1
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Hayakawa D, Watanabe Y, Gouda H. Molecular Interaction Fields Describing Halogen Bond Formable Areas on Protein Surfaces. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:6003-6013. [PMID: 39012240 PMCID: PMC11323840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Molecular interaction fields (MIFs) are three-dimensional interaction maps that describe the intermolecular interactions expected to be formed around target molecules. In this paper, a method for the fast computation of MIFs using the approximation functions of quantum mechanics-level MIFs of small model molecules is proposed. MIF functions of N-methylacetamide with chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, and iodobenzene probes were precisely approximated and used to calculate the MIFs on protein surfaces. This method appropriately reproduced halogen-bond-formable areas around the ligand-binding sites of proteins, where halogen bond formation was suggested in a previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Hayakawa
- Division of Biophysical
Chemistry,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yurie Watanabe
- Division of Biophysical
Chemistry,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Gouda
- Division of Biophysical
Chemistry,
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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2
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Abo Qoura L, Morozova E, Ramaa СS, Pokrovsky VS. Smart nanocarriers for enzyme-activated prodrug therapy. J Drug Target 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39045650 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2383688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous enzyme-activated prodrug therapy (EPT) is a potential cancer treatment strategy that delivers non-human enzymes into or on the surface of the cell and subsequently converts a non-toxic prodrug into an active cytotoxic substance at a specific location and time. The development of several pharmacological pairs based on EPT has been the focus of anticancer research for more than three decades. Numerous of these pharmacological pairs have progressed to clinical trials, and a few have achieved application in specific cancer therapies. The current review highlights the potential of enzyme-activated prodrug therapy as a promising anticancer treatment. Different microbial, plant, or viral enzymes and their corresponding prodrugs that advanced to clinical trials have been listed. Additionally, we discuss new trends in the field of enzyme-activated prodrug nanocarriers, including nanobubbles combined with ultrasound (NB/US), mesoscopic-sized polyion complex vesicles (PICsomes), nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), with special emphasis on smart stimuli-triggered drug release, hybrid nanocarriers, and the main application of nanotechnology in improving prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louay Abo Qoura
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Morozova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - С S Ramaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Vadim S Pokrovsky
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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3
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El Gendy AENG, Essa AF, El-Rashedy AA, Elgamal AM, Khalaf DD, Hassan EM, Abd-ElGawad AM, Elgorban AM, Zaghloul NS, Alamery SF, Elshamy AI. Antiviral Potentialities of Chemical Characterized Essential Oils of Acacia nilotica Bark and Fruits against Hepatitis A and Herpes Simplex Viruses: In Vitro, In Silico, and Molecular Dynamics Studies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11212889. [PMID: 36365342 PMCID: PMC9656187 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acacia nilotica (synonym: Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter and Mabb.) is considered an important plant of the family Fabaceae that is used in traditional medicine in many countries all over the world. In this work, the antiviral potentialities of the chemically characterized essential oils (EOs) obtained from the bark and fruits of A. nilotica were assessed in vitro against HAV, HSV1, and HSV2. Additionally, the in silico evaluation of the main compounds in both EOs was carried out against the two proteins, 3C protease of HAV and thymidine kinase (TK) of HSV. The chemical profiling of the bark EOs revealed the identification of 32 compounds with an abundance of di- (54.60%) and sesquiterpenes (39.81%). Stachene (48.34%), caryophyllene oxide (19.11%), and spathulenol (4.74%) represented the main identified constituents of bark EO. However, 26 components from fruit EO were assigned, with the majority of mono- (63.32%) and sesquiterpenes (34.91%), where trans-caryophyllene (36.95%), Z-anethole (22.87%), and γ-terpinene (7.35%) represented the majors. The maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC) of the bark and fruits EOs was found at 500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Using the MTT assay, the bark EO exhibited moderate antiviral activity with effects of 47.26% and 35.98% and a selectivity index (SI) of 2.3 and 1.6 against HAV and HSV1, respectively. However, weak activity was observed via the fruits EO with respective SI values of 3.8, 5.7, and 1.6 against HAV, HSV1, and HSV2. The in silico results exhibited that caryophyllene oxide and spathulenol (the main bark EO constituents) showed the best affinities (ΔG = -5.62, -5.33, -6.90, and -6.76 kcal/mol) for 3C protease and TK, respectively. While caryophyllene (the major fruit EO component) revealed promising binding capabilities against both proteins (ΔG = -5.31, -6.58 kcal/mol, respectively). The molecular dynamics simulation results revealed that caryophyllene oxide has the most positive van der Waals energy interaction with 3C protease and TK with significant binding free energies. Although these findings supported the antiviral potentialities of the EOs, especially bark EO, the in vivo assessment should be tested in the intraoral examination for these EOs and/or their main constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd El-Nasser G. El Gendy
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F. Essa
- Department of Natural Compounds Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Rashedy
- Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdelbaset M. Elgamal
- Department of Chemistry of Microbial and Natural Products, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Doaa D. Khalaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Emad M. Hassan
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Abd-ElGawad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf S. Zaghloul
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Salman F. Alamery
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelsamed I. Elshamy
- Department of Natural Compounds Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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4
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Synthesis and antiviral properties of biomimetic iminosugar-based nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Vankayala SL, Warrensford LC, Pittman AR, Pollard BC, Kearns FL, Larkin JD, Woodcock HL. CIFDock: A novel CHARMM-based flexible receptor-flexible ligand docking protocol. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:84-95. [PMID: 34741467 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Docking studies play a critical role in the current workflow of drug discovery. However, limitations may often arise through factors including inadequate ligand sampling, a lack of protein flexibility, scoring function inadequacies (e.g., due to metals, co-factors, etc.), and difficulty in retaining explicit water molecules. Herein, we present a novel CHARMM-based induced fit docking (CIFDock) workflow that can circumvent these limitations by employing all-atom force fields coupled to enhanced sampling molecular dynamics procedures. Self-guided Langevin dynamics simulations are used to effectively sample relevant ligand conformations, side chain orientations, crystal water positions, and active site residue motion. Protein flexibility is further enhanced by dynamic sampling of side chain orientations using an expandable rotamer library. Steps in the procedure consisting of fixing individual components (e.g., the ligand) while sampling the other components (e.g., the residues in the active site of the protein) allow for the complex to adapt to conformational changes. Ultimately, all components of the complex-the protein, ligand, and waters-are sampled simultaneously and unrestrained with SGLD to capture any induced fit effects. This modular flexible docking procedure is automated using CHARMM scripting, interfaced with SLURM array processing, and parallelized to use the desired number of processors. We validated the CIFDock procedure by performing cross-docking studies using a data set comprised of 21 pharmaceutically relevant proteins. Five variants of the CHARMM-based SWISSDOCK scoring functions were created to quantify the results of the final generated poses. Results obtained were comparable to, or in some cases improved upon, commercial docking program data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai L Vankayala
- Department of Chemistry, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | | | - Amanda R Pittman
- Department of Chemistry, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin C Pollard
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Fiona L Kearns
- Department of Chemistry, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph D Larkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - H Lee Woodcock
- Department of Chemistry, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
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6
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Konstantinidou M, Boiarska Z, Butera R, Neochoritis CG, Kurpiewska K, Kalinowska‐Tłuscik J, Dömling A. Diaminoimidazopyrimidines: Access via the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé Reaction and Structural Data Mining. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markella Konstantinidou
- Department of Pharmacy Group of Drug Design University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Zlata Boiarska
- Department of Pharmacy Group of Drug Design University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Roberto Butera
- Department of Pharmacy Group of Drug Design University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen the Netherlands
| | | | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University ul. Gronostajowa 2 30‐387 Krakow Poland
| | - Justyna Kalinowska‐Tłuscik
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University ul. Gronostajowa 2 30‐387 Krakow Poland
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmacy Group of Drug Design University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen the Netherlands
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7
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Fabrication of Anti-HSV-1 Curcumin Stabilized Nanostructured Proniosomal Gel: Molecular Docking Studies on Thymidine Kinase Proteins. Sci Pharm 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm88010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a dietary compound with accrued evidence of antiviral activity. Poor solubility and permeation renders curcumin a good applicant for incorporation into proniosomes. The intent of this study was to formulate curcumin proniosomal gel for topical application and the evaluation of its in-vitro, ex-vivo activities against Herpes Simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), as well as molecular docking studies on HSV-1 thymidine kinase proteins. Coacervation phase separation tactic, using 23 full factorial design, was used in the preparation of different proniosomes. Cytotoxicity of the selected formulae (F4 and F8) was evaluated on the Vero cell line. Optimal formulae (F4 and F8) showed entrapment efficiency of 97.15 ± 2.47% and 95.85 ± 2.9%, vesicle size of 173.7 ± 2.26 nm and 206.15 ± 4.17 nm and percentages curcumin released after 3 h of 51.9 ± 1.4% and 50.5 ± 1.1%, respectively. Ex-vivo permeation studies demonstrated that the optimal formulae markedly improved the dermal curcumin delivery. Curcumin proniosomal gel formulae exhibited 85.4% reduction of HSV-1 replication. The ability of curcumin to interact with the key amino acids in the enzyme binding sites of 1KI7, 1KI4, and 1E2P, as indicated by its docking pattern, rationalized its observed activity. Therefore, curcumin proniosomes could be considered as a successful topical delivery system for the treatment of HSV-1.
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8
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Spackman PR, Yu L, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Bond CS, Spackman MA, Jayatilaka D, Thomas SP. Bridging Crystal Engineering and Drug Discovery by Utilizing Intermolecular Interactions and Molecular Shapes in Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Li‐Juan Yu
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - Craig J. Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitz-roy VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Charles S. Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Sajesh P. Thomas
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Chemistry and iNano Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
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9
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Spackman PR, Yu L, Morton CJ, Parker MW, Bond CS, Spackman MA, Jayatilaka D, Thomas SP. Bridging Crystal Engineering and Drug Discovery by Utilizing Intermolecular Interactions and Molecular Shapes in Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16780-16784. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Li‐Juan Yu
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - Craig J. Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitz-roy VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Charles S. Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Mark A. Spackman
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Sajesh P. Thomas
- School of Molecular Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Chemistry and iNano Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus 8000 Denmark
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10
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Synthesis and anti-HSV activity of tricyclic penciclovir and hydroxybutylguanine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1023-1033. [PMID: 30738653 PMCID: PMC7126098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A series of tricyclic penciclovir (PCV) and hydroxybutylguanine (HBG) derivatives have been prepared with enhanced lipophilicity following an efficient synthetic route. All the novel tricyclic derivatives were evaluated for inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and thymidine kinase deficient (ACV resistant) HSV-1. The tricyclic HBG derivatives were devoid of inhibitory activity however several of the tricyclic PCV derivatives showed promising antiviral activity, in particular 9g (R = 4-MeO-C6H4) displayed good inhibitory activity (HSV-1 EC50 1.5 μM, HSV-2 EC50 0.8 μM) and retained inhibitory activity in HSV-1 TK− cells (EC50 0.8 μM). Computational docking experiments supported the biological data observed and this preliminary study provides useful data for further development of tricyclic acyclic nucleoside derivatives with improved lipophilicity and retention of activity in HSV-1 TK deficient strains. Also, the new tricyclic derivatives were evaluated against a broad range of other DNA and RNA viruses, but were found to be inactive at subtoxic concentrations. In addition, weak to moderate cytostatic effect was observed for the new compounds.
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11
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Topalis D, Gillemot S, Snoeck R, Andrei G. Thymidine kinase and protein kinase in drug-resistant herpesviruses: Heads of a Lernaean Hydra. Drug Resist Updat 2018; 37:1-16. [PMID: 29548479 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herpesviruses thymidine kinase (TK) and protein kinase (PK) allow the activation of nucleoside analogues used in anti-herpesvirus treatments. Mutations emerging in these two genes often lead to emergence of drug-resistant strains responsible for life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised populations. In this review, we analyze the binding of different nucleoside analogues to the TK active site of the three α-herpesviruses [Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)] and present the impact of known mutations on the structure of the viral TKs. Furthermore, models of β-herpesviruses [Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)] PKs allow to link amino acid changes with resistance to ganciclovir and/or maribavir, an investigational chemotherapeutic used in patients with multidrug-resistant HCMV. Finally, we set the basis for the understanding of drug-resistance in γ-herpesviruses [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV)] TK and PK through the use of animal surrogate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Topalis
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Gillemot
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Shelat NY, Parhi S, Ostermeier M. Development of a cancer-marker activated enzymatic switch from the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:95-103. [PMID: 27986921 PMCID: PMC6080848 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery of new cancer biomarkers and advances in targeted gene delivery mechanisms have made gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) an attractive method for treating cancer. Recent focus has been placed on increasing target specificity of gene delivery systems and reducing toxicity in non-cancer cells in order to make GDEPT viable. To help address this challenge, we have developed an enzymatic switch that confers higher prodrug toxicity in the presence of a cancer marker. The enzymatic switch was derived from the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) fused to the CH1 domain of the p300 protein. The CH1 domain binds to the C-terminal transactivation domain (C-TAD) of the cancer marker hypoxia inducible factor 1α. The switch was developed using a directed evolution approach that evaluated a large library of HSV-TK/CH1 fusions using a negative selection for azidothymidine (AZT) toxicity and a positive selection for dT phosphorylation. The identified switch, dubbed TICKLE (Trigger-Induced Cell-Killing Lethal-Enzyme), confers a 4-fold increase in AZT toxicity in the presence of C-TAD. The broad substrate specificity exhibited by HSV-TK makes TICKLE an appealing prospect for testing in medical imaging and cancer therapy, while establishing a foundation for further engineering of nucleoside kinase protein switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Y Shelat
- Chemical Biology Interface Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sidhartha Parhi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Marc Ostermeier
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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13
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Domı́nguez-Pérez B, Ferrer É, Figueredo M, Maréchal JD, Balzarini J, Alibés R, Busqué F. Synthesis of Novel Nucleoside Analogues Built on a Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane Scaffold. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9495-505. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Éric Ferrer
- Departament
de Quı́mica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Figueredo
- Departament
de Quı́mica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament
de Quı́mica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament
de Quı́mica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Félix Busqué
- Departament
de Quı́mica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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14
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Neef AB, Pernot L, Schreier VN, Scapozza L, Luedtke NW. A Bioorthogonal Chemical Reporter of Viral Infection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7911-4. [PMID: 25974835 PMCID: PMC7159598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen‐selective labeling was achieved by using the novel gemcitabine metabolite analogue 2′‐deoxy‐2′,2′‐difluoro‐5‐ethynyluridine (dF‐EdU) and click chemistry. Cells infected with Herpes Simplex Virus‐1 (HSV‐1), but not uninfected cells, exhibit nuclear staining upon the addition of dF‐EdU and a fluorescent azide. The incorporation of the dF‐EdU into DNA depends on its phosphorylation by a herpes virus thymidine kinase (TK). Crystallographic analyses revealed how dF‐EdU is well accommodated in the active site of HSV‐1 TK, but steric clashes prevent dF‐EdU from binding human TK. These results provide the first example of pathogen‐enzyme‐dependent incorporation and labeling of bioorthogonal functional groups in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Neef
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich (Switzerland) http://www.bioorganic-chemistry.com
| | - Lucile Pernot
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, University of Geneva (Switzerland)
| | - Verena N Schreier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich (Switzerland) http://www.bioorganic-chemistry.com
| | | | - Nathan W Luedtke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich (Switzerland) http://www.bioorganic-chemistry.com.
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15
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Neef AB, Pernot L, Schreier VN, Scapozza L, Luedtke NW. A Bioorthogonal Chemical Reporter of Viral Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 127:8022-8025. [PMID: 32313318 PMCID: PMC7159771 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen‐selective labeling was achieved by using the novel gemcitabine metabolite analogue 2′‐deoxy‐2′,2′‐difluoro‐5‐ethynyluridine (dF‐EdU) and click chemistry. Cells infected with Herpes Simplex Virus‐1 (HSV‐1), but not uninfected cells, exhibit nuclear staining upon the addition of dF‐EdU and a fluorescent azide. The incorporation of the dF‐EdU into DNA depends on its phosphorylation by a herpes virus thymidine kinase (TK). Crystallographic analyses revealed how dF‐EdU is well accommodated in the active site of HSV‐1 TK, but steric clashes prevent dF‐EdU from binding human TK. These results provide the first example of pathogen‐enzyme‐dependent incorporation and labeling of bioorthogonal functional groups in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Neef
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich (Switzerland) http://www.bioorganic-chemistry.com
| | - Lucile Pernot
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, University of Geneva (Switzerland)
| | - Verena N Schreier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich (Switzerland) http://www.bioorganic-chemistry.com
| | | | - Nathan W Luedtke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich (Switzerland) http://www.bioorganic-chemistry.com
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Al-Salahi R, Alswaidan I, Ghabbour HA, Ezzeldin E, Elaasser M, Marzouk M. Docking and antiherpetic activity of 2-aminobenzo[de]-isoquinoline-1,3-diones. Molecules 2015; 20:5099-111. [PMID: 25808153 PMCID: PMC6272685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20035099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our search for new compounds having antiviral effects, the prepared 2-aminonaphthalimide series was examined for its activity against the herpes simplex viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2. This represents the first study of the antiviral effects of this class of compounds. The new series of 2-amino-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-diones was examined against HSV-1 and HSV-2 using a cytopathic effect inhibition assay. In terms of effective concentration (EC50), furaldehyde, thiophene aldehyde and allyl isothiocyanide derivatives 14‒16 showed potent activity against HSV-1 (EC50 = 19.6, 16.2 and 17.8 μg/mL), compared to acyclovir as a reference drug (EC50 = 1.8 μg/mL). Moreover, 14 and 15 were found to exhibit valuable activity against HSV-2. Many of the tested compounds demonstrated weak to moderate EC50 values relative to their inactive parent compound (2-amino-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione), while compounds 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21 and 22 were the most active set of antiviral compounds throughout this study. The cytotoxicity (CC50), EC50, and the selectivity index (SI) values were determined. In a molecular docking study, the ligand-receptor interactions of compounds 1-24 and their parent with the HSV-1 thymidine kinase active site were investigated using the Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) software. Based on the potent anti-HSV properties of the previous naphthalimide condensate products, further exploration of this series of 2-amino-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-diones is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (R.A.-S.); (I.A.); (H.A.G.)
| | - Ibrahim Alswaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (R.A.-S.); (I.A.); (H.A.G.)
| | - Hazem A. Ghabbour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (R.A.-S.); (I.A.); (H.A.G.)
| | - Essam Ezzeldin
- Drug Bioavailability Lab., College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
| | - Mahmoud Elaasser
- Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Naser City, Cairo 11759, Egypt; E-Mail:
| | - Mohamed Marzouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (R.A.-S.); (I.A.); (H.A.G.)
- Chemistry of Natural Products Group, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Yang L, Mo X, Yang H, Dai H, Tan F. Testing the sensitivities of noncognate inhibitors to varicella zoster virus thymidine kinase: implications for postherpetic neuralgia therapy with existing agents. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2321. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Antiherpesviral DNA Polymerase Inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Zeifman AA, Novikov FN, Stroylov VS, Stroganov OV, Chilov GG, Skoblov AY, Miroshnikov AI, Skoblov YS. 2,3-Dihydroxy-quinoxaline induces ATPase activity of Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:509-11. [PMID: 24374341 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydroxy-quinoxaline, a small molecule that promotes ATPase catalytic activity of Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK), was identified by virtual screening. This compound competitively inhibited HSV-TK catalyzed phosphorylation of acyclovir with Ki=250 μM (95% CI: 106-405 μM) and dose-dependently increased the rate of the ATP hydrolysis with KM=112 μM (95% CI: 28-195 μM). The kinetic scheme consistent with this experimental data is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Zeifman
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute Of Organic Chemistry (ZIOC RAS), Leninsky prospekt, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Fedor N Novikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute Of Organic Chemistry (ZIOC RAS), Leninsky prospekt, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor S Stroylov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute Of Organic Chemistry (ZIOC RAS), Leninsky prospekt, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V Stroganov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute Of Organic Chemistry (ZIOC RAS), Leninsky prospekt, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ghermes G Chilov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute Of Organic Chemistry (ZIOC RAS), Leninsky prospekt, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Y Skoblov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly I Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri S Skoblov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Chrusciel M, Doroszko M, Stelmaszewska J, Li X, Ziecik AJ, Coelingh-Bennink HJT, Huhtaniemi I, Rahman NA. Transgenic mice expressing inhibin α-subunit promoter (inhα)/Simian Virus 40 T-antigen (Tag) transgene as a model for the therapy of granulosa cell-derived ovarian cancer. Reprod Biol 2013; 14:25-31. [PMID: 24607252 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Granulosa cell tumors are rare, 3-7.6% of primary ovarian tumors, although with poor prognosis as the tumor-related mortality rate is 37.3%, with 80% of deaths occurring on recurrence. We have created a transgenic (TG) murine model for gonadal somatic cell tumors by expressing the powerful viral oncogene, Simian Virus 40 T-antigen (Tag), under the regulation of murine inhibin α-subunit 6 kb promoter (inhα/Tag). Gonadotropin dependent ovarian granulosa cell tumors were formed in females by the age of 5-6 months, with a 100% penetrance. We have successfully used the inhα/Tag model to test different treatment strategies for ovarian tumors. With a gene therapy trial in inhα/Tag mice crossbred with inhα/HSV-TK (herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase) mice (double TG), we proved the principle that targeted expression of HSV-TK gene in gonadal somatic cell tumors enabled tumor ablation by anti-herpes treatment. When we aimed at targeted destruction of luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) expressing inhα/Tag tumor cells in vivo by a lytic peptide Hecate-CGβ conjugate, we could successfully kill the tumor cells, sparing the normal cells. We recently found high zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (ZP3) expression in inhα/Tag granulosa cell tumors, as well as in human granulosa cell tumors. We tested the concept of treating the ovarian tumors of inhα/Tag mice by vaccination against the ectopically expressed ZP3. Immunotherapy with recombinant human (rh) ZP3 was highly successful with no objective side effects in inhα/Tag females, suggesting rhZP3 immunization as a novel strategy for the immunotherapy of ovarian granulosa cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Chrusciel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Milena Doroszko
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Joanna Stelmaszewska
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Xiangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Adam J Ziecik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland; Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology (IRDB), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nafis A Rahman
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
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Finn RD, Miller BL, Clements J, Bateman A. iPfam: a database of protein family and domain interactions found in the Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:D364-73. [PMID: 24297255 PMCID: PMC3965099 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The database iPfam, available at http://ipfam.org, catalogues Pfam domain interactions based on known 3D structures that are found in the Protein Data Bank, providing interaction data at the molecular level. Previously, the iPfam domain–domain interaction data was integrated within the Pfam database and website, but it has now been migrated to a separate database. This allows for independent development, improving data access and giving clearer separation between the protein family and interactions datasets. In addition to domain–domain interactions, iPfam has been expanded to include interaction data for domain bound small molecule ligands. Functional annotations are provided from source databases, supplemented by the incorporation of Wikipedia articles where available. iPfam (version 1.0) contains >9500 domain–domain and 15 500 domain–ligand interactions. The new website provides access to this data in a variety of ways, including interactive visualizations of the interaction data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Finn
- HHMI Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn VA 20147 USA and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
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22
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Miralles-Llumà R, Figueras A, Busqué F, Alvarez-Larena A, Balzarini J, Figueredo M, Font J, Alibés R, Maréchal JD. Synthesis, Antiviral Evaluation, and Computational Studies of Cyclobutane and CyclobuteneL-Nucleoside Analogues. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Sundaram GSM, Harpstrite SE, Kao JLF, Collins SD, Sharma V. A new nucleoside analogue with potent activity against mutant sr39 herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (TK). Org Lett 2012; 14:3568-71. [PMID: 22765027 DOI: 10.1021/ol300728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues, such as penciclovir, ganciclovir, acyclovir, and their fluoro-substituted derivatives, have wide utility as antivirals. Among these analogues, FHBG ((18)F-Fluorohydroxybutylguanine) is a well-validated PET (positron emission tomography) probe for monitoring reporter gene expression. To evaluate whether or not imposing rigidity into the flexible side chain of FHBG 4 could also impact its interaction, with amino acid residues within the binding site of HSV1-TK (Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Thymidine Kinase), thus influencing its cytotoxic activity. Herein, the synthesis of a new fluorinated nucleoside analogue 6 (conceived via ligand-docking studies) is reported. Agent 6 demonstrates selective activity against HeLa cells stably transfected with mutant HSV1-sr39TK and is also 47-fold more potent than FHBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S M Sundaram
- BRIGHT Institute, Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Department of Chemistry, Washington University School of Medicine , Box 8225, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Savion M, Memeo MG, Bovio B, Grazioso G, Legnani L, Quadrelli P. Synthesis and molecular modeling of novel dihydroxycyclopentane-carbonitrile nor-nucleosides by bromonitrile oxide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Martić M, Pernot L, Westermaier Y, Perozzo R, Kraljević TG, Krištafor S, Raić-Malić S, Scapozza L, Ametamey S. Synthesis, crystal structure, and in vitro biological evaluation of C-6 pyrimidine derivatives: new lead structures for monitoring gene expression in vivo. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2011; 30:293-315. [PMID: 21623543 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.581258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel C-6 substituted pyrimidine derivatives are good substrates of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK). Enzyme kinetic experiments showed that our lead compound, N-methyl DHBT (N-methyl-6-(1,3-dihydroxyisobutyl) thymine; N-Me DHBT), is phosphorylated at a similar rate compared to "gold standard" 9-[4-fluoro-3-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine, FHBG, (K(m) = 10 ± 0.3 μM; k(cat) = 0.036 ± 0.015 sec(-1)). Additionally, it does not show cytotoxic properties on B16F1 cells up to a concentration of 10 mM. The x-ray analysis of the crystal structures of HSV1-TK with N-Me DHBT and of HSV1-TK with the fluorinated derivative N-Me FHBT confirmed the binding mode predicted by docking studies and their substrate characteristics. Moreover, the crystal structure of HSV1-TK with N-Me DHBT revealed an additional water-mediated H-bond interesting for the design of further analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljen Martić
- Center for Pharmaceutical Science of ETH, PSI and USZ, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Huggins DJ, Tidor B. Systematic placement of structural water molecules for improved scoring of protein-ligand interactions. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:777-89. [PMID: 21771870 PMCID: PMC3170077 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural water molecules are found in many protein-ligand complexes. They are known to be vital in mediating hydrogen-bonding interactions and, in some cases, key for facilitating tight binding. It is thus very important to consider water molecules when attempting to model protein-ligand interactions for cognate ligand identification, virtual screening and drug design. While the rigid treatment of water molecules present in structures is feasible, the more relevant task of treating all possible positions and orientations of water molecules with each possible ligand pose is computationally daunting. Current methods in molecular docking provide partial treatment for such water molecules, with modest success. Here we describe a new method employing dead-end elimination to place water molecules within a binding site, bridging interactions between protein and ligand. Dead-end elimination permits a thorough, though still incomplete, treatment of water placement. The results show that this method is able to place water molecules correctly within known complexes and to create physically reasonable hydrogen bonds. The approach has also been incorporated within an inverse molecular design approach, to model a variety of compounds in the process of de novo ligand design. The inclusion of structural water molecules, combined with ranking based on the electrostatic contribution to binding affinity, improves a number of otherwise poor energetic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Huggins
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
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RP101 (brivudine) binds to heat shock protein HSP27 (HSPB1) and enhances survival in animals and pancreatic cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1349-61. [PMID: 21833720 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports describe the importance of the chaperone HSP27 (HSPB1) in cancer progression, and the demand for drugs that modulate HSPB1-activity is increasing rapidly. We reported earlier that RP101 (Bromovinyldeoxyuridine, BVDU, Brivudine) improves the efficacy of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. METHODS Chemistry: Binding of RP101 and HSPB1 was discovered by affinity chromatography. Molecular and cell biology: HSPB1 in vitro transcription/translation (TNT), Pull down using RP101-coupled magnetic beads, Immuno Co-precipitations, Structural modeling of HSP27 (HSPB1), Introduction of point mutations into linear expression templates by PCR, Heat shock, Tumor Invasion. Animal experiments: Treatment of AH13r Sarcomas in SD-rats. Clinical Studies with late-stage pancreatic cancer patients: Pilot study, Dose finding study, Phase II study (NCT00550004). RESULTS Here, we report that RP101 binds in vitro to the heat shock protein HSPB1 and inhibits interaction with its binding partners. As a result, more activated CASP9 was detected in RP101-treated cancer cells. We modeled HSPB1-structure and identified the RP101 binding site. When we tested RP101 as an anti-cancer drug in a rat model, we found that it improved chemotherapy. In clinical studies with late-stage pancreatic cancer patients, the dose of 500 mg/day was safe and efficient, but 760 mg/day turned out to be too high for lightweight patients. CONCLUSIONS The development of RP101 as a cancer drug represents a truly novel approach for prevention of chemoresistance and enhancement of chemosensitivity.
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Hsu KC, Chen YF, Lin SR, Yang JM. iGEMDOCK: a graphical environment of enhancing GEMDOCK using pharmacological interactions and post-screening analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12 Suppl 1:S33. [PMID: 21342564 PMCID: PMC3044289 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-s1-s33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacological interactions are useful for understanding ligand binding mechanisms of a therapeutic target. These interactions are often inferred from a set of active compounds that were acquired experimentally. Moreover, most docking programs loosely coupled the stages (binding-site and ligand preparations, virtual screening, and post-screening analysis) of structure-based virtual screening (VS). An integrated VS environment, which provides the friendly interface to seamlessly combine these VS stages and to identify the pharmacological interactions directly from screening compounds, is valuable for drug discovery. RESULTS We developed an easy-to-use graphic environment, iGEMDOCK, integrating VS stages (from preparations to post-screening analysis). For post-screening analysis, iGEMDOCK provides biological insights by deriving the pharmacological interactions from screening compounds without relying on the experimental data of active compounds. The pharmacological interactions represent conserved interacting residues, which often form binding pockets with specific physico-chemical properties, to play the essential functions of a target protein. Our experimental results show that the pharmacological interactions derived by iGEMDOCK are often hot spots involving in the biological functions. In addition, iGEMDOCK provides the visualizations of the protein-compound interaction profiles and the hierarchical clustering dendrogram of the compounds for post-screening analysis. CONCLUSIONS We have developed iGEMDOCK to facilitate steps from preparations of target proteins and ligand libraries toward post-screening analysis. iGEMDOCK is especially useful for post-screening analysis and inferring pharmacological interactions from screening compounds. We believe that iGEMDOCK is useful for understanding the ligand binding mechanisms and discovering lead compounds. iGEMDOCK is available at http://gemdock.life.nctu.edu.tw/dock/igemdock.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
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Lindström A, Edvinsson L, Johansson A, Andersson CD, Andersson IE, Raubacher F, Linusson A. Postprocessing of Docked Protein−Ligand Complexes Using Implicit Solvation Models. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:267-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100354x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Lindström
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lotta Edvinsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ida E. Andersson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florian Raubacher
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal RA CVGI, Lead Generation, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Clinciu DL, Chen YF, Ko CN, Lo CC, Yang JM. TSCC: Two-Stage Combinatorial Clustering for virtual screening using protein-ligand interactions and physicochemical features. BMC Genomics 2010; 11 Suppl 4:S26. [PMID: 21143810 PMCID: PMC3005922 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-s4-s26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing numbers of 3D compounds and protein complexes stored in databases contribute greatly to current advances in biotechnology, being employed in several pharmaceutical and industrial applications. However, screening and retrieving appropriate candidates as well as handling false positives presents a challenge for all post-screening analysis methods employed in retrieving therapeutic and industrial targets. RESULTS Using the TSCC method, virtually screened compounds were clustered based on their protein-ligand interactions, followed by structure clustering employing physicochemical features, to retrieve the final compounds. Based on the protein-ligand interaction profile (first stage), docked compounds can be clustered into groups with distinct binding interactions. Structure clustering (second stage) grouped similar compounds obtained from the first stage into clusters of similar structures; the lowest energy compound from each cluster being selected as a final candidate. CONCLUSION By representing interactions at the atomic-level and including measures of interaction strength, better descriptions of protein-ligand interactions and a more specific analysis of virtual screening was achieved. The two-stage clustering approach enhanced our post-screening analysis resulting in accurate performances in clustering, mining and visualizing compound candidates, thus, improving virtual screening enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Clinciu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Famciclovir is the prodrug of penciclovir, a guanosine analogue that inhibits viruses of the alpha sub-family of the Herpesviridae, as well as hepatitis B virus. It is indicated for management of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus disease and acute herpes zoster, and has been investigated for management of hepatitis B virus infection. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Data for this review were identified by searches of papers published in English on Medline and Scopus, spanning the years 1975 through 1 February 2010 with the key words: 'famciclovir', 'famvir', 'penciclovir', 'herpes', 'oral', 'genital', 'varicella', 'zoster' and 'virus' in association with 'safety', 'toxicity', 'tolerability', 'efficacy' and 'indications'. Relevant references were also obtained from articles acquired through the search strategy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers are also provided with up-to-date information on the use of famciclovir for infections due to herpes simplex, varicella zoster and hepatitis B viruses. Clinical data pertaining to the safety and tolerability of famciclovir are also reviewed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Famciclovir is a safe, convenient, and well-tolerated drug when used for its approved indications. The most common side effects indicated in the majority of studies were headache and nausea. Data for its use in childhood and pregnancy are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Research Institute, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
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Hazra S, Konrad M, Lavie A. The sugar ring of the nucleoside is required for productive substrate positioning in the active site of human deoxycytidine kinase (dCK): implications for the development of dCK-activated acyclic guanine analogues. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5792-800. [PMID: 20684612 DOI: 10.1021/jm1005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The low toxicity of acyclovir (ACV) is mainly due to the fact that human nucleoside kinases have undetectable phosphorylation rates with this acyclic guanine analogue. In contrast, herpes virus thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK) readily activates ACV. We wanted to understand why human deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), which is related to HSV1-TK and phosphorylates deoxyguanosine, does not accept acyclic guanine analogues as substrates. Therefore, we crystallized dCK in complex with ACV at the nucleoside phosphoryl acceptor site and UDP at the phosphoryl donor site. The structure reveals that while ACV does bind at the dCK active site, it does so adopting a nonproductive conformation. Despite binding ACV, the enzyme remains in the open, inactive state. In comparison to ACV binding to HSV1-TK, in dCK, the nucleoside base adopts a different orientation related by about a 60 degrees rotation. Our analysis suggests that dCK would phosphorylate acyclic guanine analogues if they can induce a similar rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugata Hazra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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Chen YF, Hsu KC, Lin SR, Wang WC, Huang YC, Yang JM. SiMMap: a web server for inferring site-moiety map to recognize interaction preferences between protein pockets and compound moieties. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:W424-30. [PMID: 20519201 PMCID: PMC2896162 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein–ligand interacting mechanism is essential to biological processes and drug discovery. The SiMMap server statistically derives site-moiety map with several anchors, which describe the relationship between the moiety preferences and physico-chemical properties of the binding site, from the interaction profiles between query target protein and its docked (or co-crystallized) compounds. Each anchor includes three basic elements: a binding pocket with conserved interacting residues, the moiety composition of query compounds and pocket–moiety interaction type (electrostatic, hydrogen bonding or van der Waals). We provide initial validation of the site-moiety map on three targets, thymidine kinase, and estrogen receptors of antagonists and agonists. Experimental results show that an anchor is often a hot spot and the site-moiety map can help to assemble potential leads by optimal steric, hydrogen bonding and electronic moieties. When a compound highly agrees with anchors of site-moiety map, this compound often activates or inhibits the target protein. We believe that the site-moiety map is useful for drug discovery and understanding biological mechanisms. The SiMMap web server is available at http://simfam.life.nctu.edu.tw/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Fu Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30050, Taiwan
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Perozzo R, Folkers G, Scapozza L. Thermodynamics of Protein–Ligand Interactions: History, Presence, and Future Aspects. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2009; 24:1-52. [PMID: 15344878 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-120037896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of molecular recognition processes of small ligands and biological macromolecules requires a complete characterization of the binding energetics and correlation of thermodynamic data with interacting structures involved. A quantitative description of the forces that govern molecular associations requires determination of changes of all thermodynamic parameters, including free energy of binding (deltaG), enthalpy (deltaH), and entropy (deltaS) of binding and the heat capacity change (deltaCp). A close insight into the binding process is of significant and practical interest, since it provides the fundamental know-how for development of structure-based molecular design-strategies. The only direct method to measure the heat change during complex formation at constant temperature is provided by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). With this method one binding partner is titrated into a solution containing the interaction partner, thereby generating or absorbing heat. This heat is the direct observable that can be quantified by the calorimeter. The use of ITC has been limited due to the lack of sensitivity, but recent developments in instrument design permit to measure heat effects generated by nanomol (typically 10-100) amounts of reactants. ITC has emerged as the primary tool for characterizing interactions in terms of thermodynamic parameters. Because heat changes occur in almost all chemical and biochemical processes, ITC can be used for numerous applications, e.g., binding studies of antibody-antigen, protein-peptide, protein-protein, enzyme-inhibitor or enzyme-substrate, carbohydrate-protein, DNA-protein (and many more) interactions as well as enzyme kinetics. Under appropriate conditions data analysis from a single experiment yields deltaH, K(B), the stoichiometry (n), deltaG and deltaS of binding. Moreover, ITC experiments performed at different temperatures yield the heat capacity change (deltaCp). The informational content of thermodynamic data is large, and it has been shown that it plays an important role in the elucidation of binding mechanisms and, through the link to structural data, also in rational drug design. In this review we will present a comprehensive overview to ITC by giving some historical background to calorimetry, outline some critical experimental and data analysis aspects, discuss the latest developments, and give three recent examples of studies published with respect to macromolecule-ligand interactions that have utilized ITC technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remo Perozzo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BioSciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ramensky V, Sobol A, Zaitseva N, Rubinov A, Zosimov V. A novel approach to local similarity of protein binding sites substantially improves computational drug design results. Proteins 2009; 69:349-57. [PMID: 17623865 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel notion of binding site local similarity based on the analysis of complete protein environments of ligand fragments. Comparison of a query protein binding site (target) against the 3D structure of another protein (analog) in complex with a ligand enables ligand fragments from the analog complex to be transferred to positions in the target site, so that the complete protein environments of the fragment and its image are similar. The revealed environments are similarity regions and the fragments transferred to the target site are considered as binding patterns. The set of such binding patterns derived from a database of analog complexes forms a cloud-like structure (fragment cloud), which is a powerful tool for computational drug design. It has been shown on independent test sets that the combined use of a traditional energy-based score together with the cloud-based score responsible for the quality of embedding of a ligand into the fragment cloud improves the self-docking and screening results dramatically. The usage of a fragment cloud as a source of positioned molecular fragments fitting the binding protein environment has been validated by reproduction of experimental ligand optimization results.
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Balzarini J, Van Daele I, Negri A, Solaroli N, Karlsson A, Liekens S, Gago F, Van Calenbergh S. Human Mitochondrial Thymidine Kinase Is Selectively Inhibited by 3′-Thiourea Derivatives of β-Thymidine: Identification of Residues Crucial for Both Inhibition and Catalytic Activity. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:1127-36. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.053785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Najjar AM, Nishii R, Maxwell DS, Volgin A, Mukhopadhyay U, Bornmann WG, Tong W, Alauddin M, Gelovani JG. Molecular-genetic PET imaging using an HSV1-tk mutant reporter gene with enhanced specificity to acycloguanosine nucleoside analogs. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:409-16. [PMID: 19223410 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.058735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Imaging 2 different molecular-genetic events in a single subject by PET is essential in a variety of in vivo applications. Using herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) mutants with narrower substrate specificities in combination with wild-type HSV1-tk (wtHSV1-tk) would enable differential imaging with corresponding radiotracers, namely 2'-deoxy-2'-(18)F-fluoro-5-ethyl-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-uracil ((18)F-FEAU) and the acycloguanosine derivative 9-(4-(18)F-fluoro-3-[hydroxymethyl]butyl)guanine ((18)F-FHBG). In this study, we evaluated wtHSV1-tk and the A168H mutant, which has been reported to exhibit enhanced acycloguanosine substrate catalytic activity and diminished pyrimidine phosphorylating activity, as PET reporter genes. METHODS Computational analysis was performed to assess the binding mode of FHBG and FEAU to wtHSV1-tk and the A168H variant. U87 cells were stably transduced with wtHSV1-tk or HSV1-tk(A168H) fused with green fluorescent protein and sorted to obtain equivalent transgene expression. In vitro uptake studies were performed to determine rates of substrate accumulation and retention. Nude mice bearing tumors expressing HSV1-tk variants were subsequently imaged using (18)F-FHBG and (18)F-FEAU. RESULTS Docking results indicate that binding of FHBG to the A168H variant is unaffected whereas the binding of FEAU is hindered because of a steric clash with the bulkier mutant residues. U87 cells expressing HSV1-tk(A168H) accumulated (18)F-FHBG in in vitro uptake studies at a 3-fold higher rate than did cells expressing wtHSV1-tk without any detectable accumulation of (3)H-FEAU. Furthermore, HSV1-tk(A168H) demonstrated no thymidine phosphorylation activity. In contrast, U87 cells expressing wtHSV1-tk preferentially accumulated (3)H-FEAU at an 18-fold higher rate than they did (18)F-FHBG. Tumors expressing wtHSV1-tk or HSV1-tk(A168H) were distinctly imaged with (18)F-FEAU or (18)F-FHBG, respectively. Hence, tumors expressing HSV1-tk(A168H) accumulated 8.4-fold more (18)F-FHBG than did tumors expressing wtHSV1-tk. In addition, wtHSV1-tk tumors, compared with HSV1-tk(A168H)-expressing tumors (which retained baseline levels of the radiotracer), preferentially accumulated (18)F-FEAU. CONCLUSION The FEAU and FHBG substrate discrimination capacity of the wtHSV1-tk and HSV1-tk(A168H) reporter enzymes was validated in vivo by PET of mice with tumor xenografts established from U87 cells expressing these different reporters. Thus, HSV1-tk(A168H) may potentially be used as a second reporter gene in combination with wtHSV1-tk to achieve differential PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer M Najjar
- Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Mutational, inhibitory and microcalorimetric analyses of Plasmodium falciparum TMP kinase. Implications for drug discovery. Parasitology 2009; 136:11-25. [PMID: 19126267 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182008005301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum thymidylate kinase (PfTMK) can tolerate a range of substrates, which distinguishes it from other thymidylate kinases. The enzyme not only phosphorylates TMP and dUMP but can also tolerate bulkier purines, namely, dGMP, GMP, and dIMP. In order to probe the flexibility of PfTMK in accommodating ligands of various sizes, we developed 6 mutant enzymes and subjected these to thermodynamic, inhibitory and catalytic evaluation. Kinase activity was markedly affected by introducing a larger lysine residue instead of A111. The lack of the hydroxyl group after inducing mutation of Y107F affected enzyme activity, and had a more severe impact on dGMP kinase activity. PfTMK can be inhibited by both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, raising the possibility of developing highly selective drugs. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that enthalpic forces govern both purine and pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate binding, and the binding affinity of both substrates was highly comparable. The heat produced due to dGMP binding is lower than that attributable to TMP. This indicates that additional interactions occur with TMP, which may be lost with larger dGMP. Targeting PfTMK not only affects thymidine nucleotide synthesis but may also affect purine nucleotides, and thus the enzyme represents an attractive antimicrobial target.
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Mehellou Y, Balzarini J, McGuigan C. An investigation into the anti-HIV activity of 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (d4U) and 2′,3′-dideoxyuridine (ddU) phosphoramidate ‘ProTide’ derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2548-53. [DOI: 10.1039/b904276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chacko AM, Qu W, Kung HF. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 5-[(18)f]fluoroalkyl pyrimidine nucleosides for molecular imaging of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene expression. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5690-701. [PMID: 18800764 DOI: 10.1021/jm800501d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two novel series of 5-fluoroalkyl-2'-deoxyuridines (FPrDU, FBuDU, FPeDU) and 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-5-fluoroalkylarabinouridines (FFPrAU, FFBuAU, FFPeAU) that have three, four, or five methylene units (propyl, butyl, or pentyl) at C-5 were prepared and tested as reporter probes for imaging herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1- tk) gene expression. The Negishi coupling methodology was employed in efficiently synthesizing the radiolabeling precursors. All six 5-[(18)F]fluoroalkyl pyrimidines were readily prepared from 3-N-benzoyl-3',5'-di-O-benzoyl-protected 5-O-mesylate precursors in 17-35% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected). In vitro studies highlighted that all six [(18)F]-labeled nucleosides selectively accumulated in cells expressing the HSV1-TK protein and there was negligible uptake in control cells. [(18)F]FPrDU, [(18)F]FBuDU, [(18)F]FPeDU, and [(18)F]FFBuAU had the best uptake profiles. Despite their selective accumulation in HSV1- tk-expressing cells, all 5-fluoroalkyl pyrimidine nucleosides had low-to-negligible cytotoxic activity (CC50 > 1000-1209 microM). Ultimately, the results demonstrated that 5-[(18)F]fluoropropyl, [(18)F]fluorobutyl, and [(18)F]fluoropentyl pyrimidine nucleosides have the potential to be in vivo HSV1-TK PET reporter probes over a dynamic range of reporter gene expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Chacko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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41
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Candice L W, Django S, Margaret E B. The role of herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase alanine 168 in substrate specificity. Open Biochem J 2008; 2:60-6. [PMID: 18949076 PMCID: PMC2570551 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x00802010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK) has been widely used in suicide gene therapy for the treatment of cancer due to its broad substrate specificity and the inability of the endogenous human TK to phosphorylate guanosine analogs such as ganciclovir (GCV). The basis of suicide gene therapy is the introduction of a gene that encodes a prodrug-activating enzyme into tumor cells. After administration, the prodrug is selectively converted to a toxic drug by the suicide gene product thereby bringing about the eradication of the cancer cells. A major drawback to this therapy is the low activity the enzyme displays towards the prodrugs, requiring high prodrug doses that result in adverse side effects. Earlier studies revealed two HSV TK variants (SR39 and mutant 30) derived by random mutagenesis with enhanced activities towards GCV in vitro and in vivo. While these mutants contain multiple amino acid substitutions, molecular modeling suggests that substitutions at alanine 168 (A168) may be responsible for the observed increase in prodrug sensitivity. To evaluate this, site-directed mutagenesis was used to individually substitute A168 with phenylalanine or tyrosine to reflect the mutations found in SR39 and mutant 30, respectively. Additionally, kinetic parameters and the ability of these mutants to sensitize tumor cells to GCV in comparison to wild-type thymidine kinase were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willmon Candice L
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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42
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Mikkelsen NE, Munch-Petersen B, Eklund H. Structural studies of nucleoside analog and feedback inhibitor binding to Drosophila melanogaster multisubstrate deoxyribonucleoside kinase. FEBS J 2008; 275:2151-60. [PMID: 18384378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster multisubstrate deoxyribonucleoside kinase (dNK; EC 2.7.1.145) has a high turnover rate and a wide substrate range that makes it a very good candidate for gene therapy. This concept is based on introducing a suicide gene into malignant cells in order to activate a prodrug that eventually may kill the cell. To be able to optimize the function of dNK, it is vital to have structural information of dNK complexes. In this study we present crystal structures of dNK complexed with four different nucleoside analogs (floxuridine, brivudine, zidovudine and zalcitabine) and relate them to the binding of substrate and feedback inhibitors. dCTP and dGTP bind with the base in the substrate site, similarly to the binding of the feedback inhibitor dTTP. All nucleoside analogs investigated bound in a manner similar to that of the pyrimidine substrates, with many interactions in common. In contrast, the base of dGTP adopted a syn-conformation to adapt to the available space of the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils E Mikkelsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Hussein ITM, Miguel RN, Tiley LS, Field HJ. Substrate specificity and molecular modelling of the feline herpesvirus-1 thymidine kinase. Arch Virol 2008; 153:495-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Golankiewicz B, Ostrowski T. Tricyclic nucleoside analogues as antiherpes agents. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:134-40. [PMID: 16780965 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclic (T) guanine analogues are a class of compounds in which the N1 and N(2) atoms of the guanine system are linked by etheno bridge to form the 3,9-dihydro-9-oxo-5H-imidazo[1,2-a]purine system. Almost 70 tricyclic derivatives of guanine-type potent antiherpetic agents acyclovir (ACV), ganciclovir (GCV) and 9-{[cis-1',2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1'-yl]methyl}guanine were synthesized and evaluated for activity against viruses of the herpes family. Here, we review the most successful compounds in terms of their antiviral activity and physico-chemical properties. These features are modulated by the kind and position of additional substituents present in the appended third ring of aglycone. The best antiherpetic activity-fluorescence combinations as well as activity of compounds in comparison to parent congeners are summarized. The data presented indicate that compounds of the 6-(4-RPh) family are of particular importance because of their advantageous antiviral potency, increased lipophilicity and good or moderate fluorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozenna Golankiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Noskowskiego 12/14,61-704 Poznan, Poland.
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Mizutani MY, Takamatsu Y, Ichinose T, Nakamura K, Itai A. Effective handling of induced-fit motion in flexible docking. Proteins 2006; 63:878-91. [PMID: 16532451 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For structure-based drug design, where various ligand structures need to be docked to a target protein structure, a docking method that can handle conformational flexibility of not only the ligand, but also the protein, is indispensable. We have developed a simple and effective approach for dealing with the local induced-fit motion of the target protein, and implemented it in our docking tool, ADAM. Our approach efficiently combines the following two strategies: a vdW-offset grid in which the protein cavity is enlarged uniformly, and structure optimization allowing the motion of ligand and protein atoms. To examine the effectiveness of our approach, we performed docking validation studies, including redocking in 18 test cases and foreign-docking, in which various ligands from foreign crystal structures of complexes are docked into a target protein structure, in 22 cases (on five target proteins). With the original ADAM, the correct docking modes (RMSD < 2.0 A) were not present among the top 20 models in one case of redocking and four cases of foreign-docking. When the handling of induced-fit motion was implemented, the correct solutions were acquired in all 40 test cases. In foreign-docking on thymidine kinase, the correct docking modes were obtained as the top-ranked solutions for all 10 test ligands by our combinatorial approach, and this appears to be the best result ever reported with any docking tool. The results of docking validation have thus confirmed the effectiveness of our approach, which can provide reliable docking models even in the case of foreign-docking, where conformational change of the target protein cannot be ignored. We expect that this approach will contribute substantially to actual drug design, including virtual screening.
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46
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The new convenient synthesis of fluorinated Penciclovir analogues 9-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl) guanine (FHBG) and 2-amino-6-fluoro-9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbutyl) purine (6-Fluoropenciclovir). J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Balzarini J, Liekens S, Solaroli N, El Omari K, Stammers DK, Karlsson A. Engineering of a single conserved amino acid residue of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase allows a predominant shift from pyrimidine to purine nucleoside phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19273-9. [PMID: 16702226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600414200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine (dThd) kinase (TK) crystal structures show that purine and pyrimidine bases occupy distinct positions in the active site but approximately the same geometric plane. The presence of a bulky side chain, such as tyrosine at position 167, would not be sterically favorable for pyrimidine or pyrimidine nucleoside analogue binding, whereas purine nucleoside analogues would be less affected because they are located further away from the phenylalanine side chain. Site-directed mutagenesis of the conserved Ala-167 and Ala-168 residues in HSV-1 TK resulted in a wide variety of differential affinities and catalytic activities in the presence of the natural substrate dThd and the purine nucleoside analogue drug ganciclovir (GCV), depending on the nature of the amino acid mutation. A168H- and A167F-mutated HSV-1 TK enzymes turned out to have a virtually complete knock-out of dThd kinase activity (at least approximately 4-5 orders of magnitude lower) presumably due to a steric clash between the mutated amino acid and the dThd ring. In contrast, a full preservation of the GCV (and other purine nucleoside analogues) kinase activity was achieved for A168H TK. The enzyme mutants also markedly lost their binding capacity for dThd and showed a substantially diminished feedback inhibition by thymidine 5'-triphosphate. The side chain size at position 168 seems to play a less important role regarding GCV or dThd selectivity than at position 167. Instead, the nitrogen-containing side chains from A168H and A168K seem necessary for efficient ligand discrimination. This explains why A168H-mutated HSV-1 TK fully preserves its GCV kinase activity (Vmax/Km 4-fold higher than wild-type HSV-1 TK), although still showing a severely compromised dThd kinase activity (Vmax/Km 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than wild-type HSV-1 TK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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48
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Hible G, Daalova P, Gilles AM, Cherfils J. Crystal structures of GMP kinase in complex with ganciclovir monophosphate and Ap5G. Biochimie 2006; 88:1157-64. [PMID: 16690197 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine monophosphate kinases (GMPK), by catalyzing the phosphorylation of GMP or dGMP, are of dual potential in assisting the activation of anti-viral prodrugs or as candidates for antibiotic strategies. Human GMPK is an obligate step for the activation of acyclic guanosine analogs, such as ganciclovir, which necessitate efficient phosphorylation, while GMPK from bacterial pathogens, in which this enzyme is essential, are potential targets for therapeutic inhibition. Here we analyze these two aspects of GMPK activity with the crystal structures of Escherichia coli GMPK in complex with ganciclovir-monophosphate (GCV-MP) and with a bi-substrate inhibitor, Ap5G. GCV-MP binds as GMP to the GMP-binding domain, which is identical in E. coli and human GMPKs, but unlike the natural substrate fails to stabilize the closed, catalytically-competent conformation of this domain. Comparison with GMP- and GDP-bound GMPK structures identifies the 2'hydroxyl of the ribose moiety as responsible for hooking the GMP-binding domain onto the CORE domain. Absence of this hydroxyl in GCV-MP impairs the stabilization of the active conformation, and explains why GCV-MP is phosphorylated less efficiently than GMP, but as efficiently as dGMP. In contrast, Ap5G is an efficient inhibitor of GMPK. The crystal structure shows that Ap5G locks an incompletely closed conformation of the enzyme, in which the adenine moiety is located outside its expected binding site. Instead, it binds at a subunit interface that is unique to the bacterial enzyme, which is in equilibrium between a dimeric and an hexameric form in solution. This suggests that inhibitors could be designed to bind at this interface such as to prevent nucleotide-induced domain closure. Altogether, these complexes point to domain motions as critical components to be evaluated in therapeutic strategies targeting NMP kinases, with opposite effects depending on whether efficient phosphorylation or inhibition is being sought after.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hible
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, bâtiment 34, CNRS, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France
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Herdewijn P. The interplay between antiviral activity, oligonucleotide hybridisation and nucleic acids incorporation studies. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:317-21. [PMID: 16690140 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have been the most successful antiviral compounds. Likewise, they are the most intriguing antiviral compounds, because of their structural relationship to natural nucleosides. This is also the reason why the design process of a potential selective antiviral nucleoside is so difficult. Too many natural processes (from cellular uptake to DNA incorporation) and too many enzymes are involved in their biological effect (activity/toxicity/catabolism/anabolism) to make the design process readily predictable. The relationship between the physicochemical and biochemical properties of nucleoside analogues and their antiviral activity is very complex and could only be understood on a very long term basis. Here we try to explain some of the reasoning that was made during the design process leading to new potent antivirals with a phosphonate functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Herdewijn
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Alisaraie L, Haller LA, Fels G. A QXP-Based Multistep Docking Procedure for Accurate Prediction of Protein−Ligand Complexes. J Chem Inf Model 2006; 46:1174-87. [PMID: 16711737 DOI: 10.1021/ci050343m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The two great challenges of the docking process are the prediction of ligand poses in a protein binding site and the scoring of the docked poses. Ligands that are composed of extended chains in their molecular structure display the most difficulties, predominantly because of the torsional flexibility. On the basis of the molecular docking program QXP-Flo+0802, we have developed a procedure particularly for ligands with a high degree of rotational freedom that allows the accurate prediction of the orientation and conformation of ligands in protein binding sites. Starting from an initial full Monte Carlo docking experiment, this was achieved by performing a series of successive multistep docking runs using a local Monte Carlo search with a restricted rotational angle, by which the conformational search space is limited. The method was established by using a highly flexible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and has been applied to a number of challenging protein-ligand complexes known from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Alisaraie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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