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Amador GJ, van Oorschot BK, Liao C, Wu J, Wei D. Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:664-677. [PMID: 38887525 PMCID: PMC11181169 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Hair, or hair-like fibrillar structures, are ubiquitous in biology, from fur on the bodies of mammals, over trichomes of plants, to the mastigonemes on the flagella of single-celled organisms. While these long and slender protuberances are passive, they are multifunctional and help to mediate interactions with the environment. They provide thermal insulation, sensory information, reversible adhesion, and surface modulation (e.g., superhydrophobicity). This review will present various functions that biological hairs have been discovered to carry out, with the hairs spanning across six orders of magnitude in size, from the millimeter-thick fur of mammals down to the nanometer-thick fibrillar ultrastructures on bateriophages. The hairs are categorized according to their functions, including protection (e.g., thermal regulation and defense), locomotion, feeding, and sensing. By understanding the versatile functions of biological hairs, bio-inspired solutions may be developed across length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo J Amador
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Brett Klaassen van Oorschot
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Caiying Liao
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jianing Wu
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Da Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Wang Y, Wan T, Wang Y, Zhao P, Liu Y. Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of the praying mantis Creobroter nebulosa Zheng (Mantedea: Hymenopodidae). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301445. [PMID: 38771816 PMCID: PMC11108147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The praying mantis Creobroter nebulosa Zheng (Mantedea: Hymenopodidae) is an insect that has medicinal and esthetical importance, and being a natural enemy for many insects, the species is used as a biological control agent. In this publication, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the fine morphology of antennae of males and females of this species. The antennae of both sexes are filiform and consist of three parts: scape, pedicel, and flagellum (differing in the number of segments). Based on the external morphology and the sensilla distribution, the antennal flagellum is could be divided into five regions. Seven sensilla types and eleven subtypes of sensilla were observed: grooved peg sensillum (Sgp), Bohm bristles (Bb), basiconic sensillum (Sb), trichoid sensillum (StI, StII), campaniform sensillum (Sca), chaetic sensillum (ScI, ScII, ScIII), and coeloconic sensillum (ScoI, ScoII). In Mantodea, the ScoII is observed for the first time, and it is located on the tip of the flagellum. The external structure and distribution of these sensilla are compared to those of other insects and possible functions of the antennal sensilla are discussed. The males and females of the mantis could be distinguished by the length of antennae and number of Sgp. Males have antennae about 1.5 times longer and have significantly larger number of Sgp compared to females. The sexual difference in distribution of the Sgp suggests that this type of sensilla may play a role in sex-pheromones detection in mantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) and College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) and College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shangluo Research Center of Chinese Medicinal Materials Integrated Pest Management, Shangluo University, Shangluo, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) and College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education) and College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Rands SA, Whitney HM, Hempel de Ibarra N. Multimodal floral recognition by bumblebees. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 59:101086. [PMID: 37468044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Flowers present information to their insect visitors in multiple simultaneous sensory modalities. Research has commonly focussed on information presented in visual and olfactory modalities. Recently, focus has shifted towards additional 'invisible' information, and whether information presented in multiple modalities enhances the interaction between flowers and their visitors. In this review, we highlight work that addresses how multimodality influences behaviour, focussing on work conducted on bumblebees (Bombus spp.), which are often used due to both their learning abilities and their ability to use multiple sensory modes to identify and differentiate between flowers. We review the evidence for bumblebees being able to use humidity, electrical potential, surface texture and temperature as additional modalities, and consider how multimodality enhances their performance. We consider mechanisms, including the cross-modal transfer of learning that occurs when bees are able to transfer patterns learnt in one modality to an additional modality without additional learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Rands
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Heather M Whitney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Hempel de Ibarra
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, United Kingdom
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Pathour Rajendra S, Rani AT, Devi SR, Meshram NM. Morphological Characterization of the Antennal Sensilla of the Legume Pod Borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1822-1836. [PMID: 37639835 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) is an important lepidopteran pest of legumes in the tropics and subtropics. Here, we studied the ultrastructural organization of its antennal sense organs using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of both sexes of M. vitrata were filiform with the number of flagellar segments varying from 72 to 84. Nine major morphological types of sensilla were observed on male and female antennae: sensilla trichodea (ST), sensilla basiconica (SB), sensilla auricillica (SA), sensilla chaetica (SCh), sensilla coeloconica (SCoe), sensilla cylindrica (SCy), sensilla squamiformia (SSq), sensilla styloconica (SSt), and Böhm sensilla (BS). Three of these sensilla types (SB, SSq, and BS) are newly reported for M. vitrata. Morphological observations revealed that four types are multiporous (ST, SB, SA, and SCoe), two types are uniporous (SCh and SCy), and three types are aporous (SSq, SSt, and BS). The average length of male ST was longer than that of the female. Sensilla cylindrica were observed only on male antennae, indicating sexual dimorphism. This study aims to provide some basic evidence for further studies on the mechanism of insect-plant chemical communication and future semiochemical-based management strategies of the major legume pest M. vitrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Pathour Rajendra
- National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Abalavadi Thammaiah Rani
- Entomology Laboratory, ICAR-IIHR-Central Horticultural Experiment Station, Kodagu, Karnataka 571248, India
| | - Salam Rita Devi
- Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Government of Manipur, Imphal 795001, India
| | - Naresh Manohar Meshram
- Entomology, Division of Citrus Protection, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440033, India
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Wang XY, Hua BZ. Flagellar sensilla of the hangingflies Bittacus planus Cheng and Bittacus sinicus Issiki (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 76:101297. [PMID: 37607434 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2023.101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Adult hangingflies are very sensitive to humidity, thereby frequently being used as ecological indicators to assess the degradation of the environment, especially forest ecosystems. Studies on the sense organs associated with hygro- and thermo-sensitivity, however, have been scant. Here, the ultramorphology and distribution of the flagellar sensilla were investigated in the adult hangingflies Bittacus planus Cheng, 1949 and Bittacus sinicus Issiki, 1931 using scanning electron microscopy. Four types of sensilla are identified in B. planus, including sensilla campaniformia, sensilla chaetica (SC1, SC2), sensilla basiconica (SB1, SB2), and sensilla coeloconica. In B. sinicus, sensilla chaetica III are present additionally from 7th to 14th flagellomeres. Abundant sensilla coeloconica are present on the flagella of Bittacus. Sensilla basiconica I are situated at the joints of flagellomeres. Sensilla campaniformia are densely distributed on the basal half of the first flagellomere, but scarcely on other flagellomeres. Sensilla chaetica II are present on the distal three flagellomeres. The size, abundance, and distribution of flagellar sensilla differ considerably between B. planus and B. sinicus. We infer that the abundance of sensilla coeloconica is likely associated with the hygro- and thermo-sensitivity in Bittacidae. Studies of flagellar sensilla can provide valuable information for subsequent electrophysiological, behavioral, biogeographical, and phylogenetic analyses of Bittacidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bao-Zhen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Yan SC, Yang B, Wang GR. Ultrastructural and Descriptive Study on the Adult Body Surface of Heortia vitessoides (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:687. [PMID: 37623397 PMCID: PMC10455263 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Heortia vitessoides Moore, 1885 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an economically important lepidopteran pest that caused severe damage to the plantation area of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg, 1825 (Thymelaeaceae), resulting in extensive defoliation of the trees during an epidemic. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the external morphology and ultrastructure of sensilla on various body parts of H. vitessoides. Specifically, seven, four, four, and five types of sensilla were found, respectively, on the antennae, proboscis, labial palps, and legs. We described the types, distributions, and sexual dimorphism of these sensilla on antennae, and found that the number and size of sensilla differed significantly between males and females. This study provides crucial information for future investigations into the function of these sensilla in H. vitessoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management—Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management—Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shan-Chun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management—Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Gui-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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Taszakowski A, Masłowski A, Daane KM, Brożek J. Closer view of antennal sensory organs of two Leptoglossus species (Insecta, Hemiptera, Coreidae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:617. [PMID: 36635483 PMCID: PMC9837090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed description of antennal sensory organs of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) and a comparison with L. zonatus (Dallas, 1852) are presented. A novel approach that combines the advantages of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to detail micromorphological structures. A simplified classification system for sensilla that eliminates the subjective aspects of morphology, such as their shape, is proposed. Fourteen sensory organs have been classified into three main groups: (a) aporous sensilla with a flexible socket, (b) porous sensilla with a flexible socket and (c) porous sensilla with an inflexible socket. A large variety of sensory organs (nine types) with olfactory functions are described. The antennal sensory organs have been recognized as one of the factors responsible for the evolutionary success of Leptoglossus spp. and their status as important pests and invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Taszakowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Adrian Masłowski
- grid.11866.380000 0001 2259 4135Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kent M. Daane
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114 USA
| | - Jolanta Brożek
- grid.11866.380000 0001 2259 4135Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Wang J, Liu P, Wang J, Luan Q, Jiang X, Cao C. Morphology and Distribution of Antennal Sensilla in an Egg Parasitoid Wasp, Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:6. [PMID: 36469364 PMCID: PMC9721342 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The wasp Anastatus disparis is an egg endoparasitoid of a number of Lepidopteran pest species. To better understand the A. disparis olfactory system, we observed the antennal sensilla of males and females under a scanning electron microscope and quantified their sizes and morphological characteristics. We identified the types of sensilla and counted the numbers and locations of the different types on the dorsal and ventral antennal surfaces. The antennae of A. disparis are geniculate, with flagella that comprise 11 subsegments in females and eight in males. The mean antenna length was 1324.10 ± 52.50 μm in females and 1323.93 ± 65.20 μm in males. Ten sensillum types were identified in both sexes: Böhm bristles (BBs), sensilla trichodea (ST, with subtypes STI and STII), sensilla chaetica (SCh), sensilla basiconica (SB, with subtypes SBI and SBII), sensilla placodea (SP), sensilla coeleoconica (SCo), sensilla grooved peg (SGP), sensilla auricillica (SAu), sensilla campaniformia (SCa), and glandular pores (GPs). The total numbers of BBs, STI, SBII, SCa, SCo, and GPs did not differ significantly between the sexes, whereas the total numbers of SCh, SBI, and SAu were significantly greater in females, and those of STII, SP, and SGP were significantly lower. The types, number, and density of antennal sensilla increased from the base to the end. The possible functions of these sensilla in host-detection behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianguo Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Liaoning Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Qingshu Luan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Liaoning Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, Liaoning Academy of Forest Sciences, Shenyang 110032, China
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Antennal Morphology and Fine Structure of Flagellar Sensilla in Hippoboscid Flies with Special Reference to Lipoptena fortisetosa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030236. [PMID: 35323534 PMCID: PMC8954472 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In insects, host searching usually involves different kinds of stimuli, both visual and chemical, that may act in combination. External cues are perceived through specific sensory organs (sensilla), mainly present on the antennae. Understanding how ectoparasites belonging to the Hippoboscidae locate their hosts is crucial, since these flies infest animals and can attack humans, with veterinary and medical implications. The aim of this research was to study the antennae of four hippoboscid species, Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus, 1758), Lipoptena fortisetosa Maa, 1965, Hippobosca equina Linnaeus, 1758, and Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart, 1840), investigating the morphology and the sensory structures present on these appendages. A typical conformation of the antennae with the envelopment of the third segment (flagellum) inside the first two have been observed. Moreover, two types of sensilla have been detected and their role in the perception of host odours and CO2 have been hypothesized. Other antennal structures seem to be involved in the detection of temperature and humidity variations. Our findings confirm that these hippoboscids use chemoreception for host location, giving insights into this complex process in this poorly investigated group. Abstract Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus), Lipoptena fortisetosa Maa, Hippobosca equina Linnaeus, and Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart) are hematophagous ectoparasites that infest different animal species and occasionally bite humans. Hosts are located by a complex process involving different kinds of stimuli perceived mainly by specific sensory structures on the antennae, which are the essential olfactory organs. General antennal morphology, together with distribution and ultrastructure of sensilla, have been studied in detail with scanning and transmission electron microscopy approaches. Observations have revealed some common features among the four studied hippoboscids: (a) typical concealment of the flagellum inside the other two segments; (b) characteristic trabecular surface of the flagellum; (c) peculiar external microtrichia; (d) presence on the flagellum of basiconic sensilla and grooved peg coeloconic sensilla; (e) unarticulated arista. The ultrastructure of L. fortisetosa revealed that microtrichia and the flagellar reticulated cuticle are not innervated. Different roles have been hypothesized for the described antennal structures. Microtrichia and the reticulated cuticle could convey volatile compounds towards the flagellar sensory area. Peculiar sensory neurons characterize the unarticulated arista which could be able to detect temperature variations. Coeloconic sensilla could be involved in thermoreception, hygroreception, and carbon dioxide reception at long distances, while the poorly porous basiconic sensilla could play a role in the host odour perception at medium–short distances.
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Abalavadi Thammaiah R, Pathour S, Meshram N, Kammar V, Majumder S, Srivastava C, Pandey K, Singh J. Morphological characterization and distribution of antennal sensilla of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1371-1391. [PMID: 34843138 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious polyphagous pest of various field and horticultural crops. A complete knowledge on the morphological features of antennal sensory structures is essential for efficient semiochemical-based control methods. The external structure and distribution of antennal sensilla in male and female adults of H. armigera were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Eight distinct morphological types of sensilla were identified in both sexes: sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla coeloconica (multiporous), sensilla chaetica (uniporous), sensilla styloconica, sensilla squamiformia, and Böhm sensilla (aporous) in varying numbers and distribution along the length of the antennae. Of these sensilla, the most widespread are sensilla trichodea and sensilla basiconica on the antennae of both sexes. Female antennae have comparatively greater number of sensilla trichodea than male antennae. Among eight types of sensilla, sensilla basiconica, auricillica, styloconica type II, squamiformia, and Böhm sensilla were identified and reported for the first time in H. armigera. Sexual dimorphism in H. armigera was mainly detected as the variations in sensilla shape, numbers, and distribution of each type of sensilla. The sexual difference was observed in the numbers of sensilla coeloconica, chaetica, styloconica, and squamiformia per flagellomere. The possible functions of these sensilla were discussed in view of previously reported lepidopteran insects. The findings provide fundamental information on the morphology and distribution of antennal sensory structures in H. armigera. It would be useful for further detailed studies on physiological and behavioral function of each sensillum type and helpful for formulating related pest control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shashank Pathour
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Meshram
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vasudev Kammar
- Department of Entomology, GKVK, UAS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sujan Majumder
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chitra Srivastava
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Koshlendra Pandey
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdish Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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11
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Chen Q, Liu X, Cao S, Ma B, Guo M, Shen J, Wang G. Fine Structure and Olfactory Reception of the Labial Palps of Spodoptera frugiperda. Front Physiol 2021; 12:680697. [PMID: 34413785 PMCID: PMC8369160 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.680697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system of insects is essential in many crucial behaviors, such as host seeking, mate recognition, and locating oviposition sites. Lepidopteran moths possess two main olfactory organs, including antennae and labial palps. Compared to antennae, the labial palps are relatively specific and worthy of further investigation due to the labial-palp pit organ (LPO), which contains a large number of sensilla located on the tip segment. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a worldwide lepidopteran pest, which can damage more than 350 plants and cause significant economic losses. In this study, we surveyed the structure of the labial palps and LPO of S. frugiperda using a super-high magnification lens zoom 3D microscope. Then, the distribution and fine structure of sensilla located in the LPO of S. frugiperda were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, the electrophysiological responses of labial palps to CO2 and 29 plant volatiles were recorded by using electrolabialpalpography. Our results showed the fine structure of labial palps, the LPO, and the sensilla located in the LPO of S. frugiperda. Moreover, we demonstrated that the labial palps are olfactory organs that respond to both CO2 and other volatile compounds. Our work established a foundation for further study of the roles of labial palps in insect olfactory related behaviors. Further investigations on the function of labial palps and their biological roles together with CO2 and volatile compound responses in S. frugiperda are necessary, as they may provide better insect behavioral regulators for controlling this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitory and Green Control of Crop Pest, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Song Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengbo Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Laboratory for Monitory and Green Control of Crop Pest, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Li Q, Chen L, Liu M, Wang W, Sabatelli S, Di Giulio A, Audisio P. Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Antennae and Mouthparts in the Pollen-Beetle Meligethes ( Odonthogethes) chinensis (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae: Meligethinae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070659. [PMID: 34357319 PMCID: PMC8304583 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The present paper is aimed to further explore the structure of the antennae and mouthparts of specialized beetle species living on flowers, as well as the functions of their associated sensilla. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe and describe for the first time the fine morphology of sensilla on the antennae and mouthparts of the pollen-beetle Meligethes (Odonthogethes) chinensis, a common Chinese species associated with flowers of Rosaceae. The results show that there are six types and twelve subtypes of sensilla on male antennae; seven types and fourteen subtypes on female antennae; seven types and seventeen subtypes on male mouthparts; seven types and sixteen subtypes on female mouthparts. The sensilla on the antennae and mouthparts of Meligethinae that feed on pollen were finally compared with similar sensilla known to occur in other insects, in order to obtain more insights on the evolution of these sensorial structures in specialized flower-inhabiting insects. Abstract Meligethes (Odonthogethes) chinensis is a common Chinese phytophagous species in the family Nitidulidae. Its main larval host plant is Rubus idaeus L. (Rosaceae), and adults feed on pollen and other floral parts. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe and study the fine morphology of sensilla on the antennae and mouthparts of M. chinensis. The results show that there are six types and twelve subtypes of sensilla on male antennae; seven types and fourteen subtypes on female antennae; seven types and seventeen subtypes on male mouthparts; seven types and sixteen subtypes on female mouthparts. Sensilla coeloconica (SCo) are found on the female antennae of M. chinensis only, and they are also reported on the antennae of Nitidulidae for the first time. SCo2 on the labrum present sexual dimorphism, and one subtype of sensilla basiconica (SB6) is presented on the tip of maxillary and labial palps of the male only, while other types of sensilla are very similar on the mouthparts of male and female. Finally, by comparing similar sensilla in other insects, we also attempted to discuss the functions of all sensilla on the antennae and mouthparts of M. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Li
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Q.L.); (L.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Longyan Chen
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Q.L.); (L.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Meike Liu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Q.L.); (L.C.); (W.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Wenkai Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Q.L.); (L.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Simone Sabatelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Rome University, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Andrea Di Giulio
- Department of Science—L.I.M.E., University of Roma Tre, V.le G. Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Audisio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Rome University, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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13
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Arce CC, Theepan V, Schimmel BC, Jaffuel G, Erb M, Machado RA. Plant-associated CO 2 mediates long-distance host location and foraging behaviour of a root herbivore. eLife 2021; 10:65575. [PMID: 33875133 PMCID: PMC8057813 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores use different cues to locate host plants. The importance of CO2 in this context is not well understood. We manipulated CO2 perception in western corn rootworm (WCR) larvae through RNAi and studied how CO2 perception impacts their interaction with their host plant. The expression of a carbon dioxide receptor, DvvGr2, is specifically required for dose-dependent larval responses to CO2. Silencing CO2 perception or scrubbing plant-associated CO2 has no effect on the ability of WCR larvae to locate host plants at short distances (<9 cm), but impairs host location at greater distances. WCR larvae preferentially orient and prefer plants that grow in well-fertilized soils compared to plants that grow in nutrient-poor soils, a behaviour that has direct consequences for larval growth and depends on the ability of the larvae to perceive root-emitted CO2. This study unravels how CO2 can mediate plant–herbivore interactions by serving as a distance-dependent host location cue. Living deep in the ground and surrounded by darkness, soil insects must rely on the chemicals released by plants to find the roots they feed on. Carbon dioxide, for example, is a by-product of plant respiration, which, above ground, is thought to attract moths to flowers and flies to apples; underground, however, its role is still unclear. This gaseous compound can travel through soil and potentially act as a compass for root-eating insects. Yet, it is also produced by decaying plants or animals, which are not edible. It is therefore possible that insects use this signal as a long-range cue to orient themselves, but then switch to another chemical when closer to their target to narrow in on an actual food source. To test this idea, Arce et al. investigated whether carbon dioxide guides the larvae of Western corn rootworm to maize roots. First, the rootworm genes responsible for sensing carbon dioxide were identified and switched off, making the larvae unable to detect this gas. When the genetically engineered rootworms were further than 9cm from maize roots, they were less able to locate that food source; closer to the roots, however, the insects could orient themselves towards the plant. This suggests that the insects use carbon dioxide at long distances but rely on another chemicals to narrow down their search at close range. To confirm this finding, Arce et al. tried absorbing the carbon dioxide using soda lime, leading to similar effects: carbon dioxide sensitive insects stopped detecting the roots at long but not short distances. Additional experiments then revealed that the compound could help insects find the best roots to feed on. Indeed, eating plants that grow on rich terrain – for instance, fertilized soils – helps insects to grow bigger and faster. These roots also release more carbon dioxide, in turn attracting rootworms more frequently. In the United States and Eastern Europe, Western corn rootworms inflict major damage to crops, highlighting the need to understand and manage the link between fertilization regimes, carbon dioxide release and how these pests find their food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cm Arce
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vanitha Theepan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Geoffrey Jaffuel
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Ar Machado
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Neuronal architecture of the second-order CO 2 pathway in the brain of a noctuid moth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19838. [PMID: 33199810 PMCID: PMC7669840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects possess the ability to detect fine fluctuations in the environmental CO2 concentration. In herbivorous species, plant-emitted CO2, in combination with other sensory cues, affect many behaviors including foraging and oviposition. In contrast to the comprehensive knowledge obtained on the insect olfactory pathway in recent years, we still know little about the central CO2 system. By utilizing intracellular labeling and mass staining, we report the neuroanatomy of projection neurons connected with the CO2 sensitive antennal-lobe glomerulus, the labial pit organ glomerulus (LPOG), in the noctuid moth, Helicoverpa armigera. We identified 15 individual LPOG projection neurons passing along different tracts. Most of these uniglomerular neurons terminated in the lateral horn, a previously well-described target area of plant-odor projection neurons originating from the numerous ordinary antennal-lobe glomeruli. The other higher-order processing area for odor information, the calyces, on the other hand, was weakly innervated by the LPOG neurons. The overlapping LPOG terminals in the lateral horn, which is considered important for innate behavior in insects, suggests the biological importance of integrating the CO2 input with plant odor information while the weak innervation of the calyces indicates the insignificance of this ubiquitous cue for learning mechanisms.
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15
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Rani AT, Shashank PR, Meshram NM, Sagar D, Srivastava C, Pandey KK, Singh J. Morphological characterization of antennal sensilla of Earias vittella (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae). Micron 2020; 140:102957. [PMID: 33120164 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella Fab. (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) is an important and most devastating insect pest on okra and cotton. The pest mainly responsible for causing significant direct damage to tender shoots and fruits of okra, flowers and green bolls of cotton causing net yield loss in both crops. Many non-chemical control strategies have been developed under the insect pest management program, A complete knowledge on the antennal morphology of E. vitella is essential for future electrophysiological and behavioural studies. In the present study, the antennal morphology and types of sensilla on the antennae of both sexes of E. vitella were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Nine distinct types of sensilla were identified on the antennae of both sexes: sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla auricillica (multiporous), sensilla chaetica, uniporous peg sensilla (uniporous), sensilla styloconica, sensilla squamiformia and bohm bristles (aporous). Among all sensilla, the most widespread are multiporous sensilla trichodea with 42.90 ± 1.77/flagellomere in male and 37.38 ± 1.38/flagellomere in female. Sensilla basiconica were the second most common sensillum type in male antennae with 15.67 ± 1.92/flagellomere. Other multiporous sensilla such as auricillica (11.90 ± 0.99) and coeloconica (4.57 ± 0.25) were significantly more abundant in female than in male antennae. Results of the study provide morphological evidence that E. vitella antennae possess microscopic cuticular structures that can play a role in perception of pheromones, plant odours and other chemical stimulants. This will open up opportunities to assess the possibility of using pheromones and plant-derived compounds for the monitoring or management of E. vittella moths in the agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Rani
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305, UP, India
| | - P R Shashank
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Naresh M Meshram
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - D Sagar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Chitra Srivastava
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - K K Pandey
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305, UP, India
| | - Jagdish Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221305, UP, India
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16
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Zheng L, Liang Q, Yu M, Cao Y, Chen W. Morphological characterization of antennae and antennal sensilla of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) nymphs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234030. [PMID: 32492065 PMCID: PMC7269239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the most economically important citrus pest which is the primary vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp. causing citrus greening (huanglongbing, HLB) disease. To better understand the developmental and structural changes of antennae and antennal sensilla in D. citri nymphs, we investigated the antennal morphology, structure and sensilla distribution of the five nymphal stages of D. citri using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of the five different nymphal stages of D. citri were filiform in shape, which consisted of two segments in the first-, second- and third-instar nymphs; three segments in the fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs. The length of their antennae was significantly increased with the increase of the nymphal instar, as well as the total number of antennal sensilla. Ten morphological sensilla types were recorded altogether. They were the long terminal hair (TH1), short terminal hair (TH2), sensilla trichoidea (ST), cavity sensillum 1 (CvS1), cavity sensillum 2 (CvS2), sensilla basiconica 1–3 (SB1-3), sensilla campaniform (SCA) and partitioned sensory organ (PSO). Also, the distribution of antennal sensilla in each nymphal stage of D. citri was asymmetrical. The SBs only occurred on the antennae of the third-, fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs. Only one CvS2 was found in the third- and fifth-instar nymphs, and one SCA in the fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs, respectively. The possible roles of the nymphal antennal sensilla in D. citri were discussed. The results could contribute to a better understanding of the development of the sensory system, and facilitate future studies on the antennal functions in D. citri nymphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zheng
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qichun Liang
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Faucheux MJ, Németh T, Kundrata R. Comparative Antennal Morphology of Agriotes (Coleoptera: Elateridae), with Special Reference to the Typology and Possible Functions of Sensilla. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020137. [PMID: 32098184 PMCID: PMC7074560 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Species of the click-beetle genus Agriotes Eschscholtz are economically important crop pests distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere. They can inflict considerable damage on various field crops. Therefore, the detection, monitoring, and control of Agriotes include the adult trapping using species-specific sex pheromones, which is a critical component of pest research. To obtain a better understanding of the detailed antennal morphology as background information for subsequent chemical ecology research, we conducted a scanning electron microscopy study of the antennal sensilla of both sexes in 10 European Agriotes species. We identified 16 different sensilla in Agriotes, belonging to six main types: sensilla chaetica (subtypes C1 and C2), sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica (subtypes B1–B9), dome-shaped sensilla (subtypes D1 and D2), sensilla campaniformia, and Böhm sensilla. We discuss their possible functions and compare the sensilla of Agriotes with those of other Elateridae in order to consolidate the sensillum nomenclature in this family. Additionally, our study reveals the remarkable interspecific variability in sensillar equipment of Agriotes and identifies several characters of potential importance for future use in systematic studies. The present study provides a strong preliminary framework for subsequent research on the antennal morphology of this crop pest on a wider scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J. Faucheux
- Laboratoire d’Endocrinologie des Insectes Sociaux, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, B.P. 92208, F-44322 Nantes CEDEX 03, France;
| | - Tamás Németh
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross utca 13, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Robin Kundrata
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 50, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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18
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Yan H, Jafari S, Pask G, Zhou X, Reinberg D, Desplan C. Evolution, developmental expression and function of odorant receptors in insects. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb208215. [PMID: 32034042 PMCID: PMC7790194 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animals rely on their chemosensory system to discriminate among a very large number of attractive or repulsive chemical cues in the environment, which is essential to respond with proper action. The olfactory sensory systems in insects share significant similarities with those of vertebrates, although they also exhibit dramatic differences, such as the molecular nature of the odorant receptors (ORs): insect ORs function as heteromeric ion channels with a common Orco subunit, unlike the G-protein-coupled olfactory receptors found in vertebrates. Remarkable progress has recently been made in understanding the evolution, development and function of insect odorant receptor neurons (ORNs). These studies have uncovered the diversity of olfactory sensory systems among insect species, including in eusocial insects that rely extensively on olfactory sensing of pheromones for social communication. However, further studies, notably functional analyses, are needed to improve our understanding of the origins of the Orco-OR system, the mechanisms of ORN fate determination, and the extraordinary diversity of behavioral responses to chemical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste (UFCST), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Shadi Jafari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Gregory Pask
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, 510642 Guangzhou, China
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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19
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Guo P, Xu X, Wang F, Yuan X, Tu Y, Zhang B, Zheng H, Yu D, Ge W, Gong Z, Yang X, Xi Y. A Novel Neuroprotective Role of Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-1 against CO 2 Stimulation in Drosophila. iScience 2019; 19:291-302. [PMID: 31404830 PMCID: PMC6700421 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection is essential for the maintenance of normal physiological functions in the nervous system. This is especially true under stress conditions. Here, we demonstrate a novel protective function of PRL-1 against CO2 stimulation in Drosophila. In the absence of PRL-1, flies exhibit a permanent held-up wing phenotype upon CO2 exposure. Knockdown of the CO2 olfactory receptor, Gr21a, suppresses the phenotype. Our genetic data indicate that the wing phenotype is due to a neural dysfunction. PRL-1 physically interacts with Uex and controls Uex expression levels. Knockdown of Uex alone leads to a similar wing held-up phenotype to that of PRL-1 mutants. Uex acts downstream of PRL-1. Elevated Uex levels in PRL-1 mutants prevent the CO2-induced phenotype. PRL-1 and Uex are required for a wide range of neurons to maintain neuroprotective functions. Expression of human homologs of PRL-1 could rescue the phenotype in Drosophila, suggesting a similar function in humans. PRL-1 functions to protect the nervous system against olfactory CO2 stimulation PRL-1 physically interacts with Uex and controls Uex expression levels PRLs may retain a similar neuroprotective function in humans
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Guo
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Yinqi Tu
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Huimei Zheng
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Danqing Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Wanzhong Ge
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Zhefeng Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China; Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
| | - Yongmei Xi
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
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20
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Rist A, Thum AS. A map of sensilla and neurons in the taste system ofdrosophilalarvae. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3865-3889. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rist
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
| | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- Department of Genetics; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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21
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Xu L, Pei J, Wang T, Ren L, Zong S. The larval sensilla on the antennae and mouthparts of five species of Cossidae (Lepidoptera). CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most species in the family Cossidae can migrate from one host to a new one in later larval instars, which is different from other bark- and wood-boring insects. In this study, we selected Eogystia hippophaecolus (Hua, Chou, Fang and Chen, 1990), Deserticossus artemisiae (Chou and Hua, 1986), Deserticossus arenicola (Staudinger, 1879), Yakudza vicarius (Walker, 1865), and Streltzoviella insularis (Staudinger, 1892) to understand how these species locate new hosts in their larval stages. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the typology, morphology, number, and distribution of sensilla on the antennae, maxillary palps, galeas, and labial palps of these five species. There were no differences in typology, morphology, and number of sensilla between the five species. We observed antenna with three to four short sensilla basiconica, two sensilla chaetica, four sensilla basiconica, and one sensillum styloconicum. The maxillary palp had seven short sensilla basiconica, one sensillum digitiformium, and two sensilla placodea. The maxillary galea had three short sensilla basiconica, two sensilla styloconica, and one sensillum chaeticum. The labial palp had one short sensillum basiconicum and one sensillum styloconicum. Our results will provide a basis for further studies on the feeding, host-transfer behaviors, and electrophysiology of this group of forest pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, 211153, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahe Pei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Mentougou Forestry Station, Beijing, 102300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shixiang Zong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, 35 East Qinghua Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People’s Republic of China
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Putative thermo-/hygroreceptive tarsal sensilla on the sensory legs of an armored harvestman (Arachnida, Opiliones). ZOOL ANZ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Indacochea A, Gard CC, Hansen IA, Pierce J, Romero A. Short-Range Responses of the Kissing Bug Triatoma rubida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to Carbon Dioxide, Moisture, and Artificial Light. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8030090. [PMID: 28850059 PMCID: PMC5620710 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hematophagous bug Triatoma rubida is a species of kissing bug that has been marked as a potential vector for the transmission of Chagas disease in the Southern United States and Northern Mexico. However, information on the distribution of T. rubida in these areas is limited. Vector monitoring is crucial to assess disease risk, so effective trapping systems are required. Kissing bugs utilize extrinsic cues to guide host-seeking, aggregation, and dispersal behaviors. These cues have been recognized as high-value targets for exploitation by trapping systems. A modern video-tracking system was used with a four-port olfactometer system to quantitatively assess the behavioral response of T. rubida to cues of known significance. Also, response of T. rubida adults to seven wavelengths of light-emitting diodes (LED) in paired-choice pitfall was evaluated. Behavioral data gathered from these experiments indicate that T. rubida nymphs orient preferentially to airstreams at either 1600 or 3200 ppm carbon dioxide and prefer relative humidity levels of about 30%, while adults are most attracted to 470 nm light. These data may serve to help design an effective trapping system for T. rubida monitoring. Investigations described here also demonstrate the experimental power of combining an olfactometer with a video-tracking system for studying insect behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Indacochea
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Charlotte C Gard
- Department of Economics, Applied Statistics, and International Business, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Immo A Hansen
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Jane Pierce
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Artesia, NM 88210, USA.
| | - Alvaro Romero
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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Zhu W, Zhou S, Wang S, Han D, Chen J, Fu Y. Ultrastructure and distribution of antennal sensilla of the chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:1283-1296. [PMID: 28833941 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, is a serious pest of numerous important vegetable and ornamental crops. Various signals, especially phytochemical cues, determine the behavior of the phytophagous thrips at host selection. The sensory abilities of S. dorsalis are poorly understood although the antennae of adult are known to possess important sensory structures in orther insects. In this study, the morphology, distribution, and ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of the S. dorsalis were examined by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Microscopy observations revealed that adult male and female S. dorsalis possess filiform antennae. Each antenna comprises a scape, a pedicel, and a flagellum composed of six segments without clear sexual dimorphism in the number and distribution of antennal sensilla. The scape and pedicel exhibit Böhm's bristles, sensilla chaetica, and sensilla campaniform. The external structures of these organs reveal their mechanosensory function. In the flagellum, the most represented sensilla are the multiporous sensilla basiconica, which can be divided into three types of single-walled olfactory sensilla; three types of sensilla chaetica with mechanosensory and gustatory functions; sensilla coeloconica, which possess hollow cuticular spoke channels and represent double-walled olfactory sensilla; sensilla capitula and sensilla cavity with thermo-hygrosensory functions; and aporous sensilla trichodea with smooth cuticula and mechanosensory function. The putative function of described sensilla is discussed in ralation to host plant selection behavior of S. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhu
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 571701, China.,Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shihao Zhou
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 571701, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Dongyin Han
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yueguan Fu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Song LM, Wang XM, Huang JP, Zhu F, Jiang X, Zhang SG, Ban LP. Ultrastructure and morphology of antennal sensilla of the adult diving beetle Cybister japonicus Sharp. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174643. [PMID: 28358865 PMCID: PMC5373609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla of adult diving beetle Cybister japonicus Sharp (Dytiscidae, Coleoptera), have been examined. Five types of sensilla on the antennae were identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Sensilla placodea and elongated s. placodea are the most abundant types of sensilla, distributing only on the flagellum. Both these types of sensilla carry multiple pore systems with a typical function as chemoreceptors. Three types of s. coeloconica (Type I–III) were also identified, with the characterization of the pit-in-pit style, and carrying pegs externally different from each other. Our data indicated that both type I and type II of s. coleconica contain two bipolar neurons, while the type III of s. coleconica contains three dendrites in the peg. Two sensory dendrites in the former two sensilla are tightly embedded inside the dendrite sheath, with no space left for sensilla lymph. There are no specific morphological differences in the antennal sensilla observed between males and females, except that the males have longer antennae and more sensilla than the females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Song
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Min Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiang Jiang
- Huangpu Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan-Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Ban
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Carle T, Watanabe H, Yamawaki Y, Yokohari F. Organization of the antennal lobes in the praying mantis (Tenodera aridifolia). J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:1685-1706. [PMID: 28001299 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction in insects plays pivotal roles in searching for food and/or for sexual partners. Although many studies have focused on the olfactory processes of nonpredatory insect species, little is known about those in predatory insects. Here, we investigated the anatomical features of the primary olfactory center (antennal lobes) in an insect predator whose visual system is well developed, the praying mantis Tenodera aridifolia. Both sexes of T. aridifolia were found to possess 54 glomeruli, and each glomerulus was identified based on its location and size. Moreover, we found a sexual dimorphism in three glomeruli (macroglomeruli) located at the entrance of the antennal nerves, which are 15 times bigger in males than their homologs in females. We additionally deduced the target glomeruli of olfactory sensory neurons housed in cognate types of sensilla by degenerating the sensory afferents. The macroglomeruli received sensory inputs from grooved peg sensilla, which are present in a large number at the proximal part of the males' antennae. Furthermore, our findings suggest that glomeruli at the posteriodorsal part of the antennal lobes receive sensory information from putative hygro- and thermosensitive sensilla. The origins of projections connected to the protocerebrum are also discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1685-1706, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Carle
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Watanabe
- Division of Biology, Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Yamawaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumio Yokohari
- Division of Biology, Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Ma M, Chang MM, Lu Y, Lei CL, Yang FL. Ultrastructure of sensilla of antennae and ovipositor of Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and location of female sex pheromone gland. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40637. [PMID: 28094781 PMCID: PMC5240572 DOI: 10.1038/srep40637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella, is a serious pest of stored grains worldwide. Presently, the best effective control against the moth is to disrupt the sexual communication between sexes. Sexual communication in moths includes two processes in which females produce and release pheromones from the sex pheromone gland and males detect and respond to them with a relatively sophisticated olfactory system in their antennae. To better understand these processes, we studied the ultrastructure of antennal and ovipositor sensilla of S. cerealella and determined the location of the female sex pheromone gland. Seven types of antennal sensilla were identified on both sexes: sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla squamiformia and Bӧhm bristles. Of these sensilla, the sensilla trichodea were significantly more abundant on male antennae than on those of females, suggesting that these sensilla may detect the sex pheromones. On the ovipositor, only sensilla chaetica of various lengths were found. The sexual gland was an eversible sac of glandular epithelium that was situated dorsally in the intersegmental membrane between the 8th and 9th abdominal segments. These results will lead to a better understanding of mate finding with sex pheromones for this worldwide pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Meng Chang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Lian Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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28
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Cao YK, Huang M. A SEM study of the antenna and mouthparts of Omosita colon(Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:1152-1164. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Kun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Integrated Pest Management; Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Integrated Pest Management; Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China
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29
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Wu W, Li Z, Zhang S, Ke Y, Hou Y. Transcriptome response to elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration in the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). PeerJ 2016; 4:e2527. [PMID: 27761326 PMCID: PMC5068368 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a pervasive chemical stimulus that plays a critical role in insect life, eliciting behavioral and physiological responses across different species. High CO2 concentration is a major feature of termite nests, which may be used as a cue for locating their nests. Termites also survive under an elevated CO2 concentration. However, the mechanism by which elevated CO2 concentration influences gene expression in termites is poorly understood. Methods To gain a better understanding of the molecular basis involved in the adaptation to CO2 concentration, a transcriptome of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki was constructed to assemble the reference genes, followed by comparative transcriptomic analyses across different CO2 concentration (0.04%, 0.4%, 4% and 40%) treatments. Results (1) Based on a high throughput sequencing platform, we obtained approximately 20 GB of clean data and revealed 189,421 unigenes, with a mean length and an N50 length of 629 bp and 974 bp, respectively. (2) The transcriptomic response of C. formosanus to elevated CO2 levels presented discontinuous changes. Comparative analysis of the transcriptomes revealed 2,936 genes regulated among 0.04%, 0.4%, 4% and 40% CO2 concentration treatments, 909 genes derived from termites and 2,027 from gut symbionts. Genes derived from termites appears selectively activated under 4% CO2 level. In 40% CO2 level, most of the down-regulated genes were derived from symbionts. (3) Through similarity searches to data from other species, a number of protein sequences putatively involved in chemosensory reception were identified and characterized in C. formosanus, including odorant receptors, gustatory receptors, ionotropic receptors, odorant binding proteins, and chemosensory proteins. Discussion We found that most genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and genetic information processing were regulated under different CO2 concentrations. Results suggested that termites adapt to ∼4% CO2 level and their gut symbionts may be killed under high CO2 level. We anticipate that our findings provide insights into the transcriptome dynamics of CO2 responses in termites and form the basis to gain a better understanding of regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yunling Ke
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Yahui Hou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Piersanti S, Frati F, Rebora M, Salerno G. Carbon dioxide detection in adult Odonata. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:137-142. [PMID: 26831359 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present paper shows, by means of single-cell recordings, responses of antennal sensory neurons of the damselfly Ischnura elegans when stimulated by air streams at different CO2 concentrations. Unlike most insects, but similarly to termites, centipedes and ticks, Odonata possess sensory neurons strongly inhibited by CO2, with the magnitude of the off-response depending upon the CO2 concentration. The Odonata antennal sensory neurons responding to CO2 are also sensitive to airborne odors; in particular, the impulse frequency is increased by isoamylamine and decreased by heptanoic and pentanoic acid. Further behavioral investigations are necessary to assign a biological role to carbon dioxide detection in Odonata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Frati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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Chang XQ, Zhang S, Lv L, Wang MQ. Insight Into the Ultrastructure of Antennal Sensilla of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:124. [PMID: 26363060 PMCID: PMC4672215 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walk), is one of the most serious pests of cereals in Asia and Australasia. The structure and distribution of the antennal sensilla of M. separata were studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that antennae of both female and male M. separata are filiform in shape. Three groups and seven morphological sensillum types were recorded in both sexes, including uniporous sensilla (sensilla chaetica), multiporous sensilla (sensilla trichodea, basiconica, coeloconica, and styloconica), and aporous sensilla (sensilla squamiformia and Böhm bristles). S. trichodea, which were the most abundant sensilla, was made of three subtypes (ST I, ST II, and ST III) according to external features and two subtypes of s. basiconica (SB I and SB II) and s. coeloconica (SCo I and SCo II) were identified, respectively. Sexual dimorphisms in sensilla of M. separata were mainly perceived as the variations in the numbers of several sensilla subtypes. Also, the possible functions of the antennal sensilla were discussed. These results contribute to our understanding of the function of antennae in the behavior of M. separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qian Chang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection & Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection & Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Lv
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection & Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Syed Z. Chemical ecology and olfaction in arthropod vectors of diseases. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 10:83-89. [PMID: 29588018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hematophagous arthropods (ticks and insects, collectively hereafter referred to as vectors) transmit various life threatening diseases resulting in over one million human deaths annually. Exploiting vertebrates for blood demanded extensive sensory and behavioral adaptations that are apparent across the evolutionary range of vector species, from primitive ticks to advanced dipterans. Since animal senses are biological features that have been shaped by natural selection to promote adaptive behavior, a variety of exciting patterns are apparent in what they sense and how. Vectors display robust olfactory driven behaviors. A distinct yet limited range of volatile organic compounds are parsimoniously used as major cues for tracking in various contexts. These chemicals elicit behaviors such as attraction or repulsion/avoidance while vectors seek habitats, hosts, mates, or oviposition sites. Interestingly, there is a substantial consilience among olfactory structures and function in arthropod vectors, which is also reflected in the parsimonious use of chemical ligands. A detailed analysis of chemosensory signals and reception by these arthropod vectors can be exploited to identify natural ligands that can be used as baits to manipulate vector behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainulabeuddin Syed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, Galvin Life Sciences Center, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Environmental CO2 inhibits Caenorhabditis elegans egg-laying by modulating olfactory neurons and evokes widespread changes in neural activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3525-34. [PMID: 26100886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423808112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) gradients are ubiquitous and provide animals with information about their environment, such as the potential presence of prey or predators. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans avoids elevated CO2, and previous work identified three neuron pairs called "BAG," "AFD," and "ASE" that respond to CO2 stimuli. Using in vivo Ca(2+) imaging and behavioral analysis, we show that C. elegans can detect CO2 independently of these sensory pathways. Many of the C. elegans sensory neurons we examined, including the AWC olfactory neurons, the ASJ and ASK gustatory neurons, and the ASH and ADL nociceptors, respond to a rise in CO2 with a rise in Ca(2+). In contrast, glial sheath cells harboring the sensory endings of C. elegans' major chemosensory neurons exhibit strong and sustained decreases in Ca(2+) in response to high CO2. Some of these CO2 responses appear to be cell intrinsic. Worms therefore may couple detection of CO2 to that of other cues at the earliest stages of sensory processing. We show that C. elegans persistently suppresses oviposition at high CO2. Hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs), the executive neurons driving egg-laying, are tonically inhibited when CO2 is elevated. CO2 modulates the egg-laying system partly through the AWC olfactory neurons: High CO2 tonically activates AWC by a cGMP-dependent mechanism, and AWC output inhibits the HSNs. Our work shows that CO2 is a more complex sensory cue for C. elegans than previously thought, both in terms of behavior and neural circuitry.
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Chen J, Hua B. Sexual dimorphism of adult labial palps of the peach fruit mothCarposina sasakiiMatsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) with notes on their sensilla. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management; Ministry of Education; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China
- Key Laboratory at Universities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resource Utilization; College of Agronomy; Shihezi University; Shihezi Xinjiang 832003 China
| | - Baozhen Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management; Ministry of Education; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi 712100 China
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36
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Ren LL, Wu Y, Shi J, Zhang L, Luo YQ. Antenna morphology and sensilla ultrastructure of Tetrigus lewisi Candèze (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Micron 2014; 60:29-38. [PMID: 24602269 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We used scanning and transmission electron microscopy to study the typology, morphology, distributions, and ultrastructures of the antennal sensilla of Tetrigus lewisi Candèze, a predatory click beetle that feeds on longhorned beetles, such as, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). We observed eight types of sensilla on the antennae, including sensilla chaetica (with three subtypes: ch.1, ch.2, ch.3), sensilla basiconica (subtypes: ba.1, ba.2, ba.3), sensilla trichodea (subtypes: tr.1, tr.2), as well as sensilla auricillica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla campaniformia, sensilla styloconica and Böhm's bristles. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in the antenna morphology, as well as in the density of type 2 sensilla trichodea and type 1 sensilla basiconica. We observed thick cuticular walls on sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea and sensilla campaniformia; clear pore structures on sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica and sensilla auricillica; and double walls with spoke-channels on sensilla coeloconica. The chemoreception, mechanoreception and thermo-/hygro-reception functions were deduced from fine structures on the cuticular walls and the dendrites of the different sensilla types. We suggest that all these sensilla have important roles in the host location, mating and predatory behavior of T. lewisi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Ren
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Juan Shi
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - You-Qing Luo
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Cummins EP, Selfridge AC, Sporn PH, Sznajder JI, Taylor CT. Carbon dioxide-sensing in organisms and its implications for human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:831-45. [PMID: 24045706 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of organisms to sense changes in the levels of internal and external gases and to respond accordingly is central to a range of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. Carbon dioxide, a primary product of oxidative metabolism is one such gas that can be sensed by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and in response to altered levels, elicit the activation of multiple adaptive pathways. The outcomes of activating CO2-sensitive pathways in various species include increased virulence of fungal and bacterial pathogens, prey-seeking behavior in insects as well as taste perception, lung function, and the control of immunity in mammals. In this review, we discuss what is known about the mechanisms underpinning CO2 sensing across a range of species and consider the implications of this for physiology, disease progression, and the possibility of developing new therapeutics for inflammatory and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Cummins
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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38
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Zhao XC, Tang QB, Berg BG, Liu Y, Wang YR, Yan FM, Wang GR. Fine structure and primary sensory projections of sensilla located in the labial-palp pit organ of Helicoverpa armigera (Insecta). Cell Tissue Res 2013; 353:399-408. [PMID: 23736380 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure and primary sensory projections of sensilla located in the labial-palp pit organ of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Insecta, Lepidoptera) are investigated by scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The pit organ located on the third segment of the labial palp is about 300 μm deep with a 60-μm-wide opening, each structure containing about 1200 sensilla. Two sensillum types have been found, namely hair-shaped and club-shaped sensilla, located on the upper and lower half of the pit, respectively. Most sensilla possess a single dendrite. The dendrite housed by the club-shaped sensilla is often split into several branches or becomes lamellated in the outer segment. As reported previously, the sensory axons of the sensilla in the labial pit organ form a bundle entering the ipsilateral side of the subesophageal ganglion via the labial palp nerve and project to three distinct areas: the labial pit organ glomerulus in each antennal lobe, the subesophageal ganglion and the ventral nerve cord. In the antennal lobe, the labial pit organ glomerulus is innervated by sensory axons from the labial pit organ only; no antennal afferents target this unit. One neuron has been found extending fine processes into the subesophageal ganglion and innervating the labial palp via one branch passing at the base of the labial palp nerve. The soma of this assumed motor neuron is located in the ipsilateral cell body layer of the subesophageal ganglion. Our results provide valuable knowledge concerning the neural circuit encoding information about carbon dioxide and should stimulate further investigations directed at controlling pest species such as H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
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39
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Wang X, Zhong M, Liu Q, Aly SM, Wu C, Wen J. Molecular characterization of the carbon dioxide receptor in the oriental latrine fly, Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Parasitol Res 2013; 112:2763-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kaissling KE. Kinetics of olfactory responses might largely depend on the odorant-receptor interaction and the odorant deactivation postulated for flux detectors. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:879-96. [PMID: 23563709 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data together with modeling of pheromone perireceptor and receptor events in moths (Bombyx mori, Antheraea polyphemus) suggest that the kinetics of olfactory receptor potentials largely depend on the association of the odorant with the neuronal receptor molecules and the deactivation of the odorant accumulated around the receptor neuron. The first process could be responsible for the reaction times (mean about 400 ms) of the nerve impulses at threshold. The second process has been postulated for flux detectors such as olfactory sensilla of moths. The odorant deactivation could involve a modification of the pheromone-binding protein (PBP) that "locks" the pheromone inside the inner binding cavity of the protein. The model combines seemingly contradictory functions of the PBP such as pheromone transport, protection of the pheromone from enzymatic degradation, pheromone deactivation, and pheromone-receptor interaction. Model calculations reveal a density of at least 6,000 receptor molecules per µm(2) of neuronal membrane. The volatile decanoyl-thio-1,1,1-trifluoropropanone specifically blocks pheromone receptor neurons, probably when bound to the PBP and by competitive binding to the receptor molecules. The shallow dose-response curve of the receptor potential and altered response properties observed with pheromone derivatives or after adaptation may indicate shortened opening of ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Ernst Kaissling
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Verhaltensphysiologie/Ornithologie, Seewiesen, 82319, Starnberg, Germany,
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41
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Brożek J, Bourgoin T. Morphology and distribution of the external labial sensilla in Fulgoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2013; 132:33-65. [PMID: 23420415 PMCID: PMC3570763 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-012-0174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes the sensory structures on the apical segment of the labium in fifteen fulgoromorphan families (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha), using the scanning electron microscope. Thirteen morphologically distinct types of sensilla are identified: five types of multiporous sensilla, four types of uniporous sensilla and four types of nonporous sensilla. Three subapical sensory organ types are also recognized, formed from one to several sensilla, each characteristic of a family group. Sensilla chaetica (mechanoreceptive sensilla) fall into three categories dependent on length and are numerous and evenly distributed on the surface of the labium except where they occur on specialized sensory fields. The planthopper morphological ground plan is represented by two apical pair of sensory fields (dorsal and ventral) on which 11 dorsal pairs of sensilla (10 peg-like pairs + 1 specialized pair dome or cupola-like) and 2 ventral pairs of sensilla basiconica occur. Two main patterns (cixiid and issid) together with more specialized ones (derbid, lophopid, flatid and fulgorid) are reported. Disparity and diversity of the sensory structures are analyzed from a taxonomic and functional perspective. A gustatory function is provided for several chemoreceptive labial sensilla, as in the antennal flagellum sensilla in some other Hemiptera. This represents a more recently evolved function for the planthopper labium. Finally, further lines of study are suggested for future work on the phylogeny of the group based on the studied characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Brożek
- Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Thierry Bourgoin
- Département Systématique and Evolution, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7205, MNHN-CNRS, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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42
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Jones W. Olfactory carbon dioxide detection by insects and other animals. Mol Cells 2013; 35:87-92. [PMID: 23456329 PMCID: PMC3887906 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is a small, relatively inert, but highly volatile gas that not only gives beer its bubbles, but that also acts as one of the primary driving forces of anthropogenic climate change. While beer brewers experiment with the effects of CO2 on flavor and climate scientists are concerned with global changes to ambient CO2 levels that take place over the course of decades, many animal species are keenly aware of changes in CO2 concentration that occur much more rapidly and on a much more local scale. Although imperceptible to us, these small changes in CO2 concentration can indicate imminent danger, signal overcrowding, and point the way to food. Here I review several of these CO2-evoked behaviors and compare the systems insects, nematodes, and vertebrates use to detect environmental CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walton Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea.
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Wasserman S, Salomon A, Frye MA. Drosophila tracks carbon dioxide in flight. Curr Biol 2013; 23:301-6. [PMID: 23352695 PMCID: PMC3810385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) elicits an attractive host-seeking response from mosquitos yet is innately aversive to Drosophila melanogaster despite being a plentiful byproduct of attractive fermenting food sources. Prior studies used walking flies exclusively, yet adults track distant food sources on the wing. Here we show that a fly tethered within a magnetic field allowing free rotation about the yaw axis actively seeks a narrow CO(2) plume during flight. Genetic disruption of the canonical CO(2)-sensing olfactory neurons does not alter in-flight attraction to CO(2); however, antennal ablation and genetic disruption of the Ir64a acid sensor do. Surprisingly, mutation of the obligate olfactory coreceptor (Orco) does not abolish CO(2) aversion during walking yet eliminates CO(2) tracking in flight. The biogenic amine octopamine regulates critical physiological processes during flight, and blocking synaptic output from octopamine neurons inverts the valence assigned to CO(2) and elicits an aversive response in flight. Combined, our results suggest that a novel Orco-mediated olfactory pathway that gains sensitivity to CO(2) in flight via changes in octopamine levels, along with Ir64a, quickly switches the valence of a key environmental stimulus in a behavioral-state-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wasserman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Keil TA. Sensory cilia in arthropods. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2012; 41:515-34. [PMID: 22814269 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In arthropods, the modified primary cilium is a structure common to all peripheral sensory neurons other than photoreceptors. Since its first description in 1958, it has been investigated in great detail in numerous sense organs (sensilla) of many insect species by means of electron microscopy and electrophysiology. The perfection of molecular biological methods has led to an enormous advance in our knowledge about development and function of sensory cilia in the fruitfly since the end of the last century. The cilia show a wealth of adaptations according to their different physiological roles: chemoreception, mechanoreception, hygroreception, and thermoreception. Divergent types of receptors and channels have evolved fulfilling these tasks. The number of olfactory receptor genes can be close to 300 in ants, whereas in crickets slightest mechanical stimuli are detected by the interaction of extremely sophisticated biomechanical devices with mechanosensory cilia. Despite their enormous morphological and physiological divergence, sensilla and sensory cilia develop according to a stereotyped pattern. Intraflagellar transport genes have been found to be decisive for proper development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Keil
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Martinsried, Germany.
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Eilers EJ, Talarico G, Hansson BS, Hilker M, Reinecke A. Sensing the underground--ultrastructure and function of sensory organs in root-feeding Melolontha melolontha (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) larvae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41357. [PMID: 22848471 PMCID: PMC3405142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Below ground orientation in insects relies mainly on olfaction and taste. The economic impact of plant root feeding scarab beetle larvae gave rise to numerous phylogenetic and ecological studies. Detailed knowledge of the sensory capacities of these larvae is nevertheless lacking. Here, we present an atlas of the sensory organs on larval head appendages of Melolontha melolontha. Our ultrastructural and electrophysiological investigations allow annotation of functions to various sensory structures. RESULTS Three out of 17 ascertained sensillum types have olfactory, and 7 gustatory function. These sensillum types are unevenly distributed between antennae and palps. The most prominent chemosensory organs are antennal pore plates that in total are innervated by approximately one thousand olfactory sensory neurons grouped into functional units of three-to-four. In contrast, only two olfactory sensory neurons innervate one sensillum basiconicum on each of the palps. Gustatory sensilla chaetica dominate the apices of all head appendages, while only the palps bear thermo-/hygroreceptors. Electrophysiological responses to CO(2), an attractant for many root feeders, are exclusively observed in the antennae. Out of 54 relevant volatile compounds, various alcohols, acids, amines, esters, aldehydes, ketones and monoterpenes elicit responses in antennae and palps. All head appendages are characterized by distinct olfactory response profiles that are even enantiomer specific for some compounds. CONCLUSIONS Chemosensory capacities in M. melolontha larvae are as highly developed as in many adult insects. We interpret the functional sensory units underneath the antennal pore plates as cryptic sensilla placodea and suggest that these perceive a broad range of secondary plant metabolites together with CO(2). Responses to olfactory stimulation of the labial and maxillary palps indicate that typical contact chemo-sensilla have a dual gustatory and olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J Eilers
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Berlin, Germany.
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46
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Sun X, Wang MQ, Zhang G. Ultrastructural observations on antennal sensilla of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:113-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Gao L, Hu J, Zhong C, Luo M. Integration of CO2 and odorant signals in the mouse olfactory bulb. Neuroscience 2010; 170:881-92. [PMID: 20696215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is an important environmental cue for many animal species. In both vertebrates and invertebrates, CO(2) is detected by a specialized subset of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and mediates several stereotypical behaviors. It remains unknown how CO(2) cues are integrated with other olfactory signals in the mammalian olfactory bulb, the first stage of central olfactory processing. By recording from the mouse olfactory bulb in vivo, we found that CO(2)-activating neurons also respond selectively to odorants, many of which are putative mouse pheromones and natural odorants. In addition, many odorant-responsive bulbar neurons are inhibited by CO(2). For a substantial number of CO(2)-activating neurons, binary mixtures of CO(2) and a specific odorant produce responses that are distinct from those evoked by either CO(2) or the odorant alone. In addition, for a substantial number of CO(2)-inhibiting neurons, CO(2) addition can completely block the action potential firing of the cells to the odorants. These results indicate strong interaction between CO(2) signals and odorant signals in the olfactory bulb, suggesting important roles for the integration of these two signals in CO(2)-mediated behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
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Dötterl S, Vereecken NJ. The chemical ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions: a review and perspectivesThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bees and angiosperms have shared a long and intertwined evolutionary history and their interactions have resulted in remarkable adaptations. Yet, at a time when the “pollination crisis” is of major concern as natural populations of both wild and honey bees ( Apis mellifera L., 1758) face alarming decline rates at a worldwide scale, there are important gaps in our understanding of the ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge about the role of floral chemistry versus other communication channels in bee-pollinated flowering plants, both at the macro- and micro-evolutionary levels, and across the specialization–generalization gradient. The available data illustrate that floral scents and floral chemistry have been largely overlooked in bee–flower interactions, and that pollination studies integrating these components along with pollinator behaviour in a phylogenetic context will help gain considerable insights into the sensory ecology and the evolution of bees and their associated flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Dötterl
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Free University of Brussels/Université Libre de Bruxelles, avenue FD Roosevelt 50 CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N. J. Vereecken
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Free University of Brussels/Université Libre de Bruxelles, avenue FD Roosevelt 50 CP 160/12, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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Galizia CG, Rössler W. Parallel olfactory systems in insects: anatomy and function. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 55:399-420. [PMID: 19737085 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A striking commonality across insects and vertebrates is the recurring presence of parallel olfactory subsystems, suggesting that such an organization has a highly adaptive value. Conceptually, two different categories of parallel systems must be distinguished. In one, specific sensory organs or processing streams analyze different chemical stimuli (segregate parallel systems). In the other, similar odor stimuli are processed but analyzed with respect to different features (dual parallel systems). Insects offer many examples for both categories. For example, segregate parallel systems for different chemical stimuli are realized in specialized neuronal streams for processing sex pheromones and CO(2). Dual parallel streams related to similar or overlapping odor stimuli are prominent in Hymenoptera. Here, a clear separation of sensory tracts to higher-order brain centers is present despite no apparent differences regarding the classes or categories of olfactory stimuli being processed. In this paper, we review the situation across insect species and offer hypotheses for the function and evolution of parallel olfactory systems.
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Sharabi K, Lecuona E, Helenius IT, Beitel GJ, Sznajder JI, Gruenbaum Y. Sensing, physiological effects and molecular response to elevated CO2 levels in eukaryotes. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4304-18. [PMID: 19863692 PMCID: PMC4515048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important gaseous molecule that maintains biosphere homeostasis and is an important cellular signalling molecule in all organisms. The transport of CO2 through membranes has fundamental roles in most basic aspects of life in both plants and animals. There is a growing interest in understanding how CO2 is transported into cells, how it is sensed by neurons and other cell types and in understanding the physiological and molecular consequences of elevated CO2 levels (hypercapnia) at the cell and organism levels. Human pulmonary diseases and model organisms such as fungi, C. elegans, Drosophila and mice have been proven to be important in understanding of the mechanisms of CO2 sensing and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kfir Sharabi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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