1
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Lao TD, Le TAH. Novel Genetic Variant of 30-bp Deletion: A Polymorphism of Latent Membrane Protein 1 from Vietnamese Epstein Barr Virus-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Biopsies. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722060068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Yu CX, Liu W, Zhao MH, Xiao H, Wang Y, Luo B. Sequence analysis of Epstein–Barr virus BALF2 gene in associated tumors and healthy individuals from southern and northern China. Future Virol 2022. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the polymorphism and distribution characteristics of BALF2 gene in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors (gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and lymphoma). Materials & methods: DNA sequences of 349 EBV-related samples were analyzed by nested PCR combined with DNA sequencing. Results: According to the phylogenetic tree, BALF2 was divided into six genotypes ( BALF2-A–F). Statistically, the incidence of BALF2-E in nasopharyngeal carcinoma was higher than that in healthy people, and the incidence of BALF2-E in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in South China was higher than that in North China (p = 0.001). Conclusion: BALF2 variants in EBV-associated samples are not only tumor-specific, but also differ between northern and southern regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-xia Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Meng-he Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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3
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Ranger-Rogez S. EBV Genome Mutations and Malignant Proliferations. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a DNA virus with a relatively stable genome. Indeed, genomic variability is reported to be around 0.002%. However, some regions are more variable such as those carrying latency genes and specially EBNA1, -2, -LP, and LMP1. Tegument genes, particularly BNRF1, BPLF1, and BKRF3, are also quite mutated. For a long time, it has been considered for this ubiquitous virus, which infects a very large part of the population, that particular strains could be the cause of certain diseases. However, the mutations found, in some cases, are more geographically restricted rather than associated with proliferation. In other cases, they appear to be involved in oncogenesis. The objective of this chapter is to provide an update on changes in viral genome sequences in malignancies associated with EBV. We focused on describing the structure and function of the proteins corresponding to the genes mentioned above in order to understand how certain mutations of these proteins could increase the tumorigenic character of this virus. Mutations described in the literature for these proteins were identified by reporting viral and/or cellular functional changes as they were described.
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4
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Yu F, Syn NL, Lu Y, Chong QY, Lai J, Tan WJ, Goh BC, MacAry PA, Wang L, Loh KS. Characterization and Establishment of a Novel EBV Strain Simultaneously Associated With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626659. [PMID: 33898307 PMCID: PMC8059411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)—the prototypical human tumor virus—is responsible for 1–2% of the global cancer burden, but divergent strains seem to exist in different geographical regions with distinct predilections for causing lymphoid or epithelial malignancies. Here we report the establishment and characterization of Yu103, an Asia Pacific EBV strain with a highly remarkable provenance of being derived from nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsy but subsequently propagated in human B-lymphoma cells and xenograft models. Unlike previously characterized EBV strains which are either predominantly B-lymphotropic or epitheliotropic, Yu103 evinces an uncanny capacity to infect and transform both B-lymphocytes and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that Yu103 EBV lies midway along the spectrum of EBV strains known to drive lymphomagenesis or carcinogenesis, and harbors molecular features which likely account for its unusual properties. To our knowledge, Yu103 EBV is currently the only EBV isolate shown to drive human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and B-lymphoma, and should therefore provide a powerful novel platform for research on EBV-driven hematological and epithelial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenggang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas L Syn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yun Chong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junyun Lai
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Jian Tan
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Head & Neck Tumor Group, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Head & Neck Tumor Group, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Corvalán AH, Ruedlinger J, de Mayo T, Polakovicova I, Gonzalez-Hormazabal P, Aguayo F. The Phylogeographic Diversity of EBV and Admixed Ancestry in the Americas⁻Another Model of Disrupted Human-Pathogen Co-Evolution. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020217. [PMID: 30769835 PMCID: PMC6406347 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an etiological agent for gastric cancer with significant worldwide variations. Molecular characterizations of EBV have shown phylogeographical variations among healthy populations and in EBV-associated diseases, particularly the cosegregated BamHI-I fragment and XhoI restriction site of exon 1 of the LMP-1 gene. In the Americas, both cosegregated variants are present in EBV carriers, which aligns with the history of Asian and European human migration to this continent. Furthermore, novel recombinant variants have been found, reflecting the genetic makeup of this continent. However, in the case of EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBV-associated GC), the cosegregated European BamHI-“i” fragment and XhoI restriction site strain prevails. Thus, we propose that a disrupted coevolution between viral phylogeographical strains and mixed human ancestry in the Americas might explain the high prevalence of this particular gastric cancer subtype. This cosegregated region contains two relevant transcripts for EBV-associated GC, the BARF-1 and miR-BARTs. Thus, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or targeted sequencing of both transcripts may be required to clarify their role as a potential source of this disrupted coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H Corvalán
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Jenny Ruedlinger
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Tomas de Mayo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7510041, Chile.
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
| | - Patricio Gonzalez-Hormazabal
- Program of Human Genetics, Instituto Ciencias Biomedicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8330034, Chile.
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
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6
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Hui KF, Chan TF, Yang W, Shen JJ, Lam KP, Kwok H, Sham PC, Tsao SW, Kwong DL, Lung ML, Chiang AKS. High risk Epstein-Barr virus variants characterized by distinct polymorphisms in the EBER locus are strongly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:3031-3042. [PMID: 30536939 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Whether certain variants of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are linked to the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which shows a marked geographic restriction, remains an unresolved issue. We performed a case-control study comparing genomic sequences of EBV isolated from saliva samples of 142 population carriers with those from primary tumour biopsies derived from 62 patients with NPC of Hong Kong. Cluster analysis discovered five EBV subgroups 1A-C and 2A-B amongst the population carriers in contrast to the predominance of 1A and -B in the majority of NPC. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a panel of NPC-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels in the EBER locus. The most significant polymorphism, which can be found in 96.8% NPC cases and 40.1% population carriers of Hong Kong, is a four-base-deletion polymorphism downstream of EBER2 (EBER-del) from coordinates 7188-7191 (p = 1.91 × 10-7 ). In addition, the predicted secondary structure of EBER2 is altered with likely functional consequence in nearly all NPC cases. Using the SNPs and indels associated with NPC, genetic risk score is assigned for each EBV variant. EBV variants with high genetic risk score are found to be much more prevalent in Hong Kong Chinese than individuals of other geographic regions and in NPC than other EBV-associated cancers. We conclude that high risk EBV variants with polymorphisms in the EBER locus, designated as HKNPC-EBERvar, are strongly associated with NPC. Further investigation of the biological function and potential clinical application of these newly identified polymorphisms in NPC and other EBV-associated cancers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanling Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiangshan Jane Shen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ki Pui Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hin Kwok
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Centre for Genomic Sciences, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Building for Interdisciplinary Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dora L Kwong
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Phylogenetic comparison of Epstein-Barr virus genomes. J Microbiol 2018; 56:525-533. [PMID: 29948828 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technologies used for genome analysis and whole genome sequencing are useful for us to understand genomic characterization and divergence. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that causes diverse diseases such as Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), and gastric carcinoma (GC). EBV genomes found in these diseases can be classified either by phases of EBV latency (type-I, -II, and -III latency) or types of EBNA2 sequence difference (type-I EBV, type-II EBV or EBV-1, EBV-2). EBV from EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) establishes type-III latency, EBV from NPC establishes type-II latency, and EBV from GC establishes type-I latency. However, other important factors play key roles in classifying numerous EBV strains because EBV genomes are highly diverse and not phylogenetically related to types of EBV-associated diseases. Herein, we first reviewed previous studies to describe molecular characteristics of EBV genomes. Then, using comparative and phylogenetic analyses, we phylogenetically analyzed molecular variations of EBV genomes and proteins. The review of previous studies and our phylogenetic analysis showed that EBV genomes and proteins were highly diverse regardless of types of EBV-associated diseases. Other factors should be considered in determining EBV taxonomy. This review will be helpful to understand complicated phylogenetic relationships of EBV genomes.
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8
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Tsao SW, Tsang CM, Lo KW. Epstein-Barr virus infection and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0270. [PMID: 28893937 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with multiple types of human cancer, including lymphoid and epithelial cancers. The closest association with EBV infection is seen in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is endemic in the southern Chinese population. A strong association between NPC risk and the HLA locus at chromosome 6p has been identified, indicating a link between the presentation of EBV antigens to host immune cells and NPC risk. EBV infection in NPC is clonal in origin, strongly suggesting that NPC develops from the clonal expansion of a single EBV-infected cell. In epithelial cells, the default program of EBV infection is lytic replication. However, latent infection is the predominant mode of EBV infection in NPC. The establishment of latent EBV infection in pre-invasive nasopharyngeal epithelium is believed to be an early stage of NPC pathogenesis. Recent genomic study of NPC has identified multiple somatic mutations in the upstream negative regulators of NF-κB signalling. Dysregulated NF-κB signalling may contribute to the establishment of latent EBV infection in NPC. Stable EBV infection and the expression of latent EBV genes are postulated to drive the transformation of pre-invasive nasopharyngeal epithelial cells to cancer cells through multiple pathways.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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9
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Huang SCM, Tsao SW, Tsang CM. Interplay of Viral Infection, Host Cell Factors and Tumor Microenvironment in the Pathogenesis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E106. [PMID: 29617291 PMCID: PMC5923361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In addition, heavy infiltration of leukocytes is a common characteristic of EBV-associated NPC. It has long been suggested that substantial and interactive impacts between cancer and stromal cells create a tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumorigenesis. The coexistence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with EBV-infected NPC cells represents a distinct TME which supports immune evasion and cancer development from the early phase of EBV infection. Intracellularly, EBV-encoded viral products alter host cell signaling to facilitate tumor development and progression. Intercellularly, EBV-infected cancer cells communicate with stromal cells through secretion of cytokines and chemokines, or via release of tumor exosomes, to repress immune surveillance and enhance metastasis. Although high expression of miR-BARTs has been detected in NPC patients, contributions of these more recently discovered viral products to the establishment of TME are still vaguely defined. Further investigations are needed to delineate the mechanistic linkage of the interplay between viral and host factors, especially in relation to TME, which can be harnessed in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, HK, China.
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, HK, China.
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10
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Zhou L, Chen JN, Qiu XM, Pan YH, Zhang ZG, Shao CK. Comparative analysis of 22 Epstein-Barr virus genomes from diseased and healthy individuals. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:96-107. [PMID: 28036243 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects most of the world's population and is causally associated with several human cancers, but little is known about how EBV genetic variations might influence EBV-associated diseases and their geographical patterns. In the present study, 22 EBV whole-genome sequences from diseased and healthy individuals were analysed to explore EBV sequence variations at the whole-genome level. We found that the 22 EBV genomes were generally highly similar to each other at the genome level. However, varying degrees of genetic diversity were detected across the entire genome, especially in the latent genes. In contrast, the sequences of promoters and non-coding RNAs were strictly conserved. These findings suggested that both latent genes and non-coding RNAs play important roles in the EBV life cycle. When we investigated changes in known T-cell epitopes in some latent and lytic proteins, we observed that some T-cell epitopes were changed, while others were conserved. These findings indicate that the effect of EBV variations in protein sequences that seem to have been selected by the host immune system should be considered when conducting EBV-targeted immunotherapy. Taken together, our results provide a global view of EBV genome sequence variation, which not only is important for designing vaccines and immunotherapy for EBV but also adds to the understanding of EBV biology and the relationships between viral sequence variation and EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Jian-Ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Xin-Min Qiu
- DRIGEN Co. Ltd, No. 121-122 Chuangye Yuan, Shenzhen 518100, PR China
| | - Yu-Hang Pan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Chun-Kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
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11
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Neves M, Marinho-Dias J, Ribeiro J, Sousa H. Epstein-Barr virus strains and variations: Geographic or disease-specific variants? J Med Virol 2016; 89:373-387. [PMID: 27430663 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with the development of several diseases, including infectious mononucleosis (IM), Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL), Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, and other neoplasias. The publication of EBV genome 1984 led to several studies regarding the identification of different viral strains. Currently, EBV is divided into EBV type 1 (B95-8 strain) and EBV type 2 (AG876 strain), also known as type A and type B, which have been distinguished based upon genetic differences in the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens (EBNAs) sequence. Several other EBV strains have been described in the past 10 years considering variations on EBV genome, and many have attempted to clarify if these variations are ethnic or geographically correlated, or if they are disease related. Indeed, there is an increasing interest to describe possible specific disease associations, with emphasis on different malignancies. These studies aim to clarify if these variations are ethnic or geographically correlated, or if they are disease related, thus being important to characterize the epidemiologic genetic distribution of EBV strains on our population. Here, we review the current knowledge on the different EBV strains and variants and its association with different diseases. J. Med. Virol. 89:373-387, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Neves
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Centre (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Marinho-Dias
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Centre (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences of University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Centre (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Centre (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Kamperschroer C, Gosink MM, Kumpf SW, O'Donnell LM, Tartaro KR. The genomic sequence of lymphocryptovirus from cynomolgus macaque. Virology 2015; 488:28-36. [PMID: 26590795 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocryptoviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cause persistent infections in human and non-human primates, and suppression of the immune system can increase the risk of lymphocryptovirus (LCV)-associated tumor development in both human and non-human primates. To enable LCV infection as a non-clinical model to study effects of therapeutics on EBV immunity, we determined the genomic DNA sequence of the LCV from cynomolgus macaque, a species commonly used for non-clinical testing. Comparison to rhesus macaque LCV and human EBV sequences indicates that LCV from the cynomolgus macaque has the same genomic arrangement and a high degree of similarity in most genes, especially with rhesus macaque LCV. Genes showing lower similarity were those encoding proteins involved in latency and/or tumor promotion or immune evasion. The genomic sequence of LCV from cynomolgus macaque should aid the development of non-clinical tools for identifying therapeutics that impact LCV immunity and carry potential lymphoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris Kamperschroer
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA.
| | - Mark M Gosink
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Steven W Kumpf
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Lynn M O'Donnell
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Karrie R Tartaro
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
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13
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da Costa VG, Marques-Silva AC, Moreli ML. The Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) 30-bp deletion and XhoI-polymorphism in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Syst Rev 2015; 4:46. [PMID: 25927427 PMCID: PMC4404015 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-015-0037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is considered to be closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), in which EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) was found to have an oncogenic role. However, the results published on the LMP1 polymorphism are inconsistent. In the present study, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the frequency of the associations and a more precise association between NPC and EBV LMP1 gene variants (30-bp deletion (del)/XhoI-loss). METHODS Eligible articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were identified in the following electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SciELO. Consequently, the data of interest were extracted and plotted in a table to calculate the frequency and odds ratio (OR) of the outcomes of interest (30-bp del-LMP1/XhoI-loss) in patients with NPC. Study quality (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)), publication bias, and heterogeneity were assessed. RESULTS Thirty-one observational studies were included with a total of 2,846 individuals (NPC, n = 1,855; control, n = 991). The risk of bias in relation to study quality evaluated by NOS was considered low. The pooled estimate of the frequency of 30-bp del-LMP1 and XhoI-loss in patients with NPC was 77% (95% confidence interval (CI): 72 to 82) and 82% (95% CI: 71 to 92), respectively. There was an association between 30-bp del-LMP1 and NPC susceptibility (OR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.35 to 6.07, P = 0.00). Similarly, there was an association between XhoI-loss and NPC (OR = 8.5, 95% CI: 1.7 to 41, P = 0.00). However, when we analyze the co-existence of the 30-bp del-LMP1 and XhoI-loss in patients with NPC, there was no association (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.06 to 18.79, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an association between the 30-bp del-LMP1 and XhoI-loss with NPC susceptibility. However, our data should be interpreted with caution because the sample size was small, and there was heterogeneity between the studies. Thus, future studies are needed with adjusted estimates to simultaneously evaluate multiple factors involved in the development of NPC. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42014013496 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivaldo G da Costa
- Post-Graduation Program in Applied Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, BR 364, Km 192, Industrial Park, Jataí, Brazil.
- Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, BR 364, Km 192, Industrial Park, Jataí, Brazil.
| | - Ariany C Marques-Silva
- Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, BR 364, Km 192, Industrial Park, Jataí, Brazil.
| | - Marcos L Moreli
- Post-Graduation Program in Applied Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, BR 364, Km 192, Industrial Park, Jataí, Brazil.
- Virology Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, BR 364, Km 192, Industrial Park, Jataí, Brazil.
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Shen ZC, Luo B, Chen JN, Chao Y, Shao CK, Liu QQ, Wang Y. High prevalence of the EBER variant EB-8m in endemic nasopharyngeal carcinomas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121420. [PMID: 25807550 PMCID: PMC4373760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) are the most highly expressed transcripts in all EBV-associated tumors and are involved in both lymphoid and epithelioid carcinogenesis. Our previous study on Chinese isolates from non-endemic area of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) identified new EBER variants (EB-8m and EB-10m) which were less common but relatively more frequent in NPC cases than healthy donors. In the present study, we determined the EBER variants in NPC cases and healthy donors from endemic and non-endemic areas of NPC within China and compared the EBER variants, in relation to the genotypes at BamHI F region (prototype F and f variant), between population groups and between two areas. According to the phylogenetic tree, four EBER variants (EB-6m, EB-8m, EB-10m and B95-8) were identified. EB-6m was dominant in all population groups except for endemic NPC group, in which EB-8m was dominant. EB-8m was more common in endemic NPC cases (82.0%, 41/50) than non-endemic NPC cases (33.7%, 32/95) (p<0.0001), and it was also more frequent in healthy donors from endemic area (32.4%, 24/74) than healthy donors from non-endemic area (1.1%, 1/92) (p<0.0001). More importantly, the EB-8m was more prevalent in NPC cases than healthy donors in both areas (p<0.0001). The f variant, which has been suggested to associate with endemic NPC, demonstrated preferential linkage with EB-8m in endemic isolates, however, the EB-8m variant seemed to be more specific to NPC isolates than f variant. These results reveal high prevalence of EBER EB-8m variant in endemic NPC cases, suggesting an association between NPC development and EBV isolates carrying EB-8m variant. Our finding identified a small healthy population group that shares the same viral strain which predominates in NPC cases. It could be interesting to carry extensive cohort studies following these individuals to evaluate the risk to develop NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-chao Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospitals of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Chao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospitals of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian-qian Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Abstract
What is wild-type Epstein-Barr virus and are there genetic differences in EBV strains that contribute to some of the EBV-associated diseases? Recent progress in DNA sequencing has resulted in many new Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome sequences becoming available. EBV isolates worldwide can be grouped into type 1 and type 2, a classification based on the EBNA2 gene sequence. Type 1 transforms human B cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines much more efficiently than type 2 EBV and molecular mechanisms that may account for this difference in cell transformation are now becoming understood. Study of geographic variation of EBV strains independent of the type 1/type 2 classification and systematic investigation of the relationship between viral strains, infection and disease are now becoming possible. So we should consider more directly whether viral sequence variation might play a role in the incidence of some EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Farrell
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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16
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17
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Genomic diversity of Epstein-Barr virus genomes isolated from primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsy samples. J Virol 2014; 88:10662-72. [PMID: 24991008 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01665-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a 100% association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, only three EBV genomes isolated from NPC patients have been sequenced to date, and the role of EBV genomic variations in the pathogenesis of NPC is unclear. We sought to obtain the sequences of EBV genomes in multiple NPC biopsy specimens in the same geographic location in order to reveal their sequence diversity. Three published EBV (B95-8, C666-1, and HKNPC1) genomes were first resequenced using the sequencing workflow of target enrichment of EBV DNA by hybridization, followed by next-generation sequencing, de novo assembly, and joining of contigs by Sanger sequencing. The sequences of eight NPC biopsy specimen-derived EBV (NPC-EBV) genomes, designated HKNPC2 to HKNPC9, were then determined. They harbored 1,736 variations in total, including 1,601 substitutions, 64 insertions, and 71 deletions, compared to the reference EBV. Furthermore, genes encoding latent, early lytic, and tegument proteins and glycoproteins were found to contain nonsynonymous mutations of potential biological significance. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HKNPC6 and -7 genomes, which were isolated from tumor biopsy specimens of advanced metastatic NPC cases, were distinct from the other six NPC-EBV genomes, suggesting the presence of at least two parental lineages of EBV among the NPC-EBV genomes. In conclusion, much greater sequence diversity among EBV isolates derived from NPC biopsy specimens is demonstrated on a whole-genome level through a complete sequencing workflow. Large-scale sequencing and comparison of EBV genomes isolated from NPC and normal subjects should be performed to assess whether EBV genomic variations contribute to NPC pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE This study established a sequencing workflow from EBV DNA capture and sequencing to de novo assembly and contig joining. We reported eight newly sequenced EBV genomes isolated from primary NPC biopsy specimens and revealed the sequence diversity on a whole-genome level among these EBV isolates. At least two lineages of EBV strains are observed, and recombination among these lineages is inferred. Our study has demonstrated the value of, and provided a platform for, genome sequencing of EBV.
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18
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Gurtsevitch VE, Yakovleva LS, Shcherbak LN, Goncharova EV, Smirnova KV, Diduk SV, Kondratova VN, Maksimovich DM, Lichtenstein AV, Senyuta NB. Sequence variants of LMP1 oncogene in patients with oral cavity tumors associated and not associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Mol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331305004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Tsai MH, Raykova A, Klinke O, Bernhardt K, Gärtner K, Leung CS, Geletneky K, Sertel S, Münz C, Feederle R, Delecluse HJ. Spontaneous lytic replication and epitheliotropism define an Epstein-Barr virus strain found in carcinomas. Cell Rep 2013; 5:458-70. [PMID: 24120866 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is found in a variety of tumors whose incidence greatly varies around the world. A poorly explored hypothesis is that particular EBV strains account for this phenomenon. We report that M81, a virus isolated from a Chinese patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), shows remarkable similarity to other NPC viruses but is divergent from all other known strains. M81 exhibited a reversed tropism relative to common strains with a reduced ability to infect B cells and a high propensity to infect epithelial cells, which is in agreement with its isolation from carcinomas. M81 spontaneously replicated in B cells in vitro and in vivo at unusually high levels, in line with the enhanced viral replication observed in NPC patients. Spontaneous replication and epitheliotropism could be partly ascribed to polymorphisms within viral proteins. We suggest considering M81 and its closely related isolates as an EBV subtype with enhanced pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Tsai
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Unit F100, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Inserm Unit U1074, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Tso KKY, Yip KYL, Mak CKY, Chung GTY, Lee SD, Cheung ST, To KF, Lo KW. Complete genomic sequence of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line C666-1. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:29. [PMID: 23915735 PMCID: PMC3734220 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a distinct type of head and neck cancer which is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The C666-1 cell line is the only in vitro native EBV-infected NPC cell model commonly used for study of the viral-host interaction. Nevertheless, the complete EBV genome sequence in this in vitro EBV-infected NPC model has not been characterized. Objective To determine the complete EBV genome sequence in C666-1 cells. Methods The C666-1 genome was sequenced by 100-bases pair-end massive parallel sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to extract the EBV sequences and construct an EBV consensus sequence map. PCR amplification and Sanger DNA sequencing were used for sequence validation and gap filling. A phylogenetic analysis of EBV strain in C666-1 cells and other reported EBV strains was performed. Results A 171,317 bp complete EBV genome of C666-1 was successfully constructed (GenBank accession number: KC617875). Phylogenetic analysis of EBV genome in C666-1 revealed that the C666-1 EBV strain is closely related to the reported strains in NPC primary tumors. Conclusion C666-1 contains a representative NPC-associated EBV genome and might serve as an important model for studying the roles or function of viral proteins in NPC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kai-Yuen Tso
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin Yuk-Lap Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cathy Ka-Yan Mak
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sau-Dan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu-Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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21
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Epstein-barr virus sequence variation-biology and disease. Pathogens 2012; 1:156-74. [PMID: 25436768 PMCID: PMC4235690 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens1020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some key questions in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) biology center on whether naturally occurring sequence differences in the virus affect infection or EBV associated diseases. Understanding the pattern of EBV sequence variation is also important for possible development of EBV vaccines. At present EBV isolates worldwide can be grouped into Type 1 and Type 2, a classification based on the EBNA2 gene sequence. Type 1 EBV is the most prevalent worldwide but Type 2 is common in parts of Africa. Type 1 transforms human B cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines much more efficiently than Type 2 EBV. Molecular mechanisms that may account for this difference in cell transformation are now becoming clearer. Advances in sequencing technology will greatly increase the amount of whole EBV genome data for EBV isolated from different parts of the world. Study of regional variation of EBV strains independent of the Type 1/Type 2 classification and systematic investigation of the relationship between viral strains, infection and disease will become possible. The recent discovery that specific mutation of the EBV EBNA3B gene may be linked to development of diffuse large B cell lymphoma illustrates the importance that mutations in the virus genome may have in infection and human disease.
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22
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Kwok H, Tong AHY, Lin CH, Lok S, Farrell PJ, Kwong DLW, Chiang AKS. Genomic sequencing and comparative analysis of Epstein-Barr virus genome isolated from primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36939. [PMID: 22590638 PMCID: PMC3349645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether certain Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strains are associated with pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is still an unresolved question. In the present study, EBV genome contained in a primary NPC tumor biopsy was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and sequenced using next-generation (Illumina) and conventional dideoxy-DNA sequencing. The EBV genome, designated HKNPC1 (Genbank accession number JQ009376) is a type 1 EBV of approximately 171.5 kb. The virus appears to be a uniform strain in line with accepted monoclonal nature of EBV in NPC but is heterogeneous at 172 nucleotide positions. Phylogenetic analysis with the four published EBV strains, B95-8, AG876, GD1, and GD2, indicated HKNPC1 was more closely related to the Chinese NPC patient-derived strains, GD1 and GD2. HKNPC1 contains 1,589 single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and 132 insertions or deletions (indels) in comparison to the reference EBV sequence (accession number NC007605). When compared to AG876, a strain derived from Ghanaian Burkitt's lymphoma, we found 322 SNVs, of which 76 were non-synonymous SNVs and were shared amongst the Chinese GD1, GD2 and HKNPC1 isolates. We observed 88 non-synonymous SNVs shared only by HKNPC1 and GD2, the only other NPC tumor-derived strain reported thus far. Non-synonymous SNVs were mainly found in the latent, tegument and glycoprotein genes. The same point mutations were found in glycoprotein (BLLF1 and BALF4) genes of GD1, GD2 and HKNPC1 strains and might affect cell type specific binding. Variations in LMP1 and EBNA3B epitopes and mutations in Cp (11404 C>T) and Qp (50134 G>C) found in GD1, GD2 and HKNPC1 could potentially affect CD8+ T cell recognition and latent gene expression pattern in NPC, respectively. In conclusion, we showed that whole genome sequencing of EBV in NPC may facilitate discovery of previously unknown variations of pathogenic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin Kwok
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy H. Y. Tong
- Genome Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Ho Lin
- Genome Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Si Lok
- Genome Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul J. Farrell
- Section of Virology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dora L. W. Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan K. S. Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Zuercher E, Butticaz C, Wyniger J, Martinez R, Battegay M, Boffi El Amari E, Dang T, Egger JF, Fehr J, Mueller-Garamvögyi E, Parini A, Schaefer SC, Schoeni-Affolter F, Thurnheer C, Tinguely M, Telenti A, Rothenberger S. Genetic diversity of EBV-encoded LMP1 in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and implication for NF-Κb activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32168. [PMID: 22384168 PMCID: PMC3285206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several types of cancers including Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), a multifunctional oncoprotein, is a powerful activator of the transcription factor NF-κB, a property that is essential for EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell survival. Previous studies reported LMP1 sequence variations and induction of higher NF-κB activation levels compared to the prototype B95-8 LMP1 by some variants. Here we used biopsies of EBV-associated cancers and blood of individuals included in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) to analyze LMP1 genetic diversity and impact of sequence variations on LMP1-mediated NF-κB activation potential. We found that a number of variants mediate higher NF-κB activation levels when compared to B95-8 LMP1 and mapped three single polymorphisms responsible for this phenotype: F106Y, I124V and F144I. F106Y was present in all LMP1 isolated in this study and its effect was variant dependent, suggesting that it was modulated by other polymorphisms. The two polymorphisms I124V and F144I were present in distinct phylogenetic groups and were linked with other specific polymorphisms nearby, I152L and D150A/L151I, respectively. The two sets of polymorphisms, I124V/I152L and F144I/D150A/L151I, which were markers of increased NF-κB activation in vitro, were not associated with EBV-associated HL in the SHCS. Taken together these results highlighted the importance of single polymorphisms for the modulation of LMP1 signaling activity and demonstrated that several groups of LMP1 variants, through distinct mutational paths, mediated enhanced NF-κB activation levels compared to B95-8 LMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Zuercher
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Butticaz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josiane Wyniger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Martinez
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Thanh Dang
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Fehr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Parini
- Medical Service, Ospedale Regionale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Stephan C. Schaefer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Schoeni-Affolter
- Swiss HIV Cohort Study Data Center, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Thurnheer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Tinguely
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amalio Telenti
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Characteristics of epstein barr virus variants associated with gastric carcinoma in Southern Tunisia. Virol J 2011; 8:500. [PMID: 22047541 PMCID: PMC3216291 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud EBV-associated Gastric Carcinoma (EBVaGC) has a distinct clinical features and its prevalence is variable worldwide. Results To determine the prevalence of EBVaGC in Tunisia, EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) expression was assessed in 81 gastric carcinoma (GC) specimens. The nuclear EBER expression was detected in 12 out of 81 GC cases (14.81%) and concordance between the score range of EBER staining and the number of EBV DNA copies as estimate by QPCR is observed. On the other hand, we found that EBVaGC strongly correlated with age at diagnosis, and weakly with tumor differentiation and venous invasion. Furthermore, the EBVaGC specimens were subjected to determine the EBV DNA polymorphisms. Our results show a unique genetic profile of the EBV strains regarding the A and D types, the F prototype, the retention of XhoI restriction site and the 30 bp del-LMP1 variant. According to our previous studies on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), we suggested that EBV strains associated to GC and NPC shared some similarities in Tunisian patients. Conclusion The prevalence of EBVaGC is of 14.81% in the southern Tunisia and that common EBV strain are associated with both NPC and GC which are likely to differ from Asian strains. Our findings support therefore a certain geographical distribution of EBV strains which is not restricted to EBV-associated malignancies.
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Huang YH, Wu QL, Zong YS, Feng YF, Hou JH. Nasopharyngeal Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type: Retrospective Study of 18 Consecutive Cases in Guangzhou, China. Int J Surg Pathol 2011; 19:51-61. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896910388806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and clinicopathologic features of nasopharyngeal extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (NKTCL), as well as DNA sequence variation of Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) in neoplastic cells harboring in NKTCLs from Guangzhou district. Materials and methods: The clinical data of 18 unselected consecutive nasopharyngeal NKTCLs in one institution were reviewed retrospectively. Immunohistochemical staining and EBV-encoded RNAs (EBERs) in situ hybridization were applied. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, and sequencing for analyzing the C-terminal and N-terminal regions of LMP1 gene as well as BamHI F fragment of EBV were applied in 16 available samples. Results: NKTCLs accounted for 69.2% (18/26) of nasopharyngeal T- and NK-cell lineage non-Hodgkin lymphomas. In all, 10 out of 18 patients (55.56%) had cervical lymph node(s) involvement. The serum anti-EBV antibody level was elevated (VCA-IgA titer ≥1:40) in 6 of 12 available patients. Two major immunophenotypic subtypes, namely, TIA-1+/EBERs+/CD56+ (10 cases) and TIA-1+/EBERs+/CD56- (8 cases) could be recognized. Genotyping analysis revealed that 10 out of 13 cases (76.9%) of NKTCL were harbored with del-LMP1 [del-LMP1 (Gly335) variant 7 cases, del-LMP1 (Asp335) variant 3 cases]. XhoI-loss was shown in 8/11 cases (72.73%). BamHI “f” variant of Bam F fragment was shown only in 4/14 cases (28.57%).The most common combination was del-LMP1 (Gly335)/ XhoI-loss/F (6/9, 66.7%). Conclusions: The majority of nasopharyngeal T- and NK-cell lymphomas are NKTCL in Guangzhou district. The patients often have involvement of cervical lymph node(s) and an elevated level of serum anti-EBV antibodies. The CD56 expression rate seems lower than that found in sinonasal NKTCL. The most common EBV variant harboring in nasopharyngeal NKTCL seems somewhat different from that harboring in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Guangzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China, Shenzhen Second Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Liang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China,
| | - Yong-Sheng Zong
- Sun Yat-sen Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Fen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Wang Y, Liu X, Xing X, Cui Y, Zhao C, Luo B. Variations of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 gene in gastric carcinomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas from Northern China. Virus Res 2009; 147:258-64. [PMID: 19941915 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), the only viral protein consistently expressed in all EBV-associated tumors, is classified into five distinct subtypes: P-ala, P-thr, V-leu, V-val and V-pro based on the signature changes at amino acid residue 487. By now, whether the EBNA1 subtypes preferentially associate with particular malignancies or represent geographical polymorphism remains controversial. In China, most studies of the EBNA1 variations focused on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in endemic area, among which some suggested the V-val subtype is preferentially associated with NPC. To characterize the variations of EBNA1 in NPC non-endemic area in China and to explore the association of EBNA1 variations with EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and NPC, the C-terminal sequences of EBNA1 were analyzed for 41 EBVaGC, 41 NPC biopsies and 55 throat washing (TW) samples from healthy donors in Northern China. Three major patterns of the EBNA1 variations, V-val, P-thrV and V-leuV, were observed, and V-val was the most common subtype in all the three groups, followed by P-thrV and V-leuV. The distribution of the EBNA1 subtypes among EBVaGC, NPC and healthy donors was not significantly different (P>0.05). In addition, preferential linkages between EBNA1 subtypes and EBNA3C variants were found to exist. There was no evidence that particular EBNA1 subtypes are preferentially associated with EBVaGC or NPC in Northern China, suggesting that EBNA1 gene variations are geographically restricted rather than tumor-specific polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
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27
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Chang CM, Yu KJ, Mbulaiteye SM, Hildesheim A, Bhatia K. The extent of genetic diversity of Epstein-Barr virus and its geographic and disease patterns: a need for reappraisal. Virus Res 2009; 143:209-21. [PMID: 19596032 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, gamma-1 lymphotrophic virus etiologically linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), endemic to Southern China, and Burkitt lymphoma (BL), endemic to equatorial Africa, both of which are rare elsewhere in the world. Why EBV is associated with different malignancies in different geographic regions remains puzzling and may be related to EBV genotypic variability through specific disease and geographic associations. We review the literature on sequence variation in EBV genes, focusing on LMP-1, EBNA-1, and BZLF-1 and their distribution by geography and disease. Given the limitations of current studies, definitive conclusions regarding the link between EBV genotypes, disease and geography are not possible. We suggest that the true extent of EBV diversity is likely to be greater than is currently recognized. Additional studies conducted in carefully selected populations, that are sufficiently powered to provide robust estimates, and that utilize testing approaches that permit full characterization of viral diversity are needed to further our understanding of patterns of EBV genetic variation and their association with malignancies in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Chang
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Blvd., EPS 7074, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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To YF, Sun RWY, Chen Y, Chan VSF, Yu WY, Tam PKH, Che CM, Lin CLS. Gold(III) porphyrin complex is more potent than cisplatin in inhibiting growth of nasopharyngeal carcinomain vitroandin vivo. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1971-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Haigh TA, Lin X, Jia H, Hui EP, Chan ATC, Rickinson AB, Taylor GS. EBV latent membrane proteins (LMPs) 1 and 2 as immunotherapeutic targets: LMP-specific CD4+ cytotoxic T cell recognition of EBV-transformed B cell lines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1643-54. [PMID: 18209060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The EBV-latent membrane proteins (LMPs) 1 and 2 are among only three viral proteins expressed in EBV-associated Hodgkin's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Since these tumors are HLA class I and class II-positive, the LMPs could serve as both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell targets. In contrast to CD8 responses, very little is known about CD4 responses to LMPs. In this study, we describe CD4+ T cell clones defining four LMP1- and three LMP2-derived peptide epitopes and their restricting alleles. All clones produced Th1-like cytokines in response to peptide and most killed peptide-loaded target cells by perforin-mediated lysis. Although clones to different epitopes showed different functional avidities in peptide titration assays, avidity per se was a poor predictor of the ability to recognize naturally infected B lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) expressing LMPs at physiologic levels. Some epitopes, particularly within LMP1, consistently mediated strong LCL recognition detectable in cytokine release, cytotoxicity, and outgrowth inhibition assays. Using cyclosporin A to selectively block cytokine release, we found that CD4+ T cell cytotoxicity is the key effector of LCL outgrowth control. We therefore infer that cytotoxic CD4+ T cells to a subset of LMP epitopes could have therapeutic potential against LMP-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Haigh
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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30
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Tang Y, Lu J, Cao L, Wu M, Peng S, Zhou H, Huang C, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Chen Q, Li X, Zhou M, Li G. Genetic variations of EBV-LMP1 from nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies: potential loss of T cell epitopes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008; 41:110-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y.L. Tang
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - J.H. Lu
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - L. Cao
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - M.H. Wu
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - S.P. Peng
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - H.D. Zhou
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - C. Huang
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - Y.X. Yang
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - Y.H. Zhou
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - Q. Chen
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - X.L. Li
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - M. Zhou
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
| | - G.Y. Li
- Central South University, the People's Republic of China
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31
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Man C, Rosa J, Lee LTO, Lee VHY, Chow BKC, Lo KW, Doxsey S, Wu ZG, Kwong YL, Jin DY, Cheung ALM, Tsao SW. Latent membrane protein 1 suppresses RASSF1A expression, disrupts microtubule structures and induces chromosomal aberrations in human epithelial cells. Oncogene 2006; 26:3069-80. [PMID: 17099724 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and can be detected in early premalignant lesions of nasopharyngeal epithelium. The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an oncoprotein encoded by the EBV and is believed to play a role in transforming premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into cancer cells. RASSF1A is a tumor-suppressor gene commonly inactivated in many types of human cancer including NPC. In this study, we report a novel function of LMP1, in down-regulating RASSF1A expression in human epithelial cells. Downregulation of RASSF1A expression by LMP1 is dependent on the activation of intracellular signaling of NF-kappaB involving the C-terminal activating regions (CTARs) of LMP1. LMP1 expression also suppresses the transcriptional activity of the RASSF1A core promoter. RASSF1A stabilizes microtubules and regulates mitotic events. Aberrant mitotic spindles and chromosome aberrations are reported phenotypes in RASSF1A inactivated cells. In this study, we observed that LMP1 expression in human epithelial cells could induce aberrant mitotic spindles, disorganized interphase microtubules and aneuploidy. LMP1 expression could also suppress microtubule dynamics as exemplified by tracking movements of the growing tips of microtubules in live cells by transfecting EGFP-tagged EB1 into cells. The aberrant mitotic spindles and interphase microtubule organization induced by LMP1 could be rescued by transfecting RASSF1A expression plasmid into cells. Downregulation of RASSF1A expression by LMP1 may facilitate its role in transformation of premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Man
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a unique and complex etiology that is not completely understood. Although NPC is rare in most populations, it is a leading form of cancer in a few well-defined populations, including natives of southern China, Southeast Asia, the Arctic, and the Middle East/North Africa. The distinctive racial/ethnic and geographic distribution of NPC worldwide suggests that both environmental factors and genetic traits contribute to its development. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of NPC and to propose new avenues of research that could help illuminate the causes and ultimately the prevention of this remarkable disease. Well-established risk factors for NPC include elevated antibody titers against the Epstein-Barr virus, consumption of salt-preserved fish, a family history of NPC, and certain human leukocyte antigen class I genotypes. Consumption of other preserved foods, tobacco smoking, and a history of chronic respiratory tract conditions may be associated with elevated NPC risk, whereas consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables and other human leukocyte antigen genotypes may be associated with decreased risk. Evidence for a causal role of various inhalants, herbal medicines, and occupational exposures is inconsistent. Other than dietary modification, no concrete preventive measures for NPC exist. Given the unresolved gaps in understanding of NPC, there is a clear need for large-scale, population-based molecular epidemiologic studies to elucidate how environmental, viral, and genetic factors interact in both the development and the prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Chang
- Northern California Cancer Center, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA 94538, USA.
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Abstract
The ubiquitous herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is linked to the development of several malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is considered the EBV oncogene as it is necessary for EBV-induced transformation of B lymphocytes and is able to transform Rat-1 fibroblasts. LMP1 can activate a wide array of signaling pathways, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and NF-kappaB. Six sequence variants of LMP1, termed Alaskan, China 1, China 2, Med+, Med-, and NC, have been identified, and individuals can be infected with multiple variants. The frequencies of detection of these variants differ for various EBV-associated malignancies from different geographic regions. In this study, the biological and signaling properties of the LMP1 variants have been characterized. All of the LMP1 variants transformed Rat-1 fibroblasts, induced increased motility of HFK cells, and induced increased homotypic adhesion of BJAB cells. While all the variants activated the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway to similar extents, the Alaskan, China 1, and Med+ variants had limited binding to the E3 ubiquitin ligase component homologue of Slimb and had slightly enhanced NF-kappaB signaling. These findings indicate that the signature amino acid changes of the LMP1 variants do not hinder or enhance their in vitro transforming potentials or affect their signaling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo A Mainou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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34
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Zeng MS, Li DJ, Liu QL, Song LB, Li MZ, Zhang RH, Yu XJ, Wang HM, Ernberg I, Zeng YX. Genomic sequence analysis of Epstein-Barr virus strain GD1 from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient. J Virol 2006; 79:15323-30. [PMID: 16306603 PMCID: PMC1316000 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15323-15330.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the only entire Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomic sequence available in the database is the prototype B95.8, which was derived from an individual with infectious mononucleosis. A causative link between EBV and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a disease with a distinctly high incidence in southern China, has been widely investigated. However, no full-length analysis of any substrain of EBV from this area has been reported. In this study, we analyzed the entire genomic sequence of an EBV strain from a patient with NPC in Guangdong, China. This EBV strain was termed GD1 (Guangdong strain 1), and the full-length sequence of GD1 was submitted to the GenBank database. The assigned accession number is AY961628. The entire GD1 sequence is 171,656 bp in length, with 59.5% G+C content and 40.5% A+T content. We detected many sequence variations in GD1 compared to prototypical strain B95.8, including 43 deletion sites, 44 insertion sites, and 1,413 point mutations. Furthermore, we evaluated the frequency of some of these GD1 mutations in Cantonese NPC patients and found them to be highly prevalent. These findings suggest that GD1 is highly representative of the EBV strains isolated from NPC patients in Guangdong, China, an area with the highest incidence of NPC in the world. Furthermore, these findings provide the second full-length sequence analysis of any EBV strain as well as the first full-length sequence analysis of an NPC-derived EBV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou 510060, China
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35
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36
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Wu L, Nakano H, Wu Z. The C-terminal activating region 2 of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1 activates NF-kappaB through TRAF6 and TAK1. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:2162-9. [PMID: 16280329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505903200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is oncogenic and indispensable for EBV-mediated B cell transformation. LMP1 is capable of activating several intracellular signaling pathways including the NF-kappaB pathway, which contributes to the EBV-mediated cell transformation. Two regions in the cytoplasmic carboxyl tail of LMP1, namely C-terminal activating regions 1 and 2 (CTAR1 and CTAR2), are responsible for NF-kappaB activation, with CTAR2 being the main NF-kappaB activator. Although the CTAR1-mediated NF-kappaB activation was previously shown to be TRAF3-dependent, we showed here that the CTAR2-mediated NF-kappaB activation is mainly TRAF6-dependent but TRAF2/5-independent. In contrast to the interleukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor-mediated NF-kappaB pathways, the CTAR2-mediated NF-kappaB pathway does not require MyD88, IRAK1, or IRAK4 for TRAF6 engagement. Furthermore, we showed that TAK1 is required for NF-kappaB activation by LMP1. Thus, LMP1 utilizes two distinct pathways to activate NF-kappaB: a major one through CTAR2/TRAF6/TAK1/IKKbeta (canonical pathway) and a minor one through CTAR1/TRAF3/NIK/IKKalpha (noncanonical pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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37
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Chan KCA, Chan ATC, Leung SF, Pang JCS, Wang AYM, Tong JHM, To KF, Chan LYS, Tam LLS, Chung NYF, Zhang J, Lo KW, Huang DP, Lo YMD. Investigation into the Origin and Tumoral Mass Correlation of Plasma Epstein–Barr Virus DNA in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Clin Chem 2005; 51:2192-5. [PMID: 16244302 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.054783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Allen Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
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38
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Burrows JM, Bromham L, Woolfit M, Piganeau G, Tellam J, Connolly G, Webb N, Poulsen L, Cooper L, Burrows SR, Moss DJ, Haryana SM, Ng M, Nicholls JM, Khanna R. Selection pressure-driven evolution of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogene LMP1 in virus isolates from Southeast Asia. J Virol 2004; 78:7131-7. [PMID: 15194789 PMCID: PMC421669 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.13.7131-7137.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographically constrained distribution of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in southeast Asian populations suggests that both viral and host genetics may influence disease risk. Although susceptibility loci have been mapped within the human genome, the role of viral genetics in the focal distribution of NPC remains an enigma. Here we report a molecular phylogenetic analysis of an NPC-associated viral oncogene, LMP1, in a large panel of EBV isolates from southeast Asia and from Papua New Guinea, Africa, and Australia, regions of the world where NPC is and is not endemic, respectively. This analysis revealed that LMP1 sequences show a distinct geographic structure, indicating that the southeast Asian isolates have evolved as a lineage distinct from those of Papua New Guinea, African, and Australian isolates. Furthermore, a likelihood ratio test revealed that the C termini of the LMP1 sequences of the southeast Asian lineage are under significant positive selection pressure, particularly at some sites within the C-terminal activator regions. We also present evidence that although the N terminus and transmembrane region of LMP1 have undergone recombination, the C-terminal region of the gene has evolved without any history of recombination. Based on these observations, we speculate that selection pressure may be driving the LMP1 sequences in virus isolates from southeast Asia towards a more malignant phenotype, thereby influencing the endemic distribution of NPC in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Burrows
- Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4029
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39
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Lo AKF, Huang DP, Lo KW, Chui YL, Li HM, Pang JCS, Tsao SW. Phenotypic alterations induced by the Hong Kong-prevalent Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 variant (2117-LMP1) in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2004; 109:919-25. [PMID: 15027126 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a common cancer in Hong Kong. The EBV-encoded LMP1 protein is believed to play an important role in cell transformation. We have previously identified a prevalent LMP1 variant (2117-LMP1) that is expressed in 86% of primary NPC in Hong Kong. In this study, the biologic phenotypes induced by 2117-LMP1 were compared with those of the prototypic B95.8-LMP1 in an immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line, NP69. The 2117-LMP1 could induce cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis induced by growth factor deprivation. Expression of 2117-LMP1 also suppressed expression of p16, p21 and Bax but induced expression of CDK2 and A20. Compared with B95.8-LMP1, 2117-LMP1 could induce a higher migration ability in NP69 cells but was less efficient in inducing morphologic changes, anchorage-independent growth and cell invasion. Relatively weaker ability of 2117-LMP1 than B95.8-LMP1 in upregulation of vimentin, VEGF and MMP9 as well as in downregulation of E-cadherin was observed. 2117-LMP1 could activate higher level of NF-kappaB activity in HEK 293 cells than B95.8-LMP1. The present study supports a role of 2117-LMP1 in NPC development by enhancing cell proliferation, cell death inhibition and migration in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Furthermore, our study reveals significant functional differences between 2117-LMP1 and the prototypic B95.8-LMP1. Our results provide insights into the pathologic significance of this prevalent LMP1 variant, 2117-LMP1, in the development of NPC in the Hong Kong population.
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40
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De Francesco MA, Gargiulo F, Esteban P, Calzavara-Pinton PG, Venturini M, Perandin F, Baronio M, Pollara C, Terlenghi L, Manca N. Polymorphism analysis of Epstein–Barr virus isolates of lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with mycosis fungoides. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:381-387. [PMID: 15096546 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine whether there is an association between the presence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and mycosis fungoides (MF) disease progression, PCR was performed to detect the EBV status of 20 MF patients; six EBV-positive patients were found. EBV variants may differ in their biological properties, such as their ability to transform cells; therefore, the ability of these variants to immortalize B cells in vitro was analysed. Six continuously growing cell lines were obtained from prolonged cultures of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells that were taken from the six EBV-positive patients with MF. In order to characterize the EBV strains, EBNA-2 and LMP-1/LMP-2 gene polymorphisms in the six cell lines were also analysed. All patients were followed up for 10 years and it was noticed that EBV-positive patients had a poor prognosis with rapid disease progression and high mortality rates, compared to EBV-negative patients. EBV may therefore constitute a co-factor that accelerates the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A De Francesco
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - F Gargiulo
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - P Esteban
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - P G Calzavara-Pinton
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Venturini
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - F Perandin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Baronio
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - C Pollara
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - L Terlenghi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - N Manca
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy 2Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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41
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Li HM, Zhuang ZH, Wang Q, Pang JCS, Wang XH, Wong HL, Feng HC, Jin DY, Ling MT, Wong YC, Eliopoulos AG, Young LS, Huang DP, Tsao SW. Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) upregulates Id1 expression in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:4488-94. [PMID: 15064751 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The EBV-encoded LMP1 has cell transformation property. It suppresses cellular senescence and enhances cell survival in various cell types. Many of the downstream events of LMP1 expression are mediated through its ability to activate NF-kappaB. In this study, we report a novel function of LMP1 to induce Id1 expression in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells (NP69) and human embryonal kidney cells (HEK293). The Id1 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein and a negative transcriptional regulator of p16(INK4a). Expression of Id1 facilitates cellular immortalization and stimulates cell proliferation. With the combination of both specific chemical inhibitors and genetic inhibitors of cell signaling, we showed that induction of Id1 by LMP1 was dependent on its NF-kappaB activation domain at the carboxy-terminal region, CTAR1 and CTAR2. Induction of Id1 by LMP1 may facilitate clonal expansion of premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells infected with EBV and may promote their malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Li
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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42
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Nicholls J, Hahn P, Kremmer E, Fröhlich T, Arnold GJ, Sham J, Kwong D, Grässer FA. Detection of wild type and deleted latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus in clinical biopsy material. J Virol Methods 2004; 116:79-88. [PMID: 14715310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of two postulated viral oncogenic proteins. Sequence variations, and in particular a 30 base pair deletion variant called CAO, may define different disease populations. We developed a panel of rat monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for the non-wild type LMP1 and compared the presence of the antibody staining with LMP1 DNA sequence analysis on clinical samples of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), Hodgkin's disease, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) from normal volunteers, and patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The results demonstrate specificity of the monoclonal cocktail for detecting the non-wild type LMP1 and the ability to sub-differentiate between the mediterranean type of LMP1 and the CAO-LMP1. Double immunofluorescence on paraffin material using the traditional CS1-4 monoclonal antibodies and the CAO-cocktail revealed no dual population of cells in the biopsy material from the Asian region.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Biopsy
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Genes, Viral
- Hodgkin Disease/virology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/virology
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/analysis
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Sequence Deletion
- Viral Matrix Proteins/analysis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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43
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Wan J, Sun L, Mendoza JW, Chui YL, Huang DP, Chen ZJ, Suzuki N, Suzuki S, Yeh WC, Akira S, Matsumoto K, Liu ZG, Wu Z. Elucidation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway mediated by Estein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:192-9. [PMID: 14673155 PMCID: PMC303354 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.1.192-199.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several human diseases including infectious mononucleosis and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is oncogenic and indispensable for cellular transformation caused by EBV. Expression of LMP1 in host cells constitutively activates both the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-kappaB pathways, which contributes to the oncogenic effect of LMP1. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms are not very well understood. Based mainly on overexpression studies with various dominant-negative constructs, LMP1 was generally thought to functionally mimic members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily in signaling. In contrast to the prevailing paradigm, using embryonic fibroblasts from different knockout mice and the small interfering RNA technique, we find that the LMP1-mediated JNK pathway is distinct from those mediated by either TNF-alpha or interleukin-1. Moreover, we have further elucidated the LMP1-mediated JNK pathway by demonstrating that LMP1 selectively utilizes TNF receptor-associated factor 6, TAK1/TAB1, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase kinases 1 and 2 to activate JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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44
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Midgley RS, Bell AI, McGeoch DJ, Rickinson AB. Latent gene sequencing reveals familial relationships among Chinese Epstein-Barr virus strains and evidence for positive selection of A11 epitope changes. J Virol 2003; 77:11517-30. [PMID: 14557637 PMCID: PMC229270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11517-11530.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strains from the highly HLA-A11-positive Chinese population are predominantly type 1 and show a variety of sequence changes (relative to the contemporary Caucasian prototype strain B95.8) in the nuclear antigen EBNA3B sequences encoding two immunodominant HLA-A11 epitopes, here called IVT and AVF. This has been interpreted by some as evidence of immune selection and by others as random genetic drift. To study epitope variation in a broader genomic context, we sequenced the whole of EBNA3B and parts of the EBNA2, 3A, and 3C genes from each of 31 Chinese EBV isolates. At each locus, type 1 viruses showed <2% nucleotide divergence from the B95.8 prototype while type 2 sequences remained even closer to the contemporary African prototype Ag876. However, type 1 isolates could clearly be divided into families based on linked patterns of sequence divergence from B95.8 across all four EBNA loci. Different patterns of IVT and AVF variation were associated with the different type 1 families, and there was additional epitope diversity within families. When the EBNA3 gene sequences of type 1 Chinese strains were subject to computer-based analysis, particular codons within the A11-epitope-coding region were among the few identified as being under positive or diversifying selection pressure. From these results, and the observation that mutant epitopes are consistently nonimmunogenic in vivo, we conclude that the immune selection hypothesis remains viable and worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Midgley
- CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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45
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Jen KY, Cheng J, Li J, Wu L, Li Y, Yu S, Lin H, Chen Z, Gurtsevitch V, Saku T. Mutational events in LMP1 gene of Epstein-Barr virus in salivary gland lymphoepithelial carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2003; 105:654-60. [PMID: 12740914 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is still unknown what kinds of roles Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection that are highly specific to salivary gland lymphoepithelial carcinomas (LECs) play in their tumorigenesis. To clarify the significance of EBV in LECs, we paid particular attention to the LMP1 gene, which is responsible for triggering several pathways for activating transcription factors. Sixty-one cases of EBV positive LECs confirmed by PCR and in-situ hybridization were collected from various areas of the world and studied immunohistochemically for latent membrane protein-1. Furthermore, PCR for the LMP1 carboxyl (C)-terminus region was performed, and the PCR products were sequenced for detection of other mutational events. LMP1 gene products were immunohistochemically demonstrated in 51% of the cases, while PCR amplification of the LMP1 gene was successful in 41 cases (67%). Among them, a 30 bp deletion in the C-terminus of the LMP1 gene, which had been shown to be characteristic to EBV in Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinomas, was found in 20 cases (32%). Most of them were from Guangzhou, Chengdu and Taiwan, while most of the cases from Shanghai and other areas exhibited no 30 bp deletion. In addition, several point mutations including codon 338 of LMP1 were commonly shared by the cases with or without the 30 bp deletion. These results indicate that there are 2 major genomic variations of EBV infecting salivary gland LECs. The frequent mutational events in the C-terminus in addition to the 30 bp deletion also seem to be critical for the pathogenesis because such mutational events may possibly promote cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu Jen
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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46
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Erickson KD, Berger C, Coffin WF, Schiff E, Walling DM, Martin JM. Unexpected absence of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lyLMP-1 open reading frame in tumor virus isolates: lack of correlation between Met129 status and EBV strain identity. J Virol 2003; 77:4415-22. [PMID: 12634399 PMCID: PMC150656 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4415-4422.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lytic cycle-associated lytic latent membrane protein-1 (lyLMP-1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an amino-terminally truncated form of the oncogenic LMP-1. Although lyLMP-1 shares none of LMP-1's transforming and signal transducing activities, we recently reported that lyLMP-1 can negatively regulate LMP-1-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. The lyLMP-1 protein encoded by the B95-8 strain of EBV initiates from methionine 129 (Met129) of the LMP-1 open reading frame (ORF). The recent report that Met129 in the B95-8 LMP-1 ORF is not conserved in the Akata strain of EBV prompted us to screen a panel of EBV-positive cell lines for conservation of Met129 and lyLMP-1 expression. We found that 15 out of 16 tumor-associated virus isolates sequenced encoded an ATT or ACC codon in place of ATG in the LMP-1 ORF at position 129, and tumor cell lines harboring isolates lacking an ATG at codon 129 did not express the lyLMP-1 protein. In contrast, we found that EBV DNA from 22 out of 37 healthy seropositive donors retained the Met129 codon. Finally, the lyLMP-1 initiator occurs variably within distinct EBV strains and its presence cannot be predicted by EBV strain identity. Thus, Met129 is not peculiar to the B95-8 strain of EBV, but rather can be found in the background of several evolutionarily distinct EBV strains. Its absence from EBV isolates from tumors raises the possibility of selective pressure on Met129 in EBV-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Erickson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA
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47
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Chan BCL, To KF, Pang JCS, Chung YF, Lo KW, Tong JHM, Huang DWS, Lim PL, Chui YL. Generation of monoclonal antibodies against Hong Kong nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Int J Cancer 2002; 102:492-8. [PMID: 12432552 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A panel of monoclonal antibodies specific to Hong Kong Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)-associated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) variants has been generated. These monoclonal antibodies not only differentiate the Hong Kong Chinese NPC-associated LMP1 variants from the prototype B95-8 LMP1, derived from Caucasian infectious mononucleosis, but also differentiate the 2 highly homologous LMP1 deletion variants commonly found in Hong Kong primary NPC. The predominant deletion type variant, DV-Asp335, is characterized by an aspartic acid at residue 335 located in the cytoplasmic C-terminal region, whereas the other minor deletion variant, DV-Gly335, has a glycine in the same residue position. 335D is hitherto found predominantly in LMP1 of the China 1 strain in association with NPC in the Chinese populations located in southern China and Malaysia. These antibodies, which are applicable in ELISA, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections, are the first variant-specific anti-LMP1 monoclonal antibodies produced, and will be useful in investigating the functional significance of 335D in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Chung Lap Chan
- Clinical Immunology Unit and Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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48
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Lee SP. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the EBV-specific T cell response: prospects for immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12:463-71. [PMID: 12450732 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-579x(02)00089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
T cells specific for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can effectively target the virus-transformed B lymphoproliferative lesions that arise in immunosuppressed transplant patients. This review explores the possibility of developing similar T cell-based strategies to treat an EBV-positive epithelial tumour, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which arises in relatively immunocompetent individuals and where EBV antigen expression in the tumour is more limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Lee
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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49
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is consistently detected in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) from regions of high and low incidence. EBV DNA within the tumor is homogeneous with regard to the number of terminal repeats. The detection of a single form of viral DNA suggests that the tumors are clonal proliferations of a single cell that was initially infected with EBV. Specific EBV genes are consistently expressed within the NPC tumors and in early, dysplastic lesions. The viral proteins, latent membrane protein 1 and 2, have profound effects on cellular gene expression and cellular growth, resulting in the highly invasive, malignant growth of NPC tumors. In addition to potential genetic changes, the establishment of a latent, transforming infection in epithelial cells is likely to be a major contributing factor to the development of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Raab-Traub
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina CB#729, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7297, USA.
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50
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Zhang XS, Song KH, Mai HQ, Jia WH, Feng BJ, Xia JC, Zhang RH, Huang LX, Yu XJ, Feng QS, Huang P, Chen JJ, Zeng YX. The 30-bp deletion variant: a polymorphism of latent membrane protein 1 prevalent in endemic and non-endemic areas of nasopharyngeal carcinomas in China. Cancer Lett 2002; 176:65-73. [PMID: 11790455 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. However, NPC occurs with a marked geographic and racial distribution, whereas EBV infection is ubiquitous in the world. This leads to a question whether certain subtypes of EBV have a greater potential to induce cell transformation. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an EBV-encoded oncogenic protein and its 30-bp deleted variant (del-LMP1) has been reported to be predominant in biopsies of NPC. We have assessed the polymorphism of LMP1 in 47 biopsies of NPC, 107 cases of throat washings (TWs) from NPC patients, and 106 cases of TWs from non-NPC patients in Guangzhou, an endemic area of NPC in southern China, as well as 103 cases of TWs from healthy donors in Haerbin, a non-endemic area of NPC in northern China. Our results found a similar extent of the LMP1 polymorphism between NPC patients and non-NPC patients in Guangzhou, with the del-LMP1 being predominant in both Guangzhou and Haerbin. Sequence analyses showed identical substitutions in other coding regions of the del-LMP1 isolated from Guangzhou and Haerbin. These results indicate that del-LMP1 represents a geographic or race-associated polymorphism rather than an NPC disease phenotype-associated polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shi Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
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