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Dhar A, Kuramoto E, Fukushima M, Iwai H, Yamanaka A, Goto T. The Periodontium Damage Induces Neuronal Cell Death in the Trigeminal Mesencephalic Nucleus and Neurodegeneration in the Trigeminal Motor Nucleus in C57BL/6J Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2021; 54:11-19. [PMID: 33731966 PMCID: PMC7947638 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.20-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprioception from masticatory apparatus and periodontal ligaments comes through the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vmes). We evaluated the effects of tooth loss on neurodegeneration of the Vmes and trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo). Bilateral maxillary molars of 2-month-old C57BL/6J mice were extracted under anesthesia. Neural projections of the Vmes to the periodontium were confirmed by injecting Fluoro-Gold (FG) retrogradely into the extraction sockets, and for the anterograde labeling adeno-associated virus encoding green fluorescent protein (AAV-GFP) was applied. For immunohistochemistry, Piezo2, ATF3, Caspase 3, ChAT and TDP-43 antibodies were used. At 1 month after tooth extraction, the number of Piezo2-immunoreactive (IR) Vmes neurons were decreased significantly. ATF3-IR neurons were detected on day 5 after tooth extraction. Dead cleaved caspase-3-IR neurons were found among Vmes neurons on days 7 and 12. In the Vmo, neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) formation type of TDP-43 increased at 1 and 2 months after extraction. These indicate the existence of neural projections from the Vmes to the periodontium in mice and that tooth loss induces the death of Vmes neurons followed by TDP-43 pathology in the Vmo. Therefore, tooth loss induces Vmes neuronal cell death, causing Vmo neurodegeneration and presumably affecting masticatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Dhar
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Eriko Kuramoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Makoto Fukushima
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Haruki Iwai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Atsushi Yamanaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Tetsuya Goto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
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Sloan AJ, Taylor SY, Smith EL, Roberts JL, Chen L, Wei XQ, Waddington RJ. A novel ex vivo culture model for inflammatory bone destruction. J Dent Res 2013; 92:728-34. [PMID: 23857868 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513495240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological alterations in the balance of bone metabolism are central to the progression of inflammatory bone diseases such as periodontal disease. We have developed and characterized a novel ex vivo murine mandible model of inflammatory bone destruction. Slices of mandible were cultured for 14 days in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Following culture, cell viability and tissue histomorphometry were assessed with quantification of matrix proteins, resident osteoclasts, ligament cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. In the absence of inflammatory factors, culture viability, osteoclasts, and matrix components were maintained. LPS or TNFα stimulation demonstrated an increase in cellular proliferation, monocyte cells, osteoclast differentiation, and matrix degradation. Pathophysiological bone metabolism can be induced via exposure to LPS and direct influence of TNFα within the model despite the absence of systemic circulation, providing a model for inflammatory bone destruction and investigation of the effects of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sloan
- Mineralised Tissue Group, Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK.
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Harris SE, MacDougall M, Horn D, Woodruff K, Zimmer SN, Rebel VI, Fajardo R, Feng JQ, Heinrich-Gluhak J, Harris MA, Werner SA. Meox2Cre-mediated disruption of CSF-1 leads to osteopetrosis and osteocyte defects. Bone 2012; 50:42-53. [PMID: 21958845 PMCID: PMC3374485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CSF-1, a key regulator of mononuclear phagocyte production, is highly expressed in the skeleton by osteoblasts/osteocytes and in a number of nonskeletal tissues such as uterus, kidney and brain. The spontaneous mutant op/op mouse has been the conventional model of CSF-1 deficiency and exhibits a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by osteopetrosis, and defects in hematopoiesis, fertility and neural function. Studies to further delineate the biologic effect of CSF-1 within various tissues have been hampered by the lack of suitable models. To address this issue, we generated CSF-1 floxed/floxed mice and demonstrate that Cre-mediated recombination using Meox2Cre, a Cre line expressed in epiblast during early embryogenesis, results in mice with ubiquitous CSF-1 deficiency (CSF-1KO). Homozygous CSF-1KO mice lacked CSF-1 in all tissues and displayed, in part, a similar phenotype to op/op mice that included: failure of tooth eruption, osteopetrosis, reduced macrophage densities in reproductive and other organs and altered hematopoiesis with decreased marrow cellularity, circulating monocytes and B cell lymphopoiesis. In contrast to op/op mice, CSF-1KO mice showed elevated circulating and splenic T cells. A striking feature in CSF-1KO mice was defective osteocyte maturation, bone mineralization and osteocyte-lacunar system that was associated with reduced dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) expression in osteocytes. CSF-1KO mice also showed a dramatic reduction in osteomacs along the endosteal surface that may have contributed to the hematopoietic and cortical bone defects. Thus, our findings show that ubiquitous CSF-1 gene deletion using a Cre-based system recapitulates the expected osteopetrotic phenotype. Moreover, results point to a novel link between CSF-1 and osteocyte survival/function that is essential for maintaining bone mass and strength during skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Harris
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Mary MacDougall
- Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Diane Horn
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Kathleen Woodruff
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Stephanie N. Zimmer
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology and Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Vivienne I. Rebel
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology and Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Roberto Fajardo
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Jian Q. Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246
| | - Jelica Heinrich-Gluhak
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Marie A. Harris
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Sherry Abboud Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
- Correspondence addressed to: (), phone: 210-567-1913, fax: 210-567-4918
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Iwasaki Y, Otsuka H, Yanagisawa N, Hisamitsu H, Manabe A, Nonaka N, Nakamura M. In situ proliferation and differentiation of macrophages in dental pulp. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 346:99-109. [PMID: 21922246 PMCID: PMC3204101 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of macrophages in dental pulp is well known. However, whether these macrophages proliferate and differentiate in the dental pulp in situ, or whether they constantly migrate from the blood stream into the dental pulp remains unknown. We have examined and compared the development of dental pulp macrophages in an organ culture system with in vivo tooth organs to clarify the developmental mechanism of these macrophages. The first mandibular molar tooth organs from ICR mice aged between 16 days of gestation (E16) to 5 days postnatally were used for in vivo experiments. Those from E16 were cultured for up to 14 days with or without 10% fetal bovine serum. Dental pulp tissues were analyzed with immunohistochemistry to detect the macrophages and with reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of factors related to macrophage development. The growth curves for the in vivo and in vitro cultured cells revealed similar numbers of F4/80-positive macrophages in the dental pulp. RT-PCR analysis indicated the constant expression of myeloid colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in both in-vivo- and in-vitro-cultured dental pulp tissues. Anti-M-CSF antibodies significantly inhibited the increase in the number of macrophages in the dental pulp. These results suggest that (1) most of the dental pulp macrophages proliferate and differentiate in the dental pulp without a supply of precursor cells from the blood stream, (2) M-CSF might be a candidate molecule for dental pulp macrophage development, and (3) serum factors might not directly affect the development of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukikatsu Iwasaki
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
- Department of Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
- Department of Aesthetic Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Hirotada Otsuka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Hisashi Hisamitsu
- Department of Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
- Department of Aesthetic Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Atsufumi Manabe
- Department of Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
- Department of Aesthetic Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555 Japan
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Higuchi K, Santiwong P, Tamaki H, Terashima T, Nakayama H, Notani T, Iseki H, Baba O, Takano Y. Development and terminal differentiation of pulp and periodontal nerve elements in subcutaneous transplants of molar tooth germs and incisors of the rat. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:324-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nosrat IV, Widenfalk J, Olson L, Nosrat CA. Dental pulp cells produce neurotrophic factors, interact with trigeminal neurons in vitro, and rescue motoneurons after spinal cord injury. Dev Biol 2001; 238:120-32. [PMID: 11783998 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between ingrowing nerve fibers and their target tissues form the basis for functional connectivity with the central nervous system. Studies of the developing dental pulp innervation by nerve fibers from the trigeminal ganglion is an excellent example of nerve-target tissue interactions and will allow specific questions regarding development of the dental pulp nerve system to be addressed. Dental pulp cells (DPC) produce an array of neurotrophic factors during development, suggesting that these proteins might be involved in supporting trigeminal nerve fibers that innervate the dental pulp. We have established an in vitro culture system to study the interactions between the dental pulp cells and trigeminal neurons. We show that dental pulp cells produce several neurotrophic factors in culture. When DPC are cocultured with trigeminal neurons, they promote survival and a specific and elaborate neurite outgrowth pattern from trigeminal neurons, whereas skin fibroblasts do not provide a similar support. In addition, we show that dental pulp tissue becomes innervated when transplanted ectopically into the anterior chamber of the eye in rats, and upregulates the catecholaminergic nerve fiber density of the irises. Interestingly, grafting the dental pulp tissue into hemisected spinal cord increases the number of surviving motoneurons, indicating a functional bioactivity of the dental pulp-derived neurotrophic factors in vivo by rescuing motoneurons. Based on these findings, we propose that dental pulp-derived neurotrophic factors play an important role in orchestrating the dental pulp innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Nosrat
- Laboratory of Oral Neurobiology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Fried K, Nosrat C, Lillesaar C, Hildebrand C. Molecular signaling and pulpal nerve development. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2001; 11:318-32. [PMID: 11021633 DOI: 10.1177/10454411000110030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to discuss molecular factors influencing nerve growth to teeth. The establishment of a sensory pulpal innervation occurs concurrently with tooth development. Epithelial/mesenchymal interactions initiate the tooth primordium and change it into a complex organ. The initial events seem to be controlled by the epithelium, and subsequently, the mesenchyme acquires odontogenic properties. As yet, no single initiating epithelial or mesenchymal factor has been identified. Axons reach the jaws before tooth formation and form terminals near odontogenic sites. In some species, local axons have an initiating function in odontogenesis, but it is not known if this is also the case with mammals. In diphyodont mammals, the primary dentition is replaced by a permanent dentition, which involves a profound remodeling of terminal pulpal axons. The molecular signals underlying this remodeling remain unknown. Due to the senescent deterioration of the dentition, the target area of tooth nerves shrinks with age, and these nerves show marked pathological-like changes. Nerve growth factor and possibly also brain-derived neurotrophic factor seem to be important in the formation of a sensory pulpal innervation. Neurotrophin-3 and -4/5 are probably not involved. In addition, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, but not neurturin, seems to be involved in the control of pulpal axon growth. A variety of other growth factors may also influence developing tooth nerves. Many major extracellular matrix molecules, which can influence growing axons, are present in developing teeth. It is likely that these molecules influence the growing pulpal axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Byers MR, Närhi MV. Dental injury models: experimental tools for understanding neuroinflammatory interactions and polymodal nociceptor functions. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2000; 10:4-39. [PMID: 10759425 DOI: 10.1177/10454411990100010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that peripheral mechanisms of pain are much more complex than previously thought, and they differ for acutely injured normal tissues compared with chronic inflammation or neuropathic (nerve injury) pain. The purpose of the present review is to describe uses of dental injury models as experimental tools for understanding the normal functions of polymodal nociceptive nerves in healthy tissues, their neuroinflammatory interactions, and their roles in healing. A brief review of normal dental innervation and its interactions with healthy pulp tissue will be presented first, as a framework for understanding the changes that occur after injury. Then, the different types of dental injury that allow gradation of the extent of tissue damage will be described, along with the degree and duration of inflammation, the types of reactions in the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem, and the type of healing. The dental injury models have some unique features compared with neuroinflammation paradigms that affect other peripheral tissues such as skin, viscera, and joints. Peripheral inflammation models can all be contrasted to nerve injury studies that produce a different kind of neuroplasticity and neuropathic pain. Each of these models provides different insights about the normal and pathologic functions of peripheral nerve fibers and their effects on tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and wound healing. The physical confinement of dental pulp and its innervation within the tooth, the high incidence of polymodal A-delta and C-fibers in pulp and dentin, and the somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion provide some special advantages for experimental design when dental injury models are used for the study of neuroinflammatory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Byers
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6540, USA
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Nishikawa S, Sasaki F. Apoptosis of dental pulp cells and their elimination by macrophages and MHC class II-expressing dendritic cells. J Histochem Cytochem 1999; 47:303-12. [PMID: 10026233 DOI: 10.1177/002215549904700304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of dental pulp cells of rat incisors was investigated by the TUNEL method and electron microscopy. The results showed that a considerable amount of apoptosis occurred in the pulp, increasing in extent with incisal direction. OX6, ED1, and ED2 antibodies were used to detect macrophages and dendritic cells in combination with immunoelectron microscopy. Apoptotic fragments were eliminated mainly by MHC Class II-expressing cells, including dendritic cells positive for the OX6 antibody, and by MHC Class II-negative macrophages. Macrophages and dendritic cells positive for OX6, ED1, or ED2 increased from the apical to incisal direction of the incisor. These results indicate that apoptosis contributes to normal pulp formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nishikawa
- Department of Biology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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