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Xie X, Lin H, Zhang X, Song P, He X, Zhong J, Shi J. Overexpression of GDP dissociation inhibitor 1 gene associates with the invasiveness and poor outcomes of colorectal cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5595-5606. [PMID: 34515625 PMCID: PMC8806759 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1967031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) regulates the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of most Rab proteins by inhibiting GDP dissociation. This study evaluated the potential prognostic and predictive value of GDI1 in colorectal cancer (CRC). To address the prognostic power of GDI1, we performed individual and pooled survival analyses on six independent CRC microarray gene expression datasets. GDI1-enriched signatures were also analyzed. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional analyses were employed for survival analysis. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was performed to validate the clinical relevance and prognostic significance of the GDI1 protein level in CRC tissue samples. The results revealed that GDI1 mRNA level was significantly linked with the aggressiveness of CRC, which is compatible with gene set enrichment analysis. A meta-analysis and pooled analysis demonstrated that a higher mRNA GDI1 expression was dramatically correlated with a worse survival in a dose-dependent manner in CRC patients. Further IHC analysis validated that the protein expression of GDI1 in both cytoplasm and membrane also significantly impacted the outcome of CRC patients. In CRC patients with stage III, chemotherapy significantly reduced the relative risk of death in low-GDI1 subgroup (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.22; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.09-0.56, p = 0.0003), but not in high-GDI1 subgroup (HR = 0.63; 95% CI 0.35-1.14, p = 0.1137). Therefore, both high mRNA and protein levels of GDI1 were significantly related to poor outcomes in CRC patients. GD11 may serve as a prognostic biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huajiang Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pengtao Song
- Department of Pathology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangyi He
- Department of Pathology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiemin Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Wan M, Lee SSJ, Zhang X, Houwink-Manville I, Song HR, Amir RE, Budden S, Naidu S, Pereira JLP, Lo IFM, Zoghbi HY, Schanen NC, Francke U. Rett syndrome and beyond: recurrent spontaneous and familial MECP2 mutations at CpG hotspots. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:1520-9. [PMID: 10577905 PMCID: PMC1288362 DOI: 10.1086/302690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/1999] [Accepted: 10/25/1999] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by loss of acquired skills after a period of normal development in infant girls. The responsible gene, encoding methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), was recently discovered. Here we explore the spectrum of phenotypes resulting from MECP2 mutations. Both nonsense (R168X and R255X) and missense (R106W and R306C) mutations have been found, with multiple recurrences. R168X mutations were identified in six unrelated sporadic cases, as well as in two affected sisters and their normal mother. The missense mutations were de novo and affect conserved domains of MeCP2. All of the nucleotide substitutions involve C-->T transitions at CpG hotspots. A single nucleotide deletion, at codon 137, that creates a L138X stop codon within the methyl-binding domain was found in an individual with features of RTT and incontinentia pigmenti. An 806delG deletion causing a V288X stop in the transcription-repression domain was identified in a woman with motor-coordination problems, mild learning disability, and skewed X inactivation; in her sister and daughter, who were affected with classic RTT; and in her hemizygous son, who died from congenital encephalopathy. Thus, some males with RTT-causing MECP2 mutations may survive to birth, and female heterozygotes with favorably skewed X-inactivation patterns may have little or no involvement. Therefore, MECP2 mutations are not limited to RTT and may be implicated in a much broader phenotypic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Wan
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Stephen Sung Jae Lee
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Xianyu Zhang
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Isa Houwink-Manville
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Hae-Ri Song
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Ruthie E. Amir
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Sarojini Budden
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - SakkuBai Naidu
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Jose Luiz P. Pereira
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Ivan F. M. Lo
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Huda Y. Zoghbi
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - N. Carolyn Schanen
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
| | - Uta Francke
- Department
of Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of
Human Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles; Child
Development and Rehabilitation Center, Oregon Health Science University,
Portland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical
Institutions, Baltimore; Hospital General do Portao, and
Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Parana,
Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Clinical Genetic Service,
Department of Health, Hong Kong; and Departments of
Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics
and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston
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