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Leung VMY, Pook CM, Chan TC, Yeung YY. Trialkylphosphonium Oxoborate as C(sp 3 )-H Oxyanion Hole Catalyst for Diels-Alder Reaction. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300981. [PMID: 38116878 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a catalytic protocol for Diels-Alder reaction using trialkylphosphonium oxoborates as oxyanion hole catalysts. The reaction can be operated under ambient conditions. Dienes could easily polymerize under acidic condition. Nonetheless, these acid-sensitive substrates are compatible with the catalytic protocol and the reaction scope covers a wide range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ming-Yau Leung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun-Man Pook
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Chun Chan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Yeung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Woldegiorgis AG, Muhammad S, Lin X. Asymmetric Cycloaddition/Annulation Reactions by Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysis: Recent Advances. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xufeng Lin
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou CHINA
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3
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Koebke KJ, Pinter TBJ, Pitts WC, Pecoraro VL. Catalysis and Electron Transfer in De Novo Designed Metalloproteins. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12046-12109. [PMID: 35763791 PMCID: PMC10735231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmark advances in our understanding of metalloprotein function is showcased in our ability to design new, non-native, catalytically active protein scaffolds. This review highlights progress and milestone achievements in the field of de novo metalloprotein design focused on reports from the past decade with special emphasis on de novo designs couched within common subfields of bioinorganic study: heme binding proteins, monometal- and dimetal-containing catalytic sites, and metal-containing electron transfer sites. Within each subfield, we highlight several of what we have identified as significant and important contributions to either our understanding of that subfield or de novo metalloprotein design as a discipline. These reports are placed in context both historically and scientifically. General suggestions for future directions that we feel will be important to advance our understanding or accelerate discovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Koebke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Winston C. Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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4
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Abstract
The catalytic effect of ionization on the Diels-Alder reaction between 1,3-butadiene and acrylaldehyde has been studied using relativistic density functional theory (DFT). Removal of an electron from the dienophile, acrylaldehyde, significantly accelerates the Diels-Alder reaction and shifts the reaction mechanism from concerted asynchronous for the neutral Diels-Alder reaction to stepwise for the radical-cation Diels-Alder reaction. Our detailed activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal how ionization of the dienophile enhances the Diels-Alder reactivity via two mechanisms: (i) by amplifying the asymmetry in the dienophile's occupied π-orbitals to such an extent that the reaction goes from concerted asynchronous to stepwise and thus with substantially less steric (Pauli) repulsion per reaction step; (ii) by enhancing the stabilizing orbital interactions that result from the ability of the singly occupied molecular orbital of the radical-cation dienophile to engage in an additional three-electron bonding interaction with the highest occupied molecular orbital of the diene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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5
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Portela S, Fernández I. Origin of Catalysis and Selectivity in Lewis Acid-Promoted Diels-Alder Reactions Involving Vinylazaarenes as Dienophiles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9307-9315. [PMID: 35794859 PMCID: PMC9295156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The poorly understood factors controlling the catalysis and selectivity in Lewis acid-promoted Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions involving vinylazaarenes as dienophiles have been quantitatively explored in detail by means of computational methods. With the help of the activation strain model and the energy decomposition analysis methods, it is found that the remarkable acceleration induced by the catalysis is mainly due to a significant reduction of the Pauli repulsion between the key occupied π-molecular orbitals of the reactants and not due to the proposed stabilization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the dienophile. This computational approach has also been helpful to understand the reasons behind the extraordinary regio- and diastereoselectivity observed experimentally. The insight gained in this work allows us to predict even more reactive vinylazaarene dienophiles, which may be useful in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Portela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Kögel JF, Sorokin DA, Scott M, Harms K, Himmel D, Krossing I, Sundermeyer J. Lewis Acid-Base Adducts of Al(N(C 6F 5) 2) 3 and Ga(N(C 6F 5) 2) 3 – Structural Features and Adduct Formation Enthalpies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4829-4835. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00003b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present the molecular structures of six neutral Lewis acid-base adducts of the Lewis superacid Al(N(C6F5)2)3 and its higher homolog Ga(N(C6F5)2)3 with the electron pair donors MeCN, CNtBu, THF...
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7
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Origin of asynchronicity in Diels-Alder reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20095-20106. [PMID: 34499069 PMCID: PMC8457343 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02456f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Asynchronicity in Diels-Alder reactions plays a crucial role in determining the height of the reaction barrier. Currently, the origin of asynchronicity is ascribed to the stronger orbital interaction between the diene and the terminal carbon of an asymmetric dienophile, which shortens the corresponding newly formed C-C bond and hence induces asynchronicity in the reaction. Here, we show, using the activation strain model and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory at ZORA-BP86/TZ2P, that this rationale behind asynchronicity is incorrect. We, in fact, found that following a more asynchronous reaction mode costs favorable HOMO-LUMO orbital overlap and, therefore, weakens (not strengthens) these orbital interactions. Instead, it is the Pauli repulsion that induces asynchronicity in Diels-Alder reactions. An asynchronous reaction pathway also lowers repulsive occupied-occupied orbital overlap which, therefore, reduces the unfavorable Pauli repulsion. As soon as this mechanism of reducing Pauli repulsion dominates, the reaction begins to deviate from synchronicity and adopts an asynchronous mode. The eventual degree of asynchronicity, as observed in the transition state of a Diels-Alder reaction, is ultimately achieved when the gain in stability, as a response to the reduced Pauli repulsion, balances with the loss of favorable orbital interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Oluwasanmi A, Hoskins C. Potential use of the Diels-Alder reaction in biomedical and nanomedicine applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120727. [PMID: 34029667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction and its retro breakdown has garnered increasing research focus due to several of its advantageous properties including, atomic conservation, reversibility, and substituent retention. This is especially true in biomedical application and nanomedicine development which display a preference for rapid, efficient, and clean "click" chemistry reactions allowing for delivery of active ingredients and subsequent release upon temperature elevation. There are multiple variations on the Diels-Alder reaction based around substitution position and materials being coupled which can affect the temperature threshold for and rate of the retro reaction reversal. Hence, the Diels-Alder reaction offers a simple coupling reaction for active ingredients with tailorable release. In this review the incorporation of the Diels-Alder chemistries and linkers within the biomedical and nanomedicine field will be discussed, as well as its use in future potential technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Oluwasanmi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiemo Arndt
- Department of Chemistry University of Cologne Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Philip K. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry University of Cologne Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Jonas J. Koenig
- Department of Chemistry University of Cologne Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Martin Breugst
- Department of Chemistry University of Cologne Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
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10
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Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. The Pauli Repulsion-Lowering Concept in Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1972-1981. [PMID: 33759502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organic chemistry has undoubtedly had a profound impact on humanity. Day in and day out, we find ourselves constantly surrounded by organic compounds. Pharmaceuticals, plastics, fuels, cosmetics, detergents, and agrochemicals, to name a few, are all synthesized by organic reactions. Very often, these reactions require a catalyst in order to proceed in a timely and selective manner. Lewis acids and organocatalysts are commonly employed to catalyze organic reactions and are considered to enhance the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) interactions. A vast number of textbooks and primary literature sources suggest that the binding of a Lewis acid or an iminium catalyst to a reactant (R1) stabilizes its LUMO and leads to a smaller HOMO(R2)-LUMO(R1) energy gap with the other reactant (R2), thus resulting in a faster reaction. This forms the basis for the so-called LUMO-lowering catalysis concept. Despite the simplicity and popularity of FMO theory, a number of deficiencies have emerged over the years, as a consequence of these FMOs not being the operative factor in the catalysis. LUMO-lowering catalysis is ultimately incomplete and is not always operative in catalyzed organic reactions. Our groups have recently undertaken a concerted effort to generate a unified framework to rationalize and predict chemical reactivity using a causal model that is rooted in quantum mechanics. In this Account, we propose the concept of Pauli repulsion-lowering catalysis to understand the catalysis in fundamental processes in organic chemistry. Our findings emerge from state-of-the-art computational methods, namely, the activation strain model (ASM) of reactivity in conjunction with quantitative Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory (KS-MO) and a matching energy decomposition analysis (EDA). The binding of the catalyst to the substrate not only leads to a stabilization of its LUMO but also induces a significant reduction of the two-orbital, four-electron Pauli repulsion involving the key molecular orbitals of both reactants. This repulsion-lowering originates, for the textbook Lewis acid-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction, from the catalyst polarizing the occupied π orbital of the dienophile away from the carbon atoms that form new bonds with the diene. This polarization of the occupied dienophile π orbital reduces the occupied orbital overlap with the diene and constitutes the ultimate physical factor responsible for the acceleration of the catalyzed process as compared to the analogous uncatalyzed reaction. We show that this physical mechanism is generally applicable regardless of the type of reaction (Diels-Alder and Michael addition reactions) and the way the catalyst is bonded to the reactants (i.e., from pure covalent or dative bonds to weaker hydrogen or halogen bonds). We envisage that the insights emerging from our analysis will guide future experimental developments toward the design of more efficient catalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEOCINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Theoretical Insight into the Reversal of Chemoselectivity in Diels-Alder Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Brønsted and Lewis Acids. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally, a reversal of chemoselectivity has been observed in catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (e.g., (2E)-but-2-enal) and ketones (e.g., 2-hexen-4-one) with cyclopentadiene. Indeed, using the triflimidic Brønsted acid Tf2NH as catalyst, the reaction gave a Diels–Alder adduct derived from α,β-unsaturated ketone as a major product. On the other hand, the use of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane B(C6F5)3 bulky Lewis acid as catalyst gave mainly the cycloadduct of α,β-unsaturated aldehyde as a major product. Our aim in the present work is to put in evidence the role of the catalyst in the reversal of the chemoselectivity of the catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions of (2E)-but-2-enal and 2-Hexen-4-one with cyclopentadiene. The calculations were performed at the ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p) level of theory and the solvent effects of dichloromethane were taken into account using the PCM solvation model. The obtained results are in good agreement with experimental outcomes.
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12
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Zavgorodnii AS, Pomogaeva АV, Timoshkin AY. Complexes of the Lewis Acid Ga[N(C6F5)2]3 with Acetonitrile and Pyridine. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220120130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Efficient Lewis acid catalysis of an abiological reaction in a de novo protein scaffold. Nat Chem 2021; 13:231-235. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Ma Y, Ueno H, Okada H, Manzhos S, Matsuo Y. Solvation-Free Li + Lewis Acid Enhancing Reaction: Kinetic Study of [5,6]-Li +@PCBM to [6,6]-Li +@PCBM. Org Lett 2020; 22:7239-7243. [PMID: 32870696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic parameters for the [5,6]- to [6,6]-[Li+@PCBM]TFSI- transformation were determined experimentally, revealing a ca. 700-fold faster reaction rate at 423 K than empty PCBM and a 57.4 kJ mol-1 lower activation energy. The encapsulated Li+ can be considered as solvation-free Li+, forming a 1:1 complex with the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- School of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- School of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China.,Center for Fundamental and Applied Research of Novel Nanocarbon Derivatives, Center for Key Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Research of Novel Nanocarbon Derivatives, Center for Key Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sergei Manzhos
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X1S2, Canada
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- School of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Center for Fundamental and Applied Research of Novel Nanocarbon Derivatives, Center for Key Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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15
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Spotte-Smith EWC, Yu P, Blau SM, Prasher RS, Jain A. Aqueous Diels-Alder reactions for thermochemical storage and heat transfer fluids identified using density functional theory. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:2137-2150. [PMID: 32652662 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal storage and transfer fluids have important applications in industrial, transportation, and domestic settings. Current thermal fluids have relatively low specific heats, often significantly below that of water. However, by introducing a thermochemical reaction to a base fluid, it is possible to enhance the fluid's thermal properties. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) is used to screen Diels-Alder reactions for use in aqueous thermal fluids. From an initial set of 52 reactions, four are identified with moderate aqueous solubility and predicted turning temperature near the liquid region of water. These reactions are selectively modified through 60 total functional group substitutions to produce novel reactions with improved solubility and thermal properties. Among the reactions generated by functional group substitution, seven have promising predicted thermal properties, significantly improving specific heat (by as much as 30.5%) and energy storage density (by as much as 4.9%) compared to pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Samuel M Blau
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ravi S Prasher
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Anubhav Jain
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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16
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Pérez P. Unveiling the Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reactions Through the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Molecules 2020; 25:E2535. [PMID: 32486033 PMCID: PMC7321097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of metal-based Lewis acid (LA) catalysts on the reaction rate and regioselectivity in polar Diels-Alder (P-DA) reactions has been analyzed within the molecular electron density theory (MEDT). A clear linear correlation between the reduction of the activation energies and the increase of the polar character of the reactions measured by analysis of the global electron density transfer at the corresponding transition state structures (TS) is found, a behavior easily predictable by analysis of the electrophilicity ω and nucleophilicity N indices of the reagents. The presence of a strong electron-releasing group in the diene changes the mechanism of these P-DA reactions from a two-stage one-step to a two-step one via formation of a zwitterionic intermediate. However, this change in the reaction mechanism does not have any chemical relevance. This MEDT study makes it possible to establish that the more favorable nucleophilic/electrophilic interactions taking place at the TSs of LA catalyzed P-DA reactions are responsible for the high acceleration and complete regioselectivity experimentally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, University Andres Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile;
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17
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Fernández I, Bickelhaupt FM. How Lewis Acids Catalyze Diels-Alder Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6201-6206. [PMID: 31944503 PMCID: PMC7187354 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Lewis acid(LA)-catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction between isoprene and methyl acrylate was investigated quantum chemically using a combined density functional theory and coupled-cluster theory approach. Computed activation energies systematically decrease as the strength of the LA increases along the series I2
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid28040MadridSpain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081HVAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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18
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Vermeeren P, Brinkhuis F, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. How Alkali Cations Catalyze Aromatic Diels-Alder Reactions. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1167-1174. [PMID: 32012430 PMCID: PMC7187256 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically studied alkali cation-catalyzed aromatic Diels-Alder reactions between benzene and acetylene forming barrelene using relativistic, dispersion-corrected density functional theory. The alkali cation-catalyzed aromatic Diels-Alder reactions are accelerated by up to 5 orders of magnitude relative to the uncatalyzed reaction and the reaction barrier increases along the series Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Rb+ < Cs+ < none. Our detailed activation strain and molecular-orbital bonding analyses reveal that the alkali cations lower the aromatic Diels-Alder reaction barrier by reducing the Pauli repulsion between the closed-shell filled orbitals of the dienophile and the aromatic diene. We argue that such Pauli mechanism behind Lewis-acid catalysis is a more general phenomenon. Also, our results may be of direct importance for a more complete understanding of the network of competing mechanisms towards the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an astrochemical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Francine Brinkhuis
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HVAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJNijmegen (TheNetherlands
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19
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Fernández I, Bickelhaupt FM. How Lewis Acids Catalyze Diels–Alder Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS)Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM)Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM)Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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20
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Carneiro de Oliveira J, Laborie MP, Roucoules V. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of Diels-Alder Reaction between Furfuryl Alcohol and N-Hydroxymaleimides-An Assessment for Materials Application. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020243. [PMID: 31936088 PMCID: PMC7024143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of Diels–Alder reactions in materials science is of increasing interest. The main reason for that is the potential thermoreversibility of the reaction. Aiming to predict the behavior of a material modified with maleimido and furyl moieties, 1H NMR and UV-Vis solution studies of the Diels–Alder reaction between furfuryl alcohol and two N-hydroxymaleimides are explored in the present study. Rate constants, activation energy, entropy, and enthalpy of formation were determined from each technique for both reacting systems. Endo and exo isomers were distinguished in 1H NMR, and the transition from a kinetic, controlled Diels–Alder reaction to a thermodynamic one could be observed in the temperature range studied. A discussion on the effect of that on the application in a material was performed. The approach selected considers a simplified equilibrium of the Diels–Alder reaction as the kinetic model, allowing materials scientists to evaluate the suitability of using the reacting molecules for the creation of thermoresponsive materials. The proposed approach determines the kinetic constants without the direct influence of the equilibrium constant value, thereby allowing a more objective data analysis. The effects of the selection of kinetic model, analytical method, and data treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamerson Carneiro de Oliveira
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany; (J.C.d.O.); (M.-P.L.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre Laborie
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany; (J.C.d.O.); (M.-P.L.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Roucoules
- IS2M, UMR 7361, CNRS, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Correspondence:
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21
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Liu B, Fu S, Zhou C. Naturally occurring [4 + 2] type terpenoid dimers: sources, bioactivities and total syntheses. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1627-1660. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00037b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This review article highlights recent progress on their sources, bioactivities, biosynthetic hypotheses and total chemical syntheses of naturally occurring [4 + 2] type terpenoid dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shaomin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Chengying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
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22
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Deng B, Wang X, Wang S. Dearomatizing and Derivatizing a Mesityl Group on Boron by One-Pot Photoisomerization and [4+2] Diels-Alder Addition. Chemistry 2019; 25:14694-14700. [PMID: 31486136 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Boron compounds having a conjugated chelate backbone (N,C-chelate or C,C-chelate) and two mesityl substituents on boron have been found to undergo a facile one-pot transformation/reaction with dienophiles, which leads to the dearomatization of one mesityl ring and its [4+2] Diels-Alder addition with the dienophile. Photochemical activation is the key in this transformation of the aryl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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23
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Vadivelu M, Sampath S, Muthu K, Karthikeyan K, Praveen C. Harnessing the TEMPO-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation for Machetti-De Sarlo Reaction toward Sustainable Synthesis of Isoxazole Libraries. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13636-13645. [PMID: 31557022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of isoxazole/isoxazoline derivatives via Machetti-De Sarlo reaction under sustainable conditions has been accomplished. This protocol involves the use of readily available 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) to catalyze the cyclocondensation of primary nitroalkanes with alkynes/alkenes to afford a library of isoxazole/isoxazoline products. From an eco-benign perspective, notable advantages of this method are as follows: (i) water as the solvent, (ii) air as the oxidant, (iii) transition metal-free, (iv) no base required, (v) no toxic byproduct, (vi) no need of solvent extraction, (vii) diverse substrate scope, (viii) high chemical yields, (ix) excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, (x) short reaction time, (xi) gram-scale synthesis, (xii) extension to heterogeneous version, and (xiii) catalyst recyclability. For these reasons, the developed method is appropriate for safe laboratory use and can be expected to inspire the progress of TEMPO-based organocatalysis for the preparation of isoxazole/isoxazoline moieties in an environmentally benign fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Vadivelu
- Department of Chemistry , B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology , Vandalur , Chennai 600048 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Sugirdha Sampath
- Department of Chemistry , B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology , Vandalur , Chennai 600048 , Tamil Nadu , India.,Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IITM) , Chennai 600036 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Kesavan Muthu
- Interdisplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM) , SRM Institute of Science and Technology , Kattankulathur 603203 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Kesavan Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry , B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology , Vandalur , Chennai 600048 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Chandrasekar Praveen
- Materials Electrochemistry Division , Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-Laboratory) , Alagappapuram , Karaikudi 630003 , Tamil Nadu , India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CECRI campus, Alagappapuram , Karaikudi 630003 , Tamil Nadu , India
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24
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Shi DQ, Niu LH, Wang XS, Zhuang QY, Zhang Y. Synthesis of 4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]pyrano-5-ones in aqueous media. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823405774909379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 4-hydroxy-6-methylpyran-2-one with substituted cinnamonitriles in water in the presence of triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBA) provide an efficient route to 2-amino-4-aryl-4H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]pyran-5-one derivatives. The products were characterised by IR, 1H NMR, elemental analysis and were further confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Qing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plants of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hui Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Shan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plants of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Xuzhou Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plants of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
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25
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Rohling R, Tranca IC, Hensen EJM, Pidko EA. Mechanistic Insight into the [4 + 2] Diels-Alder Cycloaddition over First Row d-Block Cation-Exchanged Faujasites. ACS Catal 2019; 9:376-391. [PMID: 30775064 PMCID: PMC6369662 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder cycloaddition (DAC) is a powerful tool to construct C-C bonds. The DAC reaction can be accelerated in several ways, one of which is reactant confinement as observed in supramolecular complexes and Diels-Alderases. Another method is altering the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the reactants by using homogeneous transition-metal complexes whose active sites exhibit d-orbitals suitable for net-bonding orbital interactions with the substrates. Both features can be combined in first row d-block (TM) exchanged faujasite catalysts where the zeolite framework acts as a stabilizing ligand for the active site while confining the reactants. Herein, we report on a mechanistic and periodic DFT study on TM-(Cu(I), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cr(III), Sc(III), V(V))exchanged faujasites to elucidate the effect of d-shell filling on the DAC reaction between 2,5-dimethylfuran and ethylene. Two pathways were found: one being the concerted one-step and the other being the stepwise two-step pathway. A decrease in d-shell filling results in a concomitant increase in reactant activation as evidenced by increasingly narrow energy gaps and lower activation barriers. For models holding relatively small d-block cations, the zeolite framework was found to bias the DAC reaction toward an asynchronous one-step pathway instead of the two-step pathway. This work is an example of how the active site properties and the surrounding chemical environment influence the reaction mechanism of chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderigh
Y. Rohling
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ionut C. Tranca
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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26
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Kögel JF, Timoshkin AY, Schröder A, Lork E, Beckmann J. Al(OCArF3) 3 - a thermally stable Lewis superacid. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8178-8183. [PMID: 30568768 PMCID: PMC6256356 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02981d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adduct free Lewis superacid Al(OCArF3)3 was obtained by the reaction of ArF3COH with AlEt3 and fully characterized (ArF = C6F5). It comprises a high thermal stability up to 180 °C and a distinct reactivity towards Lewis bases, as exemplified by the isolation of the neutral adducts Al(OCArF3)·D (D = MeCN, THF, Et2O, pyridine, OPEt3), the fluoride complexes [Q][FAl(OCArF)3] (Q+ = Cs+, Ag+, Tl+, [S(NMe2)3]+, [Ph3C]+, Li+, [NBu4]+, [FeCp2]+) and the chloride complex [Ph3C][ClAl(OCArF)3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius F Kögel
- FB Biologie/Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Str. 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry , St. Petersburg State University , Universitetskaya emb. 7/9 , 199034 St. Petersburg , Russia .
| | - Artem Schröder
- FB Biologie/Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Str. 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Enno Lork
- FB Biologie/Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Str. 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Jens Beckmann
- FB Biologie/Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Str. 7 , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
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27
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Rohling R, Tranca IC, Hensen EJM, Pidko EA. Electronic Structure Analysis of the Diels-Alder Cycloaddition Catalyzed by Alkali-Exchanged Faujasites. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:14733-14743. [PMID: 30018699 PMCID: PMC6038092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b04409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder cycloaddition (DAC) reaction is a commonly employed reaction for the formation of C-C bonds. DAC catalysis can be achieved by using Lewis acids and via reactant confinement in aqueous nanocages. Low-silica alkali-exchanged faujasite catalysts combine these two factors in one material. They can be used in the tandem DAC/dehydration reaction of biomass-derived 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) with ethylene toward p-xylene, in which the DAC reaction step initiates the overall reaction cycle. In this work, we performed periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the DAC reaction between DMF and C2H4 in low-silica alkali(M)-exchanged faujasites (MY; Si/Al = 2.4; M = Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+). The aim was to investigate how confinement of reactants in MY catalysts changed their electronic structure and the DAC-reactivity trend among the evaluated MY zeolites. The conventional high-silica alkali-exchanged isolated site model (MFAU; Si/Al = 47) served as a reference. The results show that confinement leads to initial-state (IS) destabilization and transition-state (TS) stabilization. Among the tested MY, most significant IS destabilization is found in RbY. Only antibonding orbital interactions between the reactants/reactive complex and cations were found, indicating that TS stabilization arises from ionic interactions. Additionally, in RbY the geometry of the transition state is geometrically most similar to that of the initial and final state. RbY also exhibits an optimal combination of the confinement-effects, resulting in having the lowest computed DAC-activation energy. The overall effect is a DAC-reactivity trend inversion in MY as compared to the trend found in MFAU where the activation energy correlates with the Lewis acidity of the exchangeable cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderigh
Y. Rohling
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ionut C. Tranca
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A. Pidko
- Inorganic
Materials Chemistry group, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Energy Technology,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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28
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Wang G, Zhu J, Chen X, Dong H, Li Q, Zeng L, Cao X. Alginate based antimicrobial hydrogels formed by integrating Diels-Alder "click chemistry" and the thiol-ene reaction. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11036-11042. [PMID: 35541529 PMCID: PMC9078979 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00668g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years medical devices manufacturers have been looking for antimicrobial coatings which are biocompatible and non-toxic for a wide range of medical devices. The demand for these antimicrobial coatings has increased significantly, owing to the increased incidence of hospital-associated infections (HAIs). Hydrogels have been widely used in biomedical applications due to their hydrophilicity, biodegradability, non-toxicity and biocompatibility. In this work, sodium alginate (SA) based antibacterial hydrogels SA/PEG-HHC10 were designed and prepared by combining Diels-Alder (DA) click chemistry and the thiol-ene reaction. The hydrogels were first prepared using DA click chemistry with good mechanical strength, then the cysteine-terminated antimicrobial peptide HHC10-CYS (HHC10) was grafted into the hydrogel by the thiol-ene reaction between the oxy-norbornene group and the thiol group. The results showed that the antimicrobial hydrogels had a strong antibacterial property and good biocompatibility. Therefore, the antimicrobial hydrogels have significant potential application as coatings for implantable medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Jiehua Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Hua Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Qingtao Li
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
| | - Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 PR China +86-20-22236066
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction Guangzhou 510006 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 PR China
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29
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Kögel JF, Sorokin DA, Khvorost A, Scott M, Harms K, Himmel D, Krossing I, Sundermeyer J. The Lewis superacid Al[N(C 6F 5) 2] 3 and its higher homolog Ga[N(C 6F 5) 2] 3 - structural features, theoretical investigation and reactions of a metal amide with higher fluoride ion affinity than SbF 5. Chem Sci 2018; 9:245-253. [PMID: 29629094 PMCID: PMC5869307 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03988c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we present the synthesis of the two Lewis acids Al[N(C6F5)2]3 (ALTA) and Ga[N(C6F5)2]3 (GATA) via salt elimination reactions. The metal complexes were characterized by NMR-spectroscopic methods and X-ray diffraction analysis revealing the stabilization of the highly Lewis acidic metal centers by secondary metal-fluorine contacts. The Lewis acidic properties of Al[N(C6F5)2]3 and Ga[N(C6F5)2]3 are demonstrated by reactions with Lewis bases resulting in the formation of metallates accompanied by crucial structural changes. The two metallates [Cs(Tol)3]+[FAl(N(C6F5)2)3]- and [AsPh4]+[ClGa(N(C6F5)2)3]- contain interesting weakly coordinating anions. The reaction of Al[N(C6F5)2]3 with trityl fluoride yielded [CPh3]+[FAl(N(C6F5)2)3]- which could find application in the activation of metallocene polymerization catalysts. The qualitative Lewis acidity of Al[N(C6F5)2]3 and Ga[N(C6F5)2]3 was investigated by means of competition experiments for chloride ions in solution. DFT calculations yielded fluoride ion affinities in the gas phase (FIA) of 555 kJ mol-1 for Al[N(C6F5)2]3 and 472 kJ mol-1 for Ga[N(C6F5)2]3. Thus, Al[N(C6F5)2]3 can be considered a Lewis superacid with a fluoride affinity higher than SbF5 (493 kJ mol-1) whereas the FIA of the corresponding gallium complex is slightly below the threshold to Lewis superacidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Kögel
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität , Hans-Meerwein Str. , 35043 Marburg , Germany .
| | - D A Sorokin
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität , Hans-Meerwein Str. , 35043 Marburg , Germany .
| | - A Khvorost
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität , Hans-Meerwein Str. , 35043 Marburg , Germany .
| | - M Scott
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität , Hans-Meerwein Str. , 35043 Marburg , Germany .
| | - K Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität , Hans-Meerwein Str. , 35043 Marburg , Germany .
| | - D Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) , Section Soft Matter Science , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - I Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) , Section Soft Matter Science , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - J Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität , Hans-Meerwein Str. , 35043 Marburg , Germany .
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30
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Bugoni S, Porta A, Valiullina Z, Zanoni G, Vidari G. Dual Re VCatalysis in One-Pot Consecutive Meyer-Schuster and Diels-Alder Reactions. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bugoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Sezione Chimica Organica; Università degli Studi di Pavia; Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Alessio Porta
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Sezione Chimica Organica; Università degli Studi di Pavia; Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Zuleykha Valiullina
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Sezione Chimica Organica; Università degli Studi di Pavia; Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Ufa Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; prosp. Oktyabrya 71 450054 Ufa Russia
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Sezione Chimica Organica; Università degli Studi di Pavia; Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Sezione Chimica Organica; Università degli Studi di Pavia; Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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Dadashi-Silab S, Doran S, Yagci Y. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions for Macromolecular Syntheses. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10212-75. [PMID: 26745441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions, particularly those involving photoinduced electron transfer processes, establish a substantial contribution to the modern synthetic chemistry, and the polymer community has been increasingly interested in exploiting and developing novel photochemical strategies. These reactions are efficiently utilized in almost every aspect of macromolecular architecture synthesis, involving initiation, control of the reaction kinetics and molecular structures, functionalization, and decoration, etc. Merging with polymerization techniques, photochemistry has opened up new intriguing and powerful avenues for macromolecular synthesis. Construction of various polymers with incredibly complex structures and specific control over the chain topology, as well as providing the opportunity to manipulate the reaction course through spatiotemporal control, are one of the unique abilities of such photochemical reactions. This review paper provides a comprehensive account of the fundamentals and applications of photoinduced electron transfer reactions in polymer synthesis. Besides traditional photopolymerization methods, namely free radical and cationic polymerizations, step-growth polymerizations involving electron transfer processes are included. In addition, controlled radical polymerization and "Click Chemistry" methods have significantly evolved over the last few decades allowing access to narrow molecular weight distributions, efficient regulation of the molecular weight and the monomer sequence and incredibly complex architectures, and polymer modifications and surface patterning are covered. Potential applications including synthesis of block and graft copolymers, polymer-metal nanocomposites, various hybrid materials and bioconjugates, and sequence defined polymers through photoinduced electron transfer reactions are also investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sean Doran
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University , 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University , 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Yamamoto K, Nagae H, Tsurugi H, Mashima K. Mechanistic understanding of alkyne cyclotrimerization on mononuclear and dinuclear scaffolds: [4 + 2] cycloaddition of the third alkyne onto metallacyclopentadienes and dimetallacyclopentadienes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:17072-17081. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03389j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We summarized mechanistic investigations for transition metal-catalyzed alkyne cyclotrimerization in terms of mononuclear and dinuclear complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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33
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34
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de Souza MAF, Ventura E, do Monte SA, Riveros JM, Longo RL. Revisiting the concept of the (a)synchronicity of diels-alder reactions based on the dynamics of quasiclassical trajectories. J Comput Chem 2015; 37:701-11. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. F. de Souza
- Instituto De Química, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte; Natal Rio Grande do Norte 59072-970 Brazil
- Departamento De Química; CCEN, Universidade Federal Da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba 58.059-900 Brazil
- Departamento De Química Fundamental; Universidade Federal De Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco 50.740-560 Brazil
| | - Elizete Ventura
- Departamento De Química; CCEN, Universidade Federal Da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba 58.059-900 Brazil
| | - Silmar A. do Monte
- Departamento De Química; CCEN, Universidade Federal Da Paraíba; João Pessoa Paraíba 58.059-900 Brazil
| | - José M. Riveros
- Instituto De Química, Universidade De São Paulo; Caixa Postal 26077 São Paulo 05599-970 Brazil
- Centro De Ciências Naturais E Humanas, Universidade Federal Do ABC; Rua Santa Adelia 166 Santo André, São Paulo 09210-170 Brazil
| | - Ricardo L. Longo
- Departamento De Química Fundamental; Universidade Federal De Pernambuco; Recife Pernambuco 50.740-560 Brazil
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35
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Li C, Wei M, Evans DG, Duan X. Recent advances for layered double hydroxides (LDHs) materials as catalysts applied in green aqueous media. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Xu P, Xi YK, Chen H, Shi DQ. Clean and Efficient Synthesis of Pyrazole Derivatives in Aqueous Media. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Kun Xi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Qing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province; Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
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37
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Rahman M, Ling I, Abdullah N, Hashim R, Hajra A. Organocatalysis by p-sulfonic acid calix[4]arene: a convenient and efficient route to 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones in water. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16374e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and eco-friendly method is reported for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones using p-sulfonic acid calix[4]arene as a recyclable organocatalyst in excellent yields in water at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matiur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Irene Ling
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Norbani Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Rauzah Hashim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry
- Visva-Bharati (A Central University)
- India
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38
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Karhan K, Khaliullin RZ, Kühne TD. On the role of interfacial hydrogen bonds in “on-water” catalysis. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:22D528. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4902537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Karhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rustam Z. Khaliullin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas D. Kühne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Center for Computational Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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39
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Atkinson BN, Williams JM. Scandium triflate catalyzed ester synthesis using primary amides. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Tran AT, Liu P, Houk KN, Nicholas KM. Regioselectivity in the Cu(I)-Catalyzed [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition of 2-Nitrosopyridine with Unsymmetrical Dienes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5617-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5005907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anh T. Tran
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Nicholas
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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41
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Thirunarayanan G. Synthesis, antimicrobial, antioxidant and insect antifeedant activities of some aryl bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene-2-yl-methanones. QSCIENCE CONNECT 2014. [DOI: 10.5339/connect.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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42
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Dou G, Xu P, Li Q, Xi Y, Huang Z, Shi D. Clean and efficient synthesis of isoxazole derivatives in aqueous media. Molecules 2013; 18:13645-53. [PMID: 24196411 PMCID: PMC6269935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 5-arylisoxazole derivatives were synthesized via the reaction of 3-(dimethyl-amino)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in aqueous media without using any catalyst. This method has the advantages of easier work-up, mild reaction conditions, high yields, and an environmentally benign procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolan Dou
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (G.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-512-6588-0049 (D.S.); Fax: +86-512-6588-0089 (D.S.)
| | - Pan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Hainan Chuntch Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Hainan Province Seaport Bonded Area 6th Workshop, Haikou 570216, China
| | - Yukun Xi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Daqing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (G.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +86-512-6588-0049 (D.S.); Fax: +86-512-6588-0089 (D.S.)
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43
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Shi DQ, Shi JW, Yao H, Jiang H, Wang XS. An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4-b]Pyridine Derivatives in Aqueous Media. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200700190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Shi DQ, Shi JW, Yao H. Three-Component One-Pot Synthesis of Indeno[2′,1′:5,6]Pyrido[2,3-d]Pyrazole Derivatives in Aqueous Media. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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45
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Munirathinam R, Ricciardi R, Egberink RJM, Huskens J, Holtkamp M, Wormeester H, Karst U, Verboom W. Gallium-containing polymer brush film as efficient supported Lewis acid catalyst in a glass microreactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1698-704. [PMID: 24062830 PMCID: PMC3778416 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene sulfonate polymer brushes, grown on the interior of the microchannels in a microreactor, have been used for the anchoring of gallium as a Lewis acid catalyst. Initially, gallium-containing polymer brushes were grown on a flat silicon oxide surface and were characterized by FTIR, ellipsometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS revealed the presence of one gallium per 2-3 styrene sulfonate groups of the polymer brushes. The catalytic activity of the Lewis acid-functionalized brushes in a microreactor was demonstrated for the dehydration of oximes, using cinnamaldehyde oxime as a model substrate, and for the formation of oxazoles by ring closure of ortho-hydroxy oximes. The catalytic activity of the microreactor could be maintained by periodic reactivation by treatment with GaCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Munirathinam
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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46
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Wang J, Li H, Zhang D, Huang P, Wang Z, Zhang R, Liang Y, Dong D. Divergent Synthesis of α,α-Dihaloamides through α,α-Dihalogenation of β-Oxo Amides by UsingN-Halosuccinimides. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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47
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Sun H, Chai Y, Wang L, Jiang K, Pan Y. Nazarov Cyclization and Oxo-Diels–Alder Reaction of Chalcones Induced by the Naked Silver Cation in Gas Phase. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hezhi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kezhi Jiang
- Key Lab of Organosilicon Chemistry
and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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48
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49
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Tasdelen MA, Yagci Y. Light-Induced Click Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5930-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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50
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Manna A, Kumar A. Why Does Water Accelerate Organic Reactions under Heterogeneous Condition? J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2446-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4002934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Manna
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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