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Ludwig N, Lotze MT. A treatise on endothelial biology and exosomes: homage to Theresa Maria Listowska Whiteside. HNO 2020; 68:71-79. [PMID: 31965194 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-019-00803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are the current primary research focus of Dr. Theresa L. Whiteside. They are key mediators of intercellular communication in the head and neck, as well as other sites. Their effects in the tumor microenvironment are manifold and include suppression of immunity, promotion of angiogenesis, enabling of metastasis, as well as reprogramming of fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells. The aim of this communication is to summarize Dr. Whiteside's contribution to the field of exosome research and details the interactions of exosomes with endothelial cells leading to recent findings on how to target endothelial cells using exosomes as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Bioengineering and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M T Lotze
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, G.27A, 5150 Centre Ave, 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Departments of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Bioengineering and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Shimizu R, Ibaragi S, Eguchi T, Kuwajima D, Kodama S, Nishioka T, Okui T, Obata K, Takabatake K, Kawai H, Ono K, Okamoto K, Nagatsuka H, Sasaki A. Nicotine promotes lymph node metastasis and cetuximab resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:283-294. [PMID: 30431077 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is overexpressed in many cancers and is associated with worse prognosis. EGF binds to its cell surface receptor (EGFR), which induces EGFR phosphorylation. Phosphorylated EGFR (p‑EGFR) is translocated into the nucleus, which increases cancer cell activity. Nicotine, which is one of the main components of tobacco, is absorbed through pulmonary alveoli and mucosal epithelia in the head and neck region by smoking and moves into the blood. Nicotine in blood binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in the central nervous system and serves a crucial role in tobacco addiction. Although nAChR localization is thought to be limited in the nervous system, nAChR is present in a wide variety of non‑neuronal cells, including cancer cells. Recent studies suggest that nicotine contributes to the metastasis and resistance to anti‑cancer drugs of various cancer cells. However, it remains unknown whether head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells can utilize nicotine‑nAChR signaling to metastasize and acquire resistance to anti‑cancer drugs, even though the mucosal epithelia of the head and neck region are the primary sites of exposure to tobacco smoke. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the role of nicotine in metastasis and anti‑EGFR‑therapy resistance of HNSCC. The present findings demonstrated that nicotine increased proliferation, migration, invasion, p‑EGFR nuclear translocation and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation in HNSCC cells. It was also demonstrated that nicotine restored cetuximab‑inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of HNSCC cells. Finally, an in vivo experiment revealed that nicotine increased lymph node metastasis of xenografted tumors, whereas an nAChR inhibitor suppressed lymph node metastasis and p‑EGFR nuclear localization of xenografted tumors. Taken together, these results demonstrated that nicotine induced nuclear accumulation of p‑EGFR, and activation of Akt signaling. These signaling pathways elevated the activities of HNSCC cells, causing lymph node metastasis and serving a role in cetuximab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Shimizu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Takanori Eguchi
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuwajima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kodama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishioka
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980‑8575, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Obata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Okamoto
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
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Advantages and clinical applications of natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 63:21-8. [PMID: 23989217 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a burgeoning of research and further insight into the biology and clinical applications of natural killer (NK) cells. Once thought to be simple innate cells important only as cytotoxic effector cells, our understanding of NK cells has grown to include memory-like responses, the guidance of adaptive responses, tissue repair, and a delicate paradigm for how NK cells become activated now termed "licensing" or "arming." Although these cells were initially discovered and named for their spontaneous ability to kill tumor cells, manipulating NK cells in therapeutic settings has proved difficult and complex in part due to our emerging understanding of their biology. Therapies involving NK cells may either activate endogenous NK cells or involve transfers of exogenous cells by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or adoptive cell therapy. Here, we review the basic biology of NK cells, highlighting characteristics which make NK cells particularly useful in cancer therapies. We also explore current treatment strategies that have been used for cancer as well as discuss potential future directions for the field.
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Baskic D, Vujanovic L, Arsenijevic N, Whiteside TL, Myers EN, Vujanovic NL. Suppression of natural killer-cell and dendritic-cell apoptotic tumoricidal activity in patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2012; 35:388-98. [PMID: 22488918 DOI: 10.1002/hed.22968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) mediate tumor cell apoptosis using tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands (TNFSFLs). This cytotoxicity is an important anticancer immune defense mechanism. METHODS We examined TNFSFL expression and apoptotic tumoricidal activity (ATA) of purified NK cells and DCs, and peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMLs) of healthy individuals and patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) before and after cancer ablation. RESULTS PBMLs, NK cells and DCs, but not NK-cell/DC-depleted PBMLs, expressed multiple TNFSFLs and mediated ATA. Both TNFSFL expression and ATA were suppressed in tumor-bearing, and restored in tumor-ablated patients with (HNC) Soluble TNF superfamily receptors (solTNFSFRs) were increasingly bound by PBNLs of tumor-bearing HNC patients. Dissociation of solTNFSFR led to more pronounced increases in TNFSFL expression and ATA of PBMLs of patients with HNC than healthy individuals. CONCLUSION NK-cell and DC TNFSFL expression and ATA are suppressed in patients with HNC. This suppression is tumor-dependent and possibly mediated by solTNFSFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Baskic
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Meissner M, Whiteside T, van Kuik-Romein P, Valesky E, van den Elsen P, Kaufmann R, Seliger B. Loss of interferon-γ inducibility of the MHC class II antigen processing pathway in head and neck cancer: evidence for post-transcriptional as well as epigenetic regulation. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:930-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Meissner M, Reichert TE, Kunkel M, Gooding W, Whiteside TL, Ferrone S, Seliger B. Defects in the human leukocyte antigen class I antigen processing machinery in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: association with clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:2552-60. [PMID: 15814633 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigen defects, which are frequently present in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells may provide the tumor with an escape mechanism from immune surveillance. Scanty information is available about mechanisms underlying HLA class I antigen defects in both lesions and cell lines from HNSCC. In this study, we investigate the role of antigen processing machinery (APM) component abnormalities in the generation of deficient HLA class I surface expression of HNSCC cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and RT-PCR analyses we correlated the expression of the IFN-gamma inducible proteasome subunits and of the peptide transporter TAP with that of HLA class I antigens in biopsies and cell lines from primary, recurrent, and metastatic HNSCC. Furthermore, APM component and HLA class I antigen expression in surgically removed lesions were correlated with the course of the disease in order to assess the clinical significance of deficient expression of these molecules. RESULTS A high frequency of LMP2, LMP7, and TAP1 down-regulation or loss was found in tumor lesions and cell lines obtained from HNSCC cancer patients. These defects could be corrected by incubating cells with IFN-gamma. Furthermore, LMP2, LMP7, TAP1, TAP2, and HLA class I antigen expression rates in primary HNSCC lesions were found to predict overall survival. Lastly, the level of LMP7 expression was significantly associated with disease recurrence at 2 years. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the analysis of APM component expression in HNSCC lesions can provide useful prognostic information in patients with HNSCC.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/analysis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Adult
- Aged
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/analysis
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- HLA Antigens/analysis
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/analysis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multienzyme Complexes/analysis
- Multienzyme Complexes/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Meissner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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McKechnie A, Robins RA, Eremin O. Immunological aspects of head and neck cancer: biology, pathophysiology and therapeutic mechanisms. Surgeon 2005; 2:187-207. [PMID: 15570827 DOI: 10.1016/s1479-666x(04)80001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cancer and head and neck cancer, in particular, remains a major clinical challenge with its associated morbidity and inevitable mortality. Local control of early disease is achievable in many solid tumours with current surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques but metastatic disease is associated with poor outcome and prognosis. It is known that, by the time of presentation, many patients will already have occult microscopic metastatic disease, and surgery and radiotherapy will not result in long-term survival. What little effect modern chemotherapeutic agents have on microscopic disease is, however, limited by systemic toxicity and multi-drug resistance. Immune surveillance is postulated to be operative in man. There is evidence, however, that patients with progressive tumour growth have failure of host defences both locally and systemically. Various possible defects and tumour escape mechanisms are discussed in the review. Immunotherapy and, in particular adoptive T cell therapy and DC therapy, show promise as putative tumour-specific therapy with clinical benefits. These techniques are undergoing development and evaluation in phase 1 clinical trials. Preliminary data suggest that the treatments are well tolerated. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence of significant and prolonged improvements in clinical outcome. Further developments of beneficial protocols (adjuvants, mode and frequency of vaccination etc) and multicentre studies of the use of immunotherapy in cancer are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKechnie
- Department of Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Lai JP, Chien J, Strome SE, Staub J, Montoya DP, Greene EL, Smith DI, Roberts LR, Shridhar V. HSulf-1 modulates HGF-mediated tumor cell invasion and signaling in head and neck squamous carcinoma. Oncogene 2004; 23:1439-47. [PMID: 14973553 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we cloned a novel sulfatase domain-containing downregulated gene, HSulf-1, which modulates heparin-binding growth factor signaling in ovarian cancer. Based on the pilot data showing the loss of HSulf-1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SCCHN), we sought to employ SCCHN as a model to define the role of HSulf-1 in the molecular regulation of tumorigenicity. Three SCCHN lines (012SCC, WMMSCC, and 015SCC) had no detectable HSulf-1 mRNA. Clonal lines of HSulf-1-expressing 012SCC attenuated the activation of ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling mediated by fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and both ERK/MAPK and Akt signaling mediated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Consistent with this downregulation, phosphorylation of HGF receptor, c-Met, which is frequently overexpressed in SCCHN, was also attenuated in HSulf-1 clonal 012SCC cell lines. HGF markedly enhanced the motility and migration of vector-transfected cells in a transwell invasion chamber. However, HGF-mediated motility and invasion was attenuated in HSulf-1 clonal 012SCC cell lines. In addition, transfected cells displayed significant growth inhibition concomitant with a decrease in mitogenicity, as measured by thymidine incorporation and increased sensitivity to staurosporine- and cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that HSulf-1 normally functions as a negative regulator in cell growth and loss of HSulf-1 in SCCHN potentiates growth factor signaling, enhances motility, invasiveness and inhibits stress-induced apoptosis, with a resulting increase in tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Radny P, Caroli UM, Bauer J, Paul T, Schlegel C, Eigentler TK, Weide B, Schwarz M, Garbe C. Phase II trial of intralesional therapy with interleukin-2 in soft-tissue melanoma metastases. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1620-6. [PMID: 14583759 PMCID: PMC2394422 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to validate the use of intralesional injection of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in patients with skin and soft-tissue melanoma metastases. A total of 24 patients with AJCC stage III or IV melanoma and single or multiple skin and soft-tissue metastases were included. Interleukin-2 injections were administered intralesionally into the total number of cutaneous and soft-tissue metastases accessible from the skin, 2-3 times weekly, over 1-57 weeks. Single doses varied from 0.6 to 6 x 10(6) IU, depending on lesion size. The clinical response was monitored by sonography and confirmed by histopathology; response evaluation was confined to the intralesionally treated tumours. Complete response (CR) of the treated metastases was achieved in 15 patients (62.5%), the longest remission lasting 38 months to date. In five patients, partial response (PR) was achieved (21%) and in another three patients, progressive disease was observed (one patient not assessable). A total of 245 metastases were treated with CR in 209 (85%), and PR in 21 (6%). The therapy was generally well tolerated; the observed adverse events were mainly of grade 1-2 severity. Immunohistochemical studies showed the tumour cells undergoing apoptosis and revealed a mixed character of the inflammatory infiltrate. The unusual high CR rate in metastatic melanoma of 62.5% and the limited toxicity suggest that treatment of skin and soft-tissue melanoma metastases with intralesional injection of IL-2 may be a safe and effective alternative to conventional therapies. The optimal dosage and duration of this therapy still remain to be defined in larger prospective multicentre trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Radny
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - U M Caroli
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - J Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - T Paul
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - C Schlegel
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - T K Eigentler
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - B Weide
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - M Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - C Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeistersraße 20, Tübingen 72076, Germany. E-mail:
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Moore MB, Kurago ZB, Fullenkamp CA, Lutz CT. Squamous cell carcinoma cells differentially stimulate NK cell effector functions: the role of IL-18. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:107-15. [PMID: 12594574 PMCID: PMC11032898 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-002-0361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2002] [Accepted: 10/24/2002] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells stimulate natural killer (NK) cell effector functions, but the regulation of cytokine secretion and cytolysis is incompletely understood. We tested whether oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines differentially stimulated NK cell interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion and cytolysis using a clone of the NK-92-transformed human NK cell line, NK92.35. SCC-4 and SCC-25 cells, but not FaDu or Cal 27 cells, stimulated robust NK92.35 IFN-gamma secretion. All four carcinoma cell lines were lysed by NK92.35 cells. These findings indicate that carcinoma cells differentially stimulate NK cell IFN-gamma secretion and cytolysis. In Transwell experiments, a combination of SCC-4 or SCC-25 cell soluble factors and contact with FaDu cells synergistically stimulated NK92.35 cell IFN-gamma secretion. Stimulatory SCC-4 cells constitutively secreted IL-18, a cytokine that potently augments IFN-gamma secretion by T cells and NK cells. In contrast, poorly stimulatory FaDu cells produced little or no IL-18, but synergized with recombinant IL-18 to stimulate NK92.35 IFN-gamma secretion. mAb to IL-18 or IL-18 receptor diminished SCC-4-stimulated IFN-gamma secretion by NK92.35 cells and by nontransformed NK cells. Thus, IL-18 was necessary for optimal carcinoma stimulation of NK cell IFN-gamma secretion. In vivo, oral and upper aerodigestive tract epithelia and carcinomas produced IL-18, but one squamous cell carcinoma had heterogeneous IL-18 expression. Thus IL-18 production can account for squamous cell carcinoma differential stimulation of NK cell effector functions in vitro and may be important for stimulation of NK cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel B. Moore
- />Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1182 USA
| | - Zoya B. Kurago
- />Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1182 USA
- />Departments of Oral Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | | | - Charles T. Lutz
- />Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1182 USA
- />The Immunology and Molecular Biology Graduate Programs, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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11
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Khurana D, Martin EA, Kasperbauer JL, O'Malley BW, Salomao DR, Chen L, Strome SE. Characterization of a spontaneously arising murine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC VII) as a prerequisite for head and neck cancer immunotherapy. Head Neck 2001; 23:899-906. [PMID: 11592238 DOI: 10.1002/hed.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To develop novel therapeutic approaches for patients with head and neck malignancies, poorly immunogenic murine models of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) need to be defined. METHODS The phenotype, growth characteristics, and responsiveness to tumor-specific T-cell transfer of a spontaneously arising murine SCC (SCC VII) were characterized. RESULTS SCC VII expresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules yet is resistant to tumor-specific T-cell killing and relatively insensitive to killing mediated by lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Intradermal tumors are reproducibly established after vaccination of 5 x 10(4) cells, and systemic micrometastases are apparent after intravenous administration of 2.5 x 10(4) cells. Immunotherapy of 3-day lung metastases using tumor-specific T cells and systemic interleukin-2 (IL-2) was ineffective in reducing the number of metastases in vivo. CONCLUSIONS SCC VII is a poorly immunogenic murine squamous cell cancer, which represents an ideal model for preclinical testing of immunotherapeutic approaches for patients with SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Khurana
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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12
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Basse PH, Whiteside TL, Chambers W, Herberman RB. Therapeutic activity of NK cells against tumors. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 20:439-501. [PMID: 11878512 DOI: 10.3109/08830180109054416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While it is generally accepted that natural killer (NK) cells, by killing tumor cells in the circulation, represent a first line of defense against metastases, their therapeutic activity against established tumors has been limited. In this review, we describe studies to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of activated NK cells in both animal models and clinical trials to better understand the biological problems that limit their effectiveness.
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Abstract
The development of head and neck cancer (HNC) is strongly influenced by the host immune system. Immunoselection of tumors resistant to immune attack and the ability of established tumors to disarm or eliminate immune cells favor tumor progression. Recent evidence for local as well as systemic apoptosis of T lymphocytes, the paucity of dendritic cells (DC) at the tumor site, or the presence of signaling defects in T lymphocytes of patients with HNC emphasizes the fact that their antitumor responses are compromised. The clinical and biologic importance of these immune biomarkers is revealed by the finding that they appear to independently predict 5-year survival in patients with oral carcinoma. Whereas the mechanisms responsible for immune dysfunction in HNC are being investigated, new immunotherapeutic strategies, including antitumor vaccines and DC-based interventions, aim at the restoration of tumor-targeted immune responses. These novel biologic therapies, alone or in combination with conventional therapies, might be expected to protect immune cells from dysfunction or death and to enhance their antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1041 Biomedical Science Tower, 211 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA.
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14
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Sutmuller RP, Schurmans LR, van Duivenvoorde LM, Tine JA, van Der Voort EI, Toes RE, Melief CJ, Jager MJ, Offringa R. Adoptive T cell immunotherapy of human uveal melanoma targeting gp100. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:7308-15. [PMID: 11120866 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL against human gp100 were isolated from HLA-A*0201/K(b) (A2/K(b))-transgenic mice immunized with recombinant canarypox virus (ALVAC-gp100). These CTL strongly responded to the gp100(154-162) epitope, in the context of both the chimeric A2/K(b) and the wild-type HLA-A*0201- molecule, and efficiently lysed human HLA-A*0201(+), gp100(+) melanoma cells in vitro. The capacity of the CTL to eradicate these tumors in vivo was analyzed in A2/K(b)-transgenic transgenic mice that had received a tumorigenic dose of human uveal melanoma cells in the anterior chamber of the eye. This immune-privileged site offered the unique opportunity to graft xenogeneic tumors into immunocompetent A2/K(b)-transgenic mice, a host in which they otherwise would not grow. Importantly, systemic (i.v.) administration of the A2/K(b)-transgenic gp100(154-162)-specific CTL resulted in rapid elimination of the intraocular uveal melanomas, indicating that anti-tumor CTL are capable of homing to the eye and exerting their tumoricidal effector function. Flow cytometry analysis of ocular cell suspensions with HLA-A*0201-gp100(154-162) tetrameric complexes confirmed the homing of adoptively transferred CTL. Therefore, the immune-privileged state of the eye permitted the outgrowth of xenogeneic uveal melanoma cells, but did not protect these tumors against adoptive immunotherapy with highly potent anti-tumor CTL. These data constitute the first direct indication that immunotherapy of human uveal melanoma may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Sutmuller
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodbank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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