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Lauw MI, Qi Z, Eversmeyer L, Prakash S, Wen KW, Yu J, Monaghan SA, Aggarwal N, Wang L. Distinct Pathologic Feature of Myeloid Neoplasm with t(v;11p15); NUP98 Rearrangement. Hum Pathol 2022; 123:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Wang Q, Zhang L, Zhu MQ, Zeng Z, Fang BZ, Xie JD, Pan JL, Wu CX, Wu N, Zhang R, Chen SN, Dai HP. A Recurrent Cryptic MED14-HOXA9 Rearrangement in an Adult Patient With Mixed-Phenotype Acute Leukemia, T/myeloid, NOS. Front Oncol 2021; 11:690218. [PMID: 34367969 PMCID: PMC8341862 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.690218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the fusion genes in T/myeloid mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (T/M MPAL), we performed transcriptome sequencing of diagnostic bone marrow samples from 20 adult patients. Our analysis identified a second instance of a recurrent MED14-HOXA9 chimeric gene resulting from the in-frame fusion of exon 23 of MED14 and exon 1 of HOXA9, the first in an adult patient. The MED14-HOXA9 fusion gene was detected in both the diagnostic and relapsed blasts with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. The patient received combined conventional chemotherapy but suffered relapse at 11 months and died of disease progression one year after the initial diagnosis. Our data suggest that MED14-HOXA9 is a cryptic recurrent aberration in T/M MPAL, which might indicate an aggressive clinical course and inferior outcome after conventional chemotherapy. Further studies will be carried out to reveal the effects of the MED14-HOXA9 fusion on the differentiation and proliferation of leukemia stem cells, as well as suitable treatment strategies for this emerging entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming-Qing Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhao Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bao-Zhi Fang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Main part of Suzhou Municipal Hospital), Suzhou, China
| | - Jun-Dan Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Lan Pan
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ni Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ri Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Su-Ning Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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3
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K. Bhanumathy K, Balagopal A, Vizeacoumar FS, Vizeacoumar FJ, Freywald A, Giambra V. Protein Tyrosine Kinases: Their Roles and Their Targeting in Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020184. [PMID: 33430292 PMCID: PMC7825731 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism that controls a wide variety of cellular responses. This process is catalysed by the members of the protein kinase superfamily that are classified into two main families based on their ability to phosphorylate either tyrosine or serine and threonine residues in their substrates. Massive research efforts have been invested in dissecting the functions of tyrosine kinases, revealing their importance in the initiation and progression of human malignancies. Based on these investigations, numerous tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been included in clinical protocols and proved to be effective in targeted therapies for various haematological malignancies. In this review, we provide insights into the role of tyrosine kinases in leukaemia and discuss their targeting for therapeutic purposes with the currently available inhibitory compounds. Abstract Protein kinases constitute a large group of enzymes catalysing protein phosphorylation and controlling multiple signalling events. The human protein kinase superfamily consists of 518 members and represents a complicated system with intricate internal and external interactions. Protein kinases are classified into two main families based on the ability to phosphorylate either tyrosine or serine and threonine residues. Among the 90 tyrosine kinase genes, 58 are receptor types classified into 20 groups and 32 are of the nonreceptor types distributed into 10 groups. Tyrosine kinases execute their biological functions by controlling a variety of cellular responses, such as cell division, metabolism, migration, cell–cell and cell matrix adhesion, cell survival and apoptosis. Over the last 30 years, a major focus of research has been directed towards cancer-associated tyrosine kinases owing to their critical contributions to the development and aggressiveness of human malignancies through the pathological effects on cell behaviour. Leukaemia represents a heterogeneous group of haematological malignancies, characterised by an uncontrolled proliferation of undifferentiated hematopoietic cells or leukaemia blasts, mostly derived from bone marrow. They are usually classified as chronic or acute, depending on the rates of their progression, as well as myeloid or lymphoblastic, according to the type of blood cells involved. Overall, these malignancies are relatively common amongst both children and adults. In malignant haematopoiesis, multiple tyrosine kinases of both receptor and nonreceptor types, including AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL), Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), Mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (MET), proto-oncogene c-Src (SRC), Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and pro-oncogenic Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase 1 (ABL1) mutants, are implicated in the pathogenesis and drug resistance of practically all types of leukaemia. The role of ABL1 kinase mutants and their therapeutic inhibitors have been extensively analysed in scientific literature, and therefore, in this review, we provide insights into the impact and mechanism of action of other tyrosine kinases involved in the development and progression of human leukaemia and discuss the currently available and emerging treatment options based on targeting these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana K. Bhanumathy
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (V.G.); Tel.: +1-(306)-716-7456 (K.K.B.); +39-0882-416574 (V.G.)
| | - Amrutha Balagopal
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
| | - Frederick S. Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (F.S.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Franco J. Vizeacoumar
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (A.B.); (F.J.V.)
- Cancer Research Department, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (F.S.V.); (A.F.)
| | - Vincenzo Giambra
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (V.G.); Tel.: +1-(306)-716-7456 (K.K.B.); +39-0882-416574 (V.G.)
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4
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Matsukawa T, Aplan PD. Clinical and molecular consequences of fusion genes in myeloid malignancies. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1366-1374. [PMID: 32745287 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leukemias are heterogeneous diseases characterized by aberrant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Oncogenic fusion genes and proteins, produced via gross chromosomal rearrangements, such as chromosomal translocation, insertion, and inversion, play important roles in hematologic malignancies. These oncoproteins alter fundamental cellular properties, such as self-renewal, differentiation, and proliferation, and confer leukemogenic potential to HSPCs. In addition to providing fundamental insights into the process of leukemic transformation, these fusion genes provide targets for treatment and monitoring of myeloid leukemias. Furthermore, new technologies such as next-generation sequencing have allowed additional insights into the nature of leukemic fusion genes. In this review, we discuss the history, biologic effect, and clinical impact of fusion genes in the field of myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Matsukawa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D Aplan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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Mendes A, Fahrenkrog B. NUP214 in Leukemia: It's More than Transport. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010076. [PMID: 30669574 PMCID: PMC6356203 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NUP214 is a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) with a key role in protein and mRNA nuclear export. Chromosomal translocations involving the NUP214 locus are recurrent in acute leukemia and frequently fuse the C-terminal region of NUP214 with SET and DEK, two chromatin remodeling proteins with roles in transcription regulation. SET-NUP214 and DEK-NUP214 fusion proteins disrupt protein nuclear export by inhibition of the nuclear export receptor CRM1, which results in the aberrant accumulation of CRM1 protein cargoes in the nucleus. SET-NUP214 is primarily associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), whereas DEK-NUP214 exclusively results in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), indicating different leukemogenic driver mechanisms. Secondary mutations in leukemic blasts may contribute to the different leukemia outcomes. Additional layers of complexity arise from the respective functions of SET and DEK in transcription regulation and chromatin remodeling, which may drive malignant hematopoietic transformation more towards ALL or AML. Another, less frequent fusion protein involving the C terminus of NUP214 results in the sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1)-NUP214 chimera, which was detected in ALL. SQSTM1 is a ubiquitin-binding protein required for proper autophagy induction, linking the NUP214 fusion protein to yet another cellular mechanism. The scope of this review is to summarize the general features of NUP214-related leukemia and discuss how distinct chromosomal translocation partners can influence the cellular effects of NUP214 fusion proteins in leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélia Mendes
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium.
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium.
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6
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Matte-Martone C, Liu J, Zhou M, Chikina M, Green DR, Harty JT, Shlomchik WD. Differential requirements for myeloid leukemia IFN-γ conditioning determine graft-versus-leukemia resistance and sensitivity. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2765-2776. [PMID: 28604385 DOI: 10.1172/jci85736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is potent against chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CP-CML), but blast crisis CML (BC-CML) and acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are GVL resistant. To understand GVL resistance, we studied GVL against mouse models of CP-CML, BC-CML, and AML generated by the transduction of mouse BM with fusion cDNAs derived from human leukemias. Prior work has shown that CD4+ T cell-mediated GVL against CP-CML and BC-CML required intact leukemia MHCII; however, stem cells from both leukemias were MHCII negative. Here, we show that CP-CML, BC-CML, and AML stem cells upregulate MHCII in alloSCT recipients. Using gene-deficient leukemias, we determined that BC-CML and AML MHC upregulation required IFN-γ stimulation, whereas CP-CML MHC upregulation was independent of both the IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) and the IFN-α/β receptor IFNAR1. Importantly, IFN-γR-deficient BC-CML and AML were completely resistant to CD4- and CD8-mediated GVL, whereas IFN-γR/IFNAR1 double-deficient CP-CML was fully GVL sensitive. Mouse AML and BC-CML stem cells were MHCI+ without IFN-γ stimulation, suggesting that IFN-γ sensitizes these leukemias to T cell killing by mechanisms other than MHC upregulation. Our studies identify the requirement of IFN-γ stimulation as a mechanism for BC-CML and AML GVL resistance, whereas independence from IFN-γ renders CP-CML more GVL sensitive, even with a lower-level alloimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinling Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Warren D Shlomchik
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Yang J, Lyu X, Zhu X, Meng X, Zuo W, Ai H, Deng M. Chromosome t(7;11)(p15;p15) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia coexisting with multilineage dyspoiesis and mutations in NRAS and WT1: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3066-3070. [PMID: 28521413 PMCID: PMC5431308 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal translocation t(7;11)(p15;p15) and the resulting nucleoporin 98-homeobox A9 (NUP98-HOXA9) gene fusion is rare but recurrent genetic abnormity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The present study describes a case of AML plus maturation (-M2) with multilineage dyspoiesis in a 30-year-old male in whom a 46,XY,t(7;11)(p15;p15) karyotype was detected through chromosome analysis. Subsequent molecular and sequencing analysis demonstrated a NUP98-HOXA9 fusion gene with a type I fusion between NUP98 exon 12 and HOXA9 exon 1b, and mutations in neuroblastoma V-Ras oncogene homolog and Wilms tumor 1. The patient achieved hematological complete remission (CR) following two courses of induction chemotherapy. However, the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion gene remained detectable during the hematological CR period and following intensive consolidation chemotherapy. The disease relapsed 11 months after diagnosis, and the patient became refractory, with complications from an infection causing eventual mortality. The present case and literature review suggest that patients with AML and t(7;11) may have unique biological and clinical characteristics, and a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Yang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Jingke Yang or Dr Xinghu Zhu, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Xiaodong Lyu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
| | - Xinghu Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Jingke Yang or Dr Xinghu Zhu, Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Xiangguang Meng
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Drug Research, Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, Henan 450006, P.R. China
| | - Wenli Zuo
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ai
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
| | - Mei Deng
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, P.R. China
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RNA binding protein MSI2 positively regulates FLT3 expression in myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2017; 54:47-54. [PMID: 28107692 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
FLT3 is frequently mutated and overexpressed in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and other hematologic malignancies. Although signaling events downstream of FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase have been studied in depth, molecular mechanisms of how FLT3 expression is regulated at the post-transcriptional level in particular remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the roles of an RNA binding protein MSI2 as a regulator of FLT3 expression. MSI2 and FLT3 are significantly co-regulated in human AML and chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (BC-CML). Genetic loss of MSI2 leads to down-regulation of the FLT3 receptor in both AML and BC-CML cells and concomitant impairment of clonogenic growth potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MSI2 protein is physically bound to FLT3 mRNA transcripts, suggesting post-transcriptional control of FLT3 expression. Collectively, these results reveal a novel mode of FLT3 regulation essential for leukemia growth, which may aid in designing a targeted therapy to treat human myeloid leukemia.
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Navas V, Simancas-Racines D, González LE, Hidalgo R, Cardona AF, Martí-Carvajal AJ. Imatinib for treating patients with chronic myelogeneous leukemia. Hippokratia 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008259.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio Navas
- Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo; Bourgeois N34-102 y Rumipamba Quito Ecuador 17 01 2764
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo; Bourgeois N34-102 y Rumipamba Quito Ecuador 17 01 2764
| | - Luis Ernesto González
- Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo; Bourgeois N34-102 y Rumipamba Quito Ecuador 17 01 2764
| | - Ricardo Hidalgo
- Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo; Bourgeois N34-102 y Rumipamba Quito Ecuador 17 01 2764
| | - Andrés Felipe Cardona
- Institute of Oncology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá; Clinical and Translational Oncology Group; Calle 119 No. 7 - 75 Bogotá Cundinamarca Colombia 0571
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10
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Mondal BC, Shim J, Evans CJ, Banerjee U. Pvr expression regulators in equilibrium signal control and maintenance of Drosophila blood progenitors. eLife 2014; 3:e03626. [PMID: 25201876 PMCID: PMC4185420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood progenitors within the lymph gland, a larval organ that supports hematopoiesis in Drosophila melanogaster, are maintained by integrating signals emanating from niche-like cells and those from differentiating blood cells. We term the signal from differentiating cells the 'equilibrium signal' in order to distinguish it from the 'niche signal'. Earlier we showed that equilibrium signaling utilizes Pvr (the Drosophila PDGF/VEGF receptor), STAT92E, and adenosine deaminase-related growth factor A (ADGF-A) (Mondal et al., 2011). Little is known about how this signal initiates during hematopoietic development. To identify new genes involved in lymph gland blood progenitor maintenance, particularly those involved in equilibrium signaling, we performed a genetic screen that identified bip1 (bric à brac interacting protein 1) and Nucleoporin 98 (Nup98) as additional regulators of the equilibrium signal. We show that the products of these genes along with the Bip1-interacting protein RpS8 (Ribosomal protein S8) are required for the proper expression of Pvr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bama Charan Mondal
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cory J Evans
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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Takeda A, Yaseen NR. Nucleoporins and nucleocytoplasmic transport in hematologic malignancies. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:3-10. [PMID: 24657637 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are often associated with chromosomal rearrangements that lead to the expression of chimeric fusion proteins. Rearrangements of the genes encoding two nucleoporins, NUP98 and NUP214, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of hematologic malignancies, particularly acute myeloid leukemia. NUP98 rearrangements result in fusion of an N-terminal portion of NUP98 to one of numerous proteins. These rearrangements often follow treatment with topoisomerase II inhibitors and tend to occur in younger patients. They have been shown to induce leukemia in mice and to enhance proliferation and disrupt differentiation in primary human hematopoietic precursors. NUP214 has only a few fusion partners. DEK-NUP214 is the most common NUP214 fusion in AML; it tends to occur in younger patients and is usually associated with FLT3 internal tandem duplications. The leukemogenic activity of NUP214 fusions is less well characterized. Normal nucleoporins, including NUP98 and NUP214, have important functions in nucleocytoplasmic transport, transcription, and mitosis. These functions and their disruptions by oncogenic nucleoporin fusions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takeda
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, United States.
| | - Nabeel R Yaseen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, United States.
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12
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Mohamad Ismail MM, Manar MM. Does HOXA9 Gene Expression in Egyptian Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Patients Affect Disease Progression? A Retrospective Cohort Study. Turk J Haematol 2014; 30:359-65. [PMID: 24385825 PMCID: PMC3874969 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2012.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal stem cell disease and is consistently associated with the BCR-ABL fusion gene. The chronic phase of the disease tends to pass into an accelerated phase and eventually leads to acute leukemia if left untreated. Oncoproteins necessary for leukemic transformation are both fundamentally and clinically relevant to identify as they might be new molecular targets for the development of specific anti-leukemic drugs. This study is an initial step to define the proportion of HOXA9 gene expression in some Egyptians with chronic-phase CML at diagnosis and to evaluate its relation with BCR-ABL expression and its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two newly diagnosed CML patients (56 in chronic phase, 1 in accelerated phase, and 5 in blastic crises) were enrolled in the study. HOXA9 and BCR-ABL gene expressions were detected by one-step RT-PCR. ABL was chosen as a control gene to calculate HOXA9/ABL and BCR-ABL/ABL ratios from densitometric values of PCR product intensities. Results: HOXA9 expression was encountered in 25/56 (44.6%) of newly diagnosed CML patients in the chronic phase. The median expression was 0.31 (range: 0.08-1.37) in relation to the ABL gene, with a higher frequency of expression in CML patients presenting with splenomegaly (p<0.001), high Sokal score (p<0.001), and BCR-ABL expression from the first round (p=0.004). No association could be detected with other clinical parameters, overall survival, or disease-free survival. Conclusion: HOXA9 expression is closely related to poor prognostic factors, but we could not demonstrate its relationship to patient survival. Conflict of interest:None declared.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moneer M Manar
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
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13
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Wei S, Wang S, Qiu S, Qi J, Mi Y, Lin D, Zhou C, Liu B, Li W, Wang Y, Wang M, Wang J. Clinical and laboratory studies of 17 patients with acute myeloid leukemia harboring t(7;11)(p15;p15) translocation. Leuk Res 2013; 37:1010-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stem cell maintenance and disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Hematol 2013; 98:641-7. [PMID: 23550022 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a cancer of blood cells driven by the BCR-ABL1 oncogenic protein tyrosine kinase, which is the product of a reciprocal chromosomal translocation known as the Philadelphia chromosome. Discovery of tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the BCR-ABL1 kinase revolutionized CML therapy, but these drugs are unable to eradicate the disease due to the presence of a drug-insensitive stem cell population that sustains continued growth of the malignant cells. Resistance to therapies also increases the risk of relapse and disease progression to a more advanced phase. This review discusses emerging issues in CML research, and describes recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms of CML stem cell maintenance and disease progression.
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15
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β-Arrestin2 mediates the initiation and progression of myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12532-7. [PMID: 22773819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209815109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins were initially discovered as negative regulators of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Although β-arrestins have more recently been implicated as scaffold proteins that interact with various mitogenic and developmental signals, the genetic role of β-arrestins in driving oncogenesis is not known. Here we have investigated the role of β-arrestin in hematologic malignancies and have found that although both β-arrestin1 and -2 are expressed in the hematopoietic system, loss of β-arrestin2 preferentially leads to a severe impairment in the establishment and propagation of the chronic and blast crisis phases of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). These defects are linked to a reduced frequency, as well as defective self-renewal capacity of the cancer stem-cell population, in mouse models and in human CML patient samples. At a molecular level, the loss of β-arrestin2 leads to a significant inhibition of β-catenin stabilization, and ectopic activation of Wnt signaling reverses the defects observed in the β-arrestin2 mutant cells. These data cumulatively show that β-arrestin2 is essential for CML disease propagation and indicate that β-arrestins and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway lie in a signaling hierarchy in the context of CML cancer stem cell maintenance.
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16
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Abstract
Structural chromosomal rearrangements of the Nucleoporin 98 gene (NUP98), primarily balanced translocations and inversions, are associated with a wide array of hematopoietic malignancies. NUP98 is known to be fused to at least 28 different partner genes in patients with hematopoietic malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis, myelodysplastic syndrome, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and bilineage/biphenotypic leukemia. NUP98 gene fusions typically encode a fusion protein that retains the amino terminus of NUP98; in this context, it is important to note that several recent studies have demonstrated that the amino-terminal portion of NUP98 exhibits transcription activation potential. Approximately half of the NUP98 fusion partners encode homeodomain proteins, and at least 5 NUP98 fusions involve known histone-modifying genes. Several of the NUP98 fusions, including NUP98-homeobox (HOX)A9, NUP98-HOXD13, and NUP98-JARID1A, have been used to generate animal models of both lymphoid and myeloid malignancy; these models typically up-regulate HOXA cluster genes, including HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA9, and HOXA10. In addition, several of the NUP98 fusion proteins have been shown to inhibit differentiation of hematopoietic precursors and to increase self-renewal of hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, providing a potential mechanism for malignant transformation.
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17
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Matte-Martone C, Venkatesan S, Tan HS, Athanasiadis I, Chang J, Pavisic J, Shlomchik WD. Graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) against mouse blast-crisis chronic myelogenous leukemia (BC-CML) and chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CP-CML): shared mechanisms of T cell killing, but programmed death ligands render CP-CML and not BC-CML GVL resistant. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1653-63. [PMID: 21768400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) against chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CP-CML) is potent, but it is less efficacious against acute leukemias and blast-crisis chronic myelogenous leukemia (BC-CML). The mechanisms underlying GVL resistance are unknown. Previously, we found that alloreactive T cell targeting of GVL-sensitive bcr-abl-induced mouse CP-CML (mCP-CML) required TCR-MHC interactions and that multiple and redundant killing mechanisms were in play. To better understand why BC-CML is resistant to GVL, we performed a comprehensive analysis of GVL against mouse BC-CML (mBC-CML) induced by the retroviral transfer of the bcr-abl and NUP98/HOXA9 fusion cDNAs. Like human BC-CML, mBC-CML was GVL resistant, and this was not due to accelerated kinetics or a greater leukemia burden. To study T cell recognition and killing mechanisms, we generated a panel of gene-deficient leukemias by transducing bone marrow from gene-deficient mice. T cell target recognition absolutely required that mBC-CML cells express MHC molecules. GVL against both mCP-CML and mBC-CML required leukemia expression of ICAM-1. We hypothesized that mBC-CML would be resistant to some of the killing mechanisms sufficient to eliminate mCP-CML, but we found instead that the same mechanisms were effective against both types of leukemia, because GVL was similar against wild-type or mBC-CML genetically lacking Fas, TRAIL-R, Fas/TRAIL-R, or TNFR1/R2 or when donor T cells were perforin(-/-). However, mCP-CML, but not mBC-CML, relied on expression of programmed death-1 ligands 1 and 2 (PD-L1/L2) to resist T cell killing, because only GVL against mCP-CML was augmented when leukemias lacked PD-L1/L2. Thus, mBC-CML cells have cell-intrinsic mechanisms, distinct from mCP-CML cells, which protect them from T cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Matte-Martone
- Department of Medicine, Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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18
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Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations occur with great frequency and some specificity in leukemia and other hematologic malignancies. The most common outcome of these rearrangements is the formation of a fusion gene, comprising portions of 2 genes normally present in the cell. These fusion proteins are presumed to be oncogenic; in many cases, animal models have proven them to be oncogenic. One of the most promiscuous fusion partner genes is the newly identified NUP98 gene, located on chromosome 11p15.5, which to date has been observed fused to 15 different fusion partners. NUP98 encodes a 98 kD protein that is an important component of the nuclear pore complex, which mediates nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of protein and RNA. The fusion partners of NUP98 form 2 distinct groups: homeobox genes and non-homeobox genes. All NUP98 fusions join the N-terminal GLFG repeats of NUP98 to the C-terminal portion of the partner gene, which, in the case of the homeobox gene partners, includes the homeodomain. Clinical findings are reviewed here, along with the findings of several in vivo and in vitro models have been employed to investigate the mechanisms by which NUP98 fusion genes contribute to the pathogenesis of leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/physiology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Genes, Homeobox
- Hematologic Neoplasms/genetics
- Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Models, Genetic
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Nuclear Pore/physiology
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Slape
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Navy 8, Room 5101, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20889-5105, USA
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19
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Zhang S. The role of aberrant transcription factor in the progression of chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:1463-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190802163305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Chou WC, Chen CY, Hou HA, Lin LI, Tang JL, Yao M, Tsay W, Ko BS, Wu SJ, Huang SY, Hsu SC, Chen YC, Huang YN, Tseng MH, Huang CF, Tien HF. Acute myeloid leukemia bearing t(7;11)(p15;p15) is a distinct cytogenetic entity with poor outcome and a distinct mutation profile: comparative analysis of 493 adult patients. Leukemia 2009; 23:1303-10. [PMID: 19225539 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(7;11)(p15;p15), which results in a NUP98-HOXA9 fusion, is a distinct entity, but this subtype has not been characterized in detail. In a comprehensive study comparing 11 such patients with another 482 adult patients, we found that those with t(7;11) were younger (P=0.0076) and female (P=0.0111), with almost all having the M2-subtype of AML (P<0.0001). Even when those with low-risk karyotypes were excluded, patients with t(7;11) had poorer overall survival than the other AML group (median 13.5 and 20 months, respectively, P=0.045) and poorer relapse-free survival (median 6 and 12 months, respectively, P=0.003). The NUP98-HOXA9 fusion was strongly associated with KRAS and WT1 mutations (P=0.015 and P=0.0018, respectively). We characterized four varieties of this fusion, among which NUP98 exon 12/HOXA9 exon 1b was present in all 11 patients. We developed a highly sensitive and specific assay to quantify the abundance of leukemic cells, and found that the fusion remained detectable in morphological complete remission, even after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, suggesting that this disease was highly refractory to very intensive treatment. AML with NUP98-HOXA9 fusion therefore appears to have a distinct clinical and biological profile, and should be regarded as a poor prognostic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-C Chou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Wu M, Kwon HY, Rattis F, Blum J, Zhao C, Ashkenazi R, Jackson TL, Gaiano N, Oliver T, Reya T. Imaging hematopoietic precursor division in real time. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 1:541-54. [PMID: 18345353 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are thought to balance self-renewal and differentiation through asymmetric and symmetric divisions, but whether such divisions occur during hematopoietic development remains unknown. Using a Notch reporter mouse, in which GFP acts as a sensor for differentiation, we image hematopoietic precursors and show that they undergo both symmetric and asymmetric divisions. In addition we show that the balance between these divisions is not hardwired but responsive to extrinsic and intrinsic cues. Precursors in a prodifferentiation environment preferentially divide asymmetrically, whereas those in a prorenewal environment primarily divide symmetrically. Oncoproteins can also influence division pattern: although BCR-ABL predominantly alters the rate of division and death, NUP98-HOXA9 promotes symmetric division, suggesting that distinct oncogenes subvert different aspects of cellular function. These studies establish a system for tracking division of hematopoietic precursors and show that the balance of symmetric and asymmetric division can be influenced by the microenvironment and subverted by oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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22
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Slape C, Lin YW, Hartung H, Zhang Z, Wolff L, Aplan PD. NUP98-HOX translocations lead to myelodysplastic syndrome in mice and men. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2008:64-8. [PMID: 18648006 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgn014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, peripheral blood cytopenias, dysplasia, and a propensity for transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A wide spectrum of genetic aberrations has been associated with MDS, including chromosomal translocations involving the NUP98 gene, most commonly leading to fusions of NUP98 with abd-b group HOX genes, including HOXD13. We used vav regulatory elements to direct expression of a NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) fusion gene in hematopoietic tissues. NHD13 transgenic mice faithfully recapitulate all the key features of MDS, including peripheral blood cytopenias, bone marrow dysplasia and apoptosis, and transformation to acute leukemia. The MDS that develops in NHD13 transgenic mice is highly lethal; within 14 months, 90% of the mice died of either leukemic transformation or severe anemia and leukopenia due to progressive MDS. These mice provide a preclinical model that can be used for the evaluation of MDS therapy and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Slape
- Genetics Branch, Center for CAncer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20889-5105, USA
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23
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Neering SJ, Bushnell T, Sozer S, Ashton J, Rossi RM, Wang PY, Bell DR, Heinrich D, Bottaro A, Jordan CT. Leukemia stem cells in a genetically defined murine model of blast-crisis CML. Blood 2007; 110:2578-85. [PMID: 17601986 PMCID: PMC1988942 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-073031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia arises from leukemia stem cells (LSCs), which are resistant to standard chemotherapy agents and likely to be a major cause of drug-resistant disease and relapse. To investigate the in vivo properties of LSCs, we developed a mouse model in which the biologic features of human LSCs are closely mimicked. Primitive normal hematopoietic cells were modified to express the BCR/ABL and Nup98/HoxA9 translocation products, and a distinct LSC population, with the aberrant immunophenotype of lineage(-), Kit(+/-), Flt3(+), Sca(+), CD34(+), and CD150(-), was identified. In vivo studies were then performed to assess the response of LSCs to therapeutic insult. Treatment of animals with the ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate induced specific modulation of blasts and progenitor cells but not stem- cell populations, thereby recapitulating events inferred to occur in human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. In addition, challenge of leukemic mice with total body irradiation was selectively toxic to normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), suggesting that LSCs are resistant to apoptosis and/or senescence in vivo. Taken together, the system provides a powerful means by which the in vivo behavior of LSCs versus HSCs can be characterized and candidate treatment regimens can be optimized for maximal specificity toward primitive leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Neering
- James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA
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24
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Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) can be considered as a paradigm for neoplasias that evolve through a multi-step process. CML is also one of the best examples of a disease that can be targeted by molecular therapy; however, the success of new 'designer drugs' is largely restricted to the chronic phase of the disease. If not cured at this stage, CML invariably progresses and transforms into an acute-type leukaemia undergoing a 'blast crisis'. The causes of this transformation are still poorly understood. What mechanisms underlie this progression, and are they shared by other common cancers?
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Affiliation(s)
- Junia V Melo
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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25
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Moore MAS, Chung KY, Plasilova M, Schuringa JJ, Shieh JH, Zhou P, Morrone G. NUP98 Dysregulation in Myeloid Leukemogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1106:114-42. [PMID: 17442773 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1392.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoporin 98 (NUP98) is a component of the nuclear pore complex that facilitates mRNA export from the nucleus. It is mapped to 11p15.5 and is fused to a number of distinct partners, including nine members of the homeobox family as a consequence of leukemia-associated chromosomal translocations. NUP98-HOXA9 is associated with the t(7;11)(p15;p15) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome, and blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Expression of NUP98-HOXA9 in murine bone marrow resulted in a myeloproliferative disease progressing to AML by 7-8 months. Transduction of NUP98 fusion genes into human CD34(+) cells confers a proliferative advantage in long-term cytokine-stimulated and stromal cocultures and in NOD-SCID engrafted mice, associated with a five- to eight-fold increase in hematopoietic stem cells. NUP98-HOXA9 expression inhibited erythroid and myeloid differentiation but enhanced serial progenitor replating. NUP98-HOXA9 upregulated a number of homeobox genes of the A and B cluster as well as MEIS1 and Pim-1, and downmodulated globin genes and C/EBPalpha. The HOXA9 component of the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion protein was protected from cullin-4A-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation. In NUP98-HOX-transduced CD34(+) cells and cells from AML patients with t(7;11)(p15;p15) NUP98 was no longer associated with the nuclear pore complex but formed intranuclear aggregation bodies. Analysis of NUP98 allelic expression in AML and myelodysplastic syndrome showed loss of heterozygosity observed in 29% of the former and 8% of the latter. This was associated with poor prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/metabolism
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M A S Moore
- Moore Laboratory, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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26
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Karrman K, Sallerfors B, Lenhoff S, Fioretos T, Johansson B. Cytogenetic evolution patterns in CML post-SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 39:165-71. [PMID: 17211433 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cytogenetic evolution patterns in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) after allogeneic (allo) stem cell transplantation (SCT) are different from the ones observed in non-transplanted patients, a phenomenon suggested to be caused by the conditioning regime. We reviewed 131 CMLs displaying karyotypic evolution after SCT (122 allo, nine autologous (auto)), treated at Lund University Hospital or reported in the literature. Major route abnormalities (i.e., +8, +Ph, i(17q), +19, +21, +17 and -7) were seen in 14%, balanced aberrations in 61%, hyperdiploidy in 19%, pseudodiploidy in 79%, divergent clones in 14%, and Ph-negative clones in 21%. The breakpoints involved in secondary structural rearrangements clustered at 1q21, 1q32, 7q22, 9q34, 11q13, 11q23, 12q24, 13q14, 17q10 and 22q11. Cytogenetic abnormalities common in AML after genotoxic exposure, that is, der(1;7)(q10;p10), del(3p), -5, del(5q), -7, -17, der(17p), -18, and -21, were only rarely seen post-SCT. Comparing the cytogenetic features in relation to type of SCT revealed that balanced aberrations were significantly more common after allo than after auto SCT (64 and 22%, respectively, P=0.03). In addition, there was a trend as regards hyperdiploidy being more common after auto (P=0.07) and pseudodiploidy being more frequent after allo SCT (P=0.09). Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karrman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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27
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Romana SP, Radford-Weiss I, Ben Abdelali R, Schluth C, Petit A, Dastugue N, Talmant P, Bilhou-Nabera C, Mugneret F, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Mozziconacci MJ, Andrieu J, Lai JL, Terre C, Rack K, Cornillet-Lefebvre P, Luquet I, Nadal N, Nguyen-Khac F, Perot C, Van den Akker J, Fert-Ferrer S, Cabrol C, Charrin C, Tigaud I, Poirel H, Vekemans M, Bernard OA, Berger R. NUP98 rearrangements in hematopoietic malignancies: a study of the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique. Leukemia 2006; 20:696-706. [PMID: 16467868 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NUP98 gene is fused with 19 different partner genes in various human hematopoietic malignancies. In order to gain additional clinico-hematological data and to identify new partners of NUP98, the Groupe Francophone de Cytogénétique Hématologique (GFCH) collected cases of hematological malignancies where a 11p15 rearrangement was detected. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that 35% of these patients (23/66) carried a rearrangement of the NUP98 locus. Genes of the HOXA cluster and the nuclear-receptor set domain (NSD) genes were frequently fused to NUP98, mainly in de novo myeloid malignancies whereas the DDX10 and TOP1 genes were equally rearranged in de novo and in therapy-related myeloid proliferations. Involvement of ADD3 and C6ORF80 genes were detected, respectively, in myeloid disorders and in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), whereas the RAP1GDS1 gene was fused to NUP98 in T-ALL. Three new chromosomal breakpoints: 3q22.1, 7p15 (in a localization distinct from the HOXA locus) and Xq28 were detected in rearrangements with the NUP98 gene locus. The present study as well as a review of the 73 cases previously reported in the literature allowed us to delineate some chromosomal, clinical and molecular features of patients carrying a NUP98 gene rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Romana
- Service de cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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28
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Sindt A, Deau B, Brahim W, Staal A, Visanica S, Villarese P, Rault JP, Macintyre E, Delabesse E. Acute monocytic leukemia with coexpression of minor BCR-ABL1 and PICALM-MLLT10 fusion genes along with overexpression of HOXA9. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:575-82. [PMID: 16518848 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation occurs in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), leading to fusion of BCR to ABL1 and constitutive activation of ABL1 tyrosine kinase activity. The main BCR-ABL1 breakpoints result in P190 BCR-ABL1 or P210 BCR-ABL1 fusion proteins. The latter is found in almost all cases of CML and in one third of the cases of t(9;22)-positive adult B-ALL. P190 BCR-ABL1 is found in the remaining two thirds of t(9;22)-positive adult B-ALL cases but only exceptionally in CML. We describe here the first case of t(9;22)(q34;q11) associated with t(10;11)(p13;q14) in acute monocytic leukemia. The recurrent t(10;11)(p13;q14) translocation, usually found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and T-ALL, merges PICALM to MLLT10. RT-PCR enabled identification of PICALM-MLLT10 and BCR-ABL1 e1-a2 fusion transcripts; in the context of chronic and acute myeloid leukemia, the latter usually has a monocytic presentation. We also identified overexpression of HOXA9, a gene essential to myeloid differentiation that is expressed in PICALM-MLLT10 and MLL-rearranged acute leukemias. This case fits with and extends a recently proposed multistage AML model in which constitutive activation of tyrosine kinases by mutations (BCR-ABL1) are associated with deregulation of transcription factors central to myeloid differentiation (HOXA9 secondary to PICALM-MLLT10).
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Follow-Up Studies
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Fusion
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Metaphase
- Models, Genetic
- Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins/genetics
- Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Sindt
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, CHU Brabois, Nancy, France
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29
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Mendrzyk F, Korshunov A, Toedt G, Schwarz F, Korn B, Joos S, Hochhaus A, Schoch C, Lichter P, Radlwimmer B. Isochromosome breakpoints on 17p in medulloblastoma are flanked by different classes of DNA sequence repeats. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:401-10. [PMID: 16419060 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a highly malignant embryonal tumor of the cerebellum that accounts for 20%-25% of all intracranial pediatric tumors. The most frequent chromosomal rearrangement in medulloblastoma is isochromosome 17, or i(17q). Its frequency suggests that it serves an important role in tumor pathogenesis, possibly mediated by the disruption or permanent activation of a gene at the breakpoint. To address this question, we performed a detailed analysis of chromosome 17 DNA copy number from 18 medulloblastomas previously shown to carry an apparent i(17q). We identified two breakpoint regions, one well within band 17p11.2 (n = 16) and a second within the pericentromeric region (n = 2). To map the breakpoints more precisely, we constructed a tiling-path matrix-CGH array covering chromosomal band 17p11.2 to the centromere and utilized it to delineate two small breakpoint intervals mapping at Mb 19.0 and 21.7 in seven of the medulloblastomas and in nine hematological neoplasias with i(17q). The former interval contains two breakpoint clusters that each colocalize with a pair of head-to-head inverted DNA sequence repeats, and the latter maps close to a region of alpha-satellite repeats. No consensus coding sequence localizes in these regions. Together, these data strongly suggest that the effects of i(17q) in medulloblastoma are mediated by gene-dosage effects of genes on 17p or 17q rather than by the disruption or deregulation of a "breakpoint" gene. Furthermore, we identified artifacts introduced in DNA copy number data by cross-hybridization of low-copy repeat sequences and discuss the challenge these can pose in the interpretation of diagnostic microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Mendrzyk
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Nakamura T. NUP98 Fusion in Human Leukemia: Dysregulation of the Nuclear Pore and Homeodomain Proteins. Int J Hematol 2005; 82:21-7. [PMID: 16105755 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
NUP98 is fused to a variety of partner genes, including abdominal B-like HOX, in human myeloid and T-cell malignancies via chromosomal translocation involving 11p15. NUP98 encodes a 98-kd nucleoporin that is a component of the nuclear pore complex and functions in nucleocytoplasmic transport, with its N-terminal GLFG repeats used as a docking site for karyopherins. Disruption of NUP98 may affect the nuclear pore function, and the abnormal expression and altered function of fusion partners may also be critical for leukemia development. Recent studies using mouse models expressing NUP98-HOX have confirmed its leukemogenic potential, and cooperative genes for NUP98-HOXA9 in leukemogenesis have been identified in these studies.Thus, the NUP98 chimera is a unique molecule that provides valuable information regarding nuclear pore function and the role of the homeobox protein in leukemogenesis/carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Nakamura
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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Grand FH, Koduru P, Cross NCP, Allen SL. NUP98-LEDGF fusion and t(9;11) in transformed chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2005; 29:1469-72. [PMID: 15982735 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis for disease progression in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is poorly understood, but is believed to be a consequence of additional acquired genetic lesions. We describe here a case of CML who presented de novo in transformation with a t(9;11)(p21;p15) and NUP98-LEDGF fusion in addition to the t(9;22). The t(9;11) was present in only 2/45 (4%) of bone marrow metaphases, but 17/20 (85%) of metaphases from peripheral blood, suggesting an extramedullary or focal origin. This is the first description of NUP98-LEDGF in CML and strengthens the association between disease progression in and NUP98 abnormalities.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/analysis
- Translocation, Genetic
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32
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Herein we focus on recent studies of knock out mice that demonstrate a function for the clustered homeobox (Hox) genes in normal hematopoiesis, on papers that point to their general involvement in human leukemia, and discuss the advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying their role in these processes. RECENT FINDINGS Expression analysis and gain- or loss- of function studies have shown that Hox play an important role in the regulation of early stages of hematopoiesis, including the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)/early progenitors. In the area of leukemia, numerous models of murine leukemia have demonstrated a role for Hox in the pathobiology of the disease. Moreover, the identification of multiple Hox genes as partners of chromosomal translocations and the observed global deregulation of Hox genes and cofactors demonstrated by gene profiling of cells from leukemic patients, have unequivocally shown a major function for Hox genes and cofactors in a wide spectrum of human leukemia. SUMMARY The identification of Hox genes as HSC regulators has been exploited to develop strategies to efficiently expand HSCs ex vivo, a key step to the success of therapies based on HSC transplantation and the understanding of mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. As leukemia is the result of deregulation of normal HSC development, the elucidation of the role of Hox in the pathobiology of the disease is helping to understand how HSCs self-renew and differentiate, and moreover, should facilitate the development of strategies for the management of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Abramovich
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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33
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Yamamoto M, Kakihana K, Kurosu T, Murakami N, Miura O. Clonal evolution with inv(11)(p15q22) and NUP98/DDX10 fusion gene in imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 157:104-8. [PMID: 15721630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib has shown remarkable efficacy in treating patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In a small portion of patients treated with imatinib, however, the disease may progress to advanced stages, frequently accompanied by cytogenetic clonal evolution with the appearance of additional chromosomal aberrations besides the Philadelphia chromosome. Here we report the appearance of an inv(11)(p15q22) as a clonal evolution in a CML patient undergoing treatment with imatinib. Leukemic cells from the patient were found to express the fusion transcript of NUP98 and DDX10, which is in accordance with previously reported cases of de novo or therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome with inv(11)(p15q22). Although the patient showed resistance to imatinib with the disease rapidly progressing to blast crisis, sequence analysis failed to reveal any mutation in the kinase domain of BCR/ABL that would explain the imatinib resistance. Furthermore, ex vivo treatment of leukemic cells with imatinib significantly reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkL, a target of the BCR/ABL kinase. These observations raise a possibility that the NUP98/DDX10 fusion might be involved in imatinib resistance as well as in acute transformation of CML.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RNA Helicases
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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34
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Abstract
Imatinib, a potent inhibitor of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL, has shown remarkable clinical activity in patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). However, this drug does not completely eradicate BCR-ABL-expressing cells from the body, and resistance to imatinib emerges. Although BCR-ABL remains an attractive therapeutic target, it is important to identify other components involved in CML pathogenesis to overcome this resistance. What have clinical trials of imatinib and studies using mouse models for BCR-ABL leukaemogenesis taught us about the functions of BCR-ABL beyond its kinase activity, and how these functions contribute to CML pathogenesis?
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Mice
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibao Ren
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, MS029, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Of the current mouse chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) models,the murine bone marrow (BM) transduction and transplantation model most efficiently mimics many of the central features of human CML. In this model, lethally irradiated mice are reconstituted with primary murine BM cells transduced with a P210BCR/ABL retrovirus. All recipient mice develop a fatal peripheral blood and BM granulocytosis and splenomegaly, a disease termed the murine CML-like myeloproliferative disorder. This model has been used to establish the causative role of Bcr/Abl in CML, identify those signaling pathways and regions of Bcr/Abl critical for leukemogenesis, and explore the limitations of targeted CML therapy. Future refinements in this CML mouse model will make it a more effective tool for studying imatinib-resistant CML, reproducing chronic- and blastic-phase human CML, and performing CML progenitor studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Ilaria
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC8593, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA.
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36
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Kobzev YN, Martinez-Climent J, Lee S, Chen J, Rowley JD. Analysis of translocations that involve theNUP98 gene in patients with 11p15 chromosomal rearrangements. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 41:339-52. [PMID: 15390187 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The NUP98 gene has been reported to be fused with at least 15 partner genes in leukemias with 11p15 translocations. We report the results of screening of cases with cytogenetically documented rearrangements of 11p15 and the subsequent identification of involvement of NUP98 and its partner genes. We identified 49 samples from 46 hematology patients with 11p15 (including a few with 11p14) abnormalities, and using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we found that NUP98 was disrupted in 7 cases. With the use of gene-specific FISH probes, in 6 cases, we identified the partner genes, which were PRRX1 (PMX1; in 2 cases), HOXD13, RAP1GDS1, HOXC13, and TOP1. In the 3 cases for which RNA was available, RT-PCR was performed, which confirmed the FISH results and identified the location of the breakpoints in patient cDNA. Our data confirm the previous findings that NUP98 is a recurrent target in various types of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N Kobzev
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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37
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Mugneret F, Callier P, Favre-Audry B. [Chromosomal abnormalities in acute myeloid leukaemias]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2003; 51:314-28. [PMID: 12927889 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(03)00114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies of acute myeloid leukaemias reveal non-random chromosomal abnormalities in 50-70% of karyotypes. Some are correlated with morphological and immunological parameters and constitute a prognostic factor independent of the other factors of risk: favourable for acute leukaemias myeloid with translocations t(8;21), t(15;17) and inversion or translocation of the chromosome 16, inv(16)/t(16;16), poor with deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 del(5q), rearrangement of the 11q23 region and complex karyotypes. The distribution of the anomalies depends on the age: 11q23 and t(8;21) more frequent for the child, del(5q) and complex anomalies more frequent for the adult. The karyotypes are essential for the diagnosis, the follow-up of the patients and the evaluation of the relapse. It plays a fundamental part in the detection of new genes and their partners implied in the leucemogenese. The knowledge of their function is essential to open new therapeutic ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mugneret
- Laboratoire de cytogénétique, CHU Le-Bocage, 21034 Dijon, France.
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38
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Clarkson B, Strife A, Wisniewski D, Lambek CL, Liu C. Chronic myelogenous leukemia as a paradigm of early cancer and possible curative strategies. Leukemia 2003; 17:1211-62. [PMID: 12835715 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The chronological history of the important discoveries leading to our present understanding of the essential clinical, biological, biochemical, and molecular features of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are first reviewed, focusing in particular on abnormalities that are responsible for the massive myeloid expansion. CML is an excellent target for the development of selective treatment because of its highly consistent genetic abnormality and qualitatively different fusion gene product, p210(bcr-abl). It is likely that the multiple signaling pathways dysregulated by p210(bcr-abl) are sufficient to explain all the initial manifestations of the chronic phase of the disease, although understanding of the circuitry is still very incomplete. Evidence is presented that the signaling pathways that are constitutively activated in CML stem cells and primitive progenitors cooperate with cytokines to increase the proportion of stem cells that are activated and thereby increase recruitment into the committed progenitor cell pool, and that this increased activation is probably the primary cause of the massive myeloid expansion in CML. The cooperative interactions between Bcr-Abl and cytokine-activated pathways interfere with the synergistic interactions between multiple cytokines that are normally required for the activation of stem cells, while at the same time causing numerous subtle biochemical and functional abnormalities in the later progenitors and precursor cells. The committed CML progenitors have discordant maturation and reduced proliferative capacity compared to normal committed progenitors, and like them, are destined to die after a limited number of divisions. Thus, the primary goal of any curative strategy must be to eliminate all Philadelphia positive (Ph+) primitive cells that are capable of symmetric division and thereby able to expand the Ph+ stem cell pool and recreate the disease. Several highly potent and moderately selective inhibitors of Bcr-Abl kinase have recently been discovered that are capable of killing the majority of actively proliferating early CML progenitors with minimal effects on normal progenitors. However, like their normal counterparts, most of the CML primitive stem cells are quiescent at any given time and are relatively invulnerable to the Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors as well as other drugs. We propose that survival of dormant Ph+ stem cells may be the most important reason for the inability to cure the disease during initial treatment, while resistance to the inhibitors and other drugs becomes increasingly important later. An outline of a possible curative strategy is presented that attempts to take advantage of the subtle differences in the proliferative behavior of normal and Ph+ stem cells and the newly discovered selective inhibitors of Bcr-Abl. Leukemia (2003) 17, 1211-1262. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2402912
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Signal Transduction
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- B Clarkson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10021, USA
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39
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Abstract
Human leukemias are typified by acquired recurring chromosomal translocations. Cloning of these translocation breakpoints has provided important insights into pathogenesis of disease as well as novel therapeutic approaches. Chronic myelogenous leukemias (CML) are caused by constitutively activated tyrosine kinases, such as BCR/ABL, that confer a proliferative and survival advantage to hematopoietic progenitors but do not affect differentiation. These activated kinases are validated targets for therapy with selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, a paradigm that may have broad applications in treatment of hematologic malignancies as well as solid tumors. Chromosomal translocations in acute myeloid leukemias (AML) most often result in loss-of-function mutations in transcription factors that are required for normal hematopoietic development. These latter mutations, however, are not sufficient to cause AML. The available evidence indicates that activating mutations in the hematopoietic tyrosine kinases FLT3 and c-KIT, and in N-RAS and K-RAS, confer proliferative advantage to hematopoietic progenitors and cooperate with loss-of-function mutations in hematopoietic transcription factors to cause an acute leukemia phenotype characterized by proliferation and impaired differentiation. The data supporting this hypothesis and the clinical and therapeutic implications of these observations are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Kelly
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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40
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Ren R. The molecular mechanism of chronic myelogenous leukemia and its therapeutic implications: studies in a murine model. Oncogene 2002; 21:8629-42. [PMID: 12476309 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant disease resulting from the neoplastic transformation of a hematopoietic stem cell. Generation of the BCR-ABL fusion gene plays an essential role in causing the vast majority of CML. Clinical and laboratory studies have indicated that development of CML involves both the effects of BCR-ABL within its correct target cells and interactions of BCR-ABL target cells with the rest of the in vivo environment, and that the progression of the disease to blast crisis involves multiple genetic alterations. An efficient mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation model for CML has recently been developed. This review summarizes the analysis of the roles of functional domains and downstream signaling pathways of BCR-ABL, of altered cytokine production, of interferon signaling pathways and of oncogene cooperation in the pathogenesis of CML using this murine model. The in vivo studies of leukemogenesis will help to advance mechanism-based therapies for CML, as well as to understand fundamental rules of leukemogenesis and hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibao Ren
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
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41
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Mayotte N, Roy DC, Yao J, Kroon E, Sauvageau G. Oncogenic interaction between BCR-ABL and NUP98-HOXA9 demonstrated by the use of an in vitro purging culture system. Blood 2002; 100:4177-84. [PMID: 12393433 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal stem cell disease caused by the BCR-ABL oncoprotein and is characterized, in its early phase, by excessive accumulation of mature myeloid cells, which eventually leads to acute leukemia. The genetic events involved in CML's progression to acute leukemia remain largely unknown. Recent studies have detected the presence of the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion oncogene in acute leukemia derived from CML patients, which suggests that these 2 oncoproteins may interact and influence CML disease progression. Using in vitro purging of BCR-ABL-transduced mouse bone marrow cells, we can now report that recipients of bone marrow cells engineered to coexpress BCR-ABL with NUP98-HOXA9 develop acute leukemia within 7 to 10 days after transplantation. However, no disease is detected for more than 2 months in mice receiving bone marrow cells expressing either BCR-ABL or NUP98-HOXA9. We also provide evidence of high levels of HOXA9 expressed in leukemic blasts from acute-phase CML patients and that it interacts significantly on a genetic level with BCR-ABL in our in vivo CML model. Together, these studies support a causative, as opposed to a consequential, role for NUP98-HOXA9 (and possibly HOXA9) in CML disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Purging/methods
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Mayotte
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Stem Cells, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, QC, Canada
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42
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Barbouti A, Johansson B, Höglund M, Mauritzson N, Strömbeck B, Nilsson PG, Tanke HJ, Hagemeijer A, Mitelman F, Fioretos T. Multicolor COBRA-FISH analysis of chronic myeloid leukemia reveals novel cryptic balanced translocations during disease progression. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 35:127-37. [PMID: 12203776 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the initial indolent chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), is usually the sole cytogenetic anomaly, but as the disease progresses into the accelerated phase (AP), and eventually into aggressive blast crisis (BC), secondary aberrations, mainly unbalanced changes such as +8, i(17q), and +Ph, are frequent. To date, molecular genetic studies of CML BC have mainly focused on alterations of well-known tumor-suppressor genes (e.g., TP53, CDKN2A, and RB1) and oncogenes (e.g., RAS and MYC), whereas limited knowledge is available about the molecular genetic correlates of the unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities. Balanced secondary changes are rare in CML AP/BC, but it is not known whether cryptic chromosomal translocations, generating fusion genes, may be responsible for disease progression in a subgroup of CML. To address this issue, we used multicolor combined binary ratio fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which allows the simultaneous visualization of all 24 chromosomes in different colors, verified by locus-specific FISH in a series of 33 CML cases. Two cryptic balanced translocations, t(7;17)(q32-34;q23) and t(7;17)(p15;q23), were found in two of the five cases showing the t(9;22) as the only cytogenetic change. Using several BAC clones, the breakpoints at 17q23 in both cases were mapped within a 350-kb region. In the case with the 7p15 breakpoint, a BAC clone containing the HOXA gene cluster displayed a split signal, suggesting a possible creation of a fusion gene involving a member of the HOXA family. Furthermore, one case with a partially cryptic t(9;11)(p21-22;q23) and an MLL rearrangement as well as a previously unreported t(3;10)(p22;p12-13) were identified. Altogether, a refined karyotypic description was achieved in 12 (36%) of the 33 investigated cases, illustrating the value of using multicolor FISH for identifying pathogenetically important aberrations in CML AP/BC.
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43
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Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a complex disease that impinges on stem cell biology, the regulation of blood lineage determination and/or selection, as well as the overall regulation of hematopoietic cell proliferation, survival, adhesion and migration. Establishment of murine models for CML in recent years has enabled experimental analyses of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CML at the organismal level. This review summarizes the approaches used to develop murine models for CML and the analyses of the roles of functional domains and downstream signaling pathways of BCR-ABL (an oncoprotein generated by the t(9;22)(q34;ql1) translocation found in CML patients) and the roles of related tyrosine kinase oncoproteins, altered cytokine production and oncogene cooperation in the pathogenesis of CML-like disease using murine models. These in vivo studies of leukemogenesis will help to advance therapies for CML, as well as to understand fundamental rules of leukemogenesis and hematopoiesis, which should contribute in turn to the development of therapies for other related diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- src Homology Domains
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44
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Taketani T, Taki T, Ono R, Kobayashi Y, Ida K, Hayashi Y. The chromosome translocation t(7;11)(p15;p15) in acute myeloid leukemia results in fusion of the NUP98 gene with a HOXA cluster gene, HOXA13, but not HOXA9. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 34:437-43. [PMID: 12112533 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoporin gene NUP98 has been reported to be fused to 9 partner genes in hematologic malignancies with 11p15 translocations. The NUP98-HOXA9 fusion gene has been identified in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia with t(7;11)(p15;p15). We report here a novel NUP98 partner gene, HOXA13, in a patient with de novo AML having t(7;11)(p15;p15). The HOXA13 gene is part of the HOXA cluster genes and contains 2 exons, encoding a protein of 338 amino acids with a homeodomain. The NUP98-HOXA13 fusion protein consists of the N-terminal phenylalanine-glycine repeat motif of NUP98 and the C-terminal homeodomain of HOXA13, similar to the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion protein. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in various leukemic cell lines showed that the HOXA13 gene was expressed significantly more frequently in acute monocytic leukemic cell lines than in other leukemic cell lines (P = 0.039). HOXA13 and three HOXA cluster genes (A9, A10, A11) located at the 5' end of the HOXA9 gene were frequently expressed in myeloid leukemic cell lines. Our results revealed that t(7;11)(p15;p15) was not a single chromosomal abnormality at the molecular level. The protein encoded by the NUP98-HOXA13 fusion gene is similar to that encoded by NUP98-HOXA9, and the expression pattern of the HOXA13 gene in leukemic cell lines is similar to that of the HOXA9 gene, suggesting that the NUP98-HOXA13 fusion protein may play a role in leukemogenesis through a mechanism similar to that of the NUP98-HOXA9 fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Taketani
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Calvo KR, Sykes DB, Pasillas MP, Kamps MP. Nup98-HoxA9 immortalizes myeloid progenitors, enforces expression of Hoxa9, Hoxa7 and Meis1, and alters cytokine-specific responses in a manner similar to that induced by retroviral co-expression of Hoxa9 and Meis1. Oncogene 2002; 21:4247-56. [PMID: 12082612 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2001] [Revised: 02/28/2002] [Accepted: 04/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The association between acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and the aberrant expression of Hoxa9 is evidenced by (1) proviral activation of Hoxa9 and Meis1 in BXH-2 murine AML, (2) formation of the chimeric Nup98-HoxA9 transactivator protein as a consequence of the t(7;11) translocation in human AML, and (3) the strong expression of HoxA9 and Meis1 in human AML. In mouse models, enforced retroviral expression of Hoxa9 alone in marrow is not sufficient to cause rapid AML, while co-expression of Meis1 and Hoxa9 induces rapid AML. In contrast, retroviral expression of Nup98-HoxA9 is sufficient to cause rapid AML in the absence of enforced Meis1 expression. Previously, we demonstrated that Hoxa9 could block the differentiation of murine marrow progenitors cultured in granulocyte-macrophage colony-simulating factor (GM-CSF). These progenitors lacked Meis1 expression, could not proliferate in stem cell factor (SCF), but could differentiate into neutrophils when switched into granulocyte colony-simulating factor (G-CSF). Ectopic expression of Meis1 in these Hoxa9 cells suppressed their G-CSF-induced differentiation, permitted proliferation in SCF, and therein offered a potential explanation of cooperative function. Because Meis1 binds N-terminal Hoxa9 sequences that are replaced by Nup98, we hypothesized that Nup98-HoxA9 might consolidate the biochemical functions of both Hoxa9 and Meis1 on target gene promoters and might evoke their same lymphokine-responsive profile in immortalized progenitors. Here we report that Nup98-HoxA9, indeed mimicks Hoxa9 plus Meis1 coexpression - it immortalizes myeloid progenitors, prevents differentiation in response to GM-CSF, IL-3, G-CSF, and permits proliferation in SCF. Unexpectedly, however, Nup98-Hoxa9 also enforced strong transcription of the cellular Hoxa9, Hoxa7 and Meis1 genes at levels similar to those found in mouse AML's generated by proviral activation of Hoxa9 and Meis1. Using Hoxa9(-/-) marrow, we demonstrate that expression of Hoxa9 is not required for myeloid immortalization by Nup98-HoxA9. Rapid leukaemogenesis by Nup98-HoxA9 may therefore result from both the intrinsic functions of Nup98-HoxA9, as well as of those of coexpressed HOX and MEIS1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Calvo
- University of California School of Medicine, Department of Pathology 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, CA 92093-0612, USA
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46
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Johansson B, Fioretos T, Mitelman F. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic evolution of chronic myeloid leukemia. Acta Haematol 2002; 107:76-94. [PMID: 11919388 DOI: 10.1159/000046636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is genetically characterized by the presence of the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), resulting in a BCR/ABL gene fusion on the derivative chromosome 22 called the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. In 2-10% of the cases, this chimeric gene is generated by variant rearrangements, involving 9q34, 22q11, and one or several other genomic regions. All chromosomes have been described as participating in these variants, but there is a marked breakpoint clustering to chromosome bands 1p36, 3p21, 5q13, 6p21, 9q22, 11q13, 12p13, 17p13, 17q21, 17q25, 19q13, 21q22, 22q12, and 22q13. Despite their genetically complex nature, available data indicate that variant rearrangements do not confer any specific phenotypic or prognostic impact as compared to CML with a standard Ph chromosome. In most instances, the t(9;22), or a variant thereof, is the sole chromosomal anomaly during the chronic phase (CP) of the disease, whereas additional genetic changes are demonstrable in 60-80% of cases in blast crisis (BC). The secondary chromosomal aberrations are clearly nonrandom, with the most common chromosomal abnormalities being +8 (34% of cases with additional changes), +Ph (30%), i(17q) (20%), +19 (13%), -Y (8% of males), +21 (7%), +17 (5%), and monosomy 7 (5%). We suggest that all these aberrations, occurring in >5% of CML with secondary changes, should be denoted major route abnormalities. Chromosome segments often involved in structural rearrangements include 1q, 3q21, 3q26, 7p, 9p, 11q23, 12p13, 13q11-14, 17p11, 17q10, 21q22, and 22q10. No clear-cut differences as regards type and prevalence of additional aberrations seem to exist between CML with standard t(9;22) and CML with variants, except for slightly lower frequencies of the most common changes in the latter group. The temporal order of the secondary changes varies, but the preferred pathway appears to start with i(17q), followed by +8 and +Ph, and then +19. Molecular genetic abnormalities preceding, or occurring during, BC include overexpression of the BCR/ABL transcript, upregulation of the EVI1 gene, increased telomerase activity, and mutations of the tumor suppressor genes RB1, TP53, and CDKN2A. The cytogenetic evolution patterns vary significantly in relation to treatment given during CP. For example, +8 is more common after busulfan than hydroxyurea therapy, and the secondary changes seen after interferon-alpha treatment or bone marrow transplantation are often unusual, seemingly random, and occasionally transient. Apart from the strong phenotypic impact of addition of acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplasia-associated translocations and inversions, such as inv(3)(q21q26), t(3;21)(q26;q22), and t(15;17)(q22;q12-21), in CML BC, only a few significant differences between myeloid and lymphoid BC are discerned, with i(17q) and TP53 mutations being more common in myeloid BC and monosomy 7, hypodiploidy, and CDKN2A deletions being more frequent in lymphoid BC. The prognostic significance of the secondary genetic changes is not uniform, although abnormalities involving chromosome 17, e.g., i(17q), have repeatedly been shown to be ominous. However, the clinical impact of additional cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations is most likely modified by the treatment modalities used.
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MESH Headings
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Disease Progression
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil Johansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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Kelly LM, Kutok JL, Williams IR, Boulton CL, Amaral SM, Curley DP, Ley TJ, Gilliland DG. PML/RARalpha and FLT3-ITD induce an APL-like disease in a mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:8283-8. [PMID: 12060771 PMCID: PMC123059 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.122233699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells invariably express aberrant fusion proteins involving the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha). The most common fusion partner is promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), which is fused to RARalpha in the balanced reciprocal chromosomal translocation, t(15;17)(q22:q11). Expression of PML/RARalpha from the cathepsin G promoter in transgenic mice causes a nonfatal myeloproliferative syndrome in all mice; about 15% go on to develop APL after a long latent period, suggesting that additional mutations are required for the development of APL. A candidate target gene for a second mutation is FLT3, because it is mutated in approximately 40% of human APL cases. Activating mutations in FLT3, including internal tandem duplication (ITD) in the juxtamembrane domain, transform hematopoietic cell lines to factor independent growth. FLT3-ITDs also induce a myeloproliferative disease in a murine bone marrow transplant model, but are not sufficient to cause AML. Here, we test the hypothesis that PML/RARalpha can cooperate with FLT3-ITD to induce an APL-like disease in the mouse. Retroviral transduction of FLT3-ITD into bone marrow cells obtained from PML/RARalpha transgenic mice results in a short latency APL-like disease with complete penetrance. This disease resembles the APL-like disease that occurs with long latency in the PML/RARalpha transgenics, suggesting that activating mutations in FLT3 can functionally substitute for the additional mutations that occur during mouse APL progression. The leukemia is transplantable to secondary recipients and is ATRA responsive. These observations document cooperation between PML/RARalpha and FLT3-ITD in development of the murine APL phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cathepsin G
- Cathepsins/genetics
- Crosses, Genetic
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Kelly
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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48
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Dash AB, Williams IR, Kutok JL, Tomasson MH, Anastasiadou E, Lindahl K, Li S, Van Etten RA, Borrow J, Housman D, Druker B, Gilliland DG. A murine model of CML blast crisis induced by cooperation between BCR/ABL and NUP98/HOXA9. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:7622-7. [PMID: 12032333 PMCID: PMC124303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.102583199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of tyrosine kinases, such as the BCR/ABL fusion associated with t(9;22)(q34;q22), is a hallmark of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) syndromes in humans. Expression of BCR/ABL is both necessary and sufficient to cause a chronic myeloproliferative syndrome in murine bone marrow transplantation models, and absolutely depends on kinase activity. Progression of CML to acute leukemia (blast crisis) in humans has been associated with acquisition of secondary chromosomal translocations, including the t(7;11)(p15;p15) resulting in the NUP98/HOXA9 fusion protein. We demonstrate that BCR/ABL cooperates with NUP98/HOXA9 to cause blast crisis in a murine model. The phenotype depends both on expression of BCR/ABL and NUP98/HOXA9, but tumors retain sensitivity to the ABL inhibitor STI571 in vitro and in vivo. This paradigm is applicable to other constitutively activated tyrosine kinases such as TEL/PDGFbetaR. These experiments document cooperative effects between constitutively activated tyrosine kinases, which confer proliferative and survival properties to hematopoietic cells, with mutations that impair differentiation, such as the NUP98/HOXA9, giving rise to the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) phenotype. Furthermore, these data indicate that despite acquisition of additional mutations, CML blast crisis cells retain their dependence on BCR/ABL for proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeeta B Dash
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Storlazzi CT, Anelli L, Surace C, Rocchi M, Albano F, Pastore D, Liso V, Specchia G. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a novel additional chromosomal aberration in blast crisis of a Ph-positive chronic myeloid leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 134:109-13. [PMID: 12034521 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel chromosomal aberration acquired in blast crisis (BC) in a patient affected by Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Conventional cytogenetic studies at onset showed a classic t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) in all bone marrow cells, confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (b3a2) analysis. In BC, the malignant clone developed a new additional cytogenetic abnormality consisting of a deletion of chromosome 21. To our knowledge, this is the first case of del(21) reported in literature associated with BC CML. The use of an appropriate set of BAC/PAC clones restricted the breakpoint to an interval of approximately 100 kb. Sequence analysis did not reveal any known gene in this interval. Oncosuppressor genes distal to the breakpoint could be hypothesized to be involved in the progression of disease toward BC. Identification of new chromosome abnormalities in CML may allow further understanding of specific molecular events leading to disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Tiziana Storlazzi
- Department of Pathologic Anatomy and Genetics, Section of Genetics, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
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50
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Enninga J, Levy DE, Blobel G, Fontoura BMA. Role of nucleoporin induction in releasing an mRNA nuclear export block. Science 2002; 295:1523-5. [PMID: 11809937 DOI: 10.1126/science.1067861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Signal-mediated nuclear import and export proceed through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Some NPC components, such as the nucleoporins (Nups) Nup98 and Nup96, are also associated with the nuclear interior. Nup98 is a target of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) matrix (M) protein-mediated inhibition of messenger RNA (mRNA) nuclear export. Here, Nup98 and Nup96 were found to be up-regulated by interferon (IFN). M protein-mediated inhibition of mRNA nuclear export was reversed when cells were treated with IFN-gamma or transfected with a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding Nup98 and Nup96. Thus, increased Nup98 and Nup96 expression constitutes an IFN-mediated mechanism that reverses M protein-mediated inhibition of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Enninga
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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