakos
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Obada Al Zoubi
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Foivos Georgiadis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - Lee Lancashire
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Data Science, Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, USA
| | - Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
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Layfield SD, Duffy LA, Phillips KA, Lardenoije R, Klengel T, Ressler KJ. Multiomic biological approaches to the study of child abuse and neglect. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 210:173271. [PMID: 34508786 PMCID: PMC8501413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment, occurring in up to 20-30% of the population, remains far too common, and incorporates a range of active and passive factors, from abuse, to neglect, to the impacts of broader structural and systemic adversity. Despite the effects of childhood maltreatment and adversity on a wide range of adult physical and psychological negative outcomes, not all individuals respond similarly. Understanding the differential biological mechanisms contributing to risk vs. resilience in the face of developmental adversity is critical to improving preventions, treatments, and policy recommendations. This review begins by providing an overview of childhood abuse, neglect, maltreatment, threat, and toxic stress, and the effects of these forms of adversity on the developing body, brain, and behavior. It then examines examples from the current literature of genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic discoveries and biomarkers that may help to understand risk and resilience in the aftermath of trauma, predictors of traumatic exposure risk, and potential targets for intervention and prevention. While the majority of genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression analyses to date have focused on targeted genes and hypotheses, large-scale consortia are now well-positioned to better understand interactions of environment and biology with much more statistical power. Ongoing and future work aimed at understanding the biology of childhood adversity and its effects will help to provide targets for intervention and prevention, as well as identify paths for how science, health care, and policy can combine efforts to protect and promote the psychological and physiological wellbeing of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Dee Layfield
- Depression & Anxiety Division, McLean Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Belmont, MA, United States of America
| | - Lucie Anne Duffy
- Depression & Anxiety Division, McLean Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Belmont, MA, United States of America
| | - Karlye Allison Phillips
- Depression & Anxiety Division, McLean Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Belmont, MA, United States of America
| | - Roy Lardenoije
- Depression & Anxiety Division, McLean Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Belmont, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Klengel
- Depression & Anxiety Division, McLean Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Belmont, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States of America
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Depression & Anxiety Division, McLean Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Belmont, MA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, United States of America.
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Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder afflicting approximately 7% of the population. The diverse number of traumatic events and the wide array of symptom combinations leading to PTSD diagnosis contribute substantial heterogeneity to studies of the disorder. Genomic and complimentary-omic investigations have rapidly increased our understanding of the heritable risk for PTSD. In this review, we emphasize the contributions of genome-wide association, epigenome-wide association, transcriptomic, and neuroimaging studies to our understanding of PTSD etiology. We also discuss the shared risk between PTSD and other complex traits derived from studies of causal inference, co-expression, and brain morphological similarities. The investigations completed so far converge on stark contrasts in PTSD risk between sexes, partially attributed to sex-specific prevalence of traumatic experiences with high conditional risk of PTSD. To further understand PTSD biology, future studies should focus on detecting risk for PTSD while accounting for substantial cohort-level heterogeneity (e.g. civilian v. combat-exposed PTSD cases or PTSD risk among cases exposed to specific traumas), expanding ancestral diversity among study cohorts, and remaining cognizant of how these data influence social stigma associated with certain traumatic events among underrepresented minorities and/or high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
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35
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Radell ML, Hamza EA, Moustafa AA. Depression in post-traumatic stress disorder. Rev Neurosci 2021; 31:703-722. [PMID: 32866132 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms commonly occur after trauma-exposure, both alone and in combination with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article reviews recent research on comorbidity between these disorders, including its implications for symptom severity and response to treatment. Despite considerable symptom overlap, the two disorders represent distinct constructs and depend, at least in part, on separate biological mechanisms. Both, however, are also clearly related to stress psychopathology. We recommend that more research focus specifically on the study of individual differences in symptom expression in order to identify distinct subgroups of individuals and develop targeted treatments. However, a barrier to this line of inquiry is the trend of excluding particular patients from clinical trials of new interventions based on symptom severity or comorbidity. Another obstacle is the overreliance on self-report measures in human research. We argue that developing computer-based behavioral measures in order to supplement self-report can help address this challenge. Furthermore, we propose that these measures can help tie findings from human and non-human animal research. A number of paradigms have been used to model MDD-and PTSD-like behavior in animals. These models remain valuable for understanding the biological basis of these disorders in humans and for identifying potential interventions, but they have been underused for the study of comorbidity. Although the interpretation of animal behavior remains a concern, we propose that this can also be overcome through the development of close human analogs to animal paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milen L Radell
- Department of Psychology, Niagara University, Lewiston, NY, USA
| | - Eid Abo Hamza
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Education, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marcs Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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36
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Han LKM, Dinga R, Hahn T, Ching CRK, Eyler LT, Aftanas L, Aghajani M, Aleman A, Baune BT, Berger K, Brak I, Filho GB, Carballedo A, Connolly CG, Couvy-Duchesne B, Cullen KR, Dannlowski U, Davey CG, Dima D, Duran FLS, Enneking V, Filimonova E, Frenzel S, Frodl T, Fu CHY, Godlewska BR, Gotlib IH, Grabe HJ, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Hall GB, Harrison BJ, Hatton SN, Hermesdorf M, Hickie IB, Ho TC, Hosten N, Jansen A, Kähler C, Kircher T, Klimes-Dougan B, Krämer B, Krug A, Lagopoulos J, Leenings R, MacMaster FP, MacQueen G, McIntosh A, McLellan Q, McMahon KL, Medland SE, Mueller BA, Mwangi B, Osipov E, Portella MJ, Pozzi E, Reneman L, Repple J, Rosa PGP, Sacchet MD, Sämann PG, Schnell K, Schrantee A, Simulionyte E, Soares JC, Sommer J, Stein DJ, Steinsträter O, Strike LT, Thomopoulos SI, van Tol MJ, Veer IM, Vermeiren RRJM, Walter H, van der Wee NJA, van der Werff SJA, Whalley H, Winter NR, Wittfeld K, Wright MJ, Wu MJ, Völzke H, Yang TT, Zannias V, de Zubicaray GI, Zunta-Soares GB, Abé C, Alda M, Andreassen OA, Bøen E, Bonnin CM, Canales-Rodriguez EJ, Cannon D, Caseras X, Chaim-Avancini TM, Elvsåshagen T, Favre P, Foley SF, Fullerton JM, Goikolea JM, Haarman BCM, Hajek T, Henry C, Houenou J, Howells FM, Ingvar M, Kuplicki R, Lafer B, Landén M, Machado-Vieira R, Malt UF, McDonald C, Mitchell PB, Nabulsi L, Otaduy MCG, Overs BJ, Polosan M, Pomarol-Clotet E, Radua J, Rive MM, Roberts G, Ruhe HG, Salvador R, Sarró S, Satterthwaite TD, Savitz J, Schene AH, Schofield PR, Serpa MH, Sim K, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Sutherland AN, Temmingh HS, Timmons GM, Uhlmann A, Vieta E, Wolf DH, Zanetti MV, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Veltman DJ, Penninx BWJH, Marquand AF, Cole JH, Schmaal L. Brain aging in major depressive disorder: results from the ENIGMA major depressive disorder working group. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5124-5139. [PMID: 32424236 PMCID: PMC8589647 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with an increased risk of brain atrophy, aging-related diseases, and mortality. We examined potential advanced brain aging in adult MDD patients, and whether this process is associated with clinical characteristics in a large multicenter international dataset. We performed a mega-analysis by pooling brain measures derived from T1-weighted MRI scans from 19 samples worldwide. Healthy brain aging was estimated by predicting chronological age (18-75 years) from 7 subcortical volumes, 34 cortical thickness and 34 surface area, lateral ventricles and total intracranial volume measures separately in 952 male and 1236 female controls from the ENIGMA MDD working group. The learned model coefficients were applied to 927 male controls and 986 depressed males, and 1199 female controls and 1689 depressed females to obtain independent unbiased brain-based age predictions. The difference between predicted "brain age" and chronological age was calculated to indicate brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD). On average, MDD patients showed a higher brain-PAD of +1.08 (SE 0.22) years (Cohen's d = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.08-0.20) compared with controls. However, this difference did not seem to be driven by specific clinical characteristics (recurrent status, remission status, antidepressant medication use, age of onset, or symptom severity). This highly powered collaborative effort showed subtle patterns of age-related structural brain abnormalities in MDD. Substantial within-group variance and overlap between groups were observed. Longitudinal studies of MDD and somatic health outcomes are needed to further assess the clinical value of these brain-PAD estimates.
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Grants
- RF1 AG041915 NIA NIH HHS
- G0802594 Medical Research Council
- R01 MH083968 NIMH NIH HHS
- MR/L010305/1 Medical Research Council
- R01 MH116147 NIMH NIH HHS
- T32 AG058507 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 HD050735 NICHD NIH HHS
- R21 MH113871 NIMH NIH HHS
- T35 AG026757 NIA NIH HHS
- R56 AG058854 NIA NIH HHS
- K23 MH090421 NIMH NIH HHS
- Wellcome Trust
- R61 AT009864 NCCIH NIH HHS
- P41 EB015922 NIBIB NIH HHS
- P20 GM121312 NIGMS NIH HHS
- R37 MH101495 NIMH NIH HHS
- P41 RR008079 NCRR NIH HHS
- T32 MH073526 NIMH NIH HHS
- 104036/Z/14/Z Wellcome Trust
- UL1 TR001872 NCATS NIH HHS
- Department of Health
- U54 EB020403 NIBIB NIH HHS
- R01 MH117601 NIMH NIH HHS
- MR/R024790/2 Medical Research Council
- K01 MH117442 NIMH NIH HHS
- R01 MH085734 NIMH NIH HHS
- R21 AT009173 NCCIH NIH HHS
- RF1 AG051710 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 AG059874 NIA NIH HHS
- CC was supported by NIH grants U54 EB020403, RF1 AG041915, RF1AG051710, P41EB015922, R01MH116147, and R56AG058854
- Russian Science Foundation (RSF)
- The study was supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grant FKZ-01ER0816 and FKZ-01ER1506)
- Dr. Busatto was supported by the funding agencies FAPESP and CNPq, Brazil
- Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)
- This study was funded by National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Project Grants 1064643 (Principal Investigator BJH) and 1024570 (Principal Investigator CGD).
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)
- This work was supported by NIH grant R37 MH101495
- The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) is part of the Community Medicine Research net (CMR) (http://www.medizin.uni-greifswald.de/icm) of the University Medicine Greifswald, which is supported by the German Federal State of Mecklenburg- West Pomerania. MRI scans in SHIP and SHIP-TREND have been supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. This study was further supported by the EU-JPND Funding for BRIDGET (FKZ:01ED1615).
- Gratama Foundation, the Netherlands (2012/35 to NG)
- This work was partially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via grants to OG (GR1950/5-1 and GR1950/10-1).
- This study was supported by the following National Health and Medical Research Council funding sources: Programme Grant (no. 566529), Centres of Clinical Research Excellence Grant (no. 264611), Australia Fellowship (no. 511921) and Clinical Research Fellowship (no. 402864).
- This study was funded by the National Institute of Mental health grant K23MH090421 (D. Cullen) and Biotechnology Research Center grant P41RR008079 (Center for Magnetic Resonance Research), the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, the University of Minnesota Graduate School, and the Minnesota Medical Foundation. This work was carried out in part using computing resources at the University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute.
- This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant FOR2107 KR 3822/7-2 to AK; FOR2107 KI 588/14-2 to TK and FOR2107 JA 1890/7-2 to AJ)
- The research leading to these results was supported by IMAGEMEND, which received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 602450. This paper reflects only the author’s views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. This work was also supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award 104036/Z/14/Z
- The QTIM dataset was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Project Grants No. 496682 and 1009064) and US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development(RO1HD050735)
- MJP was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spanish Government (ISCIII) through a "Miguel Servet II" (CP16/00020)
- Jair C. Soares supported by the Pat Rutherford Chair in Psychiatry, UTHealth. Jair Soares has received research support from Allergan, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Alquermes and COMPASS. He is a member of the speakers’ bureaus for Sunovion and Sanofi and he is a consultant for Johnson & Johnson.
- The QTIM dataset was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Project Grants No. 496682 and 1009064) and US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (RO1HD050735)
- SIT was supported in part by NIH grants U54 EB020403, RF1 AG041915, RF1AG051710, P41EB015922, R01MH116147, and R56AG058854
- The CODE cohort was collected from studies funded by Lundbeck and the German Research Foundation (WA 1539/4-1, SCHN 1205/3-1, SCHR443/11-1)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (142255)
- Fundet by Research Council of Norway (223273, 248778, 273291), NIH (ENIGMA grants)
- Funded by the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority and a research grant from Mrs. Throne-Holst.
- This work was supported by the Health Research Board, Ireland and the Irish Research Council
- The Cardiff dataset was supported through a 2010 NARSAD Young Investigator Award (ref: 17319) to Dr. Xavier Caseras
- This work was supported by the FRM (Fondation pour la recherche Biomédicale) "Bio-informatique pour la biologie" 2014 grant
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (103703, 106469), Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation, Dalhousie Clinical Research Scholarship to T. Hajek, Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (formerly NARSAD) 2007 Young Investigator and 2015 Independent Investigator Awards to T. Hajek
- This work was supported by the University Research Council of the University of Cape Town and the National Research Foundation of South Africa.
- Australian NHMRC Program Grant 1037196 and Project Grants 1063960 and 1066177.
- This work was supported by research grants from Grenoble University Hospital
- This work was supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 1573) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CPII16/00018) and (PI14/01151 and PI14/01148).
- The DIADE dataset was suported by a ZonMW OOG 2007 grant (100-002-034). HG Ruhe was supported by a ZonMW VENI grant (016.126.059)
- JS is supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM121312) and the National Insitute of Mental Health (R21MH113871)
- Dr. Mauricio was supported by the funding agencies CAPES, Brazil
- This study was supported by R01MH083968, Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, and the US National Science Foundation (Science Gateways Community Institutes; XSEDE).
- GT's work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, Grant T35 AG026757/AG/NIA and the University of California San Diego, Stein Institute for Research on Aging
- "EV thanks the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PI15/00283) integrated into the Plan Nacional de I+D+I y cofinanciado por el ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); CIBERSAM; and the Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca del DIUE de la Generalitat de Catalunya to the Bipolar Disorders Group (2017 SGR 1365) and the project SLT006/17/00357, from PERIS 2016-2020 (Departament de Salut). CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. "
- Dr. Zanetti was supported by FAPESP, Brazil (grant no. 2013/03905-4).
- NIH grants R01 MH117601, R01 AG059874, U54 EB020403, RF1 AG041915, RF1AG051710, P41EB015922, R01MH116147, and R56AG058854
- PT was supported in part by NIH grants U54 EB020403, RF1 AG041915, RF1AG051710, P41EB015922, R01MH116147, and R56AG058854
- Dr Cole is funded by a UKRI Innovation Fellowship
- This work was supported by NIH grants U54 EB020403 and R01 MH116147. LS is supported by a NHMRC Career Development Fellowship (1140764).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K M Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit & GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard Dinga
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit & GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa T Eyler
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lyubomir Aftanas
- FSSBI "Scientific Research Institute of Physiology & Basic Medicine", Laboratory of Affective, Cognitive & Translational Neuroscience, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Neuroscience, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Moji Aghajani
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit & GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Brak
- FSSBI "Scientific Research Institute of Physiology & Basic Medicine", Laboratory of Affective, Cognitive & Translational Neuroscience, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Geraldo Busatto Filho
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Carballedo
- Department for Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- North Dublin Mental Health Services, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm G Connolly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Kathryn R Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christopher G Davey
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Danai Dima
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Fabio L S Duran
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Verena Enneking
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elena Filimonova
- FSSBI "Scientific Research Institute of Physiology & Basic Medicine", Laboratory of Affective, Cognitive & Translational Neuroscience, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stefan Frenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department for Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University (OVGU), Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cynthia H Y Fu
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, University of East London, London, UK
| | | | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Geoffrey B Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Youth Mental Health Team, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marco Hermesdorf
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Youth Mental Health Team, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Standord University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Claas Kähler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Youth Mental Health Team, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast QLD, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Ramona Leenings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank P MacMaster
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Addictions and Mental Health Strategic Clinical Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Glenda MacQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Quinn McLellan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katie L McMahon
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Instititute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bryon A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Benson Mwangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Evgeny Osipov
- Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Neuroscience, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria J Portella
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Cibersam, Spain
| | - Elena Pozzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Pedro G P Rosa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Knut Schnell
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Asklepios Fachklinikum Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egle Simulionyte
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jens Sommer
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Olaf Steinsträter
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lachlan T Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sophia I Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marie-José van Tol
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilya M Veer
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert R J M Vermeiren
- Department of Child Psychiatry, University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J A van der Werff
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Heather Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nils R Winter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mon-Ju Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tony T Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCSF School of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Giovana B Zunta-Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christoph Abé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend Bøen
- Clinic for Mental Health and Dependency, C-L psychiatry and Psychosomatic Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caterina M Bonnin
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Dara Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tiffany M Chaim-Avancini
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pauline Favre
- UNIACT, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin, Atomic Energy Commission, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- Translational Psychiatry Team, Pôle de psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
| | - Sonya F Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jose M Goikolea
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bartholomeus C M Haarman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tomas Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chantal Henry
- Université de Paris, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neuroscience, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Josselin Houenou
- UNIACT, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin, Atomic Energy Commission, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- Translational Psychiatry Team, Pôle de psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
| | - Fleur M Howells
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Beny Lafer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ulrik F Malt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Dependency, C-L psychiatry and Psychosomatic Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kingsford, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leila Nabulsi
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maria Concepcion Garcia Otaduy
- Instituto de Radiologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bronwyn J Overs
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mircea Polosan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Inserm 1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria M Rive
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kingsford, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Henricus G Ruhe
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Salvador
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Salvador Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvannia Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Aart H Schene
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mauricio H Serpa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region and Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ashley N Sutherland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henk S Temmingh
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Valkenberg Psychiatric Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Garrett M Timmons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvannia Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM-21), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit & GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit & GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre F Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James H Cole
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Garrett ME, Qin XJ, Mehta D, Dennis MF, Marx CE, Grant GA, Stein MB, Kimbrel NA, Beckham JC, Hauser MA, Ashley-Koch AE. Gene Expression Analysis in Three Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Cohorts Implicates Inflammation and Innate Immunity Pathways and Uncovers Shared Genetic Risk With Major Depressive Disorder. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:678548. [PMID: 34393704 PMCID: PMC8358297 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.678548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychiatric disorder that can develop following exposure to traumatic events. The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium PTSD group (PGC-PTSD) has collected over 20,000 multi-ethnic PTSD cases and controls and has identified both genetic and epigenetic factors associated with PTSD risk. To further investigate biological correlates of PTSD risk, we examined three PGC-PTSD cohorts comprising 977 subjects to identify differentially expressed genes among PTSD cases and controls. Whole blood gene expression was quantified with the HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip for 726 OEF/OIF veterans from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), 155 samples from the Injury and Traumatic Stress (INTRuST) Clinical Consortium, and 96 Australian Vietnam War veterans. Differential gene expression analysis was performed in each cohort separately followed by meta-analysis. In the largest cohort, we performed co-expression analysis to identify modules of genes that are associated with PTSD and MDD. We then conducted expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and assessed the presence of eQTL interactions involving PTSD and major depressive disorder (MDD). Finally, we utilized PTSD and MDD GWAS summary statistics to identify regions that colocalize with eQTLs. Although not surpassing correction for multiple testing, the most differentially expressed genes in meta-analysis were interleukin-1 beta (IL1B), a pro-inflammatory cytokine previously associated with PTSD, and integrin-linked kinase (ILK), which is highly expressed in brain and can rescue dysregulated hippocampal neurogenesis and memory deficits. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 receptor genes, which are integral to cellular innate immune response. Co-expression analysis identified four modules of genes associated with PTSD, two of which are also associated with MDD, demonstrating common biological pathways underlying the two conditions. Lastly, we identified four genes (UBA7, HLA-F, HSPA1B, and RERE) with high probability of a shared causal eQTL variant with PTSD and/or MDD GWAS variants, thereby providing a potential mechanism by which the GWAS variant contributes to disease risk. In summary, we provide additional evidence for genes and pathways previously reported and identified plausible novel candidates for PTSD. These data provide further insight into genetic factors and pathways involved in PTSD, as well as potential regions of pleiotropy between PTSD and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie E Garrett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xue Jun Qin
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle F Dennis
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States.,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Christine E Marx
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States.,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gerald A Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States.,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States.,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Zhou YG, Shang ZL, Zhang F, Wu LL, Sun LN, Jia YP, Yu HB, Liu WZ. PTSD: Past, present and future implications for China. Chin J Traumatol 2021; 24:187-208. [PMID: 33994278 PMCID: PMC8343811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a long history since human beings began to realize the existence of post-traumatic symptoms. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a diagnostic category adopted in 1980 in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Ⅲ, described typical clusters of psychiatric symptoms occurring after traumatic events. Abundant researches have helped deepen the understanding of PTSD in terms of epidemiological features, biological mechanisms, and treatment options. The prevalence of PTSD in general population ranged from 6.4% to 7.8% and was significantly higher among groups who underwent major public traumatic events. There has been a long way in the studies of animal models and genetic characteristics of PTSD. However, the high comorbidity with other stress-related psychiatric disorders and complexity in the pathogenesis of PTSD hindered the effort to find specific biological targets for PTSD. Neuroimage was widely used to elucidate the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of PTSD. Functional MRI studies have showed that PTSD was linked to medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and sub-cortical structures like amygdala and hippocampus, and to explore the functional connectivity among these brain areas which might reveal the possible neurobiological mechanism related to PTSD symptoms. For now, cognitive behavior therapy-based psychotherapy, including combination with adjunctive medication, showed evident treatment effects on PTSD. The emergence of more effective PTSD pharmacotherapies awaits novel biomarkers from further fundamental research. Several natural disasters and emergencies have inevitably increased the possibility of suffering from PTSD in the last two decades, making it critical to strengthen PTSD research in China. To boost PTSD study in China, the following suggestions might be helpful: (1) establishing a national psychological trauma recover project, and (2) exploring the mechanisms of PTSD with joint effort and strengthening the indigenized treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Guang Zhou
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Lei Shang
- The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Li-Li Wu
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lu-Na Sun
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan-Pu Jia
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hai-Bo Yu
- Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Wei-Zhi Liu
- Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,The Emotion & Cognition Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China,Corresponding author. Lab for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Bountress KE, Wendt F, Bustamante D, Agrawal A, Webb B, Gillespie N, Edenberg H, Sheerin C, Johnson E, Polimanti R, Amstadter A. Potential causal effect of posttraumatic stress disorder on alcohol use disorder and alcohol consumption in individuals of European descent: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1616-1623. [PMID: 34120358 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occurs with alcohol consumption (AC) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, it is unknown whether the same etiologic influences that underlie PTSD co-occurring with AUD are those that underlie PTSD and AC individually. METHODS This study used large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to test whether PTSD and drinks per week [DPW]/AUD are causally related to one another, and, if so, whether PTSD precedes DPW/AUD and/or vice versa. We used Mendelian Randomization methods to analyze European ancestry GWAS summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC; PTSD), GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine Use (GSCAN; DPW), and the Million Veteran Program (MVP; AUD). RESULTS PTSD exerted a potentially causal effect on AUD (β = 0.039, SE = 0.014, p = 0.005), but not on DPW (β = 0.002, SE = 0.003, p = 0.414). Additionally, neither DPW (β = 0.019, SE = 0.041, p = 0.637) nor AUD (β = 8.87 × 10-4 , SE = 0.001, p = 0.441) exerted a causal effect on PTSD. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with the self-medication model, in which individuals misuse alcohol to cope with aversive trauma-related symptoms. These findings extend latent analysis and molecular findings of shared and correlated risk between PTSD and alcohol phenotypes. Given the health behaviors associated with these phenotypes, these findings are important in that they suggest groups to prioritize for prevention efforts. Further, they provide a rationale for future preclinical and clinical studies examining the biological mechanisms by which PTSD may impact AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin E Bountress
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Frank Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Bustamante
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nathan Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Howard Edenberg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Christina Sheerin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Emma Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Ananda Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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40
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Mundy J, Hübel C, Gelernter J, Levey D, Murray RM, Skelton M, Stein MB, Vassos E, Breen G, Coleman JRI. Psychological trauma and the genetic overlap between posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-10. [PMID: 34085609 PMCID: PMC8962503 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly reported co-occurring mental health consequences of psychological trauma exposure. The disorders have high genetic overlap. Trauma is a complex phenotype but research suggests that trauma sensitivity has a heritable basis. We investigated whether sensitivity to trauma in those with MDD reflects a similar genetic component in those with PTSD. METHODS Genetic correlations between PTSD and MDD in individuals reporting trauma and MDD in individuals not reporting trauma were estimated, as well as with recurrent MDD and single-episode MDD, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Genetic correlations were replicated using PTSD data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Million Veteran Program. Polygenic risk scores were generated in UK Biobank participants who met the criteria for lifetime MDD (N = 29 471). We investigated whether genetic loading for PTSD was associated with reporting trauma in these individuals. RESULTS Genetic loading for PTSD was significantly associated with reporting trauma in individuals with MDD [OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01-1.07), Empirical-p = 0.02]. PTSD was significantly more genetically correlated with recurrent MDD than with MDD in individuals not reporting trauma (rg differences = ~0.2, p < 0.008). Participants who had experienced recurrent MDD reported significantly higher rates of trauma than participants who had experienced single-episode MDD (χ2 > 166, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings point towards the existence of genetic variants associated with trauma sensitivity that might be shared between PTSD and MDD, although replication with better powered GWAS is needed. Our findings corroborate previous research highlighting trauma exposure as a key risk factor for recurrent MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mundy
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK
| | - Christopher Hübel
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel Levey
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robin M. Murray
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Skelton
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK
| | - Murray B. Stein
- Psychiatry Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan R. I. Coleman
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, UK
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41
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Warrier V, Baron-Cohen S. Childhood trauma, life-time self-harm, and suicidal behaviour and ideation are associated with polygenic scores for autism. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1670-1684. [PMID: 31659270 PMCID: PMC8159746 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autistic individuals experience significantly elevated rates of childhood trauma, self-harm and suicidal behaviour and ideation (SSBI). Is this purely the result of negative environmental experiences, or does this interact with genetic predisposition? In this study we investigated if a genetic predisposition for autism is associated with childhood trauma using polygenic scores (PGS) and genetic correlations in the UK Biobank (105,222 < N < 105,638), and tested potential mediators and moderators of the association between autism, childhood trauma and SSBI. Autism PGS were significantly associated with childhood trauma (max R2 = 0.096%, P < 2 × 10-16), self-harm ideation (max R2 = 0.108%, P < 2 × 10-16), and self-harm (max R2 = 0.13%, P < 2 × 10-16). Supporting this, we identified significant genetic correlations between autism and childhood trauma (rg = 0.36 ± 0.05, P = 8.13 × 10-11), self-harm ideation (rg = 0.49 ± 0.05, P = 4.17 × 10-21) and self-harm (rg = 0.48 ± 0.05, P = 4.58 × 10-21), and an over-transmission of PGS for the two SSBI phenotypes from parents to autistic probands. Male sex negatively moderated the effect of autism PGS on childhood trauma (β = -0.023 ± 0.005, P = 6.74 × 10-5). Further, childhood trauma positively moderated the effect of autism PGS on self-harm score (β = 8.37 × 10-3 ± 2.76 × 10-3, P = 2.42 × 10-3) and self-harm ideation (β = 7.47 × 10-3 ± 2.76 × 10-3, P = 6.71 × 10-3). Finally, depressive symptoms, quality and frequency of social interactions, and educational attainment were significant mediators of the effect of autism PGS on SSBI, with the proportion of effect mediated ranging from 0.23 (95% CI: 0.09-0.32) for depression to 0.008 (95% CI: 0.004-0.01) for educational attainment. Our findings identify that a genetic predisposition for autism is associated with adverse life-time outcomes, which represent complex gene-environment interactions, and prioritizes potential mediators and moderators of this shared biology. It is important to identify sources of trauma for autistic individuals in order to reduce their occurrence and impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder and its association with stroke and stroke risk factors: A literature review. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100332. [PMID: 34026954 PMCID: PMC8122169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability globally that has multiple risk factors. A risk factor that has recently gained more attention is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Literature searches were carried out for updated PTSD information and for the relationship between PTSD and stroke. The review was divided into two sections, one exploring PTSD as an independent risk factor for stroke, with a second concentrating on PTSD's influence on stroke risk factors. The study presents accumulating evidence that shows traumatic stress predicts stroke and is also linked to many major stroke risk factors. The review contributes knowledge to stroke aetiology and acts as a reference for understanding the relationship between PTSD and stroke. The information presented indicates that screening and identification of traumatic experience would be beneficial for directing stroke patients to appropriate psychological and lifestyle interventions. In doing so, the burden of stroke may be reduced worldwide.
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43
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Lind MJ, Brick LA, Gehrman PR, Duncan LE, Gelaye B, Maihofer AX, Nievergelt CM, Nugent NR, Stein MB, Amstadter AB. Molecular genetic overlap between posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep phenotypes. Sleep 2021; 43:5658424. [PMID: 31802129 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep problems are common, serving as both a predictor and symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with these bidirectional relationships well established in the literature. While both sleep phenotypes and PTSD are moderately heritable, there has been a paucity of investigation into potential genetic overlap between sleep and PTSD. Here, we estimate genetic correlations between multiple sleep phenotypes (including insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and chronotype) and PTSD, using results from the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date of PTSD, as well as publicly available GWAS results for sleep phenotypes within UK Biobank data (23 variations, encompassing four main phenotypes). METHODS Genetic correlations were estimated utilizing linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), an approach that uses GWAS summary statistics to compute genetic correlations across traits, and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were conducted to follow up on significant correlations. RESULTS Significant, moderate genetic correlations were found between insomnia symptoms (rg range 0.36-0.49), oversleeping (rg range 0.32-0.44), undersleeping (rg range 0.48-0.49), and PTSD. In contrast, there were mixed results for continuous sleep duration and daytime sleepiness phenotypes, and chronotype was not correlated with PTSD. MR analyses did not provide evidence for casual effects of sleep phenotypes on PTSD. CONCLUSION Sleep phenotypes, particularly insomnia symptoms and extremes of sleep duration, have shared genetic etiology with PTSD, but causal relationships were not identified. This highlights the importance of further investigation into the overlapping influences on these phenotypes as sample sizes increase and new methods to investigate directionality and causality become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Lind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, WA.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior in Alpert Medical School of Brown University, RI
| | - Philip R Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Laramie E Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, CA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard School of Medicine, MA
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego and Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA
| | - Nicole R Nugent
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior in Alpert Medical School of Brown University, RI.,Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center of Rhode Island Hospital, RI
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California San Diego, CA and VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has recently been recognized as a separate psychiatric diagnosis, despite controversy over the extent to which it is distinctive from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS This study investigated distinctive neural processes underpinning emotion processing in participants with PGD, PTSD, and MDD with functional magnetic resonance study of 117 participants that included PGD (n = 21), PTSD (n = 45), MDD (n = 26), and bereaved controls (BC) (n = 25). Neural responses were measured across the brain while sad, happy, or neutral faces were presented at both supraliminal and subliminal levels. RESULTS PGD had greater activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), bilateral insula, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and right caudate and also greater pgACC-right pallidum connectivity relative to BC during subliminal processing of happy faces. PGD was distinct relative to both PTSD and MDD groups with greater recruitment of the medial orbitofrontal cortex during supraliminal processing of sad faces. PGD were also distinct relative to MDD (but not PTSD) with greater activation in the left amygdala, caudate, and putamen during subliminal presentation of sad faces. There was no distinction between PGD, PTSD, and MDD during processing of happy faces. CONCLUSIONS These results provide initial evidence of distinct neural profiles of PGD relative to related psychopathological conditions, and highlight activation of neural regions implicated in reward networks. This pattern of findings validates current models of PGD that emphasize the roles of yearning and appetitive processes in PGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Elpiniki Andrew
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mayuresh S Korgaonkar
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute of Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Castro-Vale I, Durães C, van Rossum EFC, Staufenbiel SM, Severo M, Lemos MC, Carvalho D. The Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene ( NR3C1) 9β SNP Is Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9020173. [PMID: 33562675 PMCID: PMC7915937 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with glucocorticoid (GC) hypersensitivity. Although genetic factors account for 30–46% of the variance in PTSD, no associations have been found between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the GC receptor (GR) gene (NR3C1) and risk for this disorder. We studied the association of five SNPs in the GR gene (rs10052957, rs6189/rs6190, rs6195, rs41423247, and rs6198) and haplotypes with PTSD, in a group of Portuguese male war veterans (33 with lifetime PTSD, 28 without). To determine whether the 9β SNP (rs6198) was associated with chronically altered cortisol levels, we evaluated hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in a sample of 69 veterans’ offspring. The 9β variant (G allele) was significantly associated with lifetime PTSD under a dominant model of inheritance. The 9β variant was also significantly associated with severity of current PTSD symptoms. The haplotype analysis revealed an association between a common haplotype comprising the 9β risk allele and lifetime PTSD. Carriers of the 9β risk allele had significantly lower HCC than non-carriers. We found the 9β risk allele and a haplotype comprising the 9β risk allele of the GR gene to be associated with PTSD in veterans. This 9β risk allele was also associated with lower HCC in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Castro-Vale
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.D.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220426920
| | - Cecília Durães
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.D.); (D.C.)
- Ipatimup—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabeth F. C. van Rossum
- Erasmus MC, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.F.C.v.R.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Sabine M. Staufenbiel
- Erasmus MC, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.F.C.v.R.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Milton Severo
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Medical Education and Simulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel C. Lemos
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - Davide Carvalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (C.D.); (D.C.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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46
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Seo JH, Kim TY, Kim SJ, Choi JH, So HS, Kang JI. Possible Association of Polymorphisms in Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 46 Gene With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:663647. [PMID: 34456759 PMCID: PMC8385240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.663647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dynamic proteolysis, through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, has an important role in DNA transcription and cell cycle, and is considered to modulate cell stress response and synaptic plasticity. We investigated whether genetic variants in the ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 46 (USP46) would be associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with exposure to combat trauma using a case-control candidate gene association design. Methods: Korean male veterans exposed to the Vietnam War were grouped into those with (n = 128) and without (n = 128) PTSD. Seven tagging SNPs of USP46 were selected, and single-marker and haplotype-based association analyses were performed. All analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic factors and levels of combat exposure severity and alcohol problem. Results: One single-marker (rs2244291) showed nominal evidence of association with PTSD status and with the "re-experiencing" cluster, although the association was not significant after Bonferroni correction. No significant association with the other SNPs or the haplotypes was detected. Conclusion: The present finding suggests preliminarily that genetic vulnerability regarding the ubiquitin-proteasome system may be related to fear memory processes and the development of PTSD symptoms after trauma exposure. Further studies with a larger sample size will be needed to examine the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system including USP46 in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Seo
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Yong Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se Joo Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Choi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Seok So
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee In Kang
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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47
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Waszczuk MA, Docherty AR, Shabalin AA, Miao J, Yang X, Kuan PF, Bromet E, Kotov R, Luft BJ. Polygenic prediction of PTSD trajectories in 9/11 responders. Psychol Med 2020; 52:1-9. [PMID: 33092657 PMCID: PMC8186149 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetics hold promise of predicting long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) outcomes following trauma. The aim of the current study was to test whether six hypothesized polygenic risk scores (PRSs) developed to capture genetic vulnerability to psychiatric conditions prospectively predict PTSD onset, severity, and 18-year course after trauma exposure. METHODS Participants were 1490 responders to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster (mean age at 9/11 = 38.81 years, s.d. = 8.20; 93.5% male; 23.8% lifetime WTC-related PTSD diagnosis). Prospective longitudinal data on WTC-related PTSD symptoms were obtained from electronic medical records and modelled as PTSD trajectories using growth mixture model analysis. Independent regression models tested whether six hypothesized psychiatric PRSs (PTSD-PRS, Re-experiencing-PRS, Generalized Anxiety-PRS, Schizophrenia-PRS, Depression-PRS, and Neuroticism-PRS) are predictive of WTC-PTSD outcomes: lifetime diagnoses, average symptom severity, and 18-year symptom trajectory. All analyses were adjusted for population stratification, 9/11 exposure severity, and multiple testing. RESULTS Depression-PRS predicted PTSD diagnostic status (OR 1.37, CI 1.17-1.61, adjusted p = 0.001). All PRSs, except PTSD-PRS, significantly predicted average PTSD symptoms (β = 0.06-0.10, adjusted p < 0.05). Re-experiencing-PRS, Generalized Anxiety-PRS and Schizophrenia-PRS predicted the high severity PTSD trajectory class (ORs 1.21-1.28, adjusted p < 0.05). Finally, PRSs prediction was independent of 9/11 exposure severity and jointly accounted for 3.7 times more variance in PTSD symptoms than the exposure severity. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric PRSs prospectively predicted WTC-related PTSD lifetime diagnosis, average symptom severity, and 18-year trajectory in responders to 9/11 disaster. Jointly, PRSs were more predictive of subsequent PTSD than the exposure severity. In the future, PRSs may help identify at-risk responders who might benefit from targeted prevention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrey A Shabalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jiaju Miao
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- World Trade Center Health and Wellness Program, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Pei-Fen Kuan
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Evelyn Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin J Luft
- World Trade Center Health and Wellness Program, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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48
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Castro-Vale I, Carvalho D. The Pathways between Cortisol-Related Regulation Genes and PTSD Psychotherapy. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8040376. [PMID: 33019527 PMCID: PMC7712185 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) only develops after exposure to a traumatic event in some individuals. PTSD can be chronic and debilitating, and is associated with co-morbidities such as depression, substance use, and cardiometabolic disorders. One of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of PTSD and its subsequent maintenance is a dysfunctional hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The corticotrophin-releasing hormone, cortisol, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and their respective genes are some of the mediators of PTSD's pathophysiology. Several treatments are available, including medication and psychotherapies, although their success rate is limited. Some pharmacological therapies based on the HPA axis are currently being tested in clinical trials and changes in HPA axis biomarkers have been found to occur in response not only to pharmacological treatments, but also to psychotherapy-including the epigenetic modification of the GR gene. Psychotherapies are considered to be the first line treatments for PTSD in some guidelines, even though they are effective for some, but not for all patients with PTSD. This review aims to address how knowledge of the HPA axis-related genetic makeup can inform and predict the outcomes of psychotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Castro-Vale
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Davide Carvalho
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, São João Hospital University Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
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49
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Gatta E, Saudagar V, Auta J, Grayson DR, Guidotti A. Epigenetic landscape of stress surfeit disorders: Key role for DNA methylation dynamics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 156:127-183. [PMID: 33461662 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress throughout lifespan alters brain structure and function, inducing a maladaptive response to environmental stimuli, that can contribute to the development of a pathological phenotype. Studies have shown that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction is associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive, alcohol use and post-traumatic stress disorders. Downstream actors of the HPA axis, glucocorticoids are critical mediators of the stress response and exert their function through specific receptors, i.e., the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), highly expressed in stress/reward-integrative pathways. GRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that recruit epigenetic actors to regulate gene expression via DNA methylation, altering chromatin structure and thus shaping the response to stress. The dynamic interplay between stress response and epigenetic modifiers suggest DNA methylation plays a key role in the development of stress surfeit disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gatta
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vikram Saudagar
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James Auta
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dennis R Grayson
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alessandro Guidotti
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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50
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Chin JSR, Loomis CL, Albert LT, Medina-Trenche S, Kowalko J, Keene AC, Duboué ER. Analysis of stress responses in Astyanax larvae reveals heterogeneity among different populations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 334:486-496. [PMID: 32767504 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses are conserved physiological and behavioral outcomes as a result of facing potentially harmful stimuli, yet in pathological states, stress becomes debilitating. Stress responses vary considerably throughout the animal kingdom, but how these responses are shaped evolutionarily is unknown. The Mexican cavefish has emerged as a powerful system for examining genetic principles underlying behavioral evolution. Here, we demonstrate that cave Astyanax have reduced behavioral and physiological measures of stress when examined at larval stages. We also find increased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor, a repressible element of the neuroendocrine stress pathway. Additionally, we examine stress in three different cave populations, and find that some, but not all, show reduced stress measures. Together, these results reveal a mechanistic system by which cave-dwelling fish reduced stress, presumably to compensate for a predator poor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S R Chin
- Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida.,Department of Biological Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Cody L Loomis
- Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida.,Department of Biological Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Lydia T Albert
- Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida.,Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Shirley Medina-Trenche
- Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida.,Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Johanna Kowalko
- Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida.,Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Alex C Keene
- Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida.,Department of Biological Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Erik R Duboué
- Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida.,Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
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