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Izzati FN, Choksi H, Giuliana P, Abd-Rabbo D, Elsaesser H, Blundell A, Affe V, Kannen V, Jame-Chenarboo Z, Schmidt E, Kuypers M, Avila DB, Chiu ESY, Badmaev D, Cui H, Matthews J, Mallevaey T, Macauley MS, Brooks DG, Edgar LJ. A Unified Atlas of T cell Glycophysiology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.24.609521. [PMID: 39229125 PMCID: PMC11370581 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.24.609521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Glycans are emerging as important regulators of T cell function but remain poorly characterized across the functionally distinct populations that exist in vivo . Here, we couple single-cell analysis technologies with soluble lectins and chemical probes to interrogate glycosylation patterns on major T cell populations across multiple mouse and human tissues. Our analysis focused on terminal glycan epitopes with immunomodulatory functions, including sialoglycan ligands for Siglecs. We demonstrate that glycosylation patterns are diverse across the resting murine T cell repertoire and dynamically remodelled in response to antigen-specific stimulation. Surprisingly, we find that human T cell populations do not share the same glycoprofiles or glycan remodelling dynamics as their murine counterparts. We show that these differences can be explained by divergent regulation of glycan biosynthesis pathways between the species. These results highlight fundamental glycophysiological differences between mouse and human T cells and reveal features that are critical to consider for glycan-targeted therapies.
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2
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Trendel N, Kruger P, Gaglione S, Nguyen J, Pettmann J, Sontag ED, Dushek O. Perfect adaptation of CD8 + T cell responses to constant antigen input over a wide range of affinities is overcome by costimulation. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eaay9363. [PMID: 34855472 PMCID: PMC7615691 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay9363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reduced T cell responses by contrast antigen stimulation can be rescued by signals from costimulatory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Trendel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Philipp Kruger
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Gaglione
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - John Nguyen
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
| | - Eduardo D Sontag
- Electrical and Computer Engineering & Bioengineering, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OX1 3RE, Oxford, UK
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3
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van der Donk LEH, Ates LS, van der Spek J, Tukker LM, Geijtenbeek TBH, van Heijst JWJ. Separate signaling events control TCR downregulation and T cell activation in primary human T cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 9:223-238. [PMID: 33350598 PMCID: PMC7860602 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) interaction with cognate peptide:MHC complexes trigger clustering of TCR:CD3 complexes and signal transduction. Triggered TCR:CD3 complexes are rapidly internalized and degraded in a process called ligand‐induced TCR downregulation. Classic studies in immortalized T‐cell lines have revealed a major role for the Src family kinase Lck in TCR downregulation. However, to what extent a similar mechanism operates in primary human T cells remains unclear. Methods Here, we developed an anti‐CD3‐mediated TCR downregulation assay, in which T‐cell gene expression in primary human T cells can be knocked down by microRNA constructs. In parallel, we used CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout in Jurkat cells for validation experiments. Results We efficiently knocked down the expression of tyrosine kinases Lck, Fyn, and ZAP70, and found that, whereas this impaired T cell activation and effector function, TCR downregulation was not affected. Although TCR downregulation was marginally inhibited by the simultaneous knockdown of Lck and Fyn, its full abrogation required broad‐acting tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Conclusions These data suggest that there is substantial redundancy in the contribution of individual tyrosine kinases to TCR downregulation in primary human T cells. Our results highlight that TCR downregulation and T cell activation are controlled by different signaling events and illustrate the need for further research to untangle these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve E H van der Donk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis S Ates
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jet van der Spek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Tukker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen W J van Heijst
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Neogene Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Onnis A, Baldari CT. Orchestration of Immunological Synapse Assembly by Vesicular Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:110. [PMID: 31334230 PMCID: PMC6616304 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) by cognate peptide bound to the Major Histocompatibility Complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) leads to the spatial reorganization of the TCR and accessory receptors to form a specialized area of intimate contact between T cell and APC, known as the immunological synapse (IS), where signals are deciphered, coordinated, and integrated to promote T cell activation. With the discovery that an endosomal TCR pool contributes to IS assembly and function by undergoing polarized recycling to the IS, recent years have witnessed a shift from a plasma membrane-centric view of the IS to the vesicular trafficking events that occur at this location following the TCR-dependent translocation of the centrosome toward the synaptic membrane. Here we will summarize our current understanding of the trafficking pathways that are responsible for the steady delivery of endosomal TCRs, kinases, and adapters to the IS to sustain signaling, as well as of the endocytic pathways responsible for signal termination. We will also discuss recent evidence highlighting a role for endosomes in sustaining TCR signaling after its internalization at the IS and identifying the IS as a site of formation and release of extracellular vesicles that allow for transcellular communication with the APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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5
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Hu J, Havenar-Daughton C, Crotty S. Modulation of SAP dependent T:B cell interactions as a strategy to improve vaccination. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:363-70. [PMID: 23743125 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Generating long-term humoral immunity is a crucial component of successful vaccines and requires interactions between T cells and B cells in germinal centers (GC). In GCs, a specialized subset of CD4+ helper T cells, called T follicular helper cells (Tfh), provide help to B cells; this help directs the magnitude and quality of the antibody response. Tfh cell help influences B cell survival, proliferation, somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination, and differentiation. Sustained contact between Tfh cells and B cells is necessary for the provision of help to B cells. SAP (Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein, encoded by Sh2d1a) regulates the duration of T:B cell interactions and is required for long-term humoral immunity in animal models and in humans. SAP binds to SLAM family receptors and mediates signaling that affects cell adhesion, cytokine secretion, and TCR signaling strength. Therefore, the modulation of SAP and SLAM family receptor expression represents a major axis by which the quality and duration of an antibody response is controlled after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Hu
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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6
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Rovira-Clavé X, Angulo-Ibáñez M, Noguer O, Espel E, Reina M. Syndecan-2 can promote clearance of T-cell receptor/CD3 from the cell surface. Immunology 2012; 137:214-25. [PMID: 22881146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells express the heparan sulphate proteoglycans syndecan-2 and syndecan-4. Syndecan-4 plays a T-cell inhibitory role; however, the function of syndecan-2 is unknown. In an attempt to examine this function, syndecan-2 was expressed constitutively in Jurkat T cells. Interestingly, the expression of syndecan-2 decreased the surface levels of T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex, concomitant with intracellular retention of CD3ε and partial degradation of the TCR-ζ chain. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that intracellular CD3ε co-located with Rab-4 endosomes. However, the intracellular pool of CD3ε did not recycle to the cell surface. The lower TCR/CD3 surface levels caused by syndecan-2 led to reduced TCR/CD3 responsiveness. We show that the cytosolic PDZ-binding domain of syndecan-2 is not necessary to elicit TCR/CD3 down-regulation. These results identify a previously unrecognized means of controlling surface TCR/CD3 expression by syndecan-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rovira-Clavé
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Chaparro RJ, Burton AR, Serreze DV, Vignali DAA, DiLorenzo TP. Rapid identification of MHC class I-restricted antigens relevant to autoimmune diabetes using retrogenic T cells. J Immunol Methods 2008; 335:106-15. [PMID: 18439618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The method described herein provides a novel strategy for the rapid identification of CD8(+) T cell epitopes relevant to type 1 diabetes in the context of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of disease. Obtaining the large number of antigen-sensitive monospecific T cells required for conventional antigen discovery methods has historically been problematic due to (1) difficulties in culturing autoreactive CD8(+) T cells from NOD mice and (2) the large time and resource investments required for the generation of transgenic NOD mice. We circumvented these problems by exploiting the rapid generation time of retrogenic (Rg) mice, relative to transgenic mice, as a novel source of sensitive monospecific CD8(+) T cells, using the diabetogenic AI4 T cell receptor on NOD.SCID and NOD.Rag1(-/-) backgrounds as a model. Rg AI4 T cells are diabetogenic in vivo, demonstrating for the first time that Rg mice are a means for assessing the pathogenic potential of CD8(+) T cell receptor specificities. In order to obtain a sufficient number of Rg CD8(+) T cells for antigen screens, we optimized a method for their in vitro culture that resulted in a approximately 500 fold expansion. We demonstrate the high sensitivity and specificity of expanded Rg AI4 T cells in the contexts of (1) specific peptide challenge, (2) islet cytotoxicity, and (3) their ability to resolve previously defined mimotope candidates from a positional scanning peptide library. Our method is the first to combine the speed of Rg technology with an optimized in vitro Rg T cell expansion protocol to enable the rapid discovery of T cell antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo José Chaparro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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8
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Schamel WWA, Risueño RM, Minguet S, Ortíz AR, Alarcón B. A conformation- and avidity-based proofreading mechanism for the TCR–CD3 complex. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:176-82. [PMID: 16527543 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During antigen recognition, T cells show high sensitivity and specificity, and a wide dynamic range. Paradoxically, these characteristics are based on low-affinity receptor-ligand interactions [between the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR-CD3) complex and the antigen peptide bound to MHC]. Recent evidence indicates that the TCR-CD3 is expressed as multivalent complexes in the membrane of non-stimulated T cells and that conformational changes in the TCR-CD3 can be induced by strong but not weak agonists. Here, we propose a thermodynamic model whereby the specificity of the TCR-CD3-pMHC interaction is explained by its multivalent nature. We also propose that the free energy barriers involved in the change in conformation of the receptor impose a response threshold and determine the kinetic properties of recognition. Finally, we suggest that multivalent TCR-CD3s can amplify signals by spreading them from pMHC-engaged TCR-CD3s to unengaged complexes as a consequence of the cooperativity in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Max Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie and University of Freiburg, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Schamel WWA, Arechaga I, Risueño RM, van Santen HM, Cabezas P, Risco C, Valpuesta JM, Alarcón B. Coexistence of multivalent and monovalent TCRs explains high sensitivity and wide range of response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:493-503. [PMID: 16087711 PMCID: PMC2212847 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing paradox in the study of T cell antigen recognition is that of the high specificity–low affinity T cell receptor (TCR)–major histocompatibility complex peptide (MHCp) interaction. The existence of multivalent TCRs could resolve this paradox because they can simultaneously improve the avidity observed for monovalent interactions and allow for cooperative effects. We have studied the stoichiometry of the TCR by Blue Native–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found that the TCR exists as a mixture of monovalent (αβγɛδɛζζ) and multivalent complexes with two or more ligand-binding TCRα/β subunits. The coexistence of monovalent and multivalent complexes was confirmed by electron microscopy after label fracture of intact T cells, thus ruling out any possible artifact caused by detergent solubilization. We found that although only the multivalent complexes become phosphorylated at low antigen doses, both multivalent and monovalent TCRs are phosphorylated at higher doses. Thus, the multivalent TCRs could be responsible for sensing low concentrations of antigen, whereas the monovalent TCRs could be responsible for dose-response effects at high concentrations, conditions in which the multivalent TCRs are saturated. Thus, besides resolving TCR stoichiometry, these data can explain how T cells respond to a wide range of MHCp concentrations while maintaining high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W A Schamel
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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10
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Ludanyi K, Gogolak P, Rethi B, Magocsi M, Detre C, Matko J, Rajnavolgyi E. Fine-tuning of helper T cell activation and apoptosis by antigen-presenting cells. Cell Signal 2005; 16:939-50. [PMID: 15157673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in regulating helper T cell responses and activation-induced cell death (AICD) was investigated in vitro. T cell activation was monitored by measuring the early rise of intracellular free calcium [Ca+]ic, mRNA and cell surface expression of activation and apoptotic molecules, the production of cytokines and the activation of transcription factors. Our results demonstrate that the unique characteristics of a given APC can modify the threshold, kinetics and magnitude of the T cell response. The rapid and sustained rise of intracellular free calcium correlated well with the extent of cytokine production and the expression of activation molecules. Fas-dependent AICD could be induced by the most potent antigen-presenting cell (2PK3) only. Our results demonstrate that the response and fate of effector/memory CD4+ helper T lymphocytes is highly dependent on the individual properties of the APC they encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Ludanyi
- Institute of Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei Boulevard, Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
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11
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Patke DS, Farber DL. Modulation of Memory CD4 T Cell Function and Survival Potential by Altering the Strength of the Recall Stimulus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5433-43. [PMID: 15843542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of long term immunity depends on the functional persistence of memory T cells; however, there are no defined strategies for promoting memory T cell function and survival. In this study, we hypothesized that varying the strength of the recall stimulus could modulate the function and survival potential of memory CD4 T cells. We tested the ability of peptide variants of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) exhibiting strong and weak avidity for an HA-specific TCR, to modulate HA-specific memory CD4 T cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro stimulation with a weak avidity peptide (L115) uncoupled memory CD4 T proliferation from effector cytokine production with low apoptosis, whereas stimulation with a strong avidity peptide (Y117) fully recalled memory T cell functions but triggered increased apoptosis. To determine how differential recall would affect memory T cells in vivo, we boosted BALB/c hosts of transferred, CFSE-labeled HA-specific memory CD4 T cells with native HA, Y117, and L115 variant peptides and found differences in early Ag-driven memory T cell proliferation and IL-7R expression, with subsequent changes in memory T cell yield. High avidity boosting resulted in rapid proliferation, extensive IL-7R down-regulation, and the lowest yield of HA-specific memory cells, whereas low avidity boosting triggered low in vivo proliferation, maintenance of IL-7R expression, and the highest memory T cell yield. Our results indicate that memory CD4 T cell function and survival can be modulated at the recall level, and can be optimized by low level stimulation that minimizes apoptosis and enhances responses to survival factors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Immunization, Secondary/methods
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Ligands
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Lung/cytology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Patke
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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12
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Monjas A, Alcover A, Alarcón B. Engaged and bystander T cell receptors are down-modulated by different endocytotic pathways. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:55376-84. [PMID: 15516342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409342200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement by stimulatory antibodies or its major histocompatibility complex-antigen ligand results in its down-modulation from the cell surface, a phenomenon that is thought to play a role in T cell desensitization. However, TCR engagement results in the down-modulation not only of the engaged receptors but also of non-engaged bystander TCRs. We have investigated the mechanisms that mediate the down-modulation of engaged and bystander receptors and show that co-modulation of the bystander TCRs requires protein-tyrosine kinase activity and is mediated by clathrin-coated pits. In contrast, the down-modulation of engaged TCRs is independent of protein-tyrosine kinases and clathrin pits, suggesting that this process is mediated by an alternate mechanism. Indeed, down-modulation of engaged TCRs appears to depend upon lipid rafts, because cholesterol depletion with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin completely blocks this process. Thus, two independent pathways of internalization are involved in TCR down-modulation and act differentially on directly engaged and bystander receptors. Finally, we propose that although both mechanisms coexist, the predominance of one or the other mechanisms will depend on the dose of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Monjas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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13
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Dudda JC, Denfeld RW, Simon JC, Martin SF. UVB-irradiated dendritic cells fail to tolerize murine CD8 naïve or effector T cells. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:945-52. [PMID: 15102085 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UVB radiation has been shown to induce T cell tolerance most likely via modulation of the function of antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells (DC), which are therefore of interest for vaccination therapy. Since little is known about the effects of UVB-irradiated dendritic cells (UVB-DC) on CD8(+) T cells, which are the dominant effectors in various allergic and autoimmune diseases, we have investigated the potential of low dose UVB (100-200 J per m(2)) irradiated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to induce tolerance in murine CD8(+) T cells specific for the contact allergen trinitrophenyl (TNP) or for a viral peptide. In contrast to the previously reported successful tolerization of primed CD4(+) Th1 cells, neither naïve CD8(+) T cells nor CD8(+) Tc1 effector cells or established CD8(+) T cell clones could be tolerized by TNP-modified or peptide-pulsed UVB-DC in vitro or in vivo. We observed, however, a reduced capacity of UVB-DC to prime naïve CD8(+) T cells. Our data demonstrate an important difference in the susceptibility of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells for tolerance induction using low-dose UVB-irradiated DC and have implications for DC therapy of CD8(+) T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Dudda
- Clinical Research Group Allergology, Department of Dermatology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Lee KH, Dinner AR, Tu C, Campi G, Raychaudhuri S, Varma R, Sims TN, Burack WR, Wu H, Wang J, Kanagawa O, Markiewicz M, Allen PM, Dustin ML, Chakraborty AK, Shaw AS. The Immunological Synapse Balances T Cell Receptor Signaling and Degradation. Science 2003; 302:1218-22. [PMID: 14512504 DOI: 10.1126/science.1086507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse is a specialized cell-cell junction between T cell and antigen-presenting cell surfaces. It is characterized by a central cluster of antigen receptors, a ring of integrin family adhesion molecules, and temporal stability over hours. The role of this specific organization in signaling for T cell activation has been controversial. We use in vitro and in silico experiments to determine that the immunological synapse acts as a type of adaptive controller that both boosts T cell receptor triggering and attenuates strong signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8118, 660 South Euclid, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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15
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Bonefeld CM, Rasmussen AB, Lauritsen JPH, von Essen M, Ødum N, Andersen PS, Geisler C. TCR comodulation of nonengaged TCR takes place by a protein kinase C and CD3 gamma di-leucine-based motif-dependent mechanism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3003-9. [PMID: 12960325 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest events following TCR triggering is TCR down-regulation. However, the mechanisms behind TCR down-regulation are still not fully known. Some studies have suggested that only directly triggered TCR are internalized, whereas others studies have indicated that, in addition to triggered receptors, nonengaged TCR are also internalized (comodulated). In this study, we used transfected T cells expressing two different TCR to analyze whether comodulation took place. We show that TCR triggering by anti-TCR mAb and peptide-MHC complexes clearly induced internalization of nonengaged TCR. By using a panel of mAb against the Ti beta chain, we demonstrate that the comodulation kinetics depended on the affinity of the ligand. Thus, high-affinity mAb (K(D) = 2.3 nM) induced a rapid but reversible comodulation, whereas low-affinity mAb (K(D) = 6200 nM) induced a slower but more permanent type of comodulation. Like internalization of engaged TCR, comodulation was dependent on protein tyrosine kinase activity. Finally, we found that in contrast to internalization of engaged TCR, comodulation was highly dependent on protein kinase C activity and the CD3 gamma di-leucine-based motif. Based on these observations, a physiological role of comodulation is proposed and the plausibility of the TCR serial triggering model is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dipeptides/physiology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leucine/physiology
- Ligands
- Mice
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Kinase C/physiology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Nguyen LT, Bachmann MF, Ohashi PS. Contribution of LCMV transgenic models to understanding T lymphocyte development, activation, tolerance, and autoimmunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 263:119-43. [PMID: 11987812 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56055-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L T Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2M9
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17
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Belyakov IM, Wang J, Koka R, Ahlers JD, Snyder JT, Tse R, Cox J, Gibbs JS, Margulies DH, Berzofsky JA. Activating CTL precursors to reveal CTL function without skewing the repertoire by in vitro expansion. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3557-66. [PMID: 11745375 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3557::aid-immu3557>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Detection of the functional CD8(+) CTL response usually requires in vitro restimulation. The differences between the CD8(+) CTL repertoire in freshly isolated precursor cells and CD8(+) CTL after short-term in vitro expansion have been generally assumed to be minimal, but have never been defined experimentally. Using staining with P18-I10/H-2D(d) tetramers and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Vbeta, we show the surprising result that there was significant skewing of the CD8(+) CTL repertoire after just 7 days of stimulation. In contrast, we found that overnight incubation of precursor cells with peptide allows the functional assessment of CD8(+) CTL (which cannot be detected ex vivo from freshly isolated cells) without changing the absolute number of antigen-specific CTL as measured by tetramer staining or the repertoire of TCR analyzed with mAb. This study affords a better understanding of the differences between the ex vivo and in vitro stimulated CTL repertoire, and provides an approach to reveal a more faithful representation of the functional in vivo CTL response without skewing of the repertoire of T cells detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1578, USA.
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18
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Krishnan S, Warke VG, Nambiar MP, Wong HK, Tsokos GC, Farber DL. Generation and biochemical analysis of human effector CD4 T cells: alterations in tyrosine phosphorylation and loss of CD3zeta expression. Blood 2001; 97:3851-9. [PMID: 11389026 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.12.3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human effector T cells have been difficult to isolate and characterize due to their phenotypic and functional similarity to the memory subset. In this study, a biochemical approach was used to analyze human effector CD4 T cells generated in vitro by activation with anti-CD3 and autologous monocytes for 3 to 5 days. The resultant effector cells expressed the appropriate activation/differentiation markers and secreted high levels of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) when restimulated. Biochemically, effector CD4 T cells exhibited increases in total intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation and effector-associated phosphorylated species. Paradoxically, these alterations in tyrosine phosphorylation were concomitant with greatly reduced expression of CD3zeta and CD3epsilon signaling subunits coincident with a reduction in surface T-cell receptor (TCR) expression. Because loss of CD3zeta has also been detected in T cells isolated ex vivo from individuals with cancer, chronic viral infection, and autoimmune diseases, the requirements and kinetics of CD3zeta down-regulation were examined. The loss of CD3zeta expression persisted throughout the course of effector T-cell differentiation, was reversible on removal from the activating stimulus, and was modulated by activation conditions. These biochemical changes occurred in effector T cells generated from naive or memory CD4 T-cell precursors and distinguished effector from memory T cells. The results suggest that human effector T-cell differentiation is accompanied by alterations in the TCR signal transduction and that loss of CD3zeta expression may be a feature of chronic T-cell activation and effector generation in vivo. (Blood. 2001;97:3851-3859)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Baltimore, MSTF Bldg., 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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19
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Oxenius A, Günthard HF, Hirschel B, Fidler S, Weber JN, Easterbrook PJ, Bell JI, Phillips RE, Price DA. Direct ex vivo analysis reveals distinct phenotypic patterns of HIV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte activation in response to therapeutic manipulation of virus load. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:1115-21. [PMID: 11298336 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200104)31:4<1115::aid-immu1115>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic intervention with antiretroviral therapy (ART) enables the modulation of HIV virus load and hence provides a unique opportunity to study the consequences of varying antigen load on the phenotype of virus-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes in a persistent human viral infection. The recent advent of tetrameric peptide / HLA class I complexes has enabled the direct phenotypic characterization of antigen-specific T cell populations ex vivo. Here, we use this technology to examine directly ex vivo the consequences of therapeutic manipulation of HIV virus load on the phenotype of HIV-specific CTL. Our observations show that: (1) distinct sequential activation patterns of CD8(+) T cells are associated with increasing virus load; (2) T cell receptor (TCR) down-regulation without apoptosis represents an early event during the generation of a T cell response in a natural infection and precedes the emergence of two distinct antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell populations which differ in TCR and CD8 expression levels. Clear differences in surface Annexin V staining were observed between these populations. The observation that CTL activation, demonstrated by TCR and CD8 down-regulation, in response to rising levels of virus load, co-segregates with apoptosis only during later stages of the response indicates that antigen-associated cell death is restricted to distinct subpopulations of CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oxenius
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, Great Britain.
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20
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San José E, Borroto A, Niedergang F, Alcover A, Alarcón B. Triggering the TCR complex causes the downregulation of nonengaged receptors by a signal transduction-dependent mechanism. Immunity 2000; 12:161-70. [PMID: 10714682 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of the TCR complex is believed to be intimately tied to T cell activation, allowing serial triggering of receptors and desensitization of stimulated cells. We studied transfected and transgenic T cells expressing CD3zeta chimeras to demonstrate that ligand engagement of the TCR or chimeras causes comodulation of nonengaged receptors. Comodulation required protein tyrosine kinase activity but not trans-phosphorylation of nonengaged receptors. The TCR appears to be downregulated by at least two mechanisms. One mechanism requires direct engagement, independent of signaling. The second requires signaling and downregulates nontriggered receptors. These results shed new light on the process of TCR downregulation and indicate that the number of downregulated TCRs cannot be assumed to equal the number of engaged receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E San José
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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21
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Kirchner J, Bevan MJ. ITM2A is induced during thymocyte selection and T cell activation and causes downregulation of CD8 when overexpressed in CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive thymocytes. J Exp Med 1999; 190:217-28. [PMID: 10432285 PMCID: PMC2195576 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/1999] [Accepted: 05/10/1999] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel genes that are involved in positive selection of thymocytes, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based subtractive hybridization between selecting and nonselecting thymi. OT-1 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic thymocytes on a recombination activating gene (RAG) null background are efficiently selected into the CD8 lineage in H-2(b) mice (RAG-2(-/-)OT-1, selecting thymi), but are not selected on a transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) null background (RAG-2(-/-)TAP-1(-/-)OT-1, nonselecting thymi). We report here our studies of one gene, ITM2A, whose expression is dramatically higher in T cells in the selecting thymus. The expression pattern of ITM2A in thymocyte subsets correlates with upregulation during positive selection. In addition, ITM2A expression is higher in the thymus than in either the spleen or lymph nodes, but can be upregulated in peripheral T cells upon activation. ITM2A expression was also induced in RAG-2(-/-) thymocytes in vivo upon CD3 cross-linking. We demonstrate that ITM2A is a type II membrane glycoprotein that exists as two species with apparent M(r) of 45 and 43 kD and appears to localize primarily to large cytoplasmic vesicles and the Golgi apparatus, but is also expressed on the cell surface. Expression on the surface of EL4 cells increases with activation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. Finally, overexpression of ITM2A under control of the lck proximal promoter in mice results in partial downregulation of CD8 in CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive (DP) thymocytes, and a corresponding increase in the number of CD4(+)CD8(lo) thymocytes. Possible roles for this novel activation marker in thymocyte development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kirchner
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Michael J. Bevan
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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