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Liao HY, Xiao X, Peng R, Le J, Wang HB, Wang ST. Rapid Derivatization of Phenolic and Oxime Hydroxyl with Isonicotinoyl Chloride under Aqueous Conditions and Its Application in LC-MS/MS Profiling Multiclass Steroids. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17980-17987. [PMID: 36521069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of steroids possesses a crucial clinical value in early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of various endocrine diseases. However, it is still challenging to realize feasible analysis of estrogens, androgens, progestogens, and corticoids within one single workflow. In this study, two derivatization reactions were newly designed for improvement: (1) acylation of phenolic hydroxyl on estrogens with isonicotinoyl chloride (INC) under the catalysis of 4-dimethylaminopyridine and (2) post-modification of oxime hydroxyl on hydroxylamine-pretreated ketosteroids with INC. Both reactions could conduct instantaneously at room temperature under aqueous conditions. Moreover, the resulting phenolic-INC and oxime-INC esters exhibited favorable MS responses. Through integrating these derivatization strategies with cold-induced phase separation technology, a feasible LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of 15 multiclass steroids with proper sample consumption (50 μL serum), satisfying sensitivity (lower limit of quantitation at 0.01-5.00 ng/mL) and high throughput (40 min for sample-preparation). The practical applicability was tested by detecting 30 real samples from pregnant and non-pregnant women. The obtained results showed a good agreement with a previous validated methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yang Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Juan Le
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Shao-Ting Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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2
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Xu B, Jia P, Cai J, Gu L, Yan H, Zhao H, Qin S. Simultaneous quantitative analysis of seven steroid hormones in human saliva: A novel method based on O-ethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride as derivatization reagent. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9242. [PMID: 34913217 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Saliva has been widely accepted as a more convenient alternative to serum or plasma in the field of clinical diagnosis. However, the detection of trace components in saliva has been a bottleneck problem. The aim of this work was to develop a highly sensitive and reliable method for simultaneously determining the trace steroid hormones including some with poor ionization efficiency in human saliva by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS). METHODS Saliva was deproteinated by acetonitrile containing mixed isotope internal standards and extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether. The extraction solution was dried under a stream of nitrogen and the residue was derivatized using 50 mM O-ethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride in 80% methanol/water solution (v/v). The processed sample was determined by LC/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. RESULTS The method was successfully established for the simultaneous quantification of seven steroid hormones in human saliva and showed excellent specificity and sensitivity. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of all steroid hormones were below 5 pg/mL, in particular, the LOQ of progesterone was as low as 0.15 pg/mL. The linear correlation coefficients (r) were greater than 0.9990 in the range of 2-200 pg/mL for T, DHEA, A4, P4, P5, and 17OHP4 and in the range of 5-500 pg/mL for 17OHP5. The intra-day and inter-day variability ranged from 1.86% to 7.83% and 1.95% to 10.4%, respectively. The recovery of the method ranged from 86.9% to 111.1% for all steroid hormones using three spiked concentrations. CONCLUSIONS A novel LC/MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of seven kinds of trace steroid hormones in human saliva. The results of the methodological study showed that the method exhibited excellent sensitivity and reliability for the evaluation of free steroid hormones in the human body. It is believed that this method could provide useful information of steroid hormone metabolism for auxiliary diagnosis of some endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Excellent Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Jia
- Excellent Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Excellent Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Lidong Gu
- Excellent Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Huaxiao Yan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong Innovation Center for Non-grain Ethanol Biorefinery Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong Innovation Center for Non-grain Ethanol Biorefinery Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong Innovation Center for Non-grain Ethanol Biorefinery Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
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3
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Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Angelis YS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry behavior of Girard's reagent T derivatives of oxosteroid intact phase II metabolites for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1822-1834. [PMID: 33942526 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intact phase II steroid metabolites have poor product ion mass spectra under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. Therefore, we present herein the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/(MS)) behavior of intact phase II metabolites of oxosteroids after derivatization. Based on the fact that Girard's reagent T (GRT), as derivatization reagent, was both convenient and efficient in terms of the enhancement in the ionization efficiency and the production of diagnostic product ions related to the steroid moiety, the latter was preferably selected between methoxamine and hydroxylamine upon the model compounds of androsterone glucuronide and androsterone sulfate. Sixteen different glucuronides and 29 sulfate conjugated metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), available either as pure reference materials or synthesized/extracted from administration studies, were derivatized with GRT, and their product ion spectra are presented. Product ion spectra include in all cases high number of product ions that in some cases are characteristic for certain structures of the steroid backbone. More specifically, preliminary results have shown major differences in fragmentation pattern for 17α/17β-isomers of the sulfate conjugates, but limited differentiation for 17α/17β-isomers of glucuronide conjugates and for 3α/3β- and 5α/5β-stereoisomers of both sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Further to the suggestion of the current work, application on mesterolone administration studies confirmed-according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) TD2015IDCR-the presence of seven intact phase II metabolites, one glucuronide and six sulfates with use of LC-ESI-MS/(MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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Viljanto M, Kicman AT, Walker CJ, Wolff K, Muir T, Hincks P, Biddle S, Scarth J. Bioformation of boldenone and related precursors/metabolites in equine feces and urine, with relevance to doping control. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:215-229. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Viljanto
- LGC, Fordham Cambridgeshire UK
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research DivisionKing's College London UK
| | - Andrew T. Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research DivisionKing's College London UK
| | - Christopher J. Walker
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research DivisionKing's College London UK
| | - Kim Wolff
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research DivisionKing's College London UK
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5
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Viljanto MJ, Kicman AT, Walker CJ, Parkin MC, Wolff K, Pearce CM, Scarth J. Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of boldenone in the equine testis. Steroids 2019; 146:79-91. [PMID: 30951760 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that is prohibited in equine sports. Urine from the uncastrated male horse contains boldenone that is thought to be of endogenous origin and thus a threshold ('cut-off') concentration has been adopted internationally for free and conjugated boldenone to help distinguish cases of doping from its natural production. The testis is likely to be a source of boldenone. Qualitative analysis was performed on extracts of equine testicular homogenates (n = 3 horses) incubated non-spiked and in the presence of its potential precursors using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and LC high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Samples were analysed both underivatised and derivatised to increase the certainty of identification. In addition to previously reported endogenous steroids, analysis of non-spiked testicular tissue samples demonstrated the presence of boldenone and boldienone at trace levels in the equine testis. Incubation of homogenates with deuterium or carbon isotope labelled testosterone and androstenedione resulted in the matching stable isotope analogues of boldenone and boldienone being formed. Additionally, deuterium and carbon labelled 2-hydroxyandrostenedione was detected, raising the possibility that this steroid is a biosynthetic intermediate. In conclusion, boldenone and boldienone are naturally present in the equine testis, with the biosynthesis of these steroids arising from the conversion of testosterone and androstenedione. However, additional work employing larger numbers of animals, further enzyme kinetic experiments and pure reference standards for 2-OH androstenedione isomers would be required to better characterize the pathways involved in these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana J Viljanto
- LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK; Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | - Andrew T Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Christopher J Walker
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Mark C Parkin
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK; Eurofins Forensic Services, Teddington, London, UK
| | - Kim Wolff
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK
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Developing an Enzyme-Assisted Derivatization Method for Analysis of C 27 Bile Alcohols and Acids by Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030597. [PMID: 30736477 PMCID: PMC6384595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-assisted derivatization for sterol analysis (EADSA) is a technology designed to enhance sensitivity and specificity for sterol analysis using electrospray ionization⁻mass spectrometry. To date it has only been exploited on sterols with a 3β-hydroxy-5-ene or 3β-hydroxy-5α-hydrogen structure, using bacterial cholesterol oxidase enzyme to convert the 3β-hydroxy group to a 3-oxo group for subsequent derivatization with the positively charged Girard hydrazine reagents, or on substrates with a native oxo group. Here we describe an extension of the technology by substituting 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) for cholesterol oxidase, making the method applicable to sterols with a 3α-hydroxy-5β-hydrogen structure. The 3α-HSD enzyme works efficiently on bile alcohols and bile acids with this stereochemistry. However, as found by others, derivatization of the resultant 3-oxo group with a hydrazine reagent does not go to completion in the absence of a conjugating double bond in the sterol structure. Nevertheless, Girard P derivatives of bile alcohols and C27 acids give an intense molecular ion ([M]⁺) upon electrospray ionization and informative fragmentation spectra. The method shows promise for analysis of bile alcohols and 3α-hydroxy-5β-C27-acids, enhancing the range of sterols that can be analyzed at high sensitivity in sterolomic studies.
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Häkkinen MR, Murtola T, Voutilainen R, Poutanen M, Linnanen T, Koskivuori J, Lakka T, Jääskeläinen J, Auriola S. Simultaneous analysis by LC–MS/MS of 22 ketosteroids with hydroxylamine derivatization and underivatized estradiol from human plasma, serum and prostate tissue. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:642-652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Muluneh F, Häkkinen MR, El-Dairi R, Pasanen M, Juvonen RO. New glutathione conjugate of pyrrolizidine alkaloids produced by human cytosolic enzyme-dependent reactions in vitro. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1344-1352. [PMID: 29788543 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The toxic metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are initially formed by cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation reactions and primarily eliminated as glutathione (GSH) conjugates. Although the reaction between the reactive metabolites and GSH can occur spontaneously, the role of the cytosolic enzymes in the process has not been studied. METHODS The toxic metabolites of selected PAs (retrorsine, monocrotaline, senecionine, lasiocarpine, heliotrine or senkirkine) were generated by incubating them in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing liver microsomes of human, pig, rat or sheep, NADPH and reduced GSH in the absence or presence of human, pig, rat or sheep liver cytosolic fraction. The supernatants were analyzed using liquid chromatography connected to Finnigan LTQ ion-trap, Agilent QTOF or Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Focus quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometers. RESULTS Retrorsine, senecionine and lasiocarpine yielded three GSH conjugates producing [M - H]- ions at m/z 439 (7-GSH-DHP (CHO)), m/z 441 (7-GSH-DHP (OH)) and m/z 730 (7,9-diGSH-DHP) in the presence of human liver cytosolic fraction. 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) was a novel metabolite. Monocrotaline, heliotrine and senkirkine did not produce this novel 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) conjugate. 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) disappeared when incubated with hydroxylamine, and a new oxime derivative was formed. This metabolite was formed only by the human liver cytosolic enzymes but not in the presence of rat or sheep liver cytosolic fractions under otherwise identical reaction conditions. CONCLUSIONS 7-GSH-DHP (CHO) has not been reported before, and thus it was considered as a novel metabolite of PAs. This may clarify the mechanisms involved in PA detoxification and widely observed but less understood species differences in response to PA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fashe Muluneh
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Reproductive & Developmental Biology Laboratory/Pharmacogenetics Group, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Merja R Häkkinen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami El-Dairi
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Pasanen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Risto O Juvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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9
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Viljanto M, Hincks P, Hillyer L, Cawley A, Suann C, Noble G, Walker CJ, Parkin MC, Kicman AT, Scarth J. Monitoring dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the urine of Thoroughbred geldings for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1518-1527. [PMID: 29797687 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of testosterone and its pro-drugs, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is currently regulated in horseracing by the application of international testosterone thresholds. However, additional steroidomic approaches, such as steroid ratios, to distinguish overall adrenal stimulation from drug administrations and an equine biological passport for longitudinal steroid profiling of individual animals could be advantageous in equine doping testing. Thus, DHEA concentrations and related ratios (testosterone [T] to DHEA and DHEA to epitestosterone [E]) were assessed in the reference population by quantitative analysis of 200 post-race gelding urine samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. DHEA concentrations ranged between 0.9 and 136.6 ng/mL (mean 12.8 ng/mL), T:DHEA ratios between 0.06 and 1.85 (mean 0.43), and DHEA:E ratios between 0.21 and 13.56 (mean 2.20). Based on the reference population statistical upper limits of 5.4 for T:DHEA ratio and 48.1 for DHEA:E ratio are proposed with a risk of 1 in 10 000 for a normal outlier exceeding the value. Analysis of post-administration urine samples collected following administrations of DHEA, Equi-Bolic® (a mix of DHEA and pregnenolone) and testosterone propionate to geldings showed that the upper limit for T:DHEA ratio was exceeded following testosterone propionate administration and DHEA:E ratio following DHEA administrations and thus these ratios could be used as additional biomarkers when determining the cause of an atypical testosterone concentration. Additionally, DHEA concentrations and ratios can be used as a starting point to establish reference ranges for an equine biological passport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Viljanto
- LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK.,Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Lynn Hillyer
- The Turf Club, The Curragh, Kildare, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | | | | | - Glenys Noble
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J Walker
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London, UK
| | - Mark C Parkin
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London, UK
| | - Andrew T Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London, UK
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Adelaiye-Ogala R, Damayanti NP, Orillion AR, Arisa S, Chintala S, Titus MA, Kao C, Pili R. Therapeutic Targeting of Sunitinib-Induced AR Phosphorylation in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2886-2896. [PMID: 29572225 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. AR expression has also been reported in other solid tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but its biological role here remains unclear. Through integrative analysis of a reverse phase protein array, we discovered increased expression of AR in an RCC patient-derived xenograft model of acquired resistance to the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (RTKi) sunitinib. AR expression was increased in RCC cell lines with either acquired or intrinsic sunitinib resistance in vitro An AR signaling gene array profiler indicated elevated levels of AR target genes in sunitinib-resistant cells. Sunitinib-induced AR transcriptional activity was associated with increased phosphorylation of serine 81 (pS81) on AR. Additionally, AR overexpression resulted in acquired sunitinib resistance and the AR antagonist enzalutamide-induced AR degradation and attenuated AR downstream activity in sunitinib-resistant cells, also indicated by decreased secretion of human kallikrein 2. Enzalutamide-induced AR degradation was rescued by either proteasome inhibition or by knockdown of the AR ubiquitin ligase speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP). In vivo treatment with enzalutamide and sunitinib demonstrated that this combination efficiently induced tumor regression in a RCC model following acquired sunitinib resistance. Overall, our results suggest the potential role of AR as a target for therapeutic interventions, in combination with RTKi, to overcome drug resistance in RCC.Significance: These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the androgen receptor to overcome RCC resistance to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cancer Res; 78(11); 2886-96. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Adelaiye-Ogala
- Genitourinary Program, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Cancer Pathology and Prevention, University at Buffalo, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Nur P Damayanti
- Genitourinary Program, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ashley R Orillion
- Genitourinary Program, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University at Buffalo, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sreevani Arisa
- Genitourinary Program, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sreenivasulu Chintala
- Genitourinary Program, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark A Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chinghai Kao
- Department of Urology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Roberto Pili
- Genitourinary Program, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana. .,Department of Urology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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11
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LC–MS/MS simultaneous analysis of allopregnanolone, epiallopregnanolone, pregnanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate in human plasma. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:527-539. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Several neuropsychopharmacological properties have been attributed to the 3α-reduced pregnane steroids, allopregnanolone and pregnanolone, as well as to dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate because of their ability to modulate γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors in the CNS. In order to understand better their role in several mechanisms in CNS, a new methodology is proposed to monitor these compounds in human plasma. Methodology & results: The analytes were first derivatized with 2-hydrazinopyridine and extracted from plasma using SPE. Then, the compounds were separated and detected by LC–MS/MS. A mobile phase of formic acid (0.1%) in water and methanol through a gradient of composition and a flow rate of 0.3 ml min-1 resulted in good separations of the analytes. Linear responses in wide range of concentrations and LOQs ranging from 10 (dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate) to 40 pg ml-1 (dehydroepiandrosterone) were obtained in <9 min. The method proposed has been validated and then applied to monitor these neurosteroids in plasma samples from ten volunteers. Conclusion: For the first time, a straightforward and reliable method for the chromatographic separation of allopregnanolone, epiallopregnanolone and pregnanolone, as well as of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate was carried out, with optimal accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.
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12
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Lega F, Angeletti R, Stella R, Rigoni L, Biancotto G, Giusepponi D, Moretti S, Saluti G, Galarini R. Abuse of anabolic agents in beef cattle: Could bile be a possible alternative matrix? Food Chem 2017; 229:188-197. [PMID: 28372163 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
European Union prohibited the use of anabolic agents in food producing animals since 1988. An efficient control of abuses is guaranteed not only by highly performing analytical methods, but also by knowledge of metabolic pathways, kinetics of elimination and tissue distribution. To obtain data concerning metabolites production and accumulation in bile, two typical growth promoting treatments are carried out in cattle. In the first study, sixteen beef cattle were implanted with trenbolone acetate and estradiol. In the second one, three animals were implanted with zeranol and three were fed a diet containing zearalenone. Methods based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were developed and validated to quantify the analytes of interest. The results evidenced that the biliary concentrations of the marker residues were always higher than those determined at the same time in urine and liver which are the matrices generally collected within the official monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lega
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Roberto Angeletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Roberto Stella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Biancotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, I-06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, I-06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, I-06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, I-06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Viljanto M, Scarth J, Hincks P, Hillyer L, Cawley A, Suann C, Noble G, Walker CJ, Kicman AT, Parkin MC. Application of testosterone to epitestosterone ratio to horse urine - a complementary approach to detect the administrations of testosterone and its pro-drugs in Thoroughbred geldings. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1328-1336. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Viljanto
- LGC; Newmarket Road Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - James Scarth
- LGC; Newmarket Road Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
| | - Pamela Hincks
- LGC; Newmarket Road Fordham Cambridgeshire CB7 5WW UK
| | - Lynn Hillyer
- British Horseracing Authority; 75 High Holborn London WC1V 6LS UK
| | - Adam Cawley
- Racing NSW; Level 11, 51 Druitt Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Craig Suann
- Racing NSW; Level 11, 51 Druitt Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Glenys Noble
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Locked Bag 588 Wagga Wagga NSW 2678 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Walker
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Andrew T. Kicman
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Mark C. Parkin
- Drug Control Centre; Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Divisions, King's College London; 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH UK
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14
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Chemical derivatization of neurosteroids for their trace determination in sea lamprey by UPLC-MS/MS. Talanta 2016; 149:326-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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16
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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Ming DS, Pham S, Deb S, Chin MY, Kharmate G, Adomat H, Beheshti EH, Locke J, Guns ET. Pomegranate extracts impact the androgen biosynthesis pathways in prostate cancer models in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:19-28. [PMID: 24565566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains largely dependent on androgen receptor (AR). Residual tissue androgens are consistently detected within CRPC tumors and play a critical role in facilitating AR-mediated signaling pathways which lead to disease progression. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the major androgens detected in tumors. They are produced through three biosynthesis pathways: Δ(4), Δ(5), and backdoor pathways. Both androgens bind to and stimulate AR activation. The current study investigates the effects of pomegranate extracts (POM) and their ability to inhibit androgen biosynthesis using PCa cell lines (22RV1 and LNCaP) in vitro as well as the PTEN knockout mouse model representing prostate cancer. Steroids were extracted using ethyl acetate or solid phase extraction, and then analyzed by UPLC/MS/MS. The results showed that POM (0-12μg/mL) reduced the production of testosterone, DHT, DHEA, androstenedione, androsterone, and pregnenolone in both cell lines. In addition our in vivo data supports this observation with a reduction in serum steroids determined after 20 weeks of POM treatment (0.17 g/L in drinking water). In accordance with these results, Western blotting of cell lysates and tPSA analysis determined that PSA was significantly decreased by the treatment of POM. Interestingly, AKR1C3 and AR levels were shown to be increased in both cell lines, perhaps as a negative feedback effect in response to steroid inhibition. Overall, these results provide mechanistic evidence to support the rationale for recent clinical reports describing efficacy of POM in CRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Ming
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven Pham
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Subrata Deb
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mei Yieng Chin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Geetanjali Kharmate
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elham Hosseini Beheshti
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Locke
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emma Tomlinson Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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18
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Use of dried blood spots in doping control analysis of anabolic steroid esters. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Saxena A, Gupta A, Kasibhatta R, Bob M, Kumar VP, Purwar B. Rapid and sensitive method for quantification of gestodene in human plasma as the oxime derivative by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and its application to bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:240-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Jin W, Jarvis M, Star-Weinstock M, Altemus M. A sensitive and selective LC-differential mobility-mass spectrometric analysis of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9497-9508. [PMID: 24121434 PMCID: PMC3984615 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method was developed to quantitate allopregnanolone and its 5β isomer pregnanolone in human plasma using liquid chromatography-differential mobility separation combined with MS/MS detection. The method employed a simple liquid-liquid extraction of 100 μL plasma with hexane/ethyl acetate. After extraction, the sample was derivatized using a quaternary aminooxy reagent. Separation of allopregnanolone, pregnanolone, and their 3β epimers (epiallopregnanolone and epipregnanolone) was achieved using a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 2.1 × 100-mm 2.6-μm column. A linear calibration curve was obtained over the concentration range from 10 to 25,000 pg/mL, and the inter- and intra-day accuracy of the quality control samples were between 90 and 110 % with the inter- and intra-day precision less than 10 %. The lower limit of quantitation is 50 fg (157 amol) on column for both allopregnanolone and pregnanolone which is 100-fold less than the underivatized compounds. The recovery is above 95 %, and the extracted samples are stable for at least 6 days when stored at 4 °C. Plasma samples from normal, pregnant, and postpartum women were analyzed using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jin
- AB SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON, L4K 4V8, Canada,
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21
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Forsdahl G, Vatne H, Geisendorfer T, Gmeiner G. Screening of testosterone esters in human plasma. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:826-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - H.K. Vatne
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø; Tromsø Norway
| | - T. Geisendorfer
- Doping Control Laboratory; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
| | - G. Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory; Seibersdorf Labor GmbH; Seibersdorf Austria
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22
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Bhattacharya SK. Recent advances in shotgun lipidomics and their implication for vision research and ophthalmology. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:417-27. [PMID: 23330842 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.760742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, mass spectrometry (MS) has made tremendous advances toward the profiling and identification of lipids from biological samples. MS is attractive for the simplicity it offers toward total profiling of lipids, the identification and characterization of individual entities directly after extraction from complex biological mixtures utilizing an infusion mode. Fundamentally, two types of mass analyzers exist, depending upon whether the fragment ion resolution and analysis occurs in space domain or in time domain within the mass spectrometer. Compared to MS, chromatographic methods are cumbersome. Nuclear magnetic resonance, which provides unequivocal elucidation of structures, necessitates much higher absolute amount and demands purity of lipids. We present here an account of recent developments in class-specific lipid identification strategies, targeted and untargeted lipid analyses, identification and de novo structure elucidation using mass spectrometric and combinatorial chemical derivatization and MS. We have reviewed the strategies with emphasis for spatial domain fragment resolution mass analyzers enabling analysis of lipids in a class-specific manner. We also provide a brief account of database and bioinformatic tools that have been recently developed toward profiling, identification and quantification of lipids in complex biological mixtures.
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23
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Athanasiadou I, Angelis YS, Lyris E, Georgakopoulos C, Athanasiadou I, Georgakopoulos C. Chemical derivatization to enhance ionization of anabolic steroids in LC-MS for doping-control analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Rannulu NS, Cole RB. Novel fragmentation pathways of anionic adducts of steroids formed by electrospray anion attachment involving regioselective attachment, regiospecific decompositions, charge-induced pathways, and ion-dipole complex intermediates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1558-1568. [PMID: 22733166 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of several bifunctional neutral steroids, 5-α-pregnane diol (5-α-pregnane-3α-20βdiol), estradiol (3,17α-dihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene), progesterone (4-pregnene-3,20-dione), lupeol (3β-hydroxy-20(29)-lupene), pregnenolone (5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one), and pregnenolone acetate (5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one acetate) was accomplished by negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) employing adduct formation with various anions: fluoride, bicarbonate, acetate, and chloride. Fluoride yielded higher abundances of anionic adducts and more substantial abundances of deprotonated molecules compared with other investigated anions. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of precursor [M + anion](-) adducts of these steroids revealed that fluoride adduct [M + F](-) precursors first lose HF to produce [M - H](-) and then undergo consecutive decompositions to yield higher abundances of structurally-informative product ions than the other tested anions. In addition to charge-remote fragmentations, the majority of CID pathways of estradiol are deduced to occur via charge-induced fragmentation. Most interestingly, certain anions exhibit preferential attachment to a specific site on these bifunctional steroid molecules, which we are calling "regioselective anion attachment." Regioselective anion attachment is evidenced by subsequent regiospecific decomposition. Regioselective attachment of fluoride (and acetate) anions to low (and moderate) acidity functional groups of pregnenolone, respectively, is demonstrated using deuterated compounds. Moreover, the formation of unique intermediate ion-dipole complexes leading to novel fragmentation pathways of fluoride adducts of pregnenolone acetate, and bicarbonate adducts of d(4)-pregnenolone, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalaka S Rannulu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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25
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Regal P, Cepeda A, Fente C. Development of an LC-MS/MS method to quantify sex hormones in bovine milk and influence of pregnancy in their levels. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:770-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.653989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Comparison of liquid chromatography-microchip/mass spectrometry to conventional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of steroids. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 721:115-21. [PMID: 22405309 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of a microfluidic-based liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric system (HPLC-Chip/ESI/MS) was studied and compared to a conventional narrow-bore liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric (LC-ESI/MS) system for the analysis of steroids. The limits of detection (LODs) for oxime derivatized steroids, expressed as concentrations, were slightly higher with the HPLC-Chip/MS system (50-300 pM) using an injection volume of 0.5 μL than with the conventional LC-ESI/MS (10-150 pM) using an injection volume of 40 μL. However, when the LODs are expressed as injected amounts, the sensitivity of the HPLC-Chip/MS system was about 50 times higher than with the conventional LC-ESI/MS system. The results indicate that the use of HPLC-Chip/MS system is clearly advantageous only in the analysis of low-volume samples. Both methods showed good linearity and good quantitative and chromatographic repeatability. In addition to the instrument comparisons with oxime derivatized steroids, the feasibility of the HPLC-Chip/MS system in the analysis of non-derivatized and oxime derivatized steroids was compared. The HPLC-Chip/MS method developed for non-derivatized steroids was also applied to the quantitative analysis of 15 mouse plasma samples.
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27
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Keski-Rahkonen P, Huhtinen K, Poutanen M, Auriola S. Fast and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for seven androgenic and progestagenic steroids in human serum. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:396-404. [PMID: 21684334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative analysis of seven steroid hormones in 150 μl of human serum was developed and validated. The following compounds were included: 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, pregnenolone, and progesterone. Individual stable isotope-labeled analogues were used as internal standards. Sample preparation was performed by liquid-liquid extraction, followed by oxime derivatization to improve the ionization efficiency of the analytes. In contrast to the common derivatization-based methods, the reaction was incorporated into the sample preparation process and the only additional step due to the derivatization was a short heating of the autosampler vials before the sample injection. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase column using a methanol-water gradient. For the analyte detection, a triple quadrupole instrument with electrospray ionization was used. Total run time was 7.0 min and the lower limits of quantification were in the range of 0.03-0.34 nM (0.01-0.10 ng/ml), depending on the analyte. The method was validated using human serum samples from both sexes and applied for the serum steroid profiling of endometriosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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28
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Zoerner AA, Gutzki FM, Batkai S, May M, Rakers C, Engeli S, Jordan J, Tsikas D. Quantification of endocannabinoids in biological systems by chromatography and mass spectrometry: A comprehensive review from an analytical and biological perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:706-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Jeilani YA, Cardelino BH, Ibeanusi VM. Hydrogen rearrangement and ring cleavage reactions study of progesterone by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and density functional theory. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:625-634. [PMID: 21656611 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation mechanisms of progesterone have been studied by triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) and density functional theory (DFT). Mechanisms leading to major product ions are proposed. The data suggest that progesterone fragments preferentially via hydrogen and other rearrangements lead to neutral losses. These fragmentations are quite complex and are preceded by σ-bond cleavages in most cases. Four major pathways for progesterone fragmentation are proposed involving: (1) cleavage of ring B at C9-C10, (2) cleavage of C6-C7 bond in ring B through m/z 191, (3) two types of cleavages of ring D, and (4) ketene elimination in ring A. Pathways (1)-(3) proceed via charge-remote fragmentations while pathway (4) proceeds via charge-site initiated mechanism. The geometry of product ions in these pathways were optimized using DFT at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory from which the free energies of the pathways were calculated. The effect that the choice of basis sets and density functionals has on the results was tested by performing additional calculations using B3LYP/6-31G(d) and B3PW91/6-311G(d,p).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin A Jeilani
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
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30
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Gray BP, Teale P, Pearce CM. Analysis of methyloxime derivatives of intact esters of testosterone and boldenone in equine plasma using ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:206-13. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Baranov PA, Appolonova SA, Rodchenkov GM. The potential use of complex derivatization procedures in comprehensive HPLC-MS/MS detection of anabolic steroids. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:475-88. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Regal P, Nebot C, Vázquez BI, Cepeda A, Fente C. Determination of naturally occurring progestogens in bovine milk as their oxime derivatives using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:1621-1627. [PMID: 20564454 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormones and hormone-like substances which are present in the environment have been repeatedly accused of being the cause of most endocrine disruption. However, the possible role of endogenous hormones in food of animal origin deserves to be discussed as well. The relation between steroid hormones and several human health problems has been previously reported, such as prostate and breast cancer, perturbation of human reproduction and endocrine disruption on humans and wildlife. This research is particularly concerned with cow's milk, which contains a considerable amount of sex hormones. RESULTS A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of four naturally occurring steroid hormones in commercial bovine milk (pregnenolone (P5), progesterone (P4), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-OHP5), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (P4)). Oxime derivatives of steroids were analyzed in positive ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode. Methodology has been validated according to Decision 2002/657/EC criteria. CONCLUSION This method has been successfully used in real samples. It is fast and easy-handling and provides a useful tool for the assessment of progestogens in bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
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Regal P, Nebot C, Vázquez B, Cepeda A, Fente C. Determination of the hormonal growth promoter 17α-methyltestosterone in food-producing animals: Bovine hair analysis by HPLC–MS/MS. Meat Sci 2010; 84:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Regal P, Vázquez B, Franco C, Cepeda A, Fente C. Quantitative LC–MS/MS method for the sensitive and simultaneous determination of natural hormones in bovine serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2457-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Liu X, Zhou Y, Chen H, Peng S, Gu Y, Ding L. Detection of carbonyl groups in triterpenoids by hydroxylamine hydrochloride derivatization using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:1981-1992. [PMID: 18494003 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) sensitivity enhancement method for detecting carbonyl groups in triterpenoids has been developed by using hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH(2)OH . HCl) as a derivatization reagent. We use the oxime formed during the derivatization reactions and its Beckmann rearrangement intermediates as a means of detecting the carbonyl groups originally present in these triterpenoids. In comparison with other derivatization methods reported in the literature, this method is simple, specific and can be used to detect carbonyl groups in triterpenoids which have low polarity and are poorly or non-ionizable. Moreover, it can also be used to detect hydroxyl groups by using the Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) to convert primary and secondary hydroxyls into carbonyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, People's Republic of China
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36
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Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Capillary liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry for the study of neurosteroids and oxysterols in brain. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:506-21. [PMID: 17850923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids and neurosterols are found in brain at low levels (ng/g-microg/g) against a high background of cholesterol (mg/g). As such their analysis can be challenging. Traditionally, these molecules have been analysed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS), however, the absence of molecular ions in GC-MS spectra, even from derivatised molecules, can make the discovery and identification of novel neurosteroids/sterols difficult. To avoid this scenario, liquid chromatography (LC) combined with desorption ionisation methods are employed. In this review we discuss the application of LC-MS and LC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the identification of neurosteroids/sterols, paying particular attention to the use of low-flow-rate LC to maximise chromatographic and mass spectrometric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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37
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Hu R, Zhang L, Yang Z. Picogram determination of estrogens in water using large volume injection gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:349-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kalhorn TF, Page ST, Howald WN, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Analysis of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone from biological fluids as the oxime derivatives using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3200-6. [PMID: 17764104 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) from biological fluids has been developed. Commercially available deuterated analogues were used as internal standards. Steroids were extracted from serum or testicular fluid with hexane/ethyl acetate, evaporated to dryness, and treated with hydroxylamine to form their oxime derivatives. Upon chromatographic separation, the compounds were quantified using selected reaction monitoring (SRM). For T, the [M+H](+) ion at m/z 304 and the fragment ion at m/z 124 were used as the precursor and product ions. For DHT the ion cluster [M+H+ACN](+) at m/z 347 and the dissociated ion [M+H](+) at m/z 306 were used as the precursor and product ions, respectively. The limits of detectability on-column were in the sub-femtomole range for both compounds and the intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) for analysis from serum was less than 7% for both compounds. Given its high reproducibility, sensitivity, and relative simplicity, this assay should be of use in determining androgen levels in biospecimens, particularly in settings where sample quantity or steroid concentration are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Kalhorn
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA.
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Jiang X, Ory DS, Han X. Characterization of oxysterols by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after one-step derivatization with dimethylglycine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:141-52. [PMID: 17154356 PMCID: PMC2151840 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel approach to derivatize the primary, secondary, and tertiary hydroxy group(s) of oxysterols with N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) in the presence of both 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine to yield their corresponding mono- or di-DMG esters. Eight oxysterols including 7-oxocholesterol, 5alpha,6alpha- and 5beta,6beta-epoxycholesterols, as well as 7alpha-, 7beta-, 24(S)-, 25-, and 27-hydroxycholesterols, were studied. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric characterization of these singly or doubly protonated derivatives demonstrates the presence of an informative fragmentation pattern for each oxysterol derivative. Potential dissociation pathways for the production of these unique fragmentation patterns are proposed and discussed. Collectively, these informative and unique fragmentation patterns allow rapid and direct discrimination of the identities of 7alpha-, 7beta-, 24(S)-, 25-, and 27-hydroxycholesterol isomers, as well as 5alpha,6alpha- and 5beta,6beta-epoxycholesterol isomers, thereby potentially providing a foundation for quantitative analysis of oxysterols in biological samples in combination with a chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuntian Jiang
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel S. Ory
- The Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- *Correspondence to: X. Han, Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8020, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA., E-mail:
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Wang Y, Karu K, Griffiths WJ. Analysis of neurosterols and neurosteroids by mass spectrometry. Biochimie 2006; 89:182-91. [PMID: 17126470 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In man the brain represents about 2% of the body weight, but contains 25% of the body's cholesterol. Cholesterol itself does not cross the blood-brain barrier and is synthesised in situ. Excess cholesterol from brain is exported in the form of oxysterols, or metabolised to steroids, which in contrast to cholesterol can cross the blood-brain barrier. Steroids and oxysterols may be synthesised in brain, but can also be transported into brain from peripheral tissue. Both oxysterols and steroids have biological activity in brain. They can behave as ligands for classical nuclear receptors, and exert their effects over hours to days, or interact with neurotransmitter gated ion channels and modulate neural transmission exerting their effects in milliseconds. The exact sterol and steroid content of brain has yet to be thoroughly characterised. In this mini-review we will discuss mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of steroids and sterols in brain, and propose methods suitable for the profiling of different brain regions with high sensitivity (sub pg) and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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41
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Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Roberts WL, Pattison EG, Owen WE, Bunker AM, Meikle AW. Development and performance evaluation of a tandem mass spectrometry assay for 4 adrenal steroids. Clin Chem 2006; 52:1559-67. [PMID: 16777916 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.068445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by a deficiency of 1 of 4 enzymes required for the synthesis of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones. Analysis of 11-deoxycortisol (11DC), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17OHPr), and pregnenolone (Pr) in blood allows detection of these enzyme defects. METHODS The steroids were extracted from 200 microL of serum or plasma by solid-phase extraction, derivatized to form oximes, and extracted again with methyl t-butyl ether. Instrumental analysis was performed on an API 4000 tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization in positive mode and multiple reaction-monitoring acquisition. RESULTS The limits of detection were 0.025 microg/L for 11DC, 17OHP, and Pr and 0.10 microg/L for 17OHPr. The method was linear to 100 microg/L for 11DC, 17OHP, and Pr, respectively, and to 40 microg/L for 17OHPr. Within- and between-run (total) imprecision (CVs) were <7.1% and 11%, respectively. Reference intervals for children in Tanner stages 1 through 5 and adult males and females for 17OHP, 11DC, Pr, and 17OHPr were established. Prepared samples were stable for >72 h. CONCLUSIONS The detection limit and selectivity of this method and its small sample volume requirement allow analysis of endogenous concentrations of adrenal steroids in serum or plasma from children and adults. The method thus has an important potential role in the evaluation of the status of 4 of the enzymes involved in adrenal steroid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Kushnir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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42
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Guan F, Soma LR, Luo Y, Uboh CE, Peterman S. Collision-induced dissociation pathways of anabolic steroids by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:477-489. [PMID: 16488153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic steroids are structurally similar compounds, and their product-ion spectra obtained by tandem mass spectrometry under electrospray ionization conditions are quite difficult to interpret because of poly-ring structures and lack of a charge-retaining center in their chemical structures. In the present study, the fragmentation of nine anabolic steroids of interest to the racing industry was investigated by using triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer, and a linear ion trap instrument. With the aid of an expert system software (Mass Frontier version 3.0), accurate mass measurements, and multiple stage tandem mass spectrometric (MS(n)) experiments, fragmentation pathways were elucidated for boldenone, methandrostenolone, tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), trenbolone, normethandrolone and mibolerone. Small differences in the chemical structures of the steroids, such as an additional double-bond or a methyl group, result in significantly different fragmentation pathways. The fragmentation pathways proposed in this paper allow interpretation of major product ions of other anabolic steroids reported by other researchers in a recent publication. The proposed fragmentation pathways are helpful for characterization of new steroids. The approach used in this study for elucidation of the fragmentation pathways is helpful in interpretation of complicated product-ion spectra of other compounds, drugs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Guan
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lawrence R Soma
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cornelius E Uboh
- Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Alvelius G, Liu S, Bodin K, Sjövall J. Analysis of oxysterols by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:341-62. [PMID: 16442307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol. They are intermediates in cholesterol excretion pathways and may also be regarded as transport forms of cholesterol. The introduction of additional hydroxyl groups to the cholesterol skeleton facilitates the flux of oxysterols across the blood brain barrier, and oxysterols have been implicated in mediating a number of cholesterol-induced metabolic effects. Oxysterols are difficult to analyze by atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry on account of the absence of basic or acidic functional groups in their structures. In this communication, we report a method for the derivatization and analysis of oxysterols by electrospray mass spectrometry. Oxysterols with a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta5 structure were converted by cholesterol oxidase to 3-oxo-Delta4 steroids and then derivatized with the Girard P reagent to give Girard P hydrazones, which were subsequently analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. The improvement in sensitivity for the analysis of 25-hydroxycholesterol upon oxidation and derivatization was over 1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Zaikin VG, Halket JM. Derivatization in mass spectrometry--8. Soft ionization mass spectrometry of small molecules. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2006; 12:79-115. [PMID: 16723751 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two reviews devoted to derivatization approaches for "soft" ionization mass spectrometry (FAB, MALDI, ESI, APCI) and deals, in particular, with small molecules. The principles of the main "soft" ionization mass spectrometric methods as well as the reasons for derivatizing small molecules are briefly described. Derivatization methods for modification of amines, carboxylic acids, amino acids, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, monosaccharides, thiols, unsaturated and aromatic compounds etc. to improve their ionizability and to enhance structure information content are discussed. The use of "fixed"-charge bearing derivatization reagents is especially emphasized. Chemical aspects of derivatization and "soft" ionization mass spectrometric properties of derivatives are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 29, 119991Moscow, Russia.
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Smyth WF. Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry in drug analysis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1334-57. [PMID: 15761915 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A critical review of applications for the period 2000-2004, taken from the Web of Knowledge database, of the technique capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) in drug analysis is presented. The review is concerned with molecules of mass less than 500 Da, chosen according to selected structural classes in which they give ESI signals primarily as [M+H](+) ions although other ions, such as [M-H](-), [M+Na](+), and [M+NH(4)](+), are also reported. These structural classes are drugs with amine-containing side chains, drugs with N-containing saturated ring structures, 1,4-benzodiazepines, other heterocyclic hypnotics, carbohydrates, sulphonylureas, anthracyclines, sulphonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, nitrocatechols, steroids, flavonoids/polyphenols, cannabinols, and miscellaneous molecules. Details are given on the fragmentations, where available, that these ionic species exhibit in-source and in ion-trap, triple quadrupole, and time of flight-mass spectrometers. The review gives a critical evaluation of these recent CE-ESI-MS analytical methods in drug analysis. Analytical information on, for example, sample concentration techniques, CE separation conditions, recoveries from biological media and limits of detection (LODs) are provided. Potential applications of CE-MS to particular drugs or drug classes are also briefly discussed in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Franklin Smyth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co Derry, Northern Ireland.
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Han X, Yang K, Cheng H, Fikes KN, Gross RW. Shotgun lipidomics of phosphoethanolamine-containing lipids in biological samples after one-step in situ derivatization. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1548-60. [PMID: 15834120 PMCID: PMC2141546 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d500007-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a novel methodology for the analysis of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (PE) and lysoPE molecular species directly from lipid extracts of biological samples. Through brief treatment of lipid extracts with fluorenylmethoxylcarbonyl (Fmoc) chloride, PE and lysoPE species were selectively derivatized to their corresponding carbamates. The reaction solution was infused directly into the ion source of an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer after appropriate dilution. The facile loss of the Fmoc moiety dramatically enhanced the analytic sensitivity and allowed the identification and quantitation of low-abundance molecular species. A detection limitation of attomoles (amoles) per microliter for PE and lysoPE analysis was readily achieved using this technique (at least a 100-fold improvement from our previous method) with a >15,000-fold dynamic range. Through intrasource separation and multidimensional mass spectrometry array analysis of derivatized species, marked improvements in signal-to-noise ratio, molecular species identification, and quantitation can be realized. The procedure is both simple and effective and can be extended to analyze many other lipid classes or other cellular metabolites by adjustments in specific derivatization conditions. Thus, through judicious derivatization, a new dimension exploiting specific functional reactivities in each lipid class can be used in conjunction with shotgun lipidomics to penetrate farther into the low-abundance regime of cellular lipidomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Han
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Higashi T, Takido N, Shimada K. Studies on neurosteroids XVII. Analysis of stress-induced changes in neurosteroid levels in rat brains using liquid chromatography-electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Steroids 2005; 70:1-11. [PMID: 15610891 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of stress-induced changes in the brain neurosteroid levels by liquid chromatography (LC)-electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (ECAPCI-MS) is described. In the present method, neurosteroids were derivatized with a highly electron-affinitive reagent, 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine (NFPH), to convert them to the corresponding hydrazones. The derivatized steroids showed over a 20-fold higher sensitivity in ECAPCI-MS than intact steroids measured by positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. Application of this method to the analysis of rat brain samples confirmed the significant increase in the levels of pregnenolone (PREG), progesterone (PROG), 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone (DHPROG), allopregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregn-20-one; AP), and epiallopregnanolone (3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-pregn-20-one; EpiAP) in the fixated rats. The din stress, which we examined as a new short-term mental stress model, also elevated the brain neurosteroid levels. It is known that various types of stress lower the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor function and induce the neuronal overexcitation. The increase in the brain level of AP, a potent positive modulator of GABA(A) receptors, may be the defensive response against acute stress. The increase in the brain concentration of its precursors, PREG, PROG, and DHPROG, may be associated with the acceleration of the AP synthesis. Thus, the present studies suggest that changes in the brain levels of neurosteroids may play an important role in the homeostatic mechanisms that counteract the inhibitory effect of stress on the GABA(A) receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Abstract
Cholesterol and its metabolites, e.g., steroid hormones and bile acids, constitute a class of compounds of great biological importance. Their chemistry, biochemistry, and regulation in the body have been intensely studied for more than two centuries. The author has studied aspects of the biochemistry and clinical chemistry of steroids and bile acids for more than 50 years, and this paper, which is an extended version of the Schroepfer Medal Award lecture, reviews and discusses part of this work. Development and application of analytical methods based on chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) have been a central part of many projects, aiming at detailed characterization and quantification of metabolic profiles of steroids and bile acids under different conditions. In present terminology, much of the work may be termed steroidomics and cholanoidomics. Topics discussed are bile acids in human bile and feces, bile acid production, bacterial dehydroxylation of bile acids and steroids during the enterohepatic circulation, profiles of steroid sulfates in plasma of humans and other primates, development of neutral and ion-exchanging lipophilic derivatives of Sephadex for sample preparation and group separation of steroid and bile acid conjugates, profiles of steroids and bile acids in human urine under different conditions, hydroxylation of bile acids in liver disease, effects of alcohol-induced redox changes on steroid synthesis and metabolism, alcohol-induced changes of bile acid biosynthesis, compartmentation of bile acid synthesis studied with 3H-labeled ethanol, formation and metabolism of sulfated metabolites of progesterone in human pregnancy, abnormal patterns of these in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy corrected by ursodeoxycholic acid, inherited and acquired defects of bile acid biosynthesis and their treatment, conjugation of bile acids and steroids with N-acetylglucosamine, sulfate-glucuronide double conjugates of hydroxycholesterols, extrahepatic 7alpha-hydroxylation and 3-dehydrogenation of hydroxycholesterols, and extrahepatic formation of C27 bile acids. The final part discusses analysis of free and sulfated steroids in brain tissue by capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray MS and suggests a need for reevaluation of the function of steroid sulfates in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sjövall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lisurek M, Kang MJ, Hartmann RW, Bernhardt R. Identification of monohydroxy progesterones produced by CYP106A2 using comparative HPLC and electrospray ionisation collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:677-82. [PMID: 15178459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two previously uncharacterised products, produced by recombinant CYP106A2 of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 13368 using progesterone as substrate, were identified. For this purpose a combination of comparative HPLC and electrospray ionisation collision induced dissociation mass spectrometry (ESI CID MS) was established and applied for rapid identification of the steroids, which were identified as 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 9alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. The pharmaceutical relevance of these steroids is discussed. Furthermore, the hydroxylation activity was quantified for all monohydroxylation products (15beta-hydroxyprogesterone, 6beta-hydroxyprogesterone, 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 9alpha-hydroxyprogesterone). The V(max) values for 15beta-hydroxyprogesterone, 6beta-hydroxyprogesterone, 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 9alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were determined as 337.3+/-43.7, 22.3+/-0.9, 17.5+/-0.9, and 6.5+/-0.3nmol product/min/nmol CYP106A2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lisurek
- Universität des Saarlandes, FR 8.8-Biochemie, Postfach 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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HIGASHI T, SHIMADA K. High-performance liquid chromatography/electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometric determination of biologically active steroids. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2004. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.53.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya HIGASHI
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Kazutake SHIMADA
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
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