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Liu C, Liu Y, Larsen K, Hou YP, Callesen H. Calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) is involved in porcine in vitro fertilisation and early embryo development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:391-398. [PMID: 28712411 DOI: 10.1071/rd16338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that extracellular calcium is necessary in fertilisation and embryo development but the mechanism is still not well understood. The present study mainly focussed on the extracellular calcium effector called the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) and examined its expression in porcine gametes and embryos and its function during fertilisation and early embryo development. By using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, CASR was found to be expressed in porcine oocytes, spermatozoa and embryos at different developmental stages. Functionally, medium supplementation with a CASR agonist or an antagonist during in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) was tested. During fertilisation, the presence of a CASR agonist increased sperm penetration rate and decreased polyspermy rate leading to an increased normal fertilisation rate. During embryo development, for the IVF embryos, agonist treatment during IVC significantly increased cleavage rate and blastocyst formation rate compared with the control group. Furthermore, parthenogenetically activated embryos showed similar results with lower cleavage and blastocyst formation rates in the antagonist group than in the other groups. It was concluded that CASR, as the effector of extracellular calcium, modulates porcine fertilisation and early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - K Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Y P Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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2
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Huang X, He D, Ming J, He Y, Zhou C, Ren H, He X, Wang C, Jin J, Ji L, Willard B, Pan B, Zheng L. High-density lipoprotein of patients with breast cancer complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus promotes cancer cells adhesion to vascular endothelium via ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 upregulation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 155:441-55. [PMID: 26872904 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of disseminating tumor cells to vascular endothelium is a pivotal starting point in the metastasis cascade. We have shown previously that diabetic high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has the capability of promoting breast cancer metastasis, and this report summarizes our more recent work studying the role of abnormal HDL in facilitating the adhesion of the circulating tumor cells to the endothelium. This is an initiating step in breast cancer metastasis, and this work assesses the role of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in this process. MDA-MB-231, MCF 7, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with normal HDL from healthy controls (N-HDL), HDL from breast cancer patients (B-HDL), or HDL from breast cancer patients complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (BD-HDL), and the cell adhesion abilities were determined. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression as well as the protein kinase C (PKC) activity were evaluated. The effect of PKC inhibitor and PKC siRNA on adhesion was also studied. The immunohistochemical staining of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin from breast cancer patients and breast cancer patients complicated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were examined. Our results indicate that BD-HDL promoted an increase in breast cancer cell adhesion to HUVECs and stimulated higher ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on the cells surface of both breast cancer and HUVEC cells, along with the activation of PKC. Increased tumor cell (TC)-HUVEC adhesion, as well as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression induced by BD-HDL, could be inhibited by staurosporine and PKC siRNA. In addition, a Db/db type 2 diabetes mouse model has more TC-Vascular Endothelium adhesion compared to a normal model. However, BD patients have a lower expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin in their tumor tissues. BD-HDL facilitates the adhesion of tumor cells to vascular endothelium by upregulating the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, thereby promoting the initial progression of breast cancer metastasis. This work indicates a prospective utilization of HDL-based strategies in the treatment of breast cancer patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 40010, China
| | - Dan He
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jia Ming
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 40010, China
| | - Yubin He
- The Military General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Champion Zhou
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xin He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, Institution of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, Institution of Radiation Medicine, Beijing Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingru Jin
- The Military General Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Liang Ji
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Bing Pan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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3
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Chambers KF, Pearson JF, Aziz N, O'Toole P, Garrod D, Lang SH. Stroma regulates increased epithelial lateral cell adhesion in 3D culture: a role for actin/cadherin dynamics. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18796. [PMID: 21533155 PMCID: PMC3078910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell shape and tissue architecture are controlled by changes to junctional proteins and the cytoskeleton. How tissues control the dynamics of adhesion and cytoskeletal tension is unclear. We have studied epithelial tissue architecture using 3D culture models and found that adult primary prostate epithelial cells grow into hollow acinus-like spheroids. Importantly, when co-cultured with stroma the epithelia show increased lateral cell adhesions. To investigate this mechanism further we aimed to: identify a cell line model to allow repeatable and robust experiments; determine whether or not epithelial adhesion molecules were affected by stromal culture; and determine which stromal signalling molecules may influence cell adhesion in 3D epithelial cell cultures. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The prostate cell line, BPH-1, showed increased lateral cell adhesion in response to stroma, when grown as 3D spheroids. Electron microscopy showed that 9.4% of lateral membranes were within 20 nm of each other and that this increased to 54% in the presence of stroma, after 7 days in culture. Stromal signalling did not influence E-cadherin or desmosome RNA or protein expression, but increased E-cadherin/actin co-localisation on the basolateral membranes, and decreased paracellular permeability. Microarray analysis identified several growth factors and pathways that were differentially expressed in stroma in response to 3D epithelial culture. The upregulated growth factors TGFβ2, CXCL12 and FGF10 were selected for further analysis because of previous associations with morphology. Small molecule inhibition of TGFβ2 signalling but not of CXCL12 and FGF10 signalling led to a decrease in actin and E-cadherin co-localisation and increased paracellular permeability. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In 3D culture models, paracrine stromal signals increase epithelial cell adhesion via adhesion/cytoskeleton interactions and TGFβ2-dependent mechanisms may play a key role. These findings indicate a role for stroma in maintaining adult epithelial tissue morphology and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F. Chambers
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna F. Pearson
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Aziz
- Genomics Lab, Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O'Toole
- Imaging and Cytometry Lab, Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - David Garrod
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shona H. Lang
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Ozaki M, Ogita H, Takai Y. Involvement of integrin-induced activation of protein kinase C in the formation of adherens junctions. Genes Cells 2007; 12:651-62. [PMID: 17535255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In epithelial cells, tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) form junctional complexes. At AJs, cadherins and nectins are the major cell-cell adhesion molecules. Nectins first form cell-cell adhesions and then recruit cadherins to the nectin-based cell-cell adhesion sites to form AJs in coordination with the activation of integrin alpha(v)beta(3), followed by the formation of TJs. We previously demonstrated that when MDCK cells precultured at a low Ca(2+) concentration were treated with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), incomplete AJs and a TJ-like structure were achieved. However, it remains unknown how PKC is activated and how it regulates the formation of cell-cell junctions. When MDCK cells precultured at a low Ca(2+) concentration were treated with TPA, incomplete AJs were formed without the activation of integrin alpha(v)beta(3). Treatment of cells with TPA also enhanced the phosphorylation of FAK, which transmits the outside-in signal of integrin and plays a role in the nectin-induced formation of AJs. In addition, inhibition of PKC suppressed the formation of AJs. These results indicate that the activation of PKC functions downstream of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) and upstream of FAK, and is important for the nectin-induced formation of AJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Ozaki
- The Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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5
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Quittau-Prévostel C, Delaunay N, Collazos A, Vallentin A, Joubert D. Targeting of PKCα and ϵ in the pituitary: a highly regulated mechanism involving a GD(E)E motif of the V3 region. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:63-72. [PMID: 14627629 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in the control of intercellular adhesion. Our previous observation demonstrating that activated PKC alpha (PKCα is selectively targeted to cell-cell contacts of pituitary GH3B6 cells supports these findings. The relevance of this observation is further strengthened by the present data establishing that this targeting selectivity also occurs in the pituitary gland. Moreover, a new mechanism involved in the control of PKC targeting is unravelled. We demonstrate that a three amino acid motif located in the V3 region of α and epsilon (ϵ (GDE/GEE respectively) is essential for the targeting selectivity of these isoforms because: (1) this motif is absent in delta (δ) and mutated in the natural D294GPKCα mutant, which do not exhibit such selectivity, and (2) a GEE to GGE mutation abolishes the selectivity of targeting to cell-cell contacts for ϵ, as it does for the D294G PKCα mutant. Thus the GD(E)E motif may be part of a consensus sequence able to interact with shuttle and/or anchoring proteins. GFP-tagged deletion mutants also reveal a new function for the pseudosubstrate in the cytoplasmic sequestration. Together, these data underline the complexity of PKC subcellular targeting in the pituitary, determined by the cell-cell contact, at least for α and ϵ
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Quittau-Prévostel
- INSERM U469, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology: Signaling and Pathology, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier CEDEX 05, France
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Shigeta M, Sanzen N, Ozawa M, Gu J, Hasegawa H, Sekiguchi K. CD151 regulates epithelial cell-cell adhesion through PKC- and Cdc42-dependent actin cytoskeletal reorganization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 163:165-76. [PMID: 14557253 PMCID: PMC2173453 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200301075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CD151, a member of the tetraspanin family proteins, tightly associates with integrin α3β1 and localizes at basolateral surfaces of epithelial cells. We found that overexpression of CD151 in A431 cells accelerated intercellular adhesion, whereas treatment of cells with anti-CD151 mAb perturbed the integrity of cortical actin filaments and cell polarity. E-Cadherin puncta formation, indicative of filopodia-based adhesion zipper formation, as well as E-cadherin anchorage to detergent-insoluble cytoskeletal matrix, was enhanced in CD151-overexpressing cells. Levels of GTP-bound Cdc42 and Rac were also elevated in CD151-overexpressing cells, suggesting the role of CD151 in E-cadherin–mediated cell–cell adhesion as a modulator of actin cytoskeletal reorganization. Consistent with this possibility, engagement of CD151 by the substrate-adsorbed anti-CD151 mAb induced prominent Cdc42-dependent filopodial extension, which along with E-cadherin puncta formation, was strongly inhibited by calphostin C, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Together, these results indicate that CD151 is involved in epithelial cell–cell adhesion as a modulator of PKC- and Cdc42-dependent actin cytoskeletal reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shigeta
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Debruyne PR, Vermeulen SJ, Berx G, Pocard M, Correia da Rocha AS, Li X, Cirnes L, Poupon MF, van Roy FM, Mareel MM. Functional and molecular characterization of the epithelioid to round transition in human colorectal cancer LoVo cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:7199-208. [PMID: 14562048 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In subclones of the human colon cancer LoVo cell line, there is a reproducible spontaneous transition from an epithelioid (E) to a round (R) morphotype. The E to R transition is associated with increased cell growth, absence of E-cadherin-dependent compaction in a slow aggregation assay, loss of contact inhibition of motility and directional migration in a wound filling motility assay. Furthermore, none of the E subclones from LoVo was invasive into chick heart fragments. This is in contrast to the R subclones that were either nonadherent or adherent and invasive. Macroarray analysis demonstrated transcriptional downregulation of plakoglobin in R type LoVo cells and this was confirmed at the level of the mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR. Western blotting showed lower expression of all components of the E-cadherin/catenin complex in R subclones. Interestingly, treatment of R subclones with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine resulted in restoration of the E morphotype, higher expression of E-cadherin, but not plakoglobin mRNA, and higher expression of E-cadherin and plakoglobin at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Debruyne
- Department of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Lamprecht SA, Lipkin M. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3:601-14. [PMID: 12894248 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings have indicated that dietary calcium, vitamin D and folate can modulate and inhibit colon carcinogenesis. Supporting evidence has been obtained from a wide variety of preclinical experimental studies, epidemiological findings and a few human clinical trials. Important molecular events and cellular actions of these micronutrients that contribute to their tumour-modulating effects are discussed. They include a complex series of signalling events that affect the structural and functional organization of colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Lamprecht
- Strang Cancer Prevention Center and Strang Cancer Research Laboratory at The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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9
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Hall CL, Wang FS, Turley E. Src-/- fibroblasts are defective in their ability to disassemble focal adhesions in response to phorbol ester/hyaluronan treatment. CELL COMMUNICATION & ADHESION 2002; 9:273-83. [PMID: 12745438 DOI: 10.1080/15419060216306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous hyaluronan promotes a rapid recruitment of Src to lamellae of mutant active H-ras transformed fibroblasts and an Src- and RHAMM (CD168)-dependent increase in random motility. These responses are accompanied by a loss of vinculin-positive lamellae focal adhesions. Nontransformed immortalized wild-type fibroblasts (WT) do not increase random motility in response to hyaluronan alone, but do increase motility in response to a combination of PMA treatment followed by hyaluronan. PMA treatment alone increases the number of lamellae/cell, percentage of cells with lamellae and number of focal adhesions/lamellae. Subsequent addition of hyaluronan does not affect the number of lamellae/cell but reduces both the number of focal adhesion/lamellae and the percentage of cells forming focal adhesion-positive lamellae. These effects are prevented by blocking RHAMM antibodies and mimicked by agonist RHAMM antibodies. Src-/- fibroblasts exhibit a limited response to PMA but do not increase motility or disassemble focal adhesions in response to a subsequent addition of HA. Rescue of Src-/- fibroblasts with either SrcA or c-Src restores response to close to WT levels. These results suggest that Src activity is uniquely required for both PMA and PMA-induced hyaluronan regulation of random motility and focal adhesion turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Hall
- Depts. Oncology and Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario and London Regional Cancer Center, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
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10
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Patterson CE, Lum H. Update on pulmonary edema: the role and regulation of endothelial barrier function. ENDOTHELIUM : JOURNAL OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL RESEARCH 2002; 8:75-105. [PMID: 11572478 DOI: 10.3109/10623320109165319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema and identification of effective strategies for prevention remain significant clinical concerns. Endothelial barrier function is a key component for maintenance of the integrity of the vascular boundary in the lung, particularly since the gas exchange surface area of the alveolar-capillary membrane is large. This review is focused on new insights in the pulmonary endothelial response to injury and recovery, reversible activation by edemagenic agents, and the biochemical/structural basis for regulation of endothelial barrier function. This information is discussed in the context of fundamental concepts of lung fluid balance and pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine & Roudebush VA Med. Center, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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11
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Ho AT, Voura EB, Soloway PD, Watson KL, Khokha R. MMP inhibitors augment fibroblast adhesion through stabilization of focal adhesion contacts and up-regulation of cadherin function. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:40215-24. [PMID: 11500488 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101647200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased pericellular proteolysis due to an imbalance between MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) and TIMPs (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases) promotes early stages of tumorigenesis. We have reported that TIMP-1 down-regulation confers tumorigenicity on immortal Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. In pursuit of the mechanism involved in this transformation, we asked whether MMP inhibitors modulate contact inhibition and cell adhesion, because the dysregulation of these events is essential for cellular transformation. Using both genetic and biochemical means, we demonstrate that MMP inhibitors regulate fibroblast cell adhesion. TIMP-1 down-regulated cells formed dense, multilayered colonies, suggesting a loss of contact inhibition. Recombinant TIMP-1 and synthetic MMP inhibitors (MMPi) restored normal cell contact and density of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. Consequently, the effect of MMPi on both cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-cell adhesion were investigated. Upon MMPi treatment, p125(FAK) was redistributed, together with vinculin, to points of cell-ECM contact. Furthermore, phosphorylation of p125(FAK) was restored to levels similar to that of wild type. In parallel, MMPi treatment increased cadherin levels and stabilized cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts. Moreover, enhanced cadherin function was evident as increased calcium-dependent cell-cell aggregation and co-localization of cadherin and beta-catenin at the cell membrane. We also obtained independent evidence of altered cadherin function using timp-1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Our data provide provocative evidence that increased pericellular proteolysis impacts cell adhesion systems to offset normal contact inhibition, with subsequent effects on cell transformation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Ho
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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12
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Kermorgant S, Dessirier V, Lewin MJ, Lehy T. HGF upregulates and modifies subcellular distribution of proteins in colon cancer cell enterocytic differentiation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G1068-80. [PMID: 11557528 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.4.g1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-Met, are involved in cell transformation. To study their role in intestinal cell differentiation, we used Caco-2 colon cancer cells, which differentiate spontaneously into enterocytes during culture. Cells grown continuously in the presence of HGF reached confluence more quickly than control cells. Markers of enterocytic differentiation, such as alkaline phosphatase and sucrase-isomaltase activities, adhesion molecules, and structural proteins such as E-cadherin, villin, and F-actin were upregulated by HGF throughout the 35 days of culture, and actin fibers were reorganized. HGF also stimulated expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Met and Gab-1 as well as protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha expression. PKC-alpha has been shown to be involved in intestinal differentiation. We therefore investigated the possibility that increases in PKC-alpha protein levels were responsible for the HGF-promoted events. We did this by incubating cells with Gö-6976, an inhibitor of PKC-alpha and -beta1, concomitantly with HGF. This inhibitor abolished the HGF-induced increase in villin levels before, but not after, confluence. Thus HGF accelerates Caco-2 cell differentiation and stimulates the metabolic and structural events accompanying this process. These HGF-promoted events may be mediated partly by Gab-1, and the effects of HGF on villin before confluence seem to involve PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kermorgant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité U 410, IFR Cellules Epithéliales, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, 75870 Paris, France
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13
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Savagner P. Leaving the neighborhood: molecular mechanisms involved during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Bioessays 2001; 23:912-23. [PMID: 11598958 DOI: 10.1002/bies.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular mechanisms contribute directly and mechanically to the loss of epithelial phenotype. During epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), adherens junctions and desmosomes are at least partially dissociated. At the same time, a massive cytoskeleton reorganization takes place, involving the rho family and the remodeling of the actin microfilament mesh. Numerous pathways have been described in vitro that control phenotype transition in specific cell models. In vivo developmental studies suggest that transcriptional control, activated by a specific pathway involving Ras, Src and potentially the Wnt pathway, is an essential step. Recent functional and localization experiments indicate that the slug/snail family of transcription factors functions overall as an epithelial phenotype repressor and could represent a key EMT contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Savagner
- Equipe Genome et Cancer, UMR CNRS 5535, CRLC Val d'Aurelle-Paul Larmarque, 34298 Montpellier, cedex 5, France.
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14
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Lum H, Podolski JL, Gurnack ME, Schulz IT, Huang F, Holian O. Protein phosphatase 2B inhibitor potentiates endothelial PKC activity and barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L546-55. [PMID: 11504680 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.3.l546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein phosphatases (PPs) are implicated in the recovery from endothelial barrier dysfunction caused by inflammatory mediators. We hypothesized that Ser/Thr PPs may regulate protein kinase C (PKC), a critical signaling molecule in barrier dysfunction, in the promotion of barrier recovery. Western analysis indicated that bovine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (BPMECs) expressed the three major Ser/Thr PPs, PP1, PP2A, and PP2B. Pretreatment with 100 ng/ml of FK506 (a PP2B inhibitor) but not with the PP1 and PP2A inhibitors calyculin A or okadaic acid potentiated the thrombin-induced increase in PKC phosphotransferase activity. FK506 also potentiated thrombin-induced PKC-alpha but not PKC-beta phosphorylation. FK506 but not calyculin A or okadaic acid inhibited recovery from the thrombin-induced decrease in transendothelial resistance. Neither FK506 nor okadaic acid altered the thrombin-induced resistance decrease, whereas calyculin A potentiated the decrease. Downregulation of PKC with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate rescued the FK506-mediated inhibition of recovery, which was consistent with the finding that the thrombin-induced phosphorylation of PKC-alpha was reduced during the recovery phase. These results indicated that PP2B may play a physiologically important role in returning endothelial barrier dysfunction to normal through the regulation of PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lum
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated at sites of inflammation and injury, and at low levels, ROS can function as signaling molecules participating as signaling intermediates in regulation of fundamental cell activities such as cell growth and cell adaptation responses, whereas at higher concentrations, ROS can cause cellular injury and death. The vascular endothelium, which regulates the passage of macromolecules and circulating cells from blood to tissues, is a major target of oxidant stress, playing a critical role in the pathophysiology of several vascular diseases and disorders. Specifically, oxidant stress increases vascular endothelial permeability and promotes leukocyte adhesion, which are coupled with alterations in endothelial signal transduction and redox-regulated transcription factors such as activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. This review discusses recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ROS signal events leading to impairment of endothelial barrier function and promotion of leukocyte adhesion. Particular emphasis is placed on the regulation of cell-cell and cell-surface adhesion molecules, the actin cytoskeleton, key protein kinases, and signal transduction events.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lum
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, 2242 W. Harrison St., Suite 260, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Keller HU, Hunziker IP, Sordat B, Niggli V, Sroka J. Protein kinase C isoforms involved in regulation of cell shape and locomotion of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. Int J Cancer 2000; 88:195-203. [PMID: 11004668 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20001015)88:2<195::aid-ijc8>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in the regulation of cell shape [switch between fibroblast-like and crescent shape (CS)] and of locomotion of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells has been investigated. The PKC activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced the transition of elongated fibroblast-like cells into CS cells and stimulated locomotion. Both responses to PMA were inhibited by the PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220. Analysis of the time course showed that stimulation of shape changes (formation of CS cells) and locomotor activity (increase in the proportion and speed of locomoting cells) was maximal in the early phase of the response (up to 2.5 hr) and significantly decreased later (15 to 21 hr). CS formation and stimulated locomotion correlated closely with a marked redistribution from the cytosol to the membrane of PKC isoforms alpha, beta1 and gamma in the early phase (0.5 to 2 hr) following activation with PMA. The subsequent reduction of the proportion of CS cells and of cell locomotion correlated with down-regulation of these isoforms in the second phase (16 to 21 hr). In contrast, the total amount and distribution of PKC beta2 remained almost unchanged with 10(-8) M PMA up to 21 hr. Furthermore, changes in shape and locomotion did not correlate with the responses of PKC delta to PMA. Inhibition of PMA-stimulated locomotion by the more specific inhibitor Gö 6976 is consistent with a role of PKC alpha and beta1 in this response. Ro 31-8220 alone induced a moderate down-regulation of PKC isoforms alpha and delta, but it also inhibited the more pronounced down-regulation of these isoforms by PMA. Our results indicate that activation of PKC isoforms alpha, gamma and beta1, but not beta2 or delta, stimulates locomotion and formation of CS cells in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Keller
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Wallis S, Lloyd S, Wise I, Ireland G, Fleming TP, Garrod D. The alpha isoform of protein kinase C is involved in signaling the response of desmosomes to wounding in cultured epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2000; 11:1077-92. [PMID: 10712521 PMCID: PMC14832 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.11.3.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of reepithelialization upon wounding is still poorly understood. To enhance this understanding, we focus here on changes in the adhesive state of desmosomes of cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in response to wounding of confluent cell sheets. Previous results show that desmosomal adhesion in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells changes from a calcium-dependent state to calcium independence in confluent cell sheets. We show that this change, which requires culture confluence to develop, is rapidly reversed upon wounding of confluent cell sheets. Moreover, the change to calcium dependence in wound edge cells is propagated to cells hundreds of micrometers away from the wound edge. Rapid transition from calcium independence to calcium dependence also occurs when cells are treated with phorbol esters that activate PKC. PKC inhibitors, including the conventional isoform inhibitor Gö6976, cause rapid transition from calcium dependence to calcium independence, even in subconfluent cells. The cellular location of the alpha isoform of PKC correlates with the calcium dependence of desmosomes. Upon monolayer wounding, PKCalpha translocates rapidly to the cell periphery, becomes Triton X-100 insoluble, and also becomes concentrated in lamellipodia. The PKCalpha translocation upon wounding precedes both the increase in PKC activity in the membrane fraction and the reversion of desmosomes to calcium dependence. Specific depletion of PKCalpha with an antisense oligonucleotide increases the number of cells with calcium-independent desmosomes. These results show that PKCalpha participates in a novel signaling pathway that modulates desmosomal adhesion in response to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wallis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
Beta-catenin has a number of roles in early development including involvement in cell adhesion, cell signaling, and developmental fate specification. This study investigates the mechanisms that regulate embryonic compaction, the first cell adhesion event in early mammalian development. Mammalian embryos can be induced to compact at an earlier developmental stage than normal by treatment with agonists that activate protein kinase C (PKC), and this treatment is used to identify and analyze the minimum essential changes required for embryonic compaction. It was predicted that: (1) since activation of PKC can induce compaction prematurely in mouse embryos, phosphorylation of the protein components of the adherens complex would occur during induced compaction and that these components would be required for the cell adhesive event; (2) these same proteins should be phosphorylated during compaction in normal development; (3) new, highly-specific inhibitors of PKC activity would inhibit compaction during normal development and induced compaction; and (4) some PKC isotypes would become localized to the junctional membranes during the process of compaction. In agreement with these predictionst, beta-catenin became phosphorylated on serine/threonine residues both during induced compaction and normal development. Inhibitors to PKC, but not inhibitors to other kinases, blocked compaction. Furthermore, the alpha isotype of PKC is recruited to the membranes of the apposing blastomeres both during induced compaction and during normal development immediately before compaction begins and before beta-catenin becomes part of the detergent-resistant cytoskeleton at the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Pauken
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program/Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1510, USA
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