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Connell AR, Connell J, Leahy TR, Hassan J. Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations-Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines? Front Immunol 2020; 11:2089. [PMID: 33072071 PMCID: PMC7531022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
History illustrates the remarkable public health impact of mass vaccination, by dramatically improving life expectancy and reducing the burden of infectious diseases and co-morbidities worldwide. It has been perceived that if an individual adhered to the MMR vaccine schedule that immunity to mumps virus (MuV) would be lifelong. Recent mumps outbreaks in individuals who had received two doses of the Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccine has challenged the efficacy of the MMR vaccine. However, clinical symptoms, complications, viral shedding and transmission associated with mumps infection has been shown to be reduced in vaccinated individuals, demonstrating a benefit of this vaccine. Therefore, the question of what constitutes a good mumps vaccine and how its impact is assessed in this modern era remains to be addressed. Epidemiology of the individuals most affected by the outbreaks (predominantly young adults) and variance in the circulating MuV genotype have been well-described alluding to a collection of influences such as vaccine hesitancy, heterogeneous vaccine uptake, primary, and/or secondary vaccine failures. This review aims to discuss in detail the interplay of factors thought to be contributing to the current mumps outbreaks seen in highly vaccinated populations. In addition, how mumps diagnoses has progressed and impacted the understanding of mumps infection since a mumps vaccine was first developed, the limitations of current laboratory tests in confirming protection in vaccinated individuals and how vaccine effectiveness is quantified are also considered. By highlighting knowledge gaps within this area, this state-of-the-art review proposes a change of perspective regarding the impact of a vaccine in a highly vaccinated population from a clinical, diagnostic and public perspective, highlighting a need for a paradigm shift on what is considered vaccine immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Connell
- National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeff Connell
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T. Ronan Leahy
- Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jaythoon Hassan
- National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ramanathan R, Voigt EA, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Knowledge gaps persist and hinder progress in eliminating mumps. Vaccine 2018; 36:3721-3726. [PMID: 29784466 PMCID: PMC6031229 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mumps, a common childhood disease in the pre-vaccine era that causes swelling of the parotid salivary glands, can lead to orchitis, viral meningitis, and sensorineural deafness. While the incidence of disease decreased dramatically after the vaccine was added to standard vaccination schedules, the disease has made a substantial resurgence in recent years. As a result, it becomes critical to examine the factors involved in recurring outbreaks. Although low and incomplete vaccination coverage may be a key reason, it does not fully explain the issue due to the high rate of occurrence in populations with high vaccination coverage rates. Multiple studies suggest that waning immunity and secondary vaccine failure play a large role, the effects of which were previously masked by subclinical boosting. Significant knowledge gaps persist around the exact role and mechanism of waning immunity and demonstrate the need for more research in this area, as well as a reevaluation of mumps vaccine policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramanathan
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - E A Voigt
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - R B Kennedy
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - G A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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L’Huillier AG, Eshaghi A, Racey CS, Ogbulafor K, Lombos E, Higgins RR, Alexander DC, Kristjanson E, Maregmen J, Gubbay JB, Mazzulli T. Laboratory testing and phylogenetic analysis during a mumps outbreak in Ontario, Canada. Virol J 2018; 15:98. [PMID: 29866178 PMCID: PMC5987625 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In September 2009, a mumps outbreak originated in New York and spread to Northeastern USA and Canada. This study compares the performance of different diagnostic testing methods used in Ontario and describes molecular characteristics of the outbreak strain. METHODS Between September 2009 and February 2010, specimens from suspect cases were submitted to Public Health Ontario Laboratory for mumps serology, culture and/or real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) testing. rRT-PCR-positive specimens underwent genotyping at Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory. Whole genome sequencing was performed on four outbreak and three sporadic viral culture isolates. RESULTS Six hundred ninety-eight patients had IgM serology testing, of which 255 (37%) had culture and rRT-PCR. Among those, 35/698 (5%) were IgM positive, 39/255 (15%) culture positive and 47/255 (18%) rRT-PCR-positive. Buccal swabs had the highest rRT-PCR positivity (21%). The outbreak isolates were identical to that in the New York outbreak occurring at the same time. Nucleotide and amino acid identity with the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain ranged from 85.0-94.5% and 82.4-99.4%, depending on the gene and coding sequences. Homology of the HN protein, the main immunogenic mumps virus protein, was found to be 94.5 and 95.3%, when compared to Jeryl Lynn vaccine major and minor components, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Despite higher sensitivity than serology, rRT-PCR testing is underutilized. Further work is needed to better understand the suboptimal match of the HN gene between the outbreak strain and the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud G. L’Huillier
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8 Canada
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Alireza Eshaghi
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - C. Sarai Racey
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
- Present address: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Katherene Ogbulafor
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Ernesto Lombos
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Rachel R. Higgins
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - David C. Alexander
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
- Present address: Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3Y1 Canada
| | - Erik Kristjanson
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Jocelyn Maregmen
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Jonathan B. Gubbay
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8 Canada
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
- University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1 Canada
- University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1 Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5 Canada
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Bockelman C, Frawley TC, Long B, Koyfman A. Mumps: An Emergency Medicine-Focused Update. J Emerg Med 2017; 54:207-214. [PMID: 29110978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mumps is a Paramyxoviridae virus. This disease was rampant prior to introduction of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, resulting in decreased incidence. This disease has demonstrated several outbreaks. OBJECTIVE This review provides a focused evaluation of mumps, an update on outbreaks, management recommendations, and ways to decrease transmission. DISCUSSION Clusters of mumps outbreaks continue to occur. The virus is a paramyxovirus, a single-stranded RNA virus. The vaccine can provide lifelong immunity if administered properly, though prior to 1967 and introduction of the vaccine, the virus was common. In the past decade, there have been several notable outbreaks. Humans are the only known hosts, with disease spread through exposure to droplets and saliva. Factors affecting transmission include age, compromised immunity, time of year, travel, and vaccination status. Upper respiratory symptoms, fever, and headache are common, with unilateral or bilateral parotitis, and the virus may spread to other systems. Diagnosis is clinical, though polymerase chain reaction and immunoglobulin testing are available. This review provides several recommendations for vaccine in pregnancy, patients living in close quarters, health care personnel, and those immunocompromised. Treatment is generally supportive, with emphasis on proper isolation to prevent widespread outbreaks. Although reporting regulations and procedures vary by state, mumps is reportable in most states. CONCLUSIONS Mumps is an easily spread virus. Although vaccination is the most effective way to prevent transmission, early recognition of the disease is crucial. As an emergency physician, it is important to recognize the clinical presentation, recommended testing, treatment, and isolation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Bockelman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas C Frawley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Jin L, Örvell C, Myers R, Rota PA, Nakayama T, Forcic D, Hiebert J, Brown KE. Genomic diversity of mumps virus and global distribution of the 12 genotypes. Rev Med Virol 2014; 25:85-101. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jin
- Virus Reference Department, Reference Microbiology Services; Public Health England; London UK
| | - Claes Örvell
- Division of Clinical Virology; Huddinge University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Richard Myers
- Virus Reference Department, Reference Microbiology Services; Public Health England; London UK
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta USA
| | | | - Dubravko Forcic
- University of Zagreb; Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Joanne Hiebert
- National Microbiology Laboratory; Public Health Agency of Canada; Winnipeg Canada
| | - Kevin E. Brown
- Virus Reference Department, Reference Microbiology Services; Public Health England; London UK
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Epidemic of complicated mumps in previously vaccinated young adults in the South-West of France. Med Mal Infect 2014; 44:502-8. [PMID: 25391635 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report the features and diagnosis of complicated mumps in previously vaccinated young adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied 7 cases of complicated mumps managed during 1 year at the Bordeaux University Hospital. The diagnosis was suggested by the clinical presentation and confirmed using specific RT-PCR. RESULTS Five cases of meningitis, 1 of orchitis, and 1 of unilateral hearing impairment were identified. Each of the 7 patients had been previously vaccinated with MMR, 4 had received 2 doses of this vaccine. Blood tests revealed high rates of IgG antibodies, usually considered as sufficient for immunological protection, and every patient had at least 1 positive RT-PCR test for mumps. CONCLUSION Outbreaks of complicated mumps may still occur despite a broad coverage of MMR vaccination. The clinical presentation suggested mumps but the final diagnosis could only be confirmed by genomic detection of the virus. Unusual viral strains with increased neurovirulence, insufficient population coverage associated with immunity decrease over time may explain outbreaks of complicated mumps. A full vaccine scheme of contact people or a third injection of vaccine for previously vaccinated people who are at risk of developing mumps are required to prevent further spreading of the disease during the outbreak.
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Characterization of mumps viruses circulating in Mongolia: identification of a novel cluster of genotype H. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1917-25. [PMID: 21411578 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02387-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mumps virus is still causing annual epidemics in Mongolia, very few epidemiological and virological data have been reported. We describe here the first phylogenetic analysis data on the mumps viruses circulated in Mongolia in 2009. We detected 21 mumps virus cDNAs and obtained a virus isolate from 32 throat swabs of mumps patients in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. The phylogenetic analyses based on the 316 nucleotides of the small hydrophobic gene show that these sequences form a single cluster, with the closest relatedness to the viruses belonging to genotype H. According to the recommendation of the World Health Organization, Mongolian mumps viruses could be classified into a novel genotype because the divergence between new sequences and genotype H reference viruses is >5% (6.3 to 8.2%). However, additional analyses based on the fusion gene, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene, and the whole-genome indicate that the divergences between the Mongolian isolate and other genotype H strains never exceed the within-genotype divergences of other genotypes. These results suggest that Mongolia strains should be included in genotype H and that the current criteria for mumps virus genotyping should be revised. We propose here that the Mongolian viruses should be classified as a new subgenotype termed H3. Since previous epidemiological studies suggested that genotypes H may be associated with central nervous system diseases, we evaluated the neurovirulence of the Mongolian isolate in the neonatal rat system. However, the virus does not exhibit prominent neurovirulence in rats.
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Abstract
Although the WHO recommends the use of genotyping as a tool for epidemiological surveillance for mumps, limited data on mumps virus (MV) genotype circulation that may be used to trace the patterns of virus spread are available. We describe the first complete series of data from Spain. The small hydrophobic region was sequenced from 237 MV-positive samples from several regions of Spain collected between 1996 and 2007. Six different genotypes were identified: A, C, D (D1), G (G1, G2), H (H1, H2), and J. Genotype H1 was predominant during the epidemic that occurred from 1999 to 2003 but was replaced by genotype G1 as the dominant genotype in the epidemic that occurred from 2005 to 2007. The same genotype G1 strain caused concomitant outbreaks in different parts of the world (the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom). The remaining genotypes (genotypes A, C, D, and J) appeared in sporadic cases or small limited outbreaks. This pattern of circulation seems to reflect continuous viral circulation at the national level, despite the high rates of vaccine coverage.
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Schreiber A, Hershman G. Non-HIV Viral Infections of the Salivary Glands. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2009; 21:331-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Characterization of large mumps outbreak among vaccinated Palestinian refugees. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:560-5. [PMID: 19144793 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01756-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During a large mumps virus (MuV) outbreak which occurred in the Palestinian refugee camps of the West Bank, 68.1% (2,636/3,871) of the cases were vaccinated with one dose of trivalent measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Attack rates by camp ranged from less than 1 case per 1,000 people in the population to 43/1,000 (overall, 11/1,000). The outbreak lasted from December 2003 to June 2005, with two peaks, one from April to May 2004 and the other from March to April 2005. To control the outbreak, a mass MMR vaccination campaign was conducted in May 2005. Evaluation of the immune status of cases (n=59) and healthy controls (n=51) revealed high levels of mumps immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a low MuV-specific IgM in clinical cases indicative of a booster immune response. This suggested a secondary rather than a primary infection due to the insufficient protection conferred by the single vaccine dose included in the vaccination program. This prediction was further confirmed by the low seroprevalence (68.6%) found in the healthy control group, which was below the threshold level required for MuV herd immunity. Mumps diagnosis was established mainly by reverse transcription-PCR in clinical samples obtained within 48 h from the onset of disease. Of the parotid fluids and nasopharyngeal aspirates analyzed, 92% were positive for MuV RNA, while only 33% of the urine samples were positive. Phylogenetic analysis of the MuV SH gene identified the outbreak strain as the H genotype, which has been in circulation worldwide at least since 1989.
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Dayan GH, Rubin S. Mumps outbreaks in vaccinated populations: are available mumps vaccines effective enough to prevent outbreaks? Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1458-67. [PMID: 18959494 DOI: 10.1086/591196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reports of mumps in vaccinated populations prompted a review of the performance of mumps vaccines. The effectiveness of prior vaccination with 1 dose of vaccine ranged from 72.8% to 91% for the Jeryl Lynn strain, from 54.4% to 93% for the Urabe strain, and from 0% to 33% for the Rubini strain. Vaccine effectiveness after 2 doses of mumps vaccine was reported in 3 outbreaks and ranged from 91% to 94.6%. There was evidence of waning immunity, which is a likely factor in mumps outbreaks, aggravated by possible antigenic differences between the vaccine strain and outbreak strains. Inadequate vaccine coverage or use of the Rubini vaccine strain accounted for the majority of outbreaks reviewed; however, some outbreaks could not be prevented, despite high vaccination coverage with 2 doses of the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain. Our findings indicate the need for more-effective mumps vaccines and/or for review of current vaccination policies to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Dayan
- Clinical Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, USA
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Boga JA, de Oña M, Fernández-Verdugo A, González D, Morilla A, Arias M, Barreiro L, Hidalgo F, Melón S. Molecular identification of two genotypes of mumps virus causing two regional outbreaks in Asturias, Spain. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:425-8. [PMID: 18440271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of universal vaccination, several sporadic cases of mumps infection, which could produce outbreaks, are detected every year in different countries. OBJECTIVE Mumps virus strains causing two regional outbreaks in Asturias (Spain) were phylogenetically characterized. STUDY DESIGN Mumps virus strains, which were detected in samples from patients belonging to two regional outbreaks in Asturias, were characterized by sequencing of the SH gene and further alignment to homologous sequences of representative strains of the different mumps genotypes. RESULTS Two different strains (Ast/SP02 and Ast/SP07) were isolated. Sequence analysis revealed that while Ast/SP02 belonged to genotype H, Ast/SP07 was phylogenetically close to UK02-19, a reference strain for a new genotype. Both strains belonged to different genotypes from those used in the vaccination (Jeryl-Lynn strain is genotype A). CONCLUSION Mumps virus strains different from those used in vaccination program can cause mumps outbreaks even in vaccinated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boga
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
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Atrasheuskaya AV, Blatun EM, Kulak MV, Atrasheuskaya A, Karpov IA, Rubin S, Ignatyev GM. Investigation of mumps vaccine failures in Minsk, Belarus, 2001–2003. Vaccine 2007; 25:4651-8. [PMID: 17498853 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate mumps vaccine failures (VF) in a highly vaccinated population of Minsk, Belarus, and to investigate a possible role for virus strain-specific immunity. During our 3-year study period, 22 adults were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Minsk with a diagnosis of mumps. A genotype H1 mumps virus (MuV) strain was identified in all patients. Of 15 patients from whom the paired sera were collected, 9 were confirmed to have been previously vaccinated. Serological examinations indicated primary VF in seven of these cases and secondary VF in two. Despite almost all vaccinated patients possessing MuV specific IgG, few possessed neutralizing antibody to the vaccine strain and titers were nominal. Importantly, none of the sera were able to neutralize a genotype H MuV strain. Our results demonstrate the importance of assaying for neutralizing antibody and support the assertion that antigenic differences between wild type and vaccine MuV strains may play a role in cases of breakthrough infection in vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena V Atrasheuskaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russia.
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Kulkarni-Kale U, Ojha J, Manjari GS, Deobagkar DD, Mallya AD, Dhere RM, Kapre SV. Mapping antigenic diversity and strain specificity of mumps virus: A bioinformatics approach. Virology 2007; 359:436-46. [PMID: 17081582 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mumps is an acute infectious disease caused by mumps virus, a member of the family Paramyxoviridae. With the implementation of vaccination programs, mumps infection is under control. However, due to resurgence of mumps epidemics, there is a renewed interest in understanding the antigenic diversity of mumps virus. Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) is the major surface antigen and is known to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Mutational analysis of HN of wild-type and vaccine strains revealed that the hypervariable positions are distributed over the entire length with no detectable pattern. In the absence of experimentally derived 3D structure data, the structure of HN protein of mumps virus was predicted using homology modeling. Mutations mapped on the predicted structures were found to cluster on one of the surfaces. A predicted conformational epitope encompasses experimentally characterized epitopes suggesting that it is a major site for neutralization. These analyses provide rationale for strain specificity, antigenic diversity and varying efficacy of mumps vaccines.
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Santos C, Ishida M, Foster P, Sallum M, Benega M, Borges D, Corrêa K, Constantino C, Afzal M, Paiva T. Detection of a new mumps virus genotype during parotitis epidemic of 2006–2007 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. J Med Virol 2007; 80:323-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Krause CH, Eastick K, Ogilvie MM. Real-time PCR for mumps diagnosis on clinical specimens--comparison with results of conventional methods of virus detection and nested PCR. J Clin Virol 2006; 37:184-9. [PMID: 16971175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since November 2003, the UK has seen a dramatic rise in the number of mumps cases, resulting in increasing demands on virology laboratories to confirm mumps infection in a timely and efficient manner. Traditional mumps virus detection methods are often insensitive, lengthy, and cumbersome. Some laboratories in the UK now use molecular methods that are based on nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Early serological diagnosis often relies on detection of anti-mumps IgM, which may be absent in the first 10 days of illness. OBJECTIVES We compared a one-step real-time RT-PCR with an established nested PCR (SH-PCR) and virus detection by culture and antigen detection, and assessed the clinical usefulness of mumps real-time PCR for diagnosis from CSF. STUDY DESIGN In total, 280 clinical samples were investigated by real-time PCR, nested PCR and a combination of traditional virus detection methods (antigen detection on oral samples, cell culture on all samples). Furthermore, 88 CSF samples submitted for diagnosis of possible viral meningitis were analysed by real-time PCR. RESULTS The real-time PCR detected the highest number of positive oral samples (119/180) compared to SH-PCR (92/180) and combined virus culture and antigen detection procedures (90/180). Sensitivity of mumps virus detection in urine was poor for all three methods: 34.0% (traditional detection), 29.8% (real-time PCR) and 2.1% (SH-PCR), respectively. Real-time PCR on 88 CSF samples identified five patients with mumps meningitis, significantly increasing viral diagnosis in this cohort. CONCLUSION Real-time PCR on oral samples is the investigation of choice for mumps infection. Mumps virus detection in urine by any of the PCRs used was clearly less successful. Real-time PCR on CSF samples seems a promising adjunct for diagnosis of mumps meningitis, especially in an age group with high incidence of mumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia H Krause
- Specialist Virology Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
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Santak M, Kosutić-Gulija T, Tesović G, Ljubin-Sternak S, Gjenero-Margan I, Betica-Radić L, Forcić D. Mumps virus strains isolated in Croatia in 1998 and 2005: Genotyping and putative antigenic relatedness to vaccine strains. J Med Virol 2006; 78:638-43. [PMID: 16555272 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two mumps virus strains 9218/Zg98 and Du/CRO05 were isolated in two locations in Croatia in 1998 and 2005, respectively. Genetic characterization of these temporally distinct mumps virus isolates was carried out in order to determine their genotype and putative antigenic relatedness to mumps virus vaccine strains. Sequence analysis of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene revealed that isolate 9218/Zg98 shows less than 95% of similarity to any reference strain, thus representing a potential reference strain for a new genotype. Isolate Du/CRO05 clearly belongs to genotype G with the 97% of homology to the reference strain Glouc1/UK96. When compared to each other, the two Croatian strains have extremely low level of homology of only 89% indicating no relatedness between them. Putative antigenic properties of the HN protein of these two isolates were compared to different vaccine strains. The results reveal a higher level of homology of antigenic determinants to non-A genotype vaccine strains than to A genotype vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Santak
- Molecular Biomedicine Unit, Institute of Immunology, Inc., Zagreb, Croatia
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Jin L, Rima B, Brown D, Orvell C, Tecle T, Afzal M, Uchida K, Nakayama T, Song JW, Kang C, Rota PA, Xu W, Featherstone D. Proposal for genetic characterisation of wild-type mumps strains: Preliminary standardisation of the nomenclature. Arch Virol 2005; 150:1903-9. [PMID: 15959834 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Though mumps virus (MuV) is a monotypic virus, genetic variation between strains has been described. Viruses have been placed into genotypes designated A-L based on the nucleotide sequence of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene, which is the most variable gene in the mumps genome. Molecular characterisation of MuV is an important component of mumps surveillance because it can help identify the transmission pathways of the virus as well as distinguish between wild-type and vaccine strains. Here, we propose a standardized nomenclature and an analysis protocol for the genetic characterisation of mumps strains to facilitate expansion of molecular epidemiological studies. In addition to assigning standard reference strains for the recognized genotypes of MuV, a convention is proposed for naming for strains and criteria to designate a new genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Virus Reference Department, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, London, UK.
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21
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Palacios G, Jabado O, Cisterna D, de Ory F, Renwick N, Echevarria JE, Castellanos A, Mosquera M, Freire MC, Campos RH, Lipkin WI. Molecular identification of mumps virus genotypes from clinical samples: standardized method of analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1869-78. [PMID: 15815011 PMCID: PMC1081370 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.4.1869-1878.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive nested reverse transcription-PCR assay, targeting a short fragment of the gene encoding the small hydrophobic protein (SH gene), was developed to allow rapid characterization of mumps virus in clinical samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were established using representative genotypes A, B, C, D, E, and F. Mumps virus RNA was characterized directly from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and in extracts of mumps virus isolates from patients with various clinical syndromes. Direct sequencing of products and subsequent phylogenetic analysis enabled genetic classification. A simple web-based system of sequence analysis was established. The study also allowed characterization of mumps virus strains from Argentina as part of a new subgenotype. This PCR assay for characterization of mumps infections coupled to a web-based analytical program provides a rapid method for identification of known and novel strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Palacios
- Jerome L. and Dawn Greene Infectious Disease Laboratory, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th Street, Fl. 18, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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22
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Afzal MA, Dussupt V, Minor PD, Pipkin PA, Fleck R, Hockley DJ, Stacey GN. Assessment of mumps virus growth on various continuous cell lines by virological, immunological, molecular and morphological investigations. J Virol Methods 2005; 126:149-56. [PMID: 15847931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vero cells have been used as a convenient laboratory substrate for the isolation of mumps virus but may not be very sensitive and may select for particular adapted variants from clinical specimens. Continuous cell lines were evaluated for their ability to support the replication of mumps virus. Criteria included the production of infectious virus, detection of intracellular mumps proteins by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy and detection of specific nucleic acid by RT-PCR. Of the cells tested, CaCo-2, PLC/PRF/5, and Vero cells produced infectious virus, with Vero and CaCo-2 being the most permissive. The other substrates tested included cells of murine, canine and human origin showed signs of intracellular proteins and RNA but the amounts produced were much lower, and no infectious virus was detected in some cases. The virus use was a low passage of a Vero derived wild type strain, and it will ultimately be necessary to continue the studies with an unpassaged clinical specimen to identify a cell line able to isolate mumps virus at high efficiency and in unmodified form.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Afzal
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanch lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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23
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Saygun I, Kubar A, Ozdemir A, Slots J. Periodontitis lesions are a source of salivary cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. J Periodontal Res 2005; 40:187-91. [PMID: 15733155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Several herpesvirus species can be detected in periodontal pockets and saliva. This study compared human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA copy counts in periodontitis sites and in whole saliva, and evaluated the potential of periodontal therapy to reduce the salivary level of the two viruses. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 20 systemically healthy periodontitis patients, 21-56 years of age, participated in the study. All 20 patients were examined at baseline, and seven patients also at 3 months after periodontal therapy. Treatment included oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root planing, and surgery. Clinical parameters were evaluated using established methods. In each patient, virological samples were collected from one periodontal pocket of 6-10 mm probing depth, from the adjacent inflamed periodontal pocket wall, and from unstimulated whole saliva. Relationships between subgingival, gingival tissue and salivary herpesvirus counts were evaluated using Spearman's and Kendall's rank correlation coefficient tests. The 5'-nuclease (TaqMan) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was employed to quantify genomic copies of periodontal HCMV and EBV. RESULTS At baseline, the 20 periodontitis patients showed significant positive correlations between gingival tissue and salivary counts of HCMV DNA (p=0.003) and EBV DNA (p=0.045). Periodontal pocket depth was positively correlated with salivary EBV DNA counts (p=0.002). Periodontal therapy reduced average full-mouth periodontal pocket depth from 4.6 mm to 1.4 mm, plaque index from 2.1 to 0.9, and gingival index from 2.1 to 0.4. Following treatment, HCMV DNA counts decreased 37.5 fold in subgingival sites and 64.6 fold in saliva, and EBV DNA counts decreased 5.7 fold in subgingival sites and 12.9 fold in saliva. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides compelling evidence of a periodontitis source for salivary HCMV and EBV. The potential of periodontal therapy to decrease herpesvirus salivary counts may help diminish herpesvirus transmission from person to person and herpesvirus-related diseases in exposed individuals. Further research is warranted to determine the relationship between periodontal herpesvirus counts and the risk of viral transmission to close acquaintances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işil Saygun
- Department of Periodontology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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24
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Ivancic J, Gulija TK, Forcic D, Baricevic M, Jug R, Mesko-Prejac M, Mazuran R. Genetic characterization of L-Zagreb mumps vaccine strain. Virus Res 2005; 109:95-105. [PMID: 15826917 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eleven mumps vaccine strains, all containing live attenuated virus, have been used throughout the world. Although L-Zagreb mumps vaccine has been licensed since 1972, only its partial nucleotide sequence was previously determined (accession numbers , and ). Therefore, we sequenced the entire genome of L-Zagreb vaccine strain (Institute of Immunology Inc., Zagreb, Croatia). In order to investigate the genetic stability of the vaccine, sequences of both L-Zagreb master seed and currently produced vaccine batch were determined and no difference between them was observed. A phylogenetic analysis based on SH gene sequence has shown that L-Zagreb strain does not belong to any of established mumps genotypes and that it is most similar to old, laboratory preserved European strains (1950s-1970s). L-Zagreb nucleotide and deduced protein sequences were compared with other mumps virus sequences obtained from the GenBank. Emphasis was put on functionally important protein regions and known antigenic epitopes. The extensive comparisons of nucleotide and deduced protein sequences between L-Zagreb vaccine strain and other previously determined mumps virus sequences have shown that while the functional regions of HN, V, and L proteins are well conserved among various mumps strains, there can be a substantial amino acid difference in antigenic epitopes of all proteins and in functional regions of F protein. No molecular pattern was identified that can be used as a distinction marker between virulent and attenuated strains.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Complementary
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Epitopes
- Genetic Markers
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mumps Vaccine/genetics
- Mumps virus/classification
- Mumps virus/genetics
- Mumps virus/immunology
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virulence/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ivancic
- Molecular Biomedicine Unit, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Immunology Inc., Rockefellerova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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25
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Mackiewicz V, Dussaix E, Le Petitcorps MF, Roque-Afonso AM. Detection of hepatitis A virus RNA in saliva. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4329-31. [PMID: 15365037 PMCID: PMC516324 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.4329-4331.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is shed in feces but also in saliva. HAV RNA was detected in saliva in five out of six acutely infected patients with HAV viremia. Serum and saliva sequences were identical. The simplicity of obtaining material allows the recommendation of the use of saliva for investigation of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mackiewicz
- Centre National de Référence pour les Virus à Transmission Entérique (HAV), Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94804 Villejuif, France
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26
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Jalal H, Bahadur G, Knowles W, Jin L, Brink N. Mumps epididymo-orchitis with prolonged detection of virus in semen and the development of anti-sperm antibodies. J Med Virol 2004; 73:147-50. [PMID: 15042662 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epididymo-orchitis is the most common complication of mumps in post-pubertal men. A case of MMR vaccine failure, in whom mumps and mumps-associated unilateral epididymo-orchitis developed, is presented in this article. Mumps virus was isolated from the semen 14 days after onset and mumps RNA was detected in semen for up to 40 days using RT-PCR. Epididymo-orchitis was associated with transient but significant reduction in sperm count and severe abnormalities in sperm morphology. It also led to the appearance of anti-sperm antibodies, which may have potential long-term adverse effects on the patient's fertility. Sequencing of the SH gene of the virus showed this to be a new mumps genotype distinct from the virus circulating currently in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jalal
- Department of Virology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, Windeyer Building, London, United Kingdom.
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27
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Kubar A, Yapar M, Besirbellioglu B, Avci IY, Guney C. Rapid and quantitative detection of mumps virus RNA by one-step real-time RT-PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 49:83-8. [PMID: 15183856 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new TaqMan-based one-step real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for detection and quantification of mumps virus RNA. Oligos targeting the matrix protein gene of mumps virus were designed by using our oligo designing and analyzing software, Oligoware 1.0. Oligos's specificity was tested with 5 strains (4 laboratory isolated and 1 Jeryl Lynn strain) of mumps virus. The suggested TaqMan-based one-step real-time RT-PCR assay correctly detected the 4 laboratory-isolated strains and 1 Jeryl Lynn strain. To confirm the specificity of the TaqMan PCR assay, parainfluenza type 1, 2, 3 strains, sendai virus, and measles virus (vaccine strain) were tested, and no cross-reactivity was observed between mumps and tested strains. In addition, a BLAST (NCBI) search showed no genomic cross-reactivity with other viruses or cells. Testing of the assay's reproducibility was repeated several times, and the same results were achieved. The new assay was able to quantify the concentrations of mumps virus gene ranging from 10(1) to 10(8) copies per reaction sensitively with generated plasmid standards. In addition, it was shown that a significant correlation (R2 = 0.9564) between genome number as determined by one-step real-time RT-PCR and the corresponding number of plaque in paired samples was found with regression analysis. The results of one-step real-time RT-PCR assay also corresponded well to those of nested PCR. We conclude that our one-step real-time RT-PCR assay is a reliable, specific, and sensitive tool for the diagnosis of mumps virus. We consider that these results come from highly conserved primers and probe set that were designed with Oligoware 1.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Kubar
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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28
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Shin YJ, Cho KO, Cho HS, Kang SK, Kim HJ, Kim YH, Park HS, Park NY. Comparison of one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus in clinical samples. Aust Vet J 2004; 82:83-6. [PMID: 15088966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb14651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of canine distemper virus (CDV) by nested PCR using clinical specimens. DESIGN A nested PCR was developed, compared to a one-step RT-PCR and validated. PROCEDURE Two sets of specific primers for a one-step RT-PCR and a nested PCR, targeting a 640 bp fragment and a 297 bp fragment, respectively, were selected from the highly conserved region of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene of CDV. The nested PCR and the one-step RT-PCR were used to amplify a part of the CDV NP gene of a CDV vaccinal strain and samples of urine, blood, nasal discharge and saliva from 29 dogs suspected of suffering CD. RESULTS Both the one-step RT-PCR and the nested PCR reacted with the CDV vaccinal strain, but not with canine parvovirus. The expected 640 bp fragment of the NP gene was detected in 11/22 (50.0%) blood, 10/20 (50.0%) urine, 5/25 (20.0%) saliva and 6/27 (22.2%) nasal swab samples by one-step RT-PCR, whereas the nested PCR amplified an expected 297 bp fragment of the NP gene in 18/22 (81.8%) blood, 15/20 (75.0%) urine, 14/25 (56%) saliva and 19/27 (70.3%) nasal swab samples. CONCLUSION The nested PCR detected CDV in blood, urine, nasal swab and saliva more frequently than did the one-step RT-PCR. Therefore, this assay should be a useful aid to antemortem diagnosis of CDV infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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29
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Utz S, Richard JL, Capaul S, Matter HC, Hrisoho MG, Mühlemann K. Phylogenetic analysis of clinical mumps virus isolates from vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients with mumps during an outbreak, Switzerland 1998-2000. J Med Virol 2004; 73:91-6. [PMID: 15042654 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade mumps outbreaks have occurred in several European countries with universal vaccination programs probably due to poor efficacy of the Rubini vaccine strain. However, the evolution of vaccine escape mutants has also been considered. A phylogenetic analysis was undertaken on 69 clinical mumps isolates obtained from 39 vaccinated and 22 non-vaccinated mumps cases (and six cases with unknown vaccination status) during an outbreak in 1998-2000. Two major strain clusters (SWI-H, SWI-C) with two subgroups each (SWI-H1/2, SWI-C1/2) were identified, which belonged to genotypes C and H. No association between viral clusters and vaccination status or a specific vaccine strain (Jeryl-Lynn or Rubini) was found. Cluster SWI-C1 occurred more frequently in the Western part of Switzerland (P < 0.001). Isolates causing complicated disease tended to cluster more frequently with SWI-H1 (P = 0.11). Wild-type strains homologous or similar to the Rubini vaccine strain (isolated in Switzerland in 1974) were no longer circulating. Therefore, there was no evidence for vaccine escape mutants. Strain redistribution may have occurred during the past decades. Continuous monitoring of circulating mumps virus populations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Utz
- Swiss Sentinel Surveillance Network: Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Switzerland
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30
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Ivancic J, Forcic D, Gulija TK, Zgorelec R, Repalust L, Baricevic M, Mesko-Prejac M, Mazuran R. Genetic characterization of a mumps virus isolate during passaging in the amniotic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs. Virus Res 2004; 99:121-9. [PMID: 14749177 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the molecular characterization of a historical mumps isolate (an alleged individual sample). After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, selective nested PCR amplification with specific primers, automated DNA sequencing and RFLP analyses were performed. The relative ratios of the detected virus sequences were determined by GeneScan electrophoresis. Phylogenetic tree based on the 316 nucleotide region of the SH gene of the mumps virus was generated by the neighbor-joining method. Results obtained by the described molecular approach show: (a) there are two mumps virus variants, A and B, detected in the fourth passage of wild type virus in the amniotic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs (ECE); (b) variants A and B belong to different genotypes; (c) variants A and B differ in the HN and NP genes which code for amino acid sequences comprising immunogenic epitopes; (d) variant B contains one or more minor variants. We discuss whether the observed differences between the two variants are a consequence of natural heterogeneity or of laboratory contamination in the early passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ivancic
- Molecular Biomedicine Unit, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Immunology Inc., Rockefellerova 10, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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31
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Johansson B, Tecle T, Orvell C. Proposed criteria for classification of new genotypes of mumps virus. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2003; 34:355-7. [PMID: 12069019 DOI: 10.1080/00365540110080043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of a 300 bp segment carrying the small hydrophobic (SH) protein gene of a large number of virus strains, belonging to 10 different mumps virus genotypes denoted A-J, were compared. When virus strains belonging to the same genotype were compared intra-genotypically, a variation in the range 2-4% was recorded. The level of inter-genotypical variation was higher (8-18%). A consistent finding was the more pronounced variation found when the A genotype was compared to the B-J genotypes than when the B-J genotypes were compared among themselves. A similar relatively more pronounced genetic variation between the A and B-D genotypes has also been found previously with the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion protein genes. It is concluded that the establishment of a new genotype should be founded on a nucleotide variation of the SH gene of > or = 6% in relation to previously described genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Johansson
- Division of Clinical Virology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Örvell C, Tecle T, Johansson B, Saito H, Samuelson A. Antigenic relationships between six genotypes of the small hydrophobic protein gene of mumps virus. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:2489-2496. [PMID: 12237432 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-10-2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Six different genotypes of mumps virus, A, C, D, G, H and I, genotyped on the basis of the small hydrophobic protein gene sequence, were subjected to antigenic comparison. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of the SBL-1 strain of genotype A were used in immunofluorescence tests with different mumps virus strains. In addition, the six virus genotypes were compared by cross-neutralization tests with human post-vaccination sera after vaccination with the Jeryl Lynn (JL) strain of mumps virus and with rabbit hyperimmune sera directed against the A or D genotypes of mumps virus. Genotypes C, D, G, H and I could not be antigenically separated. In contrast, three different virus strains of genotype A, SBL-1, JL and Kilham, were distinct and were found to represent three different serotypes within the A genotype of mumps virus. Vaccination of Swedish children with the JL strain of mumps virus resulted in clearly lower neutralization titres against the SBL-1 strain, which is endemic in Sweden, compared to the homologous vaccine titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Örvell
- Huddinge University Hospital, Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden1
| | - Tesfaldet Tecle
- Huddinge University Hospital, Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden1
| | - Bo Johansson
- Huddinge University Hospital, Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden1
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Akita Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Akita 010-0874, Japan2
| | - Agneta Samuelson
- Huddinge University Hospital, Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden1
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33
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Tecle T, Böttiger B, Örvell C, Johansson B. Characterization of two decades of temporal co-circulation of four mumps virus genotypes in Denmark: identification of a new genotype. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2675-2680. [PMID: 11602779 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-nine Danish virus isolates and 14 serum samples from patients with mumps were genotyped by nucleotide sequencing of the small hydrophobic (SH) protein gene and the deduced 57 amino acid sequences were aligned with sequences of mumps virus strains published previously. Four neurovirulent genotypes of the SH protein gene, genotypes C, D, H and a new genotype, designated J, were found. There was a dynamic fluctuation of the different genotypes over the two decade period of time. Genotype J was found from 1981 to 1988; genotypes C and H exhibited a similar distribution in time. Genotype D was found between 1979 and 1982, it then disappeared and reappeared again in 1996. From 1996 onwards, genotype D was found to be the predominant genotype, which is in contrast to the situation seen in the neighbouring country of Sweden, where, since 1985, only genotype A has been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaldet Tecle
- Huddinge University Hospital, Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institut, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden1
| | - Blenda Böttiger
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Virology, Copenhagen, Denmark2
| | - Claes Örvell
- Huddinge University Hospital, Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institut, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden1
| | - Bo Johansson
- Huddinge University Hospital, Department of Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institut, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden1
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34
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Nöjd J, Tecle T, Samuelsson A, Orvell C. Mumps virus neutralizing antibodies do not protect against reinfection with a heterologous mumps virus genotype. Vaccine 2001; 19:1727-31. [PMID: 11166897 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In April 1999, a previously healthy 22-year-old woman was taken ill with fever and bilateral swelling of the parotid glands. A chronic course of disease extending from April to December was found with swelling of the parotid glands, fatigue, low grade fever, episodes of tachycardia and nightswetting. Mumps virus RNA of genotype A character based on the SH (small hydrophobic) protein gene classification was demonstrated in three serum samples collected during the course of clinical disease. Different criteria for reinfection were fulfilled including demonstration of IgG antibodies by ELISA in a preinfection serum sample. The preinfection serum sample of the patient was able to efficiently neutralize the infectivity of a heterologous genotype D strain but was unable to neutralize the homologous genotype A virus. The findings in the present study may offer an explanation of a mechanism behind previously observed vaccine failures and the occurrence of reinfection with heterologous mumps virus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nöjd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Northern Sweden, S-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
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35
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Poggio GP, Rodriguez C, Cisterna D, Freire MC, Cello J. Nested PCR for rapid detection of mumps virus in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with neurological diseases. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:274-8. [PMID: 10618100 PMCID: PMC88708 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.1.274-278.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a reverse transcription (RT)-nested polymerase chain reaction (n-PCR) for the detection of mumps virus RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with neurological infections. A specific 112-bp fragment was amplified by this method with primers from the nucleoprotein of the mumps virus genome. The mumps virus RT-n-PCR was capable of detecting 0.001 PFU/ml and 0.005 50% tissue culture infective dose/ml. This method was found to be specific, since no PCR product was detected in each of the CSF samples from patients with proven non-mumps virus-related meningitis or encephalitis. Mumps virus RNA was detected in all 18 CSF samples confirmed by culture to be infected with mumps virus. Positive PCR results were obtained for the CSF of 26 of 28 patients that were positive for signs of mumps virus infection (i.e., cultivable virus from urine or oropharyngeal samples or positivity for anti-mumps virus immunoglobulin M) but without cultivable virus in their CSF. Overall, mumps virus RNA was detected in CSF of 96% of the patients with a clinical diagnosis of viral central nervous system (CNS) disease and confirmed mumps virus infection, while mumps virus was isolated in CSF of only 39% of the patients. Furthermore, in a retrospective study, we were able to detect mumps virus RNA in 25 of 55 (46%) CSF samples from patients with a clinical diagnosis of viral CNS disease and negative laboratory evidence of viral infection including mumps virus infection. The 25 patients represent 12% of the 236 patients who had a clinical diagnosis of viral CNS infections and whose CSF was examined at our laboratory for a 2-year period. The findings confirm the importance of mumps virus as a causative agent of CNS infections in countries with low vaccine coverage rates. In summary, our study demonstrates the usefulness of the mumps virus RT-n-PCR for the diagnosis of mumps virus CNS disease and suggests that this assay may soon become the "gold standard" test for the diagnosis of mumps virus CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Poggio
- Neurovirosis Division, Virus Department, National Institute for Infectious Disease, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán," Buenos Aires, Argentina
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36
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Afzal MA, Marsden SA, Hull RM, Pipkin PA, Bentley ML, Minor PD. Evaluation of the neurovirulence test for mumps vaccines. Biologicals 1999; 27:43-9. [PMID: 10441402 DOI: 10.1006/biol.1999.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurovirulence tests in Macaca fascicularis using commercial preparations of different vaccine bulks and a wild-type strain revealed that the test was unable to distinguish mixed from pure populations or a suitable vaccine from a related strain which has been shown to be associated with clinical meningitis. However, the test was able to distinguish a wild-type strain from the vaccine strains successfully. The ability of the test to discriminate between acceptable and unacceptable seeds requires further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Afzal
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, U.K.
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Afzal MA, Armitage E, Begley J, Bentley ML, Minor PD, Ghosh S, Ferguson A. Absence of detectable measles virus genome sequence in inflammatory bowel disease tissues and peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Med Virol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199807)55:3<243::aid-jmv11>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Wu L, Bai Z, Li Y, Rima BK, Afzal MA. Wild type mumps viruses circulating in China establish a new genotype. Vaccine 1998; 16:281-5. [PMID: 9607043 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
By analysing the nucleotide sequence of the SH genes of five mumps virus strains derived from the clinical specimens collected during the 1995/96 mumps epidemic in China a new genotype has been established. The circulating viruses showed divergence ranging from 0.8-4.5% at the nucleotide level and 3.5-12.3% at the amino acid level. In addition, a more rational approach has been taken in proposing genotype groupings to MuV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Research Department of Virology, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, People's Republic of China
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