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Cole C, Vinay K, Borradori L, Amber KT. Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Bullous Pemphigoid: The Role of Complement-Independent Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912876. [PMID: 35874745 PMCID: PMC9300999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disease caused by autoantibodies targeting BP180 and BP230. While deposits of IgG and/or complement along the epidermal basement membrane are typically seen suggesting complement -mediated pathogenesis, several recent lines of evidence point towards complement-independent pathways contributing to tissue damage and subepidermal blister formation. Notable pathways include macropinocytosis of IgG-BP180 complexes resulting in depletion of cellular BP180, direct induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines from keratinocytes, as well as IgE autoantibody- and eosinophil-mediated effects. We review these mechanisms which open new perspectives on novel targeted treatment modalities.
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Ågren MS, Chafranska L, Eriksen JO, Forman JL, Bjerrum MJ, Schjerling P, Larsen HF, Cottarelli E, Jorgensen LN, Gjerdrum LMR. Spatial expression of metallothionein, matrix metalloproteinase-1 and Ki-67 in human epidermal wounds treated with zinc and determined by quantitative immunohistochemistry: A randomised double-blind trial. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 100:151147. [PMID: 33485703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reepithelialisation is fundamental to wound healing, but our current understanding largely relies on cellular and animal studies. The aim of the present randomised double-blind three-arm controlled trial was to correlate genuine epidermal wound healing with key proteins and topical zinc treatment in humans. Sixty wounds were produced using deroofed suction blisters in 30 healthy volunteers and randomised to topical zinc sulphate (n = 20), placebo (n = 20), or control (n = 20) treatment for 4 days. All wounds with perilesional skin were processed for automatic immunostaining of paraffin tissue sections with monoclonal antibodies against Ki-67, metallothionein (MT) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1. Protein expression was quantified by automated digital image analysis. Epidermal Ki-67 and MT labelling indices were increased in keratinocytes in the neoepidermis (∼1.1 mm) and at the wound edge (0.5 mm) compared to normal skin. Increased MMP-1 immunostaining was restricted to the neoepidermis. MT was robustly upregulated in the upper dermis of the wounds. Zinc treatment enhanced MMP-1 expression beneath the neoepidermis via paracrine mechanisms and MT under the neoepidermis and in the nonepithelialised wound bed via direct actions of zinc as indicated by the induction of MT2A mRNA but not MMP-1 mRNA in cultured normal human dermal fibroblasts by zinc sulphate. The present human study demonstrates that quantitative immunohistochemistry can identify proteins involved in reepithelialisation and actions of external compounds. Increased dermal MT expression may contribute to the anti-inflammatory activities of zinc and increased MMP-1 levels to promote keratinocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus S Ågren
- Department of Dermatology and Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lana Chafranska
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens Ole Eriksen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Julie Lyng Forman
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten J Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heidi F Larsen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Cottarelli
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lars N Jorgensen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Mette Rahbek Gjerdrum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Zöller NN, Hofmann M, Butting M, Hrgovic I, Bereiter-Hahn J, Bernd A, Kaufmann R, Kippenberger S, Valesky E. Assessment of Melanogenesis in a Pigmented Human Tissue-Cultured Skin Equivalent. Indian J Dermatol 2019; 64:85-89. [PMID: 30983601 PMCID: PMC6440179 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_410_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Organotypic tissue-cultured skin equivalents are used for a broad range of applications either as possible substitute for animal tests or for transplantation in patient-centered care. Aims: In this study, we implemented melanocytes in a tissue-cultured full-thickness skin equivalent, consisting of epidermis and dermis. The versatility of this skin-like model with respect to pigmentation and morphological criteria was tested. Materials and Methods: Pigmented skin equivalents were morphologically characterized, and melanogenesis was evaluated after treatment with kojic acid – a tyrosinase inhibitor and forskolin – a well-known activator of the cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate pathway. Pigmentation was measured either by determination of the extinction at 400 nm after melanin extraction with KOH correlated to a melanin standard curve or by reflectance colorimetric analysis, monitoring reflectance of 660 nm and 880 nm emitting diodes. Results: The morphological analysis revealed characteristic epidermal stratification with melanocytes located at the basal layer. Stimulation with forskolin increased the pigmentation, whereas treatment with kojic acid caused bleaching. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that the herein-introduced organotypic tissue-cultured skin equivalent is comparable to the normal human skin and its versatility in tests regarding skin pigmentation. Therefore, this model might help understand diseases with dysfunctional pigmentation such as melasma, vitiligo, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Nicole Zöller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Hofmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Manuel Butting
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Igor Hrgovic
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - August Bernd
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Kippenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Eva Valesky
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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De Filippis A, Perfetto B, Guerrera LP, Oliviero G, Baroni A. Q-switched 1064 nm Nd-Yag nanosecond laser effects on skin barrier function and on molecular rejuvenation markers in keratinocyte-fibroblasts interaction. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 34:595-605. [PMID: 30276490 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skin represents an interface between internal and external environment; it protects human body by regulating the water loss and the maintenance of body temperature, defending against irritant and pathogen agents, and against physical, chemical, and UV damage. It provides to essential physiological functions, such as the important antioxidant defense capacity; its protective/defensive function is performed by a high number of proteins, and shows important functions in maintenance of skin barrier homeostasis. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts play a pivotal role to determine or prevent skin aging in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli, modulating cytokines and several biochemical factors. Non-ablative technologies are playing an increasing role in the management of skin aging, inducing a dermal remodeling without a visible epidermal damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Q-switched 1064 Nd-YAG laser (Medlite Conbio C6 Nd-YAG laser, Cynosure USA) in skin barrier function, analyzing the constituents which are strongly altered in aging skin. Particularly, we evaluated the expression of filaggrin, TGase, HSP70, and aquaporins, on HaCaT cells. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines has been investigated too.As a second step of the study, we analyzed the modulation of the rejuvenation molecular markers on human skin fibroblasts (HDFs) stimulated with keratinocytes conditioned medium (KCM).Our results demonstrated that Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser acts on the skin barrier function, increasing the expression of aquaporins, filaggrin, TGase, and HSP70, modulating the proinflammatory cytokines. In fibroblasts stimulated with keratinocytes conditioned medium (KCM) and irradiated with Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser, we can observe a reduction of MMP-1 and an increase in procollagen, collagen type I, and elastin. Our results highlight that Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser treatment could represent an effective weapon to fight skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Perfetto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Pio Guerrera
- Department of Mental Health and Physics and Preventive Medicine, Unit of Dermatology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Oliviero
- Department of Mental Health and Physics and Preventive Medicine, Unit of Dermatology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Adone Baroni
- Department of Mental Health and Physics and Preventive Medicine, Unit of Dermatology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
Systemic and localized scleroderma are difficult to manage diseases with no accepted gold standard of therapy to date. Phototherapeutic modalities for scleroderma show promise. A PubMed search of information on phototherapy for scleroderma was conducted. The information was classified into effects on pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. Studies on photopheresis were excluded. There were no randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, and only three controlled studies. The vast majority of identified studies evaluated ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) phototherapy. More rigorous studies are needed to evaluate phototherapy in the treatment of scleroderma. Based on the limited studies available, 20-50 J/cm2 of UVA1 therapy 3-4 times a week for 30 treatments is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hassani
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Epithelial–mesenchymal interaction during photodynamic therapy-induced photorejuvenation. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:493-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Chen Y, Li G, Huang LYM. p38 MAPK mediates glial P2X7R-neuronal P2Y1R inhibitory control of P2X3R expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Mol Pain 2015; 11:68. [PMID: 26542462 PMCID: PMC4635984 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that endogenously active purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) in satellite glial cells of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) stimulate ATP release. The ATP activates P2Y1Rs located in the enwrapped neuronal somata, resulting in down-regulation of P2X3Rs. This P2X7R-P2Y1-P2X3R inhibitory control significantly reduces P2X3R-mediated nociceptive responses. The underlying mechanism by which the activation of P2Y1Rs inhibits the expression of P2X3Rs remains unexplored. Results Examining the effect of the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase on the expression of P2X3Rs in DRGs, we found that the p38 activator, anisomycin (Anis), reduced the expression of P2X3Rs. Blocking the activity of SGCs by the glial Krebs cycle inhibitor, fluorocitrate, did not change the effect of Anis. These results suggest that neuronal p38 plays a major role in the inhibition of P2X3R expression. Western blotting analyses showed that inhibiting P2Y1Rs by MRS2179 (MRS) or blocking P2X7Rs by either oxATP or A740003 reduced pp38 and increased P2X3R expression in DRGs. These results are further supported by the immunohistochemical study showing that P2X7R and P2Y1R antagonists reduce the percentage of pp38-positive neurons. These observations suggest that activation of P2X7Rs and P2Y1Rs promotes p38 activity to exert inhibitory control on P2X3R expression. Since activation of p38 by Anis in the presence of either A740003 or MRS could overcome the block of P2X7R-P2Y1R inhibitory control, p38 in DRG neurons is downstream of P2Y1Rs. In addition, inhibition of p38 by SB202190 was found to prevent the P2X7R and P2Y1R block of P2X3R expression and increase P2X3R-mediated nociceptive flinch behaviors. Conclusions p38 in DRG neurons downstream of P2Y1R is necessary and sufficient for the P2X7R-P2Y1R inhibitory control of P2X3R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-1069, USA.
| | - Guangwen Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-1069, USA.
| | - Li-Yen Mae Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-1069, USA.
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Golinski P, Menke H, Hofmann M, Valesky E, Butting M, Kippenberger S, Bereiter-Hahn J, Bernd A, Kaufmann R, Zoeller NN. Development and Characterization of an Engraftable Tissue-Cultured Skin Autograft: Alternative Treatment for Severe Electrical Injuries. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:227-39. [PMID: 26303436 DOI: 10.1159/000433519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Optimizing the treatment regimens of extensive or nonhealing defects is a constant challenge. Tissue-cultured skin autografts may be an alternative to mesh grafts and keratinocyte suspensions that are applied during surgical defect coverage. METHODS Autologous epidermal and dermal cells were isolated, in vitro expanded and seeded on collagen-elastin scaffolds. The developed autograft was immunohistochemically and electron microscopically characterized. Subsequently, it was transplanted onto lesions of a severely burned patient. RESULTS Comparability of the skin equivalent to healthy human skin could be shown due to the epidermal strata, differentiation, proliferation markers and development of characteristics of a functional basal lamina. Approximately 2 weeks after skin equivalent transplantation the emerging new skin correlated closely to the adjacent normal skin. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates the comparability of the developed organotypic skin equivalent to healthy human skin and its versatility for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Golinski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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9
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Zöller N, Valesky E, Butting M, Hofmann M, Kippenberger S, Bereiter-Hahn J, Bernd A, Kaufmann R. Clinical application of a tissue-cultured skin autograft: an alternative for the treatment of non-healing or slowly healing wounds? Dermatology 2014; 229:190-8. [PMID: 25227494 DOI: 10.1159/000362927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment regime of non-healing or slowly healing wounds is constantly improving. One aspect is surgical defect coverage whereby mesh grafts and keratinocyte suspension are applied. OBJECTIVE Tissue-cultured skin autografts may be an alternative for the treatment of full-thickness wounds and wounds that cover large areas of the body surface. METHODS Autologous epidermal and dermal cells were isolated, expanded in vitro and seeded on collagen-elastin scaffolds. The developed autograft was immunohistochemically characterized and subsequently transplanted onto a facial chronic ulceration of a 71-year-old patient with vulnerable atrophic skin. RESULTS Characterization of the skin equivalent revealed comparability to healthy human skin due to the epidermal strata, differentiation and proliferation markers. Within 138 days, the skin structure at the transplantation site closely correlated with the adjacent undisturbed skin. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates the comparability of the developed organotypic skin equivalent to healthy human skin and the versatility for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Zöller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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10
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Yang L, Hashimoto K, Tohyama M, Okazaki H, Dai X, Hanakawa Y, Sayama K, Shirakata Y. Interactions between myofibroblast differentiation and epidermogenesis in constructing human living skin equivalents. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 65:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schneider RK, Anraths J, Kramann R, Bornemann J, Bovi M, Knüchel R, Neuss S. The role of biomaterials in the direction of mesenchymal stem cell properties and extracellular matrix remodelling in dermal tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7948-59. [PMID: 20688387 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new generation of dermal equivalents (DE) was presented which are solely generated on a human fibroblast-derived dermal matrix. Since human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow (BM-MSC) and Wharton's Jelly of the umbilical cord (UC-MSC) are characterised by a distinct biosynthetic and paracrine activity, they are an appealing alternative approach for generating cell-based DE. This study compares the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling of cell-based and collagen-based DE using fibroblasts, BM-MSC or UC-MSC, respectively, in co-culture with the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. While fibroblast-based DE exhibit normal matrix synthesis, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, mesenchymal stem cell-based DE resulted in excessive production of inhomogenous matrix aggregates, loss of polarisation of the epidermal cell layer and an inconstant paracrine activity. In contrast, collagen-embedded MSC revealed a homogenous growth pattern as well as a constant expression of growth factors and ECM proteins without a negative influence on the epidermal layer as shown by histology, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and realtime-RT-PCR. These results indicate the necessity of an instructive biomaterial-based scaffold to direct stem cell differentiation, proliferation, paracrine activity as well as regulation of ECM deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka K Schneider
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Paquet P, Piérard GE. New insights in toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's syndrome): clinical considerations, pathobiology and targeted treatments revisited. Drug Saf 2010; 33:189-212. [PMID: 20158284 DOI: 10.2165/11532540-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), also known as Lyell's syndrome, is a life-threatening drug reaction characterized by extensive destruction of the epidermis and mucosal epithelia. The eyes are typically involved in TEN. At present, the disease has a high mortality rate. Conceptually, TEN and the Stevens-Johnson syndrome are closely related, although their severity and outcome are different. Distinguishing TEN from severe forms of erythema multiforme relies on consideration of aetiological, clinical and histological characteristics. The current understanding of the pathomechanism of TEN suggests that keratinocytes are key initiator cells. It is probable that the combined deleterious effects on keratinocytes of both the cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and oxidative stress induce a combination of apoptotic and necrotic events. As yet, there is no evidence indicating the superiority of monotherapy with corticosteroids, ciclosporin (cyclosporine) or intravenous immunoglobulins over supportive care only for patients with TEN. However, the current theory of TEN pathogenesis supports the administration of a combination of antiapoptotic/antinecrotic drugs (e.g. anti-TNF-alpha antibodies plus N-acetylcysteine) targeting different levels of the keratinocyte failure machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Paquet
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
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13
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UVB and proinflammatory cytokines synergistically activate TNF-alpha production in keratinocytes through enhanced gene transcription. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:994-1001. [PMID: 19005488 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UVB irradiation potently induces cytokines in the skin, including IL-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The mechanism for TNF-alpha induction in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes is not clear. In this study, we explored the effects of UVB and cytokines, alone or in combination in human keratinocytes. Keratinocytes were sham- or UVB-irradiated with 30 mJ cm(-2), and then incubated in the absence or presence of IFN-alpha2b, TNF-alpha, or IL-1alpha. UVB and IL-1alpha treatment synergistically enhanced TNF-alpha secretion and mRNA levels in human keratinocytes, similar to the findings reported previously in human fibroblasts. Exogenous recombinant TNF-alpha up-regulates its own mRNA level. However, addition of IFN-alpha2b did not show any additive effect on TNF-alpha mRNA induction. To understand the regulation of TNF-alpha mRNA by UVB, with or without IL-1alpha, we examined the transcription rate and half-life of TNF-alpha mRNA. Treatment of keratinocytes with IL-1alpha or UVB alone increased TNF-alpha gene transcription 4- to 5-fold over sham treatment, and TNF-alpha gene transcription increased 11-fold in cells treated with UVB plus IL-1alpha over sham. UVB with IL-1alpha did not enhance the half-life of TNF-alpha mRNA over that seen with UVB alone. In conclusion, TNF-alpha expression in primary keratinocytes is upregulated transcriptionally by UVB and IL-1alpha.
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14
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Evaluation of beneficial and adverse effects of glucocorticoids on a newly developed full-thickness skin model. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:747-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Ju Jung E, Kawai T, Ki Park H, Kubo Y, Rokutan K, Arase S. Identification of ultraviolet B-sensitive genes in human peripheral blood cells. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2008; 55:204-10. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.55.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Jung
- Departments of Dermatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Tomoko Kawai
- Department of Stress Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Hwan Ki Park
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research, the University of Tokushima
| | - Yoshiaki Kubo
- Departments of Dermatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Kazuhito Rokutan
- Department of Stress Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Seiji Arase
- Departments of Dermatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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16
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Paus R, Lee PHA, Gallo RL. Viewpoint 6. Exp Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00506_7.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Paus R, Schröder JM, Reich K, Kabashima K, Liu FT, Romani N, Metz M, Kerstan A, Lee PHA, Loser K, Schön MP, Maurer M, Stoitzner P, Beissert S, Tokura Y, Gallo RL, Reich K. Who is really in control of skin immunity underphysiologicalcircumstances - lymphocytes, dendritic cells or keratinocytes? Exp Dermatol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Hsu YC, Hsiao M, Wang LF, Chien YW, Lee WR. Nitric oxide produced by iNOS is associated with collagen synthesis in keloid scar formation. Nitric Oxide 2006; 14:327-34. [PMID: 16517189 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important mediator of many physiological functions. Recent reports have shown that NO participates in the wound healing process, however, its role in keloid formation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of NO on keloid fibroblasts (KF) and to determine the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in clinical specimens of keloid. Scar tissue from seven keloid patients with matched perilesion skin tissue controls was studied for inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and location. In addition, primary keloid and normal scar skin fibroblast cultures were set up to investigate the effects of NO in inducing collagen type I expression. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and NO production were elevated in keloid scar tissues but not in matched perilesion skin tissues. Furthermore, exposure of KF to exogenous NO resulted in increased expression of collagen type I in a dose-dependent manner. NO exposure also induced time-course dependent collagen I expression that peaked at 24h in KF. Taken together, these results indicate that excess collagen formations in keloid lesion may be attributed to iNOS overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chiang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Marionnet C, Pierrard C, Vioux-Chagnoleau C, Sok J, Asselineau D, Bernerd F. Interactions between fibroblasts and keratinocytes in morphogenesis of dermal epidermal junction in a model of reconstructed skin. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:971-9. [PMID: 16528360 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
De novo dermal epidermal junction morphogenesis was studied in a skin model including dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes. Sequential gene expression, protein deposition, and localization of basement membrane zone components were studied during 15 days. The morphogenesis of dermal epidermal junction is characterized by an implementation of the different components and then a subsequent plateau phase occurring at day 11. Three groups of genes were identified depending on cellular origin and expression profile: 1/genes of fibroblastic origin (col I alpha1, col III alpha1, nidogen, and fibrillin 1); 2/genes expressed in fibroblasts and keratinocytes with symmetrical expression pattern between both cell types (col IV alpha1, col VII alpha1, and tenascin C); 3/laminin beta3 only expressed in keratinocytes. Use of modified organotypic models excluding one cell type revealed a tight interplay between fibroblasts and keratinocytes for synthesis and localization of the components of dermal epidermal junction. Keratinocytes downregulated mRNA and proteins of fibroblastic origin, upregulated col VII in fibroblasts and were absolutely required for dermal-epidermal junction localization of fibroblastic proteins. Fibroblasts downregulated mRNA of keratinocytes and were needed for extracellular secretion and correct localization of type VII collagen and laminin 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Marionnet
- L'Oréal Recherche, Centre de Recherche C. Zviak, 90 rue du général Roguet, 92583 Clichy Cedex, France
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20
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Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is an orthopoxvirus whose natural host is the mouse; it is related closely to Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, and Monkeypox virus, the cause of an emerging zoonosis. The recent sequencing of its genome, along with an effective animal model, makes ECTV an attractive model for the study of poxvirus pathogenesis, antiviral and vaccine testing and viral immune and inflammatory responses. This review discusses the pathogenesis of mousepox, modulation of the immune response by the virus and the cytokine and cellular components of the skin and systemic immune system that are critical to recovery from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Esteban
- University of Victoria, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, PO Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria BC, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - R Mark L Buller
- St Louis University Health Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
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Simões RT, Gonçalves MAG, Donadi EA, Simões AL, Bettini JSR, Duarte G, Quintana SM, Carvalho MWP, Soares EG. Association of tumor necrosis factor a-2 and a-8 microsatellite alleles with human papillomavirus and squamous intraepithelial lesions among women in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3932-7. [PMID: 16081933 PMCID: PMC1234004 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.8.3932-3937.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered to be the major risk factor for cervical cancer. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pluripotent cytokine that plays an important role in inhibiting the action of microbial agents, and TNF microsatellite polymorphisms have been associated with several diseases, including cancer and viral infections. This study analyzed the associations between TNFa to -e microsatellite polymorphisms and the severity of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), according to the presence of the oncogenic HPV16 and HPV18 types. Samples from 146 HPV-positive women with low-grade SIL (LSIL) and high-grade SIL (HSIL) and samples from 101 healthy women were studied. TNF microsatellite polymorphism typing and HPV detection and typing were performed using PCR-amplified DNA hybridized with sequence-specific primers. Data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test using the GENEPOP software. Significant associations were observed between LSIL and the TNFa-8 allele (4/166; P = 0.04), as well as between TNFa-2 with HPV18 only (16/44; P = 0.002) and TNFa-2 with HPV18 coinfection with HPV16 (16/44; P = 0.001). Patients exhibiting the TNFa-2 allele and harboring HPV18, in the presence or absence of coinfection with HPV16, had an increased risk of HSIL occurrence (13/38; P = 0.04; 5/10; P = 0.04) compared to patients with other HPV types. These results suggest that the TNFa-8 allele is associated with increased susceptibility to the occurrence of LSIL and that despite the presence of a high TNF-alpha production allele, the ability of HPV18 to resist the inhibitory effects of TNF-alpha may contribute to the occurrence of infection and consequently to HSIL in women with cervical HPV18 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. T. Simões
- Pathology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Mailing address for Renata Simões: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Phone: 55 16 602-3179. Fax: 55 16 633-1068. E-mail: . Mailing address for Maria Alice Guimarães Gonçalves: Division of Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Phone: 55 16 602-3179. Fax: 55 16 633-1068. E-mail:
| | - M. A. G. Gonçalves
- Pathology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Mailing address for Renata Simões: Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Phone: 55 16 602-3179. Fax: 55 16 633-1068. E-mail: . Mailing address for Maria Alice Guimarães Gonçalves: Division of Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Phone: 55 16 602-3179. Fax: 55 16 633-1068. E-mail:
| | - E. A. Donadi
- Pathology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. L. Simões
- Pathology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J. S. R. Bettini
- Pathology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G. Duarte
- Pathology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S. M. Quintana
- Pathology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. W. P. Carvalho
- Pathology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E. G. Soares
- Pathology Department, Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Paquet P, Piérard GE, Quatresooz P. Novel Treatments for Drug-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Lyell’s Syndrome). Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 136:205-16. [PMID: 15713983 DOI: 10.1159/000083947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life-threatening disease characterized by extensive destruction of the epidermis. It apparently results from the formation of specific toxic drug metabolites by the keratinocytes. The mortality rate which averages 25-30% is mainly due to secondary septicemia, and to ionic and metabolic disturbances following loss of epidermal integrity. Apoptosis is the likely mechanism leading to massive keratinocyte death in TEN. Dysregulations in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) pathway, CD95 system (Fas ligand, CD95L; Fas receptor, CD95R) and calcium homeostasis in the epidermis are involved in this apoptotic process. An active role has also been ascribed to T lymphocytes, macrophages and factor XIIIa-positive dermal dendrocytes. Despite progress, treatment of TEN remains controversial. In the past, systemic glucocorticoids were used in order to target the inflammatory reaction in TEN. However, there was no evidence for improvement of the healing process, while corticosteroids worsened the prognosis by increasing the risk of septicemia. Only a few cases have been treated with other drugs including cyclophosphamide, pentoxyfilline, thalidomide, anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and cyclosporin A. In the recent past, some TEN patients were treated with intravenous human immunoglobulins (IVIG). The rationale for such a treatment was to block the CD95 system on keratinocytes. The early promising clinical results of IVIG treatment in TEN were subsequently challenged. This review compares the effectiveness and drawbacks of the major drugs presently used in TEN treatment. Some future prospects in TEN management are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Paquet
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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23
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Park CH, Lee MJ, Ahn J, Kim S, Kim HH, Kim KH, Eun HC, Chung JH. Heat shock-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3 are mediated through ERK and JNK activation and via an autocrine interleukin-6 loop. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 123:1012-9. [PMID: 15610507 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have been performed to elucidate the molecular consequences of ultraviolet irradiation, little is known about the effect of infrared radiation on skin aging. In addition to photons, heat is likely to be generated as a consequence of infrared irradiation, and heat shock is widely considered to be an environmental stress. Here we investigated the effect of heat shock on the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Heat shock induced the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, but not MMP-2, at the mRNA and protein levels in a temperature-dependent manner, and caused the rapid activation of three distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK. The heat shock-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression was suppressed by the inhibition of ERK and JNK but not by p38 MAPK inhibition. Furthermore, heat shock increased the synthesis and release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) into culture media. The specific inhibition of IL-6 using a monoclonal antibody against IL-6 greatly reduced the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 induced by heat shock. Taken together, our results suggest that ERK and JNK play an important role in the induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 by heat shock and that the heat shock-induced expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 is mediated via an IL-6-dependent autocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hyun Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Howell BG, Wang B, Freed I, Mamelak AJ, Watanabe H, Sauder DN. Microarray analysis of UVB-regulated genes in keratinocytes: downregulation of angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin-1. J Dermatol Sci 2004; 34:185-94. [PMID: 15113588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) B light is an environmental mutagen that induces changes in cutaneous gene expression leading to immune suppression and carcinogenesis. Keratinocytes are a primary target for UVB. OBJECTIVE To further delineate UVB-induced gene expression changes in keratinocytes. METHODS cDNA microarray technology was utilized to examine gene expression in normal human KC (NHKC) following 20 mJcm(-2) UVB irradiation. Data was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed 57 genes were upregulated, and 27 genes were downregulated, by at least two-fold following UVB. One downregulated gene was the endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed persistent downregulation of TSP-1 up to 18h following UVB. Microarray analysis also revealed upregulation of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF)--an angiogenesis activator. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a gene expression mechanism by which UVB induces an angiogenic switch in keratinocytes. This may represent an important early event promoting neovascularization and growth of cutaneous neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Howell
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center, Johns Hopkins University, 601 N. Caroline Street, Room 6068, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Hobbs RM, Silva-Vargas V, Groves R, Watt FM. Expression of activated MEK1 in differentiating epidermal cells is sufficient to generate hyperproliferative and inflammatory skin lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123:503-15. [PMID: 15304090 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal activation of Erk MAPK is observed in human psoriatic lesions and in a mouse model of psoriasis in which beta1 integrins are expressed in the suprabasal epidermal layers. Constitutive activation of the upstream kinase MEK1 causes hyperproliferation and perturbed differentiation of human keratinocytes in culture. It is not known, however, whether Erk activation in differentiating keratinocytes is sufficient to trigger hyperproliferation of basal keratinocytes and a skin inflammatory infiltrate. To investigate this, we expressed constitutively active MEK1 in the suprabasal epidermal layers of transgenic mice. Proliferation in the epidermal basal layer was stimulated and epidermal terminal differentiation was perturbed. Some older mice also developed papillomas. There was a large increase in T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in the skin. The effects of suprabasal MEK1 on basal keratinocytes and leukocytes, cells that were transgene negative, suggested that MEK1 activity might stimulate cytokine release. Transgenic keratinocytes expressed elevated IL-1alpha and crossing the mice with mice overexpressing the IL-1 receptor in the epidermal basal layer led to exacerbated hyperproliferation and inflammation. These data suggest that activation of MEK1 downstream of beta1 integrins plays an important role in epidermal hyperproliferation and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Hobbs
- Keratinocyte Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
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26
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Cutaneous Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and Its Potential Role in the Development of Skin Tumors. Dermatol Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200402002-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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NOMURA Y, TANIGUCHI M, MIYATA M, ARIYASU T, YAMAUCHI H, IKEDA M, KURIMOTO M. Interferon-gamma liniment protects hairless mice against ultraviolet irradiation-induced skin damage. Biomed Res 2004. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.25.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Jeng JH, Wang YJ, Chiang BL, Lee PH, Chan CP, Ho YS, Wang TM, Lee JJ, Hahn LJ, Chang MC. Roles of keratinocyte inflammation in oral cancer: regulating the prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6 and TNF-alpha production of oral epithelial cells by areca nut extract and arecoline. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24:1301-15. [PMID: 12807728 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgg083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) chewing is an etiologic factor of oral cancer and submucus fibrosis (OSF). Keratinocyte inflammation is crucial for the pathogenesis of cancer and tissue fibrosis. We found that areca nut (AN) extract (100-400 micro g/ml) induced PGE2 production by KB cells by 2.34- to 23.1-fold and also TNF-alpha production by gingival keratinocytes (GK). Arecoline (0.2-1.2 mM) elevated PGE2 production by KB cells by 2.5- to 6.1-fold. AN extract (200-400 micro g/ml) also induced IL-6 production by GK (7.5- to 8.4-fold) and KB cells. In contrast, arecoline (0.1-1.2 mM) suppressed IL-6 production by GK and KB cells, with 42-81 and 41-63% inhibition, respectively. A 48 h exposure of GK to 800-1200 micro g/ml AN extract led to 37-69% cell death. Arecoline cytotoxicity to GK was noted at concentrations of 0.8-1.2 mM, which led to 28-38% cell death. AN extract (400-800 micro g/ml) induced Cox-2 and IL-6 mRNA expression and also COX-2 protein production by KB cells. IL-6 (5-100 ng/ml) suppressed GK growth by 20-33%, but enhanced oral fibroblast (OMF) and KB cell growth. PGE2 (0.05-5 micro g/ml) and anti-IL-6 antibody (ab) (50-1000 ng/ml) showed little effect on GK and KB cell growth. Incubation of GK and KB cells with aspirin, anti-IL-6 ab and anti-TNF-alpha ab showed little effect on arecoline- and AN-induced cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Exposure to anti-TNF-alpha ab slightly affected arecoline- and AN-modulated PGE2 and IL-6 production by GK and KB cells. Arecoline- and AN-conditioned medium decreased phytohemagglutinin-mediated CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation. These results indicate that BQ chewing contributes to the pathogenesis of cancer and OSF by impairing T cell activation and by induction of PGE2, TNF-alpha and IL-6 production, which affect oral mucosal inflammation and growth of OMF and oral epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Laboratory of Dental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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29
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Sonesson B, Rosengren E, Hansson AS, Hansson C. UVB-induced inflammation gives increased d-dopachrome tautomerase activity in blister fluid which correlates with macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Exp Dermatol 2003; 12:278-82. [PMID: 12823441 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2003.120307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UVB light was used to induce an experimental inflammation in normal human skin in order to investigate its correlation with the activity of the newly described enzyme d-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) in the fluid of experimental blisters. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) activity was determined as a closely related marker of inflammation. DDT and MIF activities were demonstrated in blister fluids in all 10 healthy subjects. All but one of these subjects showed increased activity of DDT and MIF after three minimal erythemal doses (MED) of UVB. The mean activity of DDT increased approximately twofold and the mean activity of MIF also increased twofold after UVB in our experimental model. We found a strong correlation between DDT and MIF activities. The presence of DDT in epidermis and its increase at UV irradiation was confirmed by immunohistochemical studies. In this study, DDT is for the first time demonstrated in the skin. It is also the first time DDT can be related to inflammation, and its covariation with MIF strengthens this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Sonesson
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
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30
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Becker B, Vogt T, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Detection of differentially regulated genes in keratinocytes by cDNA array hybridization: Hsp27 and other novel players in response to artificial ultraviolet radiation. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:983-8. [PMID: 11407992 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
cDNA array technology was used to identify novel genes participating in the ultraviolet response of cultured human keratinocytes. cDNA arrays representing more than 50,000 different cDNA clones were hybridized with complex probes generated by SMART-polymerase chain reaction amplification of 150 ng of total RNA extracted 24 h after ultraviolet irradiation. Fifty-one clones with differential hybridization signals were detected, representing 19 different sequences; 10 known genes (seven ultraviolet induced, three ultraviolet suppressed) and further nine expressed sequence tags of unknown genes. In seven of 10 genes the data from cDNA arrays probed with SMART-cDNA could be confirmed by northern blot analysis. The 27 kDa heat shock protein mRNA was induced. Keratins 6 and 17, markers for the hyperproliferative status of keratinocytes, were among the ultraviolet suppressed genes. The change of expression profile of keratins indicates a differentiation towards a phenotype of keratinocytes present in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. These mechanisms may contribute to the ultraviolet protective function of the epidermis and to the anti-proliferative action of ultraviolet in the therapy of psoriasis. We also detected an induction of adenylyl cyclase associated protein and the suppression of G(s)alpha (a stimulating subunit of the trimeric membrane bound GTPase).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Becker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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31
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Schmidt E, Reimer S, Kruse N, Jainta S, Bröcker EB, Marinkovich MP, Giudice GJ, Zillikens D. Autoantibodies to BP180 associated with bullous pemphigoid release interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 from cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:842-8. [PMID: 11069622 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid is an inflammatory subepidermal blistering disease that is associated with auto- antibodies to the keratinocyte surface protein, BP180. In addition to the binding of autoantibodies, the infiltration of inflammatory cells is necessary for blister formation. Cytokines, including interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, have been implicated in the disease process of both human and experimental murine bullous pemphigoid. This study was aimed at testing the hypothesis that the binding of anti-BP180 antibodies to their target antigen triggers a signal transduction event that results in the secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Consistent with this hypothesis, treatment of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes with bullous pemphigoid IgG, but not control IgG, led to increased levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, but not interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, in the culture medium. This effect was concentration- and time-dependent and was abolished by depleting the bullous pemphigoid IgG of reactivity to two distinct epitopes on the BP180 NC16A domain. Upregulation of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 was found at both protein and mRNA levels. In addition, bullous pemphigoid IgG did not induce the release of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 from BP180-deficient keratinocytes obtained from a patient with generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa. These data indicate that bullous pemphigoid-associated autoantibodies to the human BP180 ectodomain trigger a signal transducing event that leads to expression and secretion of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 from human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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32
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Werth VP, Zhang W, Dortzbach K, Sullivan K. Association of a promoter polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and distinct photoregulation of transcription. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:726-30. [PMID: 10998151 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation stimulates keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts to release cytokines involved in apoptosis and immunomodulation, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1alpha. Recent work has associated the -308A polymorphism of the human tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter with systemic lupus erythematosus and adverse outcomes in several infectious diseases. To explore the role of this polymorphism in ultraviolet-induced disease, we used two approaches. First, we examined its prevalence in individuals with different ultraviolet sensitivity. Compared with healthy controls, there was a substantially increased prevalence of -308A in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, an extremely photosensitive form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus, but not in discoid lupus erythematosus, a less photosensitive form. Next, to examine molecular regulation by tumor necrosis factor -308A, cultured 3T3 fibroblasts were transiently transfected with chloramphenicol acetyl transferase reporter constructs under the control of either -308A or the wild-type -308G promoter. Without added interleukin-1alpha the two constructs produced similar baseline chloramphenicol acetyl transferase activity and similar responses to ultraviolet. The responses to interleukin-1alpha, a photoinduced cytokine, were markedly different: interleukin-1alpha without ultraviolet produced a 15-fold increase in chloramphenicol acetyl transferase transcription from the -308A construct without affecting the wild-type -308G. Interleukin-1alpha plus ultraviolet B caused a remarkable 300-fold increase in -308A chloramphenicol acetyl transferase transcription over baseline, while increasing the wild type to <15% of this level. These results indicate a clear difference between the two promoters, including a striking synergy between ultraviolet B and added interleukin-1alpha in the induction of transcription by the tumor necrosis factor-alpha -308A promoter. Overall, our findings indicate a strong linkage between the -308A polymorphism and subacute systemic lupus erythematosus, which is likely to directly contribute to the photosensitivity of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Werth
- The University of Pennsylvania, VA Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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33
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Kligman LH, Yang S, Schwartz E. Steady-state mRNA levels of interleukin-1, integrins, cJun, and cFos in hairless mouse skin during short-term chronic UV exposure and the effect of topical tretinoin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 1999; 15:198-204. [PMID: 10540944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.1999.tb00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have proposed that UV activation of cytokine and integrin signaling pathways may initiate the photoaging process and that one of the effects of tretinoin treatment may be to alter the cytokine and integrin patterns. In previous results, steady-state mRNA levels of interleukin-1alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, transforming growth factor beta, collagenase, stromelysin, collagen, and integrins (alpha1 and alpha2) were increased in the skin of hairless mice that were either UV treated or concurrently treated with UV followed by topical tretinoin for 5 weeks. The aim of this study was to focus on the expression of alpha1, alpha2 and alpha5 integrins, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, cJun, and cFos at an earlier time point (3 weeks). Animals were UV irradiated thrice weekly for 3 weeks and were treated topically with either 0.05% tretinoin or the vehicle immediately after each exposure. Total RNA was prepared and used in RT-PCR with radiolabeled dCTP and specific primers. UV slightly increased steady-state mRNA levels for alpha1, alpha2 and alpha5 integrins whereas UV + tretinoin increased their expression (3-, 2- and 7-fold respectively). Steady-state mRNA levels for IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and cJun were increased with UV (3-, 12- and 6-fold respectively) and with UV + tretinoin (6-, 7- and 9-fold respectively). In contrast, cFos expression was unchanged. In situ staining for IL-1alpha mRNA was slightly more abundant in mice treated for 3 weeks with UV and UV + tretinoin than in controls whereas 5 weeks of UV + tretinoin treatment gave strongly positive staining. Results are consistent with cytokines and integrins mediating the effects of UV on the skin, with modulation of these effects by tretinoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Kligman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Brenneisen P, Wlaschek M, Wenk J, Blaudschun R, Hinrichs R, Dissemond J, Krieg T, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Ultraviolet-B induction of interstitial collagenase and stromelyin-1 occurs in human dermal fibroblasts via an autocrine interleukin-6-dependent loop. FEBS Lett 1999; 449:36-40. [PMID: 10225423 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B irradiation of human dermal fibroblasts has earlier been shown to induce matrix-degrading metalloproteinases, thus driving connective tissue degradation in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Herein, we report that Ultraviolet-B irradiation led to a dramatic increase in specific mRNA and protein levels of interstitial collagenase, stromelysin and interleukin-6. By contrast, the major tissue inhibitor of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases, TIMP-1, was unaffected. Monospecific neutralizing antibodies directed against human interleukin-6 significantly reduced the interstitial collagenase and stromelysin-1 protein levels. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that Ultraviolet-B induction of interstitial collagenase and stromelysin-1 occurs via the synthesis and release of interleukin-6. Hence, this newly identified autocrine mechanism may contribute to dermal photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brenneisen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Germany
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35
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Soriani M, Luscher P, Tyrrell RM. Direct and indirect modulation of ornithine decarboxylase and cyclooxygenase by UVB radiation in human skin cells. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:727-32. [PMID: 10223206 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.4.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) B radiation is responsible for skin inflammation and tumour progression. Cyclooxygenase and ornithine decarboxylase are believed to be involved in such processes since they participate in the synthesis of mediators of inflammation and cell differentiation, respectively. We have investigated the in vitro modulation of expression of such genes by UVB radiation in different skin cell lines. We have observed that accumulation of ornithine decarboxylase mRNA is unaffected by even high UVB doses in both human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, whereas cyclooxygenase-2 levels were significantly up-regulated by low UVB doses in KB human epidermoid keratinocytes. Depletion of total intracellular glutathione levels in KB cells amplified the activation, revealing a role for an oxidative component of UVB in modulating cyclooxygenase gene expression. Transfer of medium from UVB irradiated keratinocytes to fibroblasts resulted in a significant activation of cyclooxygenase expression and activity, while ornithine decarboxylase levels were unaffected. We conclude that UVB radiation can activate cyclooxygenase gene expression in human skin cells both by direct activation pathways or indirectly by inducing a paracrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soriani
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Switzerland
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36
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Pei Y, Barber LA, Murphy RC, Johnson CA, Kelley SW, Dy LC, Fertel RH, Nguyen TM, Williams DA, Travers JB. Activation of the Epidermal Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Results in Cytokine and Cyclooxygenase-2 Biosynthesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.4.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) is involved in keratinocyte function and skin inflammation. Indeed, PAF is found in association with inflammatory skin diseases, intradermal injections of PAF induce inflammation, and keratinocytes express functional PAF receptors (PAF-R). One mechanism by which the keratinocyte PAF-R could contribute to epidermal functions and inflammatory states would be through the synthesis of inflammatory regulators, such as PAF, PGs, and cytokines. The ability of the epidermal PAF-R to induce the synthesis of these immunomodulators was tested using a model system created by transduction of the PAF-R-negative human epidermal cell line KB with the PAF-R. Activation of this epidermal PAF-R resulted in arachidonic acid release, and the biosynthesis of PAF and PGE2. In addition, the KB PAF-R triggered increased levels of mRNA and protein for the inducible isozyme of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) as well as IL-6 and IL-8, both of which have been implicated in skin inflammatory processes. Studies with the human keratinocyte-derived epidermal cell line HaCaT revealed that activation of the endogenous PAF-R led to the increased accumulation of COX-2, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA similar to that seen with the KB PAF-R model system. Finally, treatment of HaCaT keratinocytes with IL-8 resulted in PAF biosynthesis, indicating the existence of a positive feedback loop between IL-8 and PAF in epidermal cells. These studies suggest involvement of PAF and the PAF-R in the epidermal cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pei
- *Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics,
| | | | - Robert C. Murphy
- §Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206; and
| | - Christopher A. Johnson
- §Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206; and
| | | | - Lady C. Dy
- *Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics,
| | - Richard H. Fertel
- ¶Department of Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Thanh M. Nguyen
- ¶Department of Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - David A. Williams
- †Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and
- ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Jeffrey B. Travers
- *Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics,
- †Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and
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37
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Kawakami M, Terai C, Okada Y. Changes of the interleukin-6 levels in skin at different sites after thermal injury. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 1998; 44:1056-63. [PMID: 9637162 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199806000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the regulation of IL-6 production in unburned skin adjacent to a burn in an animal model. METHODS In C57BL/6 mice, at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after a 20% full-thickness burn, skin was removed from various sites. Control samples were obtained from unburned mice. Normal skins were incubated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1 beta, and IL-6. Unburned skin specimens were incubated with anti-TNF-alpha and IL-1alpha antibodies. Cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The burn increased the IL-6 levels at 30 minutes (p < 0.05) and the IL-1alpha levels at 15 and 60 minutes in the unburned skin. TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, and IL-1beta increased IL-6 production in normal skin (p < 0.05). Anti-IL-1alpha antibody decreased IL-6 production in the unburned skin (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS IL-1alpha modulates IL-6 production in unburned skin after injury. IL-6 and IL-1alpha might contribute to the alterations after a burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawakami
- Department of Traumatology and Critical Care Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
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