1
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Jin W. Regulation of Src Family Kinases during Colorectal Cancer Development and Its Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051339. [PMID: 32456226 PMCID: PMC7281431 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor kinases that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The expression and activity of SFKs are upregulated in patients with CRC. Activation of SFKs promotes CRC cell proliferation, metastases to other organs and chemoresistance, as well as the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The enhanced expression level of Src is associated with decreased survival in patients with CRC. Src-mediated regulation of CRC progression involves various membrane receptors, modulators, and suppressors, which regulate Src activation and its downstream targets through various mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the correlations between Src and CRC progression, with a special focus on cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance, and formation of CSCs. Additionally, this review discusses preclinical and clinical strategies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of drugs targeting Src for treating patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Disease and Cell Regulation, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea
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2
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Tsang JLY, Jia SH, Parodo J, Plant P, Lodyga M, Charbonney E, Szaszi K, Kapus A, Marshall JC. Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Caspase-8 Abrogates Its Apoptotic Activity and Promotes Activation of c-Src. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153946. [PMID: 27101103 PMCID: PMC4839753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) phosphorylate caspase-8A at tyrosine (Y) 397 resulting in suppression of apoptosis. In addition, the phosphorylation of caspase-8A at other sites including Y465 has been implicated in the regulation of caspase-8 activity. However, the functional consequences of these modifications on caspase-8 processing/activity have not been elucidated. Moreover, various Src substrates are known to act as potent Src regulators, but no such role has been explored for caspase-8. We asked whether the newly identified caspase-8 phosphorylation sites might regulate caspase-8 activation and conversely, whether caspase-8 phosphorylation might affect Src activity. Here we show that Src phosphorylates caspase-8A at multiple tyrosine sites; of these, we have focused on Y397 within the linker region and Y465 within the p12 subunit of caspase-8A. We show that phosphomimetic mutation of caspase-8A at Y465 prevents its cleavage and the subsequent activation of caspase-3 and suppresses apoptosis. Furthermore, simultaneous phosphomimetic mutation of caspase-8A at Y397 and Y465 promotes the phosphorylation of c-Src at Y416 and increases c-Src activity. Finally, we demonstrate that caspase-8 activity prevents its own tyrosine phosphorylation by Src. Together these data reveal that dual phosphorylation converts caspase-8 from a pro-apoptotic to a pro-survival mediator. Specifically, tyrosine phosphorylation by Src renders caspase-8 uncleavable and thereby inactive, and at the same time converts it to a Src activator. This novel dynamic interplay between Src and caspase-8 likely acts as a potent signal-integrating switch directing the cell towards apoptosis or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer LY Tsang
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Niagara Health System, Niagara, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Song Hui Jia
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Parodo
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela Plant
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monika Lodyga
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Charbonney
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de “Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katalin Szaszi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C. Marshall
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Sievers E, Trautmann M, Kindler D, Huss S, Gruenewald I, Dirksen U, Renner M, Mechtersheimer G, Pedeutour F, Åman P, Nishio J, Schildhaus HU, Kirfel J, Schirmacher P, Wardelmann E, Buettner R, Hartmann W. SRC inhibition represents a potential therapeutic strategy in liposarcoma. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2578-88. [PMID: 26084847 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Liposarcomas (LS) are the most common malignant mesenchymal tumors, with an overall long-term mortality rate of 60%. LS comprise three major subtypes, i.e., well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma (WDLS/DDLS), myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (MLS) and pleomorphic liposarcoma (PLS). Aiming at the preclinical identification of novel therapeutic options, we here investigate the functional significance of SRC in primary human LS and in LS-derived cell lines. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses reveal relevant levels of activated p-(Tyr416)-SRC in LS of the different subtypes with particular activation in MLS and PLS. Dysregulation of the SRC modifiers CSK and PTP1B was excluded as major reason for the activation of the kinase. Consistent siRNA-mediated knockdown of SRC or inhibition by the SRC inhibitor Dasatinib led to decreased proliferation of LS cell lines of the different subtypes, with MLS cells reacting particularly sensitive in MTT assays. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that this effect was due to a significant decrease in mitotic activity and an induction of apoptosis. SRC inhibition by Dasatinib resulted in dephosphorylation of SRC itself, its interacting partners FAK and IGF-IR as well as its downstream target AKT. Consistent with a particular role of SRC in cell motility, Dasatinib reduced the migratory and invasive potential of MLS cells in Boyden chamber and Matrigel chamber assays. In summary, we provide evidence that SRC activation plays an important role in LS biology and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target, particularly in MLS and PLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Sievers
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Trautmann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kindler
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Huss
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Inga Gruenewald
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Marcus Renner
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Florence Pedeutour
- Laboratory of Solid Tumors Genetics, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Åman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jun Nishio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Jutta Kirfel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Wardelmann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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4
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Gargalionis AN, Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou AG. The molecular rationale of Src inhibition in colorectal carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2019-2029. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios N. Gargalionis
- Molecular Oncology Unit; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School; Athens Greece
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School; Athens Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School; Athens Greece
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5
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Saud SM, Young MR, Jones-Hall YL, Ileva L, Evbuomwan MO, Wise J, Colburn NH, Kim YS, Bobe G. Chemopreventive activity of plant flavonoid isorhamnetin in colorectal cancer is mediated by oncogenic Src and β-catenin. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5473-84. [PMID: 23824743 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the Polyp Prevention Trial showed an association between an isorhamnetin-rich diet and a reduced risk of advanced adenoma recurrence; however, the mechanism behind the chemoprotective effects of isorhamnetin remains unclear. Here, we show that isorhamnetin prevents colorectal tumorigenesis of FVB/N mice treated with the chemical carcinogen azoxymethane and subsequently exposed to colonic irritant dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Dietary isorhamnetin decreased mortality, tumor number, and tumor burden by 62%, 35%, and 59%, respectively. MRI, histopathology, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that dietary isorhamnetin resolved the DSS-induced inflammatory response faster than the control diet. Isorhamnetin inhibited AOM/DSS-induced oncogenic c-Src activation and β-catenin nuclear translocation, while promoting the expression of C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), a negative regulator of Src family of tyrosine kinases. Similarly, in HT-29 colon cancer cells, isorhamnetin inhibited oncogenic Src activity and β-catenin nuclear translocation by inducing expression of csk, as verified by RNA interference knockdown of csk. Our observations suggest the chemoprotective effects of isorhamnetin in colon cancer are linked to its anti-inflammatory activities and its inhibition of oncogenic Src activity and consequential loss of nuclear β-catenin, activities that are dependent on CSK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir M Saud
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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6
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Michels S, Trautmann M, Sievers E, Kindler D, Huss S, Renner M, Friedrichs N, Kirfel J, Steiner S, Endl E, Wurst P, Heukamp L, Penzel R, Larsson O, Kawai A, Tanaka S, Sonobe H, Schirmacher P, Mechtersheimer G, Wardelmann E, Büttner R, Hartmann W. SRC signaling is crucial in the growth of synovial sarcoma cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2518-28. [PMID: 23580575 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma is a soft-tissue malignancy characterized by a reciprocal t(X;18) translocation encoding a chimeric transcriptional modifier. Several receptor tyrosine kinases have been found activated in synovial sarcoma; however, no convincing therapeutic concept has emerged from these findings. On the basis of the results of phosphokinase screening arrays, we here investigate the functional and therapeutic relevance of the SRC kinase in synovial sarcoma. Immunohistochemistry of phosphorylated SRC and its regulators CSK and PTP1B (PTPN1) was conducted in 30 synovial sarcomas. Functional aspects of SRC, including dependence of SRC activation on the SS18/SSX fusion proteins, were analyzed in vitro. Eventually, synovial sarcoma xenografts were treated with the SRC inhibitor dasatinib in vivo. Activated phospho (p)-(Tyr416)-SRC was detected in the majority of tumors; dysregulation of CSK or PTP1B was excluded as the reason for the activation of the kinase. Expression of the SS18/SSX fusion proteins in T-REx-293 cells was associated with increased p-(Tyr416)-SRC levels, linked with an induction of the insulin-like growth factor pathway. Treatment of synovial sarcoma cells with dasatinib led to apoptosis and inhibition of cellular proliferation, associated with reduced phosphorylation of FAK (PTK2), STAT3, IGF-IR, and AKT. Concurrent exposure of cells to dasatinib and chemotherapeutic agents resulted in additive effects. Cellular migration and invasion were dependent on signals transmitted by SRC involving regulation of the Rho GTPases Rac and RhoA. Treatment of nude mice with SYO-1 xenografts with dasatinib significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In summary, SRC is of crucial biologic importance and represents a promising therapeutic target in synovial sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Michels
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Involvement of Src in the Adaptation of Cancer Cells under Microenvironmental Stresses. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:483796. [PMID: 22988500 PMCID: PMC3439988 DOI: 10.1155/2012/483796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation, which is catalyzed by protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK), plays a pivotal role in a variety of cellular functions related to health and disease. The discovery of the viral oncogene Src (v-Src) and its cellular nontransforming counterpart (c-Src), as the first example of PTK, has opened a window to study the relationship between protein-tyrosine phosphorylation and the biology and medicine of cancer. In this paper, we focus on the roles played by Src and other PTKs in cancer cell-specific behavior, that is, evasion of apoptosis or cell death under stressful extracellular and/or intracellular microenvironments (i.e., hypoxia, anoikis, hypoglycemia, and serum deprivation).
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8
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Lieu C, Kopetz S. The SRC family of protein tyrosine kinases: a new and promising target for colorectal cancer therapy. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2010; 9:89-94. [PMID: 20378502 DOI: 10.3816/ccc.2010.n.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Src family of tyrosine kinases has been implicated in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). As a result, Src inhibitors are now being studied as possible therapeutic agents to treat metastatic disease. In this review, we discuss the effects of aberrant Src activation in CRC, Src as a target of single-agent drug therapy, and Src as a target of combination therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition and cytotoxic chemotherapy. The greatest potential for clinically relevant benefit most likely lies in combination regimens. Further evaluation with biomarkers will continue to define the molecular phenotype of patients with CRC who will benefit the most from Src-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lieu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Mikkola ET, Gahmberg CG. Hydrophobic interaction between the SH2 domain and the kinase domain is required for the activation of Csk. J Mol Biol 2010; 399:618-27. [PMID: 20434462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) is activated by the engagement of its Src homology (SH) 2 domain. However, the molecular mechanism required for this is not completely understood. The crystal structure of the active Csk indicates that Csk could be activated by contact between the SH2 domain and the beta3-alphaC loop in the N-terminal lobe of the kinase domain. To study the importance of this interaction for the SH2-domain-mediated activation of Csk, we mutated the amino acid residues forming the contacts between the SH2 domain and the beta3-alphaC loop. The mutation of the beta3-alphaC loop Ala228 to glycine and of the SH2 domain Tyr116, Tyr133, Leu138, and Leu149 to alanine resulted in the inability of the SH2 domain ligand to activate Csk. Furthermore, the overexpressed Csk mutants A228G, Y133A/Y116A, L138A, and L149A were unable to efficiently inactivate endogenous Src in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The results suggest that the SH2-domain-mediated activation of Csk is dependent on the binding of the beta3-alphaC loop Ala228 to the hydrophobic pocket formed by the side chains of Tyr116, Tyr133, Leu138, and Leu149 on the surface of the SH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa T Mikkola
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Zhao L, Li W, Marshall C, Griffin T, Hanson M, Hick R, Dentchev T, Williams E, Werth A, Miller C, Bashir H, Pear W, Seykora JT. Srcasm inhibits Fyn-induced cutaneous carcinogenesis with modulation of Notch1 and p53. Cancer Res 2010; 69:9439-47. [PMID: 19934324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Src family tyrosine kinases (SFK) regulate cell proliferation, and increased SFK activity is common in human carcinomas, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and its precursors. The elevated SFK activity in cutaneous SCCs was modeled using K14-Fyn Y528F transgenic mice, which spontaneously form punctate keratotic lesions, scaly plaques, and large tumors resembling actinic keratoses, SCC in situ, and SCCs, respectively. Lesional tissue showed increased levels of activated SFKs, PDK1, STAT3, and ERK1/2, whereas Notch1/NICD protein and transcript levels were decreased. p53 levels also were decreased in SCC in situ and SCCs. Increasing Srcasm levels using a K14-Fyn Y528F/K14-Srcasm double transgenic model markedly inhibited cutaneous neoplasia. In contrast, increased expression of a nonphosphorylatable Srcasm mutant maintained the neoplastic phenotype. Increasing Srcasm levels decreased levels of Fyn, activated SFKs, ERK1/2, PDK1, and phospho-STAT3, and increased Notch1/NICD and p53 levels. Analysis of human specimens revealed that levels of Fyn and activated SFKs were elevated in SCCs compared with adjacent nonlesional epidermis. In addition, Notch1 and Srcasm protein and transcript levels were decreased in human SCCs compared with nonlesional epidermis. Therefore, the SCCs produced by the Fyn Y528F mice resemble their human counterparts at the molecular level. K14-Fyn Y528F mice represent a robust model of cutaneous carcinogenesis that manifests precancerous lesions and SCCs resembling human disease. The Fyn/Srcasm signaling nexus modulates activity of STAT3, PDK1, ERK1/2, Notch1, and p53. Further study of Fyn and Srcasm should provide insights into the mechanisms regulating keratinocyte proliferation and skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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11
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Src family tyrosine kinases-driven colon cancer cell invasion is induced by Csk membrane delocalization. Oncogene 2009; 29:1303-15. [PMID: 20010872 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinases of the Src family (SFK) are frequently deregulated in human colorectal cancer (CRC), and they have been implicated in tumour growth and metastasis. How SFK are activated in this cancer has not been clearly established. Here, we show that the SFK-dependent invasion is induced by inactivation of the negative regulator C-terminal Src kinase, Csk. While the level of Csk was inconsistent with SFK activity in colon cancer cells, its membrane translocation, needed for efficient regulation of membrane-localized SFK activity, was impaired. Accordingly, Csk downregulation did not affect SFK oncogenic activity in these cells, whereas expression of a membrane-localized form of this kinase affected their invasive activity. Downregulation of the transmembrane and rafts-localized Csk-binding protein/phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomain (PAG), was instrumental for the cytoplasmic accumulation of Csk. Re-expression of PAG in cells from late-stage CRC inhibited SFK invasive activity in a Csk-dependent manner. Conversely, inactivation of its residual expression in early-stage CRC cells promoted SFK invasive activity. Finally, this mechanism was specific to CRC as Csk coupling to SFK was readily detected in breast cancer cells. Therefore, Csk mis-localization defines a novel mechanism for SFK oncogenic activation in CRC cells.
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Kunte DP, Wali RK, Koetsier JL, Roy HK. Antiproliferative effect of sulindac in colonic neoplasia prevention: role of COOH-terminal Src kinase. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1797-806. [PMID: 18644992 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) protection against colorectal cancer is well established, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We show herein that induction of the tumor suppressor gene COOH-terminal Src kinase (Csk) by NSAID is important for their antiproliferative and hence chemopreventive effects. In the azoxymethane-treated rat model of experimental colon carcinogenesis, sulindac treatment markedly induced Csk with a corresponding increase in inhibitory phosphorylation of Src (Tyr(527)). Sulindac-mediated Csk induction was replicated in the human colorectal cancer cell line HT-29, with a corresponding suppression of both Src kinase activity (63% of vehicle; P < 0.05) and E-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation (an in vivo Src target). To determine the importance of Csk in NSAID antiproliferative activity, we stably transfected a Csk-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vector into HT-29 cells, thereby blunting the sulindac-mediated Csk induction. These transfectants were significantly less responsive to the antiproliferative effect of sulindac sulfide (suppression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen was 21 +/- 2.3% in transfectants versus 45 +/- 4.23% in wild-type cells), with a corresponding mitigation of the sulindac-mediated G(1)-S-phase arrest (S-phase cells 48 +/- 3.6% versus 14 +/- 2.8% of vehicle respectively). Importantly, the Csk shRNA cells had a marked decrease in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(cip/waf1), a critical regulator of G(1)-S-phase progression (49% of wild-type cells). Moreover, although sulindac-mediated induction of p21(cip/waf1) was 113% in wild-type HT-29, this induction was alleviated in the Csk shRNA transfectants (65% induction; P < 0.01). Thus, this is the first demonstration that the antiproliferative activity of NSAID is modulated, at least partly, through the Csk/Src axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay P Kunte
- Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Suite G208, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), is highly expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) where increased EGFR expression levels in tumors are associated with decreased survival. HNSCC patient responses to EGFR-targeted monotherapies in clinical trials, though significant, have been limited. Tumor signaling pathway components that work in cooperation with EGFR or provide compensation for the loss of EGFR-initiated signaling will be ideal targets for therapies to be used in combination with EGFR-targeted agents. Based on the current understanding of molecular signaling pathways and available agents, ErbB family-targeted and Src family-targeted agents represent strategies for further exploration. Here, we discuss agents targeting ErbB and Src family kinases in clinical development, provide an overview of completed and ongoing clinical trials, and outline a molecular rationale for combining ErbB- and Src-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Egloff
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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14
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Abstract
The c-src proto-oncogene product, c-Src, is frequently over-expressed and activated in various human malignant cancers, implicating a role for c-Src in cancer progression. To verify the role of c-Src, we analyzed the transforming ability of c-Src in mouse embryonic fibroblasts that lack Csk, a negative regulator of Src family kinases. Although Csk deficiency is not sufficient for cell transformation, c-Src over-expression induced characteristic transformed phenotypes including anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenecity. These phenotypes were dose-dependently inhibited by the re-expression of Csk, indicating that there is a certain threshold for c-Src transformation, which is determined by the c-Src : Csk ratio. In contrast to v-Src, c-Src induced the phosphorylation of a limited number of cellular proteins and elicited a restricted change in gene expression profiles. The activation of some critical targets for v-Src transformation, such as STAT3, was not significantly induced by c-Src transformation. Several genes that are involved in cancer progression, that is, cyclin D1 and HIF-1alpha, were induced by v-Src, but not by c-Src. Furthermore, v-Src tumors exhibited aggressive growth and extensive angiogenesis, while c-Src tumors grew more slowly accompanied by the induction of hematomas. These findings demonstrate that c-Src has the potential to induce cell transformation, but it requires coordination with an additional pathway(s) to promote tumor progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitose Oneyama
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute of Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Liang F, Luo Y, Dong Y, Walls CD, Liang J, Jiang HY, Sanford JR, Wek RC, Zhang ZY. Translational control of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) expression by PRL3 phosphatase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10339-46. [PMID: 18268019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708285200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) is up-regulated in cancer metastases. However, little is known of PRL3-mediated cellular signaling pathways. We previously reported that elevated PRL3 expression increases Src kinase activity, which likely contributes to the increased tumorigenesis and metastasis potential of PRL3. PRL3-induced Src activation is proposed to be indirect through down-regulation of Csk, a negative regulator of Src. Given the importance of PRL3 in tumor metastasis and the role of Csk in controlling Src activity, we addressed the mechanism by which PRL3 mediates Csk down-regulation. PRL3 is shown to exert a negative effect on Csk protein synthesis, rather than regulation of Csk mRNA levels or protein turnover. Interestingly, the preferential decrease in Csk protein synthesis is a consequence of increased eIF2 phosphorylation resulting from PRL3 expression. Reduced Csk synthesis also occurs in response to cellular stress that induces eIF2 phosphorylation, indicating that this regulatory mechanism may occur in response to a wider spectrum of cellular conditions known to direct translational control. Thus, we have uncovered a previously uncharacterized role for PRL3 in the gene-specific translational control of Csk expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Abstract
The Src family kinases (SFKs) are the largest family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases and are responsible for signal transduction during many cellular activities, including differentiation, adhesion, and migration. Aberrant Src/SFK activity has been widely implicated in cancer development. Several lines of evidence indicate a role for SFKs in the development of prostate cancer, e.g. SFK overexpression in prostate cancer cell lines and tissues and reduced cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration following Src inhibition. In particular, Src may be involved in androgen-independent growth during advanced stages of disease. Src signaling is also a key pathway during normal and dysregulated bone functioning, and bone metastases are responsible for substantial morbidity in advanced prostate cancer. Src/SFK inhibition therefore represents a potentially useful therapeutic strategy for patients with various stages of prostate cancer. To date, four Src inhibitors have reached clinical trials. Of these, the broadest range of in vitro prostate cancer data are available for dasatinib, which inhibits several SFKs as well as other tyrosine kinases. Src inhibitors may be specifically evaluated in prostate cancer clinical trials in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fizazi
- Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800 Villejuif, France.
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17
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Abstract
Src activation has been associated with colon cancers but the mechanism underlying Src activation is largely unknown. Csk-homologous kinase (CHK) can inhibit the kinase activity of certain Src kinase family members in vitro by phosphorylating the C-terminal tyrosine and by a non-catalytic mechanism. CHK was previously reported to be expressed primarily in brain and hematopoietic cells. We report herein that CHK is also expressed in normal colon cell lines. Furthermore, CHK protein levels are significantly decreased in various colon cancer cell lines and the decrease correlates with the increased specific activity of Src in these cell lines, while the level of the other Src inhibitory kinase, C-terminal Src kinase, is not significantly changed. CHK is also expressed in normal colon tissues but its expression level is decreased in colon cancer tissues collected from the same patients. Immunofluorescence microscopy shows that CHK colocalizes with Src in normal colon FHC cells. Overexpression of CHK in colon cancer cells results in inactivation of Src without phosphorylating Y530 at its C-terminus. In addition, CHK suppresses anchorage-independent cell growth and cell invasion of colon cancer cells. These results reveal a potentially important role for CHK in Src activation and tumorigenicity in colon cancer cells.
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18
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Ly QP, Yeatman TJ. Clinical relevance of targeted interference with Src-mediated signal transduction events. Recent Results Cancer Res 2007; 172:169-88. [PMID: 17607941 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-31209-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan P Ly
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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19
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Liang F, Liang J, Wang WQ, Sun JP, Udho E, Zhang ZY. PRL3 promotes cell invasion and proliferation by down-regulation of Csk leading to Src activation. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:5413-9. [PMID: 17192274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608940200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) is overexpressed in a variety of tumors, and high levels of PRL3 expression are associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. Consistent with an oncogenic role for PRL3, we show that ectopic PRL3 expression promotes cell proliferation and invasion. However, little is known about the molecular basis for PRL3 function. Obtaining this knowledge is vital for understanding PRL3-mediated disease processes and for the development of novel anticancer therapies targeted to PRL3. Here we report that up-regulation of PRL3 activates the Src kinase, which initiates a number of signal pathways culminating in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, STAT3, and p130(Cas). The activation of these pathways likely contributes to the increased cell growth and motility of PRL3 cells. We provide evidence that PRL3 induces Src activation through down-regulation of Csk, a negative regulator of Src. Importantly, Src activation and Csk down-regulation are also observed in colon cancer cells expressing a higher level of PRL3. Thus, we have revealed a biochemical mechanism for the PRL3-mediated cell invasion and proliferation in which elevated PRL3 expression causes a reduction in Csk level, leading to Src activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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20
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Ellis DJP, Dehm SM, Bonham K. The modification of Sp3 isoforms by SUMOylation has differential effects on the SRC1A promoter. Gene 2006; 379:68-78. [PMID: 16781829 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we had described a housekeeping like promoter that regulates expression of the SRC gene in many cell types. This promoter was found to be regulated by Sp1 and hnRNP-K. However, at that time we could find little evidence supporting a significant role for Sp3 in SRC activation. Interestingly, despite its first description some 12 years ago, a full length Sp3 clone has only recently been described. Previous mechanistic studies, including our own, employed a version of Sp3 that was significantly N-terminally truncated. In addition, several shorter Sp3 isoforms exist that result from internally initiated translation sites. To complicate matters further, all Sp3 isoforms can be modified by SUMO-1. Due to this newly emerging information few reports exist that systematically explore these various Sp3 isoforms (SUMOylated or not) and how they affect activity of specific mammalian promoters. We therefore undertook such a study to re-evaluate regulation of SRC by these various Sp3 isoforms. Using human and insect cells we found that the newly isolated full length version of Sp3 was only a weak to moderate activator of SRC. However, to our surprise, the more commonly used N-terminally truncated version of Sp3 was up to five times more active. We also found that mutations preventing SUMOylation of the shorter Sp3 isoforms were sufficient to convert them into potent transactivators of SRC. In contrast to other studies, however, we found that SUMOylation of full length Sp3 had little effect on its transcriptional properties. These results provide new insights into the complexity of Sp3 mediated transcription which appears to be highly dependent on the isoform bound, SUMOylation status and the promoter context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J P Ellis
- Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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21
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Zhu F, Choi BY, Ma WY, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Cho YY, Choi HS, Imamoto A, Bode AM, Dong Z. COOH-terminal Src kinase-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation promotes c-Jun degradation and inhibits cell transformation. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5729-36. [PMID: 16740711 PMCID: PMC2239244 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oncoprotein c-Jun is a component of the activator protein-1 transcription factor complex, which is involved in cellular proliferation, transformation, and death. The stabilization of c-Jun is critically important for its function. The phosphorylation of c-Jun by c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases reduces c-Jun ubiquitination resulting in increased stabilization of c-Jun. In this report, we showed that COOH-terminal Src kinase (CSK) binds with and phosphorylates c-Jun at Y26 and Y170. Phosphorylation of c-Jun by CSK, in opposition to c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases, promoted c-Jun degradation and reduced stability. By promoting c-Jun degradation, CSK helps to maintain a low steady-state level of c-Jun, thereby inhibiting activator protein-1 activity and cell transformation caused by c-Jun. These results indicated that this function of CSK controls cell proliferation under normal growth conditions and may have implications for CSK loss of function in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA and
| | - Bu Young Choi
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA and
| | - Wei-Ya Ma
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA and
| | - Zhongliang Zhao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA and
| | - Yiguo Zhang
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA and
| | - Yong Yeon Cho
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA and
| | - Hong Seok Choi
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA and
| | - Akira Imamoto
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Oncology, The University of Chicago
| | - Ann M. Bode
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA and
| | - Zigang Dong
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA and
- Requests for reprints: Zigang Dong, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16 Avenue NE, Austin, MN 55912. Tel: 507-437-9600; Fax: 507-437-9606; E-mail:
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22
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Kunte DP, Wali RK, Koetsier JL, Hart J, Kostjukova MN, Kilimnik AY, Pyatkin IG, Strelnikova SR, Roy HK. Down-regulation of the tumor suppressor gene C-terminal Src kinase: An early event during premalignant colonic epithelial hyperproliferation. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:3497-502. [PMID: 15961079 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperproliferation of the premalignant epithelium is critical for colonic carcinogenesis; however the mechanisms remain largely unexplored. We report herein that prior to occurrence of neoplastic lesions in the azoxymethane-rat model of colon carcinogenesis; the tumor suppressor gene C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) was down-regulated with a concomitant increase in Src activity. Furthermore, pharmacological or genetic (RNA interference) inhibition of Csk resulted in increased proliferation in colon cancer cell lines through the mitogen-activated protein kinase dependent pathway. Thus, we demonstrate, for the first time, that Csk suppression is an important early event in colorectal cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay P Kunte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, 2650 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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23
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Tan YX, Wang HT, Zhang P, Yan ZH, Dai GL, Wu MC, Wang HY. c-src activating mutation analysis in Chinese patients with colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2351-3. [PMID: 15818752 PMCID: PMC4305825 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i15.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the occurrence of cellular src (c-src) activating mutation at codon 531 in colorectal cancer patients from Chinese mainland.
METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay followed by sequencing and single-strand conformation polymor-phism analysis were carried out to screen 110 samples of primary colorectal cancer and 20 colorectal liver metastases.
RESULTS: Only one sample showed PCR-RFLP-positive results and carried somatic codon 531 mutations. No additional mutation of c-src exon 12 was found.
CONCLUSION: c-src codon 531 mutation in colorectal cancer is not the cause of c-src activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Xiong Tan
- International Co-operational Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
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24
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Griffiths GJ, Koh MY, Brunton VG, Cawthorne C, Reeves NA, Greaves M, Tilby MJ, Pearson DG, Ottley CJ, Workman P, Frame MC, Dive C. Expression of kinase-defective mutants of c-Src in human metastatic colon cancer cells decreases Bcl-xL and increases oxaliplatin- and Fas-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:46113-21. [PMID: 15326164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408550200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor resistance to current drugs prevents curative treatment of human colon cancer. A pressing need for effective, tumor-specific chemotherapies exists. The non-receptor-tyrosine kinase c-Src is overexpressed in >70% of human colon cancers and represents a tractable drug target. KM12L4A human metastatic colon cancer cells were stably transfected with two distinct kinase-defective mutants of c-src. Their response to oxaliplatin, to SN38, the active metabolite of irinotecan (drugs active in colon cancer), and to activation of the death receptor Fas was compared with vector control cells in terms of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Both kinase-defective forms of c-Src co-sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by oxaliplatin and Fas activation but not by SN38. Cells harboring kinase-defective forms of c-Src carrying function blocking point mutations in SH3 or SH2 domains were similarly sensitive to oxaliplatin, suggesting that reduction in kinase activity and not a Src SH2-SH3 scaffold function was responsible for the observed altered sensitivity. Oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis, potentiated by kinase-defective c-Src mutants, was dependent on activation of caspase 8 and associated with Bid cleavage. Each of the stable cell lines in which kinase-defective mutants of c-Src were expressed had reduced levels of Bcl-x(L.) However, inhibition of c-Src kinase activity by PP2 in vector control cells did not alter the oxaliplatin response over 72 h nor did it reduce Bcl-x(L) levels. The data suggest that longer term suppression of Src kinase activity may be required to lower Bcl-x(L) levels and sensitize colon cancer cells to oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester, and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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25
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Read RD, Bach EA, Cagan RL. Drosophila C-terminal Src kinase negatively regulates organ growth and cell proliferation through inhibition of the Src, Jun N-terminal kinase, and STAT pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:6676-89. [PMID: 15254235 PMCID: PMC444864 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.15.6676-6689.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases regulate multiple cellular processes including proliferation and oncogenesis. C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) encodes a critical negative regulator of Src family kinases. We demonstrate that the Drosophila melanogaster Csk ortholog, dCsk, functions as a tumor suppressor: dCsk mutants display organ overgrowth and excess cellular proliferation. Genetic analysis indicates that the dCsk(-/-) overgrowth phenotype results from activation of Src, Jun kinase, and STAT signal transduction pathways. In particular, blockade of STAT function in dCsk mutants severely reduced Src-dependent overgrowth and activated apoptosis of mutant tissue. Our data provide in vivo evidence that Src activity requires JNK and STAT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Read
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Yeatman
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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27
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Rengifo-Cam W, Konishi A, Morishita N, Matsuoka H, Yamori T, Nada S, Okada M. Csk defines the ability of integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration in human colon cancer cells: implication for a potential role in cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2004; 23:289-97. [PMID: 14712234 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progression of human colon cancer is often associated with elevated expression and activity of the Src family tyrosine kinase (SFK). SFK is ordinarily in equilibrium between inactive and primed states by a balance of negative regulatory kinase Csk and its counteracting tyrosine phosphatase(s), both of which act on the regulatory C-terminal tyrosine of SFK. To evaluate the contribution of the regulatory system of SFK in cancer progression, we here modulated the equilibrium status of SFK by introducing wild-type or dominant-negative Csk in human epithelial colon cancer cells, HCT15 and HT29. Overexpression of wild-type Csk induced decreased SFK activation, increased cell-cell contacts mediated by E-cadherin, decreased the number of focal contacts and decreased cell adhesion/migration and in vitro invasiveness. Conversely, expression of a dominant-negative Csk resulted in elevated SFK activation, enhanced phosphorylation of FAK and paxilllin, enhanced cell scattering, an increased number of focal contacts, dramatic rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton and increased cell adhesion/migration and in vitro invasiveness. In these scattered cells, however, localization, expression and phosphorylation of either E-cadherin or beta-catenin were not significantly affected, suggesting that the E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact is indirectly regulated by SFK. Furthermore, all these events occurred absolutely dependent on integrin-mediated cell adhesion. These findings demonstrate that Csk defines the ability of integrin-SFK-mediated cell adhesion signaling that influences the metastatic potential of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rengifo-Cam
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
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28
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Stewart RA, Li DM, Huang H, Xu T. A genetic screen for modifiers of the lats tumor suppressor gene identifies C-terminal Src kinase as a regulator of cell proliferation in Drosophila. Oncogene 2003; 22:6436-44. [PMID: 14508523 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disrupting mechanisms that control cell proliferation, cell size and apoptosis can cause changes in animal and tissue size and contribute to diseases such as cancer. The LATS family of serine/threonine kinases control tissue size by regulating cell proliferation and function as tumor suppressor genes in both Drosophila and mammals. In order to understand the role of lats in size regulation, we performed a genetic modifier screen in Drosophila to identify components of the lats signaling pathway. Mutations in the Drosophila homolog of C-terminal Src kinase (dcsk) were identified as dominant modifiers of both lats gain-of-function and loss-of-function phenotypes. Homozygous dcsk mutants have enlarged tissue phenotypes similar to lats and FACS and immunohistochemistry analysis of these tissues revealed that dcsk also regulates cell proliferation during development. Animals having mutations in both dcsk and lats display cell overproliferation phenotypes more severe than either mutant alone, demonstrating these genes function together in vivo to regulate cell numbers. Furthermore, homozygous dcsk phenotypes can be partially suppressed by overexpression of lats, indicating that lats is a downstream mediator of dcsk function in vivo. Finally, we show that dCSK phosphorylates LATS in vitro at a conserved C-terminal tyrosine residue, which is critical for normal LATS function in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrate a role for dCSK in regulating cell numbers during development by inhibiting cell proliferation and suggest that lats is one of the mediators of the dcsk phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Anderson Stewart
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, PO Box 9812, New Haven, CT 06536-0812, USA
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29
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Masaki T, Igarashi K, Tokuda M, Yukimasa S, Han F, Jin YJ, Li JQ, Yoneyama H, Uchida N, Fujita J, Yoshiji H, Watanabe S, Kurokohchi K, Kuriyama S. pp60c-src activation in lung adenocarcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:1447-55. [PMID: 12826049 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nine src family members are known including c-Src, c-Yes, c-Lck, c-Fyn, c-Hck, c-Lyn, c-Blk, c-Fgr and c-Yrk. They encode proteins with molecular weights of 55-62 kilodaltons (kDa), which are either cytoplasmic or membrane-associated protein tyrosine kinases. A close correlation exists between an elevated pp60c-src tyrosine kinase activity and cell transformation. However, the level of activation of pp60c-src in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) remains obscure. The aim of this study was to examine the level of activity of pp60c-src in NSCLC. pp60c-src expression and in vitro protein tyrosine kinase activity in lung cancer tissue samples were measured by western blotting and in vitro kinase assays and compared with those in the surrounding non-tumour lung tissue from the same patient. pp60c-src phosphorylation was assessed by two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping. The kinase activity of pp60c-src was significantly activated in NSCLC, especially in adenocarcinomas. In addition, the pp60c-src kinase activity increased with the size of the adenocarcinoma. Two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping showed dephosphorylation of pp60c-src at Tyr 530 in adenocarcinomas. The proto-oncogene product, pp60c-src, was activated in NSCLC, especially in adenocarcinomas, in part through the dephosphorylation of Tyr 530. Our results suggest that activation of pp60c-src might play an important role in the progression of lung adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Masaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, 1750-1 Ikenobe Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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30
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Moyer SC, Cotter RJ, Woods AS. Fragmentation of phosphopeptides by atmospheric pressure MALDI and ESI/Ion trap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2002; 13:274-283. [PMID: 11908807 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of phosphate loss from phosphopeptide ions was conducted, using both atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer (ITMS). These experiments were carried out on a number of phosphorylated peptides in order to investigate gas phase dephosphorylation patterns associated with phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine residues. In particular, we explored the fragmentation patterns of phosphotyrosine containing peptides, which experience a loss of 98 Da under collision induced dissociation (CID) conditions in the ITMS. The loss of 98 Da is unexpected for phosphotyrosine, given the structure of its side chain. The fragmentation of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine containing peptides was also investigated. While phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues undergo a loss of 98 Da under CID conditions regardless of peptide amino acid composition, phosphate loss from phosphotyrosine residues seems to be dependent on the presence of arginine or lysine residues in the peptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne C Moyer
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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