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Cutillo G, Masnada S, Lesca G, Ville D, Accorsi P, Giordano L, Pichiecchio A, Valente M, Borrelli P, Ferraro OE, Veggiotti P. Electroclinical features and phenotypic differences in adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency: Long-term follow-up of seven patients from four families and appraisal of the literature. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:106-121. [PMID: 37842880 PMCID: PMC10839293 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency is a rare inherited metabolic disorder with a wide phenotypic presentation, classically grouped into three types (neonatal, type I, and type II). We aim to better delineate the pathological spectrum, focusing on the electroclinical characteristics and phenotypic differences of patients with ADSL deficiency. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seven patients, from four different families, underwent serial electroencephalogram (EEG), clinical assessment, and neuroimaging. We also performed a systematic review of the cases published in the literature, summarizing the available clinical, neurophysiological, and genetic data. RESULTS We report seven previously unreported ADSL deficiency patients with long-term follow-up (10-34 years). From the literature review, we collected 81 previously reported cases. Of the included patient population, 58 % (51/88) were classified as having ADSL deficiency type I, 28% (25/88) as having type II, and 14% (12/88) as having neonatal. The most frequently reported pathogenic variants are p.R426H homozygous (19 patients), p.Y114H in compound heterozygosity (13 patients), and p.D430N homozygous (6 patients). In the majority (89.2%), disease onset was within the first year of life. Epilepsy is present in 81.8% of the patients, with polymorphic and often intractable seizures. EEG features seem to display common patterns and developmental trajectories: (i) poor general background organization with theta-delta activity; (ii) hypsarrhythmia with spasms, usually adrenocorticotropic hormone-responsive; (iii) generalized epileptic discharges with frontal or frontal temporal predominance; and (iv) epileptic discharge activation in sleep with an altered sleep structure. Imaging features present consistent findings of cerebral atrophy with frontal predominance, cerebellar atrophy, and white matter abnormalities among the three types. SIGNIFICANCE ADSL deficiency presents variable phenotypic expression, whose severity could be partially attributed to residual activity of the mutant protein. Although a precise phenotype-genotype correlation was not yet feasible, we delineated a common pattern of clinical, neuroradiological, and neurophysiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Cutillo
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Neurology UnitBuzzi Children's HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Silvia Masnada
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Neurology UnitBuzzi Children's HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of GeneticsLyon University HospitalsLyonFrance
| | - Dorothée Ville
- Derpartment of Pediatric NeurologyLyon University HospitalLyonFrance
| | | | - Lucio Giordano
- Child Neuropsychiatric DivisionSpedali CiviliBresciaItaly
| | - Anna Pichiecchio
- Neuroradiology DepartmentIRCCS C.Mondino National Neurological InstitutePaviaItaly
| | - Marialuisa Valente
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Medical Genetics SectionSS. Annunziata HospitalTarantoItaly
| | - Paola Borrelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of BiostatisticsUniversity “G. D'Annunzio”PescaraItaly
| | - Ottavia Eleonora Ferraro
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Neurology UnitBuzzi Children's HospitalMilanItaly
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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2
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Zhang WC, Skiados N, Aftab F, Moreno C, Silva L, Corbilla PJA, Asara JM, Hata AN, Slack FJ. MicroRNA-21 guide and passenger strand regulation of adenylosuccinate lyase-mediated purine metabolism promotes transition to an EGFR-TKI-tolerant persister state. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1878-1894. [PMID: 35840668 PMCID: PMC9750876 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In EGFR-mutant lung cancer, drug-tolerant persister cells (DTPCs) show prolonged survival when receiving EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatments. They are a likely source of drug resistance, but little is known about how these cells tolerate drugs. Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) molecules control cell growth and stress responses. Nucleic acid metabolism provides metabolites, such as purines, supporting RNA synthesis and downstream functions. Recently, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have received attention due to their capacity to repress gene expression via inhibitory binding to downstream messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Here, our study links miRNA expression to purine metabolism and drug tolerance. MiR-21-5p (guide strand) is a commonly upregulated miRNA in disease states, including cancer and drug resistance. However, the expression and function of miR-21-3p (passenger strand) are not well understood. We found that upregulation of miR-21-5p and miR-21-3p tune purine metabolism leading to increased drug tolerance. Metabolomics data demonstrated that purine metabolism was the top pathway in the DTPCs compared with the parental cells. The changes in purine metabolites in the DTPCs were partially rescued by targeting miR-21. Analysis of protein levels in the DTPCs showed that reduced expression of adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) was reversed after the miR-21 knockdown. ADSL is an essential enzyme in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway by converting succino-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (succino-AICAR or SAICAR) to AICAR (or acadesine) as well as adenylosuccinate to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). In the DTPCs, miR-21-5p and miR-21-3p repress ADSL expression. The levels of top decreased metabolite in the DTPCs, AICAR was reversed when miR-21 was blocked. AICAR induced oxidative stress, evidenced by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Concurrently, miR-21 knockdown induced ROS generation. Therapeutically, a combination of AICAR and osimertinib increased ROS levels and decreased osimertinib-induced NRF2 expression. In a MIR21 knockout mouse model, MIR21 loss-of-function led to increased purine metabolites but reduced ROS scavenging capacity in lung tissues in physiological conditions. Our data has established a link between ncRNAs, purine metabolism, and the redox imbalance pathway. This discovery will increase knowledge of the complexity of the regulatory RNA network and potentially enable novel therapeutic options for drug-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cai Zhang
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Cancer Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
| | - Nicholas Skiados
- Department of Cancer Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Fareesa Aftab
- Department of Cancer Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Cerena Moreno
- Department of Cancer Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Luis Silva
- Department of Cancer Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Paul Joshua Anthony Corbilla
- Department of Cancer Division, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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3
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Stepanova V, Moczulska KE, Vacano GN, Kurochkin I, Ju X, Riesenberg S, Macak D, Maricic T, Dombrowski L, Schörnig M, Anastassiadis K, Baker O, Naumann R, Khrameeva E, Vanushkina A, Stekolshchikova E, Egorova A, Tkachev A, Mazzarino R, Duval N, Zubkov D, Giavalisco P, Wilkinson TG, Patterson D, Khaitovich P, Pääbo S. Reduced purine biosynthesis in humans after their divergence from Neandertals. eLife 2021; 10:58741. [PMID: 33942714 PMCID: PMC8133780 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the metabolomes of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques in muscle, kidney and three different regions of the brain. Although several compounds in amino acid metabolism occur at either higher or lower concentrations in humans than in the other primates, metabolites downstream of adenylosuccinate lyase, which catalyzes two reactions in purine synthesis, occur at lower concentrations in humans. This enzyme carries an amino acid substitution that is present in all humans today but absent in Neandertals. By introducing the modern human substitution into the genomes of mice, as well as the ancestral, Neandertal-like substitution into the genomes of human cells, we show that this amino acid substitution contributes to much or all of the reduction of de novo synthesis of purines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Stepanova
- Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Guido N Vacano
- The Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, United States
| | - Ilia Kurochkin
- Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
| | - Xiangchun Ju
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Japan
| | | | - Dominik Macak
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomislav Maricic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Linda Dombrowski
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Schörnig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Anastassiadis
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Baker
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald Naumann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Anna Vanushkina
- Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
| | | | - Alina Egorova
- Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Tkachev
- Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
| | - Randall Mazzarino
- The Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, United States
| | - Nathan Duval
- The Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, United States
| | - Dmitri Zubkov
- Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
| | | | - Terry G Wilkinson
- The Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, United States
| | - David Patterson
- The Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, United States
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- Skolkovo Institute for Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Japan
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4
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Mastrogiorgio G, Macchiaiolo M, Buonuomo PS, Bellacchio E, Bordi M, Vecchio D, Brown KP, Watson NK, Contardi B, Cecconi F, Tartaglia M, Bartuli A. Clinical and molecular characterization of patients with adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:112. [PMID: 33648541 PMCID: PMC7919308 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency (ADSLD) is an ultrarare neurometabolic recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ADSL gene. The disease is characterized by wide clinical variability. Here we provide an updated clinical profiling of the disorder and discuss genotype–phenotype correlations.
Results Data were collected through "Our Journey with ADSL deficiency Association" by using a dedicated web survey filled-in by parents.
Clinical and molecular data were collected from 18 patients (12 males, median age 10.9 years ± 7.3), from 13 unrelated families. The age at onset ranged from birth to the first three years (median age 0.63 years ± 0.84 SD), and age at diagnosis varied from 2 months to 17 years, (median age 6.4 years ± 6.1 SD). The first sign was a psychomotor delay in 8/18 patients, epilepsy in 3/18, psychomotor delay and epilepsy in 3/18, and apneas, hypotonia, nystagmus in single cases. One patient (sibling of a previously diagnosed child) had a presymptomatic diagnosis. The diagnosis was made by exome sequencing in 7/18 patients. All patients were definitively diagnosed with ADSL deficiency based on pathogenic variants and/or biochemical assessment. One patient had a fatal neonatal form of ADSL deficiency, seven showed features fitting type I, and nine were characterized by a milder condition (type II), with two showing a very mild phenotype. Eighteen different variants were distributed along the entire ADSL coding sequence and were predicted to have a variable structural impact by impairing proper homotetramerization or catalytic activity of the enzyme. Six variants had not previously been reported. All but two variants were missense. Conclusions The study adds more details on the spectrum of ADSLD patients’ phenotypes and molecular data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda Mastrogiorgio
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy. .,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marina Macchiaiolo
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sabrina Buonuomo
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Bordi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Vecchio
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Kari Payne Brown
- Parents of patients affected by Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, Patient's Association "Our Journey with ADSL deficiency", Rome, Italy
| | - Natalie Karen Watson
- Parents of patients affected by Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, Patient's Association "Our Journey with ADSL deficiency", Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Contardi
- Parents of patients affected by Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, Patient's Association "Our Journey with ADSL deficiency", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Onco-Haematology and Cellular and Gene Therapy Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics Unit, Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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5
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Myoclonic tremor status as a presenting symptom of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104061. [PMID: 32890691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of purine metabolism. The disorder manifests with developmental delay, postnatal microcephaly, hypotonia, involuntary movements, epileptic seizures, ataxia and autistic features. Paroxysmal non-epileptic motor events are not a typical presentation of the disease. We describe an 8-year-old boy who presented with an infantile onset of prolonged episodes of multifocal sustained myoclonic tremor lasting from minutes to days on a background of global developmental delay and gait ataxia. Ictal EEG during these episodes was normal. Ictal surface EMG of the involved upper limb showed a muscular activation pattern consistent with cortical myoclonus. Brain MRI showed mild cerebral atrophy. Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous variant in the ADSL gene: c.1027G > A; p. Glu343Lys, inherited from each heterozygous parent. There was a marked elevation of urine succinyladenosine, confirming the diagnosis of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. In conclusion, myoclonic tremor status expands the spectrum of movement disorders seen in adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency.
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6
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Chitty JL, Blake KL, Blundell RD, Koh YQAE, Thompson M, Robertson AAB, Butler MS, Cooper MA, Kappler U, Williams SJ, Kobe B, Fraser JA. Cryptococcus neoformans ADS lyase is an enzyme essential for virulence whose crystal structure reveals features exploitable in antifungal drug design. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11829-11839. [PMID: 28559277 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant clinical need for new antifungal agents to manage infections with pathogenic species such as Cryptococcus neoformans Because the purine biosynthesis pathway is essential for many metabolic processes, such as synthesis of DNA and RNA and energy generation, it may represent a potential target for developing new antifungals. Within this pathway, the bifunctional enzyme adenylosuccinate (ADS) lyase plays a role in the formation of the key intermediates inosine monophosphate and AMP involved in the synthesis of ATP and GTP, prompting us to investigate ADS lyase in C. neoformans. Here, we report that ADE13 encodes ADS lyase in C. neoformans. We found that an ade13Δ mutant is an adenine auxotroph and is unable to successfully cause infections in a murine model of virulence. Plate assays revealed that production of a number of virulence factors essential for dissemination and survival of C. neoformans in a host environment was compromised even with the addition of exogenous adenine. Purified recombinant C. neoformans ADS lyase shows catalytic activity similar to its human counterpart, and its crystal structure, the first fungal ADS lyase structure determined, shows a high degree of structural similarity to that of human ADS lyase. Two potentially important amino acid differences are identified in the C. neoformans crystal structure, in particular a threonine residue that may serve as an additional point of binding for a fungal enzyme-specific inhibitor. Besides serving as an antimicrobial target, C. neoformans ADS lyase inhibitors may also serve as potential therapeutics for metabolic disease; rather than disrupt ADS lyase, compounds that improve the stability the enzyme may be used to treat ADS lyase deficiency disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Chitty
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Kirsten L Blake
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Ross D Blundell
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Y Q Andre E Koh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Merinda Thompson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Avril A B Robertson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Mark S Butler
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Ulrike Kappler
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072; Centre for Metals in Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - Simon J Williams
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072
| | - James A Fraser
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072.
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7
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Mao X, Li K, Tang B, Luo Y, Ding D, Zhao Y, Wang C, Zhou X, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wang P, Xu Q, Sun Q, Xia K, Yan X, Jiang H, Lu S, Guo J. Novel mutations in ADSL for Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency identified by the combination of Trio-WES and constantly updated guidelines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1625. [PMID: 28487569 PMCID: PMC5431663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-exome sequencing (WES), one of the next-generation sequencing (NGS), has become a powerful tool to identify exonic variants. Investigating causality of the sequence variants in human disease becomes an important part in NGS for the research and clinical applications. Recently, important guidelines on them have been published and will keep on updating. In our study, two Chinese families, with the clinical diagnosis of "Epilepsy", which presented with seizures, psychomotor retardation, hypotonia and etc. features, were sequenced by Trio-WES (including the proband and the unaffected parents), and a standard interpretation of the identified variants was performed referring to the recently updated guidelines. Finally, we identified three novel mutations (c.71 C > T, p.P24L; c.1387-1389delGAG, p.E463-; c.134 G > A, p.W45*; NM_000026) in ADSL in the two Chinese families, and confirmed them as the causal variants to the disease-Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency. Previous reported specific therapy was also introduced to the patients after our refined molecular diagnosis, however, the effect was very limited success. In summary, our study demonstrated the power and advantages of WES in exploring the etiology of human disease. Using the constantly updated guidelines to conduct the WES study and to interpret the sequence variants are a necessary strategy to make the molecular diagnosis and to guide the individualized treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Mao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Parkinson's Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Dongxue Ding
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Puzhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Shen Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
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8
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Structural and kinetic analysis of Schistosoma mansoni Adenylosuccinate Lyase (SmADSL). Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 214:27-35. [PMID: 28347672 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is the parasite responsible for schistosomiasis, a disease that affects about 218 million people worldwide. Currently, both direct treatment and disease control initiatives rely on chemotherapy using a single drug, praziquantel. Concerns over the possibility of resistance developing to praziquantel, have stimulated efforts to develop new drugs for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Schistosomes do not have the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway, and instead depend entirely on the purine salvage pathway to supply its need for purines. The purine salvage pathway has been reported as a potential target for developing new drugs against schistosomiasis. Adenylosuccinate lyase (SmADSL) is an enzyme in this pathway, which cleaves adenylosuccinate (ADS) into adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and fumarate. SmADSL kinetic characterization was performed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) using both ADS and SAICAR as substrates. Structures of SmADSL in Apo form and in complex with AMP were elucidated by x-ray crystallography revealing a highly conserved tetrameric structure required for their function since the active sites are formed from residues of three different subunits. The active sites are also highly conserved between species and it is difficult to identify a potent species-specific inhibitor for the development of new therapeutic agents. In contrast, several mutagenesis studies have demonstrated the importance of dimeric interface residues in the stability of the quaternary structure of the enzyme. The lower conservation of these residues between SmADSL and human ADSL could be used to lead the development of anti-schistosomiasis drugs based on disruption of subunit interfaces. These structures and kinetics data add another layer of information to Schistosoma mansoni purine salvage pathway.
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Donti TR, Cappuccio G, Hubert L, Neira J, Atwal PS, Miller MJ, Cardon AL, Sutton VR, Porter BE, Baumer FM, Wangler MF, Sun Q, Emrick LT, Elsea SH. Diagnosis of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency by metabolomic profiling in plasma reveals a phenotypic spectrum. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2016; 8:61-6. [PMID: 27504266 PMCID: PMC4969260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder that presents with a broad-spectrum of neurological and physiological symptoms. The ADSL gene produces an enzyme with binary molecular roles in de novo purine synthesis and purine nucleotide recycling. The biochemical phenotype of ADSL deficiency, accumulation of SAICAr and succinyladenosine (S-Ado) in biofluids of affected individuals, serves as the traditional target for diagnosis with targeted quantitative urine purine analysis employed as the predominate method of detection. In this study, we report the diagnosis of ADSL deficiency using an alternative method, untargeted metabolomic profiling, an analytical scheme capable of generating semi-quantitative z-score values for over 1000 unique compounds in a single analysis of a specimen. Using this method to analyze plasma, we diagnosed ADSL deficiency in four patients and confirmed these findings with targeted quantitative biochemical analysis and molecular genetic testing. ADSL deficiency is part of a large a group of neurometabolic disorders, with a wide range of severity and sharing a broad differential diagnosis. This phenotypic similarity among these many inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) has classically stood as a hurdle in their initial diagnosis and subsequent treatment. The findings presented here demonstrate the clinical utility of metabolomic profiling in the diagnosis of ADSL deficiency and highlights the potential of this technology in the diagnostic evaluation of individuals with neurologic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraka R. Donti
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Leroy Hubert
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Juanita Neira
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paldeep S. Atwal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marcus J. Miller
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Aaron L. Cardon
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - V. Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qin Sun
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa T. Emrick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sarah H. Elsea
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Testing for Ancient Selection Using Cross-population Allele Frequency Differentiation. Genetics 2015; 202:733-50. [PMID: 26596347 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.178095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A powerful way to detect selection in a population is by modeling local allele frequency changes in a particular region of the genome under scenarios of selection and neutrality and finding which model is most compatible with the data. A previous method based on a cross-population composite likelihood ratio (XP-CLR) uses an outgroup population to detect departures from neutrality that could be compatible with hard or soft sweeps, at linked sites near a beneficial allele. However, this method is most sensitive to recent selection and may miss selective events that happened a long time ago. To overcome this, we developed an extension of XP-CLR that jointly models the behavior of a selected allele in a three-population tree. Our method - called "3-population composite likelihood ratio" (3P-CLR) - outperforms XP-CLR when testing for selection that occurred before two populations split from each other and can distinguish between those events and events that occurred specifically in each of the populations after the split. We applied our new test to population genomic data from the 1000 Genomes Project, to search for selective sweeps that occurred before the split of Yoruba and Eurasians, but after their split from Neanderthals, and that could have led to the spread of modern-human-specific phenotypes. We also searched for sweep events that occurred in East Asians, Europeans, and the ancestors of both populations, after their split from Yoruba. In both cases, we are able to confirm a number of regions identified by previous methods and find several new candidates for selection in recent and ancient times. For some of these, we also find suggestive functional mutations that may have driven the selective events.
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Jurecka A, Zikanova M, Kmoch S, Tylki-Szymańska A. Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:231-42. [PMID: 25112391 PMCID: PMC4341013 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase ADSL) deficiency is a defect of purine metabolism affecting purinosome assembly and reducing metabolite fluxes through purine de novo synthesis and purine nucleotide recycling pathways. Biochemically this defect manifests by the presence in the biologic fluids of two dephosphorylated substrates of ADSL enzyme: succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide riboside (SAICAr) and succinyladenosine (S-Ado). More than 80 individuals with ADSL deficiency have been identified, but incidence of the disease remains unknown. The disorder shows a wide spectrum of symptoms from slowly to rapidly progressing forms. The fatal neonatal form has onset from birth and presents with fatal neonatal encephalopathy with a lack of spontaneous movement, respiratory failure, and intractable seizures resulting in early death within the first weeks of life. Patients with type I (severe form) present with a purely neurologic clinical picture characterized by severe psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, early onset of seizures, and autistic features. A more slowly progressing form has also been described (type II, moderate or mild form), as having later onset, usually within the first years of life, slight to moderate psychomotor retardation and transient contact disturbances. Diagnosis is facilitated by demonstration of SAICAr and S-Ado in extracellular fluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and/or followed by genomic and/or cDNA sequencing and characterization of mutant proteins. Over 50 ADSL mutations have been identified and their effects on protein biogenesis, structural stability and activity as well as on purinosome assembly were characterized. To date there is no specific and effective therapy for ADSL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jurecka
- Department of Genetics, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland,
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Ray SP, Duval N, Wilkinson TG, Shaheen SE, Ghosh K, Patterson D. Inherent properties of adenylosuccinate lyase could explain S-Ado/SAICAr ratio due to homozygous R426H and R303C mutations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1545-53. [PMID: 23714113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) is a homotetrameric enzyme involved in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway and purine nucleotide cycle. Missense mutations in the protein lead to ADSL deficiency, an inborn error of purine metabolism characterized by neurological and physiological symptoms. ADSL deficiency is biochemically diagnosed by elevated levels of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICAr) and succinyladenosine (S-Ado), the dephosphorylated derivatives of the substrates. S-Ado/SAICAr ratios have been associated with three phenotypic groups. Different hypotheses to explain these ratios have been proposed. Recent studies have focused on measuring activity on the substrates independently. However, it is important to examine mixtures of the substrates to determine if mutations affect enzyme activity on both substrates similarly in these conditions. The two substrates may experience an indirect communication due to being acted upon by the same enzyme, altering their activities from the non-competitive case. In this study, we investigate this hidden coupling between the two substrates. We chose two mutations that represent extremes of the phenotype, R426H and R303C. We describe a novel electrochemical-detection method of measuring the kinetic activity of ADSL in solution with its two substrates at varying concentration ratios. Furthermore, we develop an enzyme kinetic model to predict substrate activity from a given ratio of substrate concentrations. Our findings indicate a non-linear dependence of the activities on the substrate ratios due to competitive binding, distinct differences in the behaviors of the different mutations, and S-Ado/SAICAr ratios in patients could be explained by inherent properties of the mutant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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Zulfiqar M, Lin DDM, Van der Graaf M, Barker PB, Fahrner JA, Marie S, Morava E, De Boer L, Willemsen MAAP, Vining E, Horská A, Engelke U, Wevers RA, Maegawa GHB. Novel proton MR spectroscopy findings in adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 37:974-80. [PMID: 23055421 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism resulting in accumulation of metabolites including succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide riboside (SAICAr) and succinyladenosine (S-Ado) in the brain and other tissues. Patients with ADSL have progressive psychomotor retardation, neonatal seizures, global developmental delay, hypotonia, and autistic features, although variable clinical manifestations may make the initial diagnosis challenging. Two cases of the severe form of the disease are reported here: an 18-month-old boy with global developmental delay, intractable neonatal seizures, progressive cerebral atrophy, and marked hypomyelination, and a 3-month-old girl presenting with microcephaly, neonatal seizures, and marked psychomotor retardation. In both patients in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) showed the presence of S-Ado signal at 8.3 ppm, consistent with a prior report. Interestingly, SAICAr signal was also detectable at 7.5 ppm in affected white matter, which has not been reported in vivo before. A novel splice-site mutation, c.IVS12 + 1/G > C, in the ADSL gene was identified in the second patient. Our findings confirm the utility of in vivo proton MRS in suggesting a specific diagnosis of ADSL deficiency, and also demonstrate an additional in vivo resonance (7.5 ppm) of SAICAr in the cases of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zulfiqar
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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14
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Levy D, Ronemus M, Yamrom B, Lee YH, Leotta A, Kendall J, Marks S, Lakshmi B, Pai D, Ye K, Buja A, Krieger A, Yoon S, Troge J, Rodgers L, Iossifov I, Wigler M. Rare de novo and transmitted copy-number variation in autistic spectrum disorders. Neuron 2011; 70:886-97. [PMID: 21658582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To explore the genetic contribution to autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs), we have studied genomic copy-number variation in a large cohort of families with a single affected child and at least one unaffected sibling. We confirm a major contribution from de novo deletions and duplications but also find evidence of a role for inherited "ultrarare" duplications. Our results show that, relative to males, females have greater resistance to autism from genetic causes, which raises the question of the fate of female carriers. By analysis of the proportion and number of recurrent loci, we set a lower bound for distinct target loci at several hundred. We find many new candidate regions, adding substantially to the list of potential gene targets, and confirm several loci previously observed. The functions of the genes in the regions of de novo variation point to a great diversity of genetic causes but also suggest functional convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Levy
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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15
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Vliet LK, Wilkinson TG, Duval N, Vacano G, Graham C, Zikánová M, Skopova V, Baresova V, Hnízda A, Kmoch S, Patterson D. Molecular characterization of the AdeI mutant of Chinese hamster ovary cells: a cellular model of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 102:61-8. [PMID: 20884265 PMCID: PMC3065963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL, E. C. 4.3.2.2) carries out two non-sequential steps in de novo AMP synthesis, the conversion of succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (SAICAR) to aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (AICAR) and the conversion of succinyl AMP (AMPS) to AMP. In humans, mutations in ADSL lead to an inborn error of metabolism originally characterized by developmental delay, often with autistic features. There is no effective treatment for ADSL deficiency. Hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis include toxicity of high levels of SAICAR, AMPS, or their metabolites, deficiency of the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway, or lack of a completely functional purine cycle in muscle and brain. One important approach to understand ADSL deficiency is to develop cell culture models that allow investigation of the properties of ADSL mutants and the consequences of ADSL deficiency at the cellular level. We previously reported the isolation and initial characterization of mutants of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells (AdeI) that lack detectable ADSL activity, accumulate SAICAR and AMPS, and require adenine for growth. Here we report the cDNA sequences of ADSL from CHO-K1 and AdeI cells and describe a mutation resulting in an alanine to valine amino acid substitution at position 291 (A291V) in AdeI ADSL. This substitution lies in the "signature sequence" of ADSL, inactivates the enzyme, and validates AdeI as a cellular model of ADSL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia K. Vliet
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO, 80208
| | - Terry G. Wilkinson
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO, 80208
| | - Nathan Duval
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO, 80208
| | - Guido Vacano
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO, 80208
| | - Christine Graham
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO, 80208
| | - Marie Zikánová
- Center for Applied Genomics, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclava Skopova
- Center for Applied Genomics, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Baresova
- Center for Applied Genomics, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hnízda
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Center for Applied Genomics, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Ke Karlovu 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David Patterson
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Avenue, Denver, CO, 80208
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Chen BC, McGown IN, Thong MK, Pitt J, Yunus ZM, Khoo TB, Ngu LH, Duley JA. Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency in a Malaysian patient, with novel adenylosuccinate lyase gene mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S159-62. [PMID: 20177786 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Most cases of adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL OMIM 103050) deficiency reported to date are confined to the various European ethnic groups. We report on the first Malaysian case of ADSL deficiency, which appears also to be the first reported Asian case. The case was diagnosed among a cohort of 450 patients with clinical features of psychomotor retardation, global developmental delay, seizures, microcephaly and/or autistic behaviour. The patient presented with frequent convulsions and severe myoclonic jerk within the first few days of life and severe psychomotor retardation. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of the urine revealed the characteristic biochemical markers of succinyladenosine (S-Ado) and succinyl-aminoimidazole carboximide riboside (SAICAr). The urinary S-Ado/SAICAr ratio was found to be 1.02 (type I ADSL deficiency). The patient was compound heterozygous for two novel mutations, c.445C > G (p.R149G) and c.774_778insG (p.A260GfsX24).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Chin Chen
- Biochemical Genetic Unit, Department of Genetics, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Jalan Pahang 50586, Malaysia.
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Lundy CT, Jungbluth H, Pohl KRE, Siddiqui A, Marinaki AM, Mundy H, Champion MP. Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency in the United Kingdom pediatric population: first three cases. Pediatr Neurol 2010; 43:351-4. [PMID: 20933180 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of purine metabolism resulting from mutations in the ADSL gene on chromosome subband 22q13.1 and associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Although there is currently no effective treatment of ADSL deficiency, recognition of the condition is important, because prenatal genetic diagnosis can be offered to affected families. Reported here are the cases of the only three children diagnosed to date in the United Kingdom with adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, to further delineate the clinical phenotype and to raise awareness of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire T Lundy
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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18
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Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of adenylosuccinate lyase gene in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2059-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lee J, Jeon S, Oh J, Park K, Choi K, Jeon G, Lee H, Kong H. Identification of Novel Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on ADSL Gene Using Economic Traits in Korean Native Chicken. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.5536/kjps.2009.36.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ariyananda LDZ, Lee P, Antonopoulos C, Colman RF. Biochemical and biophysical analysis of five disease-associated human adenylosuccinate lyase mutants. Biochemistry 2009; 48:5291-302. [PMID: 19405474 DOI: 10.1021/bi802321m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase (ASL), a catalyst of key reactions in purine biosynthesis, is normally a homotetramer in which three subunits contribute to each of four active sites. Human ASL deficiency is an inherited metabolic disease associated with autism and mental retardation. We have characterized five disease-associated ASL mutants: R194C and K246E are located at subunit interfaces, L311V is in the central helical region away from the active site, and R396C and R396H are at the entrance to the active site. The V(max) (at 25 degrees C) for R194C is comparable to that of WT, while those of L311V, R396C, R396H, and K246E are considerably reduced and affinity for adenylosuccinate is retained. The mutant enzymes have decreased positive cooperativity as compared to WT. K246E exists mainly as dimer or monomer, accounting for its negligible activity, whereas the other mutant enzymes are similar to WT in the predominance of tetramer. At 37 degrees C, the specific activity of WT and these mutant enzymes slowly decreases 30-40% with time and reaches a limiting specific activity without changing significantly the amount of tetramer. Mutant R194C is unique in being rapidly inactivated at the harsher temperature of 60 degrees C, indicating that it is the least stable enzyme in vitro. Conformational changes in the mutant enzymes are evident from protein fluorescence intensity at 25 degrees C and after incubation at 37 degrees C, which correlates with the loss of enzymatic activity. Thus, these disease-associated single mutations can yield enzyme with reduced activity either by affecting the active site or by perturbing the enzyme's structure and/or native conformation which are required for catalytic function.
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Ng A, Uribe RA, Yieh L, Nuckels R, Gross JM. Zebrafish mutations in gart and paics identify crucial roles for de novo purine synthesis in vertebrate pigmentation and ocular development. Development 2009; 136:2601-11. [PMID: 19570845 DOI: 10.1242/dev.038315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although purines and purinergic signaling are crucial for numerous biochemical and cellular processes, their functions during vertebrate embryonic development have not been well characterized. We analyze two recessive zebrafish mutations that affect de novo purine synthesis, gart and paics. gart encodes phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase, a trifunctional enzyme that catalyzes steps 2, 3 and 5 of inosine monophosphate (IMP) synthesis. paics encodes phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole succinocarboxamide synthetase, a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes steps 6 and 7 of this process. Zygotic gart and paics mutants have pigmentation defects in which xanthophore and iridophore pigmentation is almost completely absent, and melanin-derived pigmentation is significantly decreased, even though pigment cells are present in normal amounts and distributions. Zygotic gart and paics mutants are also microphthalmic, resulting from defects in cell cycle exit of proliferative retinoblasts within the developing eye. Maternal-zygotic and maternal-effect mutants demonstrate a crucial requirement for maternally derived gart and paics; these mutants show more severe developmental defects than their zygotic counterparts. Pigmentation and eye growth phenotypes in zygotic gart and paics mutants can be ascribed to separable biosynthetic pathways: pigmentation defects and microphthalmia result from deficiencies in a GTP synthesis pathway and an ATP synthesis pathway, respectively. In the absence of ATP pathway activity, S phase of proliferative retinoblasts is prolonged and cell cycle exit is compromised, which results in microphthalmia. These results demonstrate crucial maternal and zygotic requirements for de novo purine synthesis during vertebrate embryonic development, and identify independent functions for ATP and GTP pathways in mediating eye growth and pigmentation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ng
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78722, USA
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22
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Segall ML, Cashman MA, Colman RF. Important roles of hydroxylic amino acid residues in the function of Bacillus subtilis adenylosuccinate lyase. Protein Sci 2007; 16:441-8. [PMID: 17322529 PMCID: PMC2203318 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062650007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thr(93), Ser(94), Thr(140), and Ser(306) are conserved in all adenylosuccinate lyases (ASL) and are close to other amino acids previously identified by mutagenesis as being in the active site. To test their involvement in the enzyme's function, each of these amino acids was replaced by alanine. All the mutants exhibit circular dichroism spectra which are similar to that of wild-type enzyme, indicating there is no appreciable change in secondary structure. T93A exhibits 0.5% of the V(max) of wild-type ASL with a 10-fold increase in K(m) for adenylosuccinate. S94A has 65% of the V(max) of wild-type ASL with little change in K(m). T140A exhibits 0.03% of the activity of wild-type enzyme with an 11-fold increase in K(m). S306A has 0.4% of the V(max) of wild-type ASL with a sevenfold increase in K(m). Measurements of the pH-V(max) profile reveal a pK(2) value for S94A of 7.83 and S306A of 7.65, in contrast to 8.24 for the wild-type enzyme and 8.42 for T93A. Thr(93) may orient adenylosuccinate optimally for catalysis, while Ser(94) stabilizes protonated His(89), a determinant of pK(2). Thr(140) may, through hydrogen bonding, interact with Asn(270), an amino acid essential for catalysis. Ser(306) may be involved in a hydrogen bond network that ultimately stabilizes protonated His(68), which is probably the general acid in the reaction of enzyme with substrate. The results of this paper demonstrate the importance in the catalytic function of ASL of hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bonding networks involving serine and threonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Segall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Mouchegh K, Zikánová M, Hoffmann GF, Kretzschmar B, Kühn T, Mildenberger E, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Krijt J, Dvoráková L, Honzík T, Zeman J, Kmoch S, Rossi R. Lethal fetal and early neonatal presentation of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency: observation of 6 patients in 4 families. J Pediatr 2007; 150:57-61.e2. [PMID: 17188615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize a new lethal fetal and early postnatal variant of adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective analysis of 6 patients with very early presentation of ADSL deficiency. RESULTS Most of the 6 patients had impaired intrauterine growth, microcephaly, fetal hypokinesia, and a lack of fetal heart rate variability. Postnatally, they shared severe muscular hypotonia necessitating mechanical ventilation, intractable seizures, and early death. All 6 patients had biochemical evidence of severe (type 1) disease and low residual ADSL activities. All were compound heterozygous for mutations that, based on expression studies, have a pronounced effect on ADSL activity and/or stability. CONCLUSIONS ADSL deficiency may present with prenatal growth restriction, fetal and neonatal hypokinesia, and rapidly fatal neonatal encephalopathy. This clinical presentation is associated with genotypes resulting in very low residual enzyme activity.
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Severinsen JE, Als TD, Binderup H, Kruse TA, Wang AG, Vang M, Muir WJ, Blackwood DHR, Mors O, Børglum AD. Association analyses suggest GPR24 as a shared susceptibility gene for bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:524-33. [PMID: 16741940 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Linkage analyses suggest that chromosome 22q12-13 may harbor a shared susceptibility locus for bipolar affective disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SZ). In a study of a sample from the Faeroe Islands we have previously reported association between both disorders and microsatellite markers in a 3.6 cM segment on 22q13. The present study investigated three candidate genes located in this segment: GPR24, ADSL, and ST13. Nine SNPs located in these genes and one microsatellite marker (D22S279) were applied in an association analysis of two samples: an extension of the previously analyzed Faeroese sample comprising 28 distantly related cases (17 BPD, 11 SZ subjects) and 44 controls, and a Scottish sample including 162 patients with BPD, 103 with SZ, and 200 controls. In both samples significant associations were observed in both disorders with predominantly GPR24 SNPs and haplotypes. In the Faeroese sample overall P-values of 0.0009, 0.0054, and 0.0023 were found for haplotypes in BPD, SZ, and combined cases, respectively, and in the Scottish sample overall P-values of 0.0003, 0.0005, and 0.016 were observed for similar groupings. Specific haplotypes showed associations with lowest P-values of 7 x 10(-5) and 0.0006 in the combined group of cases from the Faeroe Islands and Scotland, respectively. The G protein-coupled receptor 24 encoded by GPR24 binds melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and has been implicated with feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and regulation of stress and mood. To our knowledge this is the first study reporting association between GPR24 and BPD and SZ, suggesting that GPR24 variants may confer susceptibility to both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Severinsen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Palenchar JB, Crocco JM, Colman RF. The characterization of mutant Bacillus subtilis adenylosuccinate lyases corresponding to severe human adenylosuccinate lyase deficiencies. Protein Sci 2003; 12:1694-705. [PMID: 12876319 PMCID: PMC2323956 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0303903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase is a homotetramer that catalyzes two discrete reactions in the de novo synthesis of purines: the cleavage of adenylosuccinate and succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (SAICAR). Several point mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme have been implicated in human disease. Bacillus subtilis adenylosuccinate lyase was used as a model system in which mutations were constructed corresponding to those mutations associated with severe human adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. Site-directed mutagenesis was utilized to construct amino acid substitutions in B. subtilis adenylosuccinate lyase; Met(10), Ile(123), and Thr(367) were replaced by Leu, Trp, and Arg, respectively, and the altered enzymes were expressed in Escherichia coli. These purified enzymes containing amino acid substitutions were found to have substantial catalytic activity and exhibit relatively small changes in their kinetic parameters. The major deviations from the wild-type-like behavior were observed upon biophysical characterization. All of these enzymes with amino acid replacements are associated with marked thermal instability. I123W adenylosuccinate lyase exhibits notable changes in the circular dichroism spectra, and a native gel electrophoresis pattern indicative of some protein aggregation. T367R also exhibits alterations at the quarternary level, as reflected in native gel electrophoresis. Experimental results, combined with homology modeling, suggest that the altered enzymes are primarily structurally impaired. The enzyme instability was found to be lessened by subunit complementation with the wild-type enzyme, under mild conditions; these studies may have implications for the in vivo behavior of adenylosuccinate lyase in heterozygous patients. Residues Met(10), Ile(123), and Thr(367) appear to be located in regions of the enzyme important for maintaining the structural integrity required for a stable, functional enzyme.
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26
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Edery P, Chabrier S, Ceballos-Picot I, Marie S, Vincent MF, Tardieu M. Intrafamilial variability in the phenotypic expression of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency: a report on three patients. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 120A:185-90. [PMID: 12833398 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report on the striking variable expression of adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency in three patients belonging to a family which originates from Portugal. ADSL deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the de novo purine synthesis which results in accumulation of succinylpurines in body fluids. As a result, patients may have variable combinations of psychomotor retardation and/or regression, seizures, autistic features and cerebellar vermis hypoplasia. However, intrafamilial variable expression of the phenotype has not been documented to date in this disease and is not commonly observed in metabolic disorders. Here, while the proband had marked psychomotor regression and progressive cerebellar vermis atrophy, the other two affected patients presented mainly autistic features. Mutation analysis of the ADSL gene revealed the presence of a homozygous R426H mutation in this family. Finally, although ADSL deficiency is a rare disorder, this diagnosis should be considered and assessed using a simple urinary screening method for the presence of succinylpurines in any patient with mental retardation of unexplained origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Edery
- Département de Pédiatrie, Service de Neurologie, C.H.U. de Bicêtre, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre Cédex, France
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27
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Foulk BW, Pappas G, Hirai Y, Hirai H, Williams DL. Adenylosuccinate lyase of Schistosoma mansoni: gene structure, mRNA expression, and analysis of the predicted peptide structure of a potential chemotherapeutic target. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:1487-95. [PMID: 12392914 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase is an enzyme used in parasite nucleotide salvage pathways that cleaves adenylosuccinate into adenosine 5'-monophosphate and fumarate. A cDNA encoding adenylosuccinate lyase from the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni has been cloned for analysis. Sequencing of the cDNA revealed an open reading frame of 1454 nucleotides that codes for a protein with a predicted mass of about 54.5 kDa. Comparative analysis of the predicted protein sequence shows that S. mansoni adenylosuccinate lyase has a lot of similarity with human adenylosuccinate lyase. Genomic analysis using S. mansoni adenylosuccinate lyase-containing bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones revealed a gene of approximately 19.4 kb consisting of eight exons and seven introns. Intron 6 was found to contain a novel 2.9 kb long terminal repeat retrotransposon with direct terminal repeats of 500 nucleotides. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation mapping localised S. mansoni adenylosuccinate lyase to the Z and W chromosomes. Analysis of S. mansoni adenylosuccinate lyase mRNA expression levels using real time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR showed that S. mansoni adenylosuccinate lyase is expressed at higher levels in the female worms than in the male worms and is expressed at different levels than other purine nucleotide salvage enzymes. Male homogenate showed a specific activity of 10.3 units/mg protein while the female showed a specific activity of 24.2 units/mg protein. These data indicate that S. mansoni adenylosuccinate lyase is an important parasite enzyme and should be examined as a potential chemotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Foulk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA
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Marie S, Race V, Nassogne MC, Vincent MF, Van den Berghe G. Mutation of a nuclear respiratory factor 2 binding site in the 5' untranslated region of the ADSL gene in three patients with adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:14-21. [PMID: 12016589 PMCID: PMC384970 DOI: 10.1086/341036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2001] [Accepted: 04/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL; also called "adenylosuccinase") catalyzes two steps in the synthesis of purine nucleotides: (1) the conversion of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide into aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide and (2) the conversion of adenylosuccinate into adenosine monophosphate. ADSL deficiency, a recessively inherited disorder, causes variable-but most often severe-mental retardation, frequently accompanied by epilepsy and/or autism. It is characterized by the accumulation, in body fluids, of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside and succinyladenosine, the dephosphorylated derivatives of the two substrates of the enzyme. Analysis of the ADSL gene of three unrelated patients with ADSL deficiency, in whom one of the ADSL alleles displayed a normal coding sequence, revealed a -49T-->C mutation in the 5' untranslated region of this allele. Measurements of the amount of mRNA transcribed from the latter allele showed that it was reduced to approximately 33% of that transcribed from the alleles mutated in their coding sequence. Further investigations showed that the -49T-->C mutation provokes a reduction to 25% of wild-type control of promoter function, as evaluated by luciferase activity and mRNA level in transfection experiments. The mutation also affects the binding of nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF-2), a known activator of transcription, as assessed by gel-shift studies. Our findings indicate that a mutation of a regulatory region of the ADSL gene might be an unusually frequent cause of ADSL deficiency, and they suggest a role for NRF-2 in the gene regulation of the purine biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marie
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Marie S, Race V, Vincent MF, Van den Berghe G. Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency: from the clinics to molecular biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 486:79-82. [PMID: 11783532 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46843-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Marie
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Autistic disorder is a behavioural syndrome beginning before the age of 3 years and lasting over the whole lifetime. It is characterised by impaired communication, impaired social interactions, and repetitive interests and behaviour. The prevalence is about 7/10,000 taking a restrictive definition and more than 1/500 with a broader definition, including all the pervasive developmental disorders. The importance of genetic factors has been highlighted by epidemiological studies showing that autistic disorder is one of the most genetic neuropsychiatric diseases. The relative risk of first relatives is about 100-fold higher than the risk in the normal population and the concordance in monozygotic twin is about 60%. Different strategies have been applied on the track of susceptibility genes. The systematic search of linked loci led to contradictory results, in part due to the heterogeneity of the clinical definitions, to the differences in the DNA markers, and to the different methods of analysis used. An oversimplification of the inferred model is probably also cause of our disappointment. More work is necessary to give a clearer picture. One region emerges more frequently: the long arm of chromosome 7. Several candidate genes have been studied and some gave indications of association: the Reelin gene and the Wnt2 gene. Cytogenetical abnormalities are frequent at 15q11-13, the region of the Angelman and Prader-Willi syndrome. Imprinting plays an important role in this region, no candidate gene has been identified in autism. Biochemical abnormalities have been found in the serotonin system. Association and linkage studies gave no consistent results with some serotonin receptors and in the transporter, although it seems interesting to go further in the biochemical characterisation of the serotonin transporter activity, particularly in platelets, easily accessible. Two monogenic diseases have been associated with autistic disorder: tuberous sclerosis and fragile X. A better knowledge of the pathophysiology of these disorders can help to understand autism. Different other candidate genes have been tested, positive results await replications in other samples. Animal models have been developed, generally by knocking out the different candidate genes. Behaviour studies have mainly focused on anxiety and learning paradigms. Another group of models results from surgical or toxic lesions of candidate regions in the brain, in general during development. The tools to analyse these animals are not yet standardised, and an important effort needs to be undertaken.
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31
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Tabucchi A, Carlucci F, Rosi F, Guerranti R, Marinello E. Determination, activity and biological role of adenylosuccinate lyase in blood cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2001; 55:277-83. [PMID: 11428554 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(01)00061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, which is associated with severe mental retardation and autistic features, was discovered in 1984. Since then this enzyme has been analyzed in many human tissues and it is now generally agreed that screening for this enzyme defect should be performed in all unexplained neurological diseases. The aim of the present study was to analyze adenylosuccinate lyase activity in blood cells by a fast simple method adaptable to screening purposes. The activity was also analyzed in B-lymphocytes from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The biological role of adenylosuccinate lyase and its importance in regulating cellular levels of AMP is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabucchi
- Istituto di Biochimica e di Enzimologia, Università di Siena Complesso Nuovi Istituti Biologici, Italy
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Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency is an autosomal-recessive disorder of the purine de novo synthesis pathway, diagnosed up to now in approximately 40 patients. The clinical presentation is characterized by severe neurologic involvement including seizures, developmental delay, hypotonia, and autistic features. Neonatal seizures and a severe infantile epileptic encephalopathy are often the first manifestations of this disorder. The existence of genetic heterogeneity for the adenylosuccinate lyase defect could account for variability of the clinical presentation. Deficiency of purine nucleotides, impairment of energy metabolism, and toxic effects are potential mechanisms of cerebral damage. Laboratory investigations show the presence in urine and cerebrospinal fluid of succinylpurines, which are normally undetectable. Currently, no effective treatment is available for adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. A search for this disorder should be included in the screening program of children with unexplained neonatal seizures or severe infantile epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ciardo
- Department of Neuroscience, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy
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33
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Nassogne M, Henrot B, Aubert G, Bonnier C, Marie S, Saint-Martin C, Van den Berghe G, Sébire G, Vincent M. Adenylosuccinase deficiency: an unusual cause of early-onset epilepsy associated with acquired microcephaly. Brain Dev 2000; 22:383-6. [PMID: 11042421 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(00)00154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinase deficiency, an autosomal recessive inborn error of purine synthesis, was first described in 1984 by Jaeken and Van den Berghe (reviewed in J Inher Metab Dis 20;1997:193). The cardinal features are variable psychomotor delay often accompanied by epilepsy and autistic features. Diagnosis is made by detection of abnormal purine metabolites in body fluids. We report a girl who presented with early onset epilepsy, associated with acquired microcephaly and severe psychomotor retardation, as the most prominent symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nassogne
- Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, B-1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Salerno C, Siems WG, Crifò C. Succinylpurinemic autism: increased sensitivity of defective adenylosuccinate lyase towards 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1500:335-41. [PMID: 10699375 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal on the wild-type human adenylosuccinate lyase and on the enzyme from a patient compound-heterozygous for two missense mutations (P75A/D397Y; McKusick 103050.0003/103050.0004). Both the enzymes were inhibited by 10-50 microM trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in a concentration-dependent manner by means of a mixed-type co-operative mechanism. A significantly stronger inhibition was noticed in the presence of the defective enzyme. Nonanal and trans-2,3-nonenal inhibited the enzymes to a less extent and at about 10-times higher concentrations. Hydroxylamine reversed the inhibition by trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, trans-2,3-nonenal or nonanal in the case of the wild-type enzyme, but it was ineffective to reverse the inhibition by trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal on the defective enzyme. Dithiothreitol slightly decreased the inhibition exerted by trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal on both the wild-type and the defective adenylosuccinate lyase, while it did not produce practically any change in the presence of trans-2,3-nonenal or nonanal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salerno
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Roma La Sapienza, I-00185, Rome, Italy
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Marie S, Flipsen JW, Duran M, Poll-The BT, Beemer FA, Bosschaart AN, Vincent MF, Van den Berghe G. Prenatal diagnosis in adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency. Prenat Diagn 2000; 20:33-6. [PMID: 10701848 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(200001)20:1<33::aid-pd751>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, an autosomal recessive inborn error of purine synthesis, provokes accumulation in body fluids of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside and succinyladenosine, the dephosphorylated derivatives of the two substrates of the enzyme. Most patients display severe psychomotor retardation, often accompanied by epilepsy and/or autistic features, although some are only mildly retarded. About 20 mutations are known. Prenatal diagnosis was performed twice on chorion villi of the mother of a previously diagnosed patient with a C5T mutation (exon 1) on the maternal allele, and a C1185A mutation (exon 11) on the paternal allele. Both suppress a Fnu4HI restriction site. In a first fetus, incubation of PCR products generated from genomic DNA of exon 1 with Fnu4HI yielded a 113 bp fragment from a control and the father's gene, and both a 113 bp and 170 bp fragment from the mother, affected sibling and fetus. Incubation of PCR products of exons 11-12 with Fnu4HI yielded a 550 bp fragment from a control and the mother's gene, and a 550 bp and 600 bp fragment from the father, affected sibling and fetus. Assay of adenylosuccinate lyase on the aborted fetal liver confirmed the enzyme deficiency. A second fetus displayed only the maternal mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marie
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and University of Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium
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