2
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Grangeon L, Wallon D, Charbonnier C, Quenez O, Richard AC, Rousseau S, Budowski C, Lebouvier T, Corbille AG, Vidailhet M, Méneret A, Roze E, Anheim M, Tranchant C, Favrole P, Antoine JC, Defebvre L, Ayrignac X, Labauge P, Pariente J, Clanet M, Maltête D, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Frebourg T, Hannequin D, Campion D, Nicolas G. Biallelic MYORG mutation carriers exhibit primary brain calcification with a distinct phenotype. Brain 2020; 142:1573-1586. [PMID: 31009047 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurogenetic disorder with diverse neuropsychiatric expression. Mutations in four genes cause autosomal dominant PFBC: SLC20A2, XPR1, PDGFB and PDGFRB. Recently, biallelic mutations in the MYORG gene have been reported to cause PFBC with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. We screened MYORG in 29 unrelated probands negatively screened for the autosomal dominant PFBC genes and identified 11 families with a biallelic rare or novel predicted damaging variant. We studied the clinical and radiological features of 16 patients of these 11 families and compared them to that of 102 autosomal dominant PFBC patients carrying a mutation in one of the four known autosomal dominant PFBC genes. We found that MYORG patients exhibited a high clinical penetrance with a median age of onset of 52 years (range: 21-62) with motor impairment at the forefront. In particular, dysarthria was the presenting sign in 11/16 patients. In contrast to patients with autosomal dominant PFBC, 12/15 (80%) symptomatic patients eventually presented at least four of the following five symptoms: dysarthria, cerebellar syndrome, gait disorder of any origin, akinetic-hypertonic syndrome and pyramidal signs. In addition to the most severe clinical pattern, MYORG patients exhibited the most severe pattern of calcifications as compared to the patients from the four autosomal dominant PFBC gene categories. Strikingly, 12/15 presented with brainstem calcifications in addition to extensive calcifications in other brain areas (lenticular nuclei, thalamus, cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, ±cortex). Among them, eight patients exhibited pontine calcifications, which were observed in none of the autosomal dominant PFBC patients and hence appeared to be highly specific. Finally, all patients exhibited cerebellar atrophy with diverse degrees of severity on CT scans. We confirmed the existence of cerebellar atrophy by performing MRI voxel-based morphometry analyses of MYORG patients with autosomal dominant PFBC mutation carriers as a comparison group. Of note, in three families, the father carried small pallido-dentate calcifications while carrying the mutation at the heterozygous state, suggesting a putative phenotypic expression in some heterozygous carriers. In conclusion, we confirm that MYORG is a novel major PFBC causative gene and that the phenotype associated with such mutations may be recognized based on pedigree, clinical and radiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Grangeon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Rousseau
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Clara Budowski
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Thibaud Lebouvier
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie Vidailhet
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine de Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine de Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine de Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Favrole
- Department of Neurology, Aix Hospital, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Luc Defebvre
- Department of Neurology A, Salengro University Hospital, and EA4559, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Ayrignac
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Labauge
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Inserm, Toulouse, France.,Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Clanet
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - David Maltête
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | | | - Thierry Frebourg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-les-Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
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18
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Crow YJ, Jackson AP, Roberts E, van Beusekom E, Barth P, Corry P, Ferrie CD, Hamel BCJ, Jayatunga R, Karbani G, Kálmánchey R, Kelemen A, King M, Kumar R, Livingstone J, Massey R, McWilliam R, Meager A, Rittey C, Stephenson JBP, Tolmie JL, Verrips A, Voit T, van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG, Woods CG. Aicardi-Goutières syndrome displays genetic heterogeneity with one locus (AGS1) on chromosome 3p21. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:213-21. [PMID: 10827106 PMCID: PMC1287108 DOI: 10.1086/302955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2000] [Accepted: 04/17/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied 23 children from 13 families with a clinical diagnosis of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Affected individuals had developed an early-onset progressive encephalopathy that was characterized by a normal head circumference at birth, basal ganglia calcification, negative viral studies, and abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid comprising either raised white cell counts and/or raised levels of interferon-alpha. By means of genomewide linkage analysis, a maximum-heterogeneity LOD score of 5.28 was reached at marker D3S3563, with alpha=.48, where alpha is the proportion of families showing linkage. Our data suggest the existence of locus heterogeneity in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and highlight potential difficulties in the differentiation of this condition from pseudo-TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2) syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/epidemiology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/physiopathology
- Age of Onset
- Brain Damage, Chronic/diagnosis
- Brain Damage, Chronic/epidemiology
- Brain Damage, Chronic/genetics
- Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Lod Score
- Male
- Models, Genetic
- Pedigree
- Syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. Crow
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. P. Jackson
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - E. Roberts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - E. van Beusekom
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - P. Barth
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - P. Corry
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. D. Ferrie
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - B. C. J. Hamel
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Jayatunga
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - G. Karbani
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Kálmánchey
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Kelemen
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M. King
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. Livingstone
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. Massey
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R. McWilliam
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Meager
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. Rittey
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. B. P. Stephenson
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J. L. Tolmie
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Verrips
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - T. Voit
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H. van Bokhoven
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H. G. Brunner
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. G. Woods
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Department of Clinical Genetics, St. James’s University Hospital, University of Leeds, and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom; Departments of Human Genetics and Child Neurology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, University of Amsterdam; Department of Paediatrics, St. Luke’s Hospital, Bradford, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Sandwell Hospital, West Bromwich, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Dublin; Clinical Genetics Unit and Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
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