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Schürch K, Frahsa A, Liwanag HJ, Ruggia L. An expenditure analysis revealing how Philip Morris advertisements coincide with tobacco policymaking in Switzerland. Tob Prev Cessat 2024; 10:TPC-10-28. [PMID: 38948920 PMCID: PMC11212386 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/189922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prior research has linked media tobacco promotion to increased tobacco use and favorable perceptions of tobacco products. Switzerland's tobacco lobby employs advertisements to sway policy decisions in its favor, yet no recent research has assessed this in detail. Our study aims to provide detailed estimates of tobacco industry (TI) advertisement costs, focusing on Philip Morris International (PMI) in Switzerland, and examine potential chronological links between TI advertisement campaigns and parliamentary discussions on tobacco bills. By spreading knowledge on this issue, we aim to support the development of future tobacco advertisement regulations. METHODS We conducted an expenditure analysis of tobacco-related press advertisements in Swiss print media published between August 2020 and August 2021, accessed through the media intelligence firm Argus Data Insights. Advertisement costs were estimated using publicly available data. We plotted expenditure sums of PMI against key parliamentary session dates featuring discussions on proposed tobacco control measures, such as tighter restrictions on advertising. RESULTS Over 12 months, 501 advertisements with tobacco-specific headlines were published in Swiss press media. Of these, 437 advertisements (87.22%) were linked to PMI. PMI accounted for 88.21% (CHF 6486969) of total advertisement expenditure. Notably, PMI advertisements coincided with key political sessions discussing tobacco legislation in parliament, with a limited presence outside these periods. CONCLUSIONS PMI advertisements were published parallel to key moments of parliamentary discussions, suggesting an attempt by TI to potentially influence discussions. Applying such an advertisement monitoring methodology helps understand the contextual conditions of public health in Switzerland. By analyzing TI advertisements in print media, we sought to highlight regulatory gaps and support the creation of stricter advertising regulations. We recommend continuing such research to strengthen tobacco control policymaking. Key public health efforts should include raising awareness of TI tactics, implementing a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, and strategically engaging with the media in tobacco control campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Schürch
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Association for Tobacco Control, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annika Frahsa
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Harvy Joy Liwanag
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Ruggia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Association for Tobacco Control, Bern, Switzerland
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Dominguez-Cancino KA, Martínez P, Nazif-Muñoz JI. Tobacco policies and changes in the tendency of smoking cessation in cigarette users in Chile: a longitudinal cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e085248. [PMID: 38729757 PMCID: PMC11097840 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of tobacco control regulations and policy implementation on smoking cessation tendencies in cigarette users born between 1982 and 1991 in Chile. DESIGN Longitudinal cross-sectional study. SETTING National level. PARTICIPANTS Data from the National Survey of Drug Consumption (Service of Prevention and Rehabilitation for Drug and Alcohol Consumption). A pseudo-cohort of smokers born between 1982 and 1991 (N=17 905) was tracked from 2002 to 2016. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES MEASURES Primary outcome was the tendency to cease smoking conceptualised as the report of using cigarettes 1 month or more ago relative to using cigarettes in the last 30 days. The main exposure variable was the Tobacco Policy Index-tracking tobacco policy changes over time. Logistic regression, controlling for various factors, was applied. RESULTS Models suggested a 14% increase in the smoking cessation tendency of individuals using cigarettes 1 month or more ago relative to those using cigarettes in the last 30 days (OR 1.14, CI 95% CI 1.10 to 1.19) for each point increment in the Tobacco Policy index. CONCLUSIONS Our study contributes to documenting a positive impact of the implementation of interventions considered in the MPOWER strategy in the progression of smoking cessation tendencies in smokers born between 1982 and 1991 in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Dominguez-Cancino
- Service sur les dépendances. Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
- School of Nursing, Universidad San Sebastian, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Martínez
- Service sur les dépendances. Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche charles Le Moyne, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
| | - José Ignacio Nazif-Muñoz
- Service sur les dépendances. Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
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Duan Z, Henriksen L, Vallone D, Rath JM, Evans WD, Romm KF, Wysota C, Berg CJ. Nicotine pouch marketing strategies in the USA: an analysis of Zyn, On! and Velo. Tob Control 2024; 33:154-163. [PMID: 35817549 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine pouches are gaining popularity, yet their marketing is understudied. METHODS Using Numerator advertising data from January 2019 to September 2021 regarding three popular brands of nicotine pouch in the USA-Zyn (by Swedish Match, introduced in the USA in July 2016), On! (Altria, August 2016) and Velo (RJ Reynolds, July 2019)-we examined (1) general advertising characteristics (eg, media type, year); (2) ad content (ie, headlines and imagery themes); (3) prominent media channels (ie, specific websites, magazines, etc); and (4) ad expenditures. RESULTS There were 286 unique ads (Zyn: 44.4%; On!: 2.8%; Velo: 52.8%), 119 143 occurrences (Zyn: 3.5%; On!: 0.5%; Velo: 96.0%) and $24 774 650 total expenditures (Zyn: 4.7%; On!: 0.6%; Velo: 94.7%). The greatest proportion of ad occurrences and expenditures were accounted for by radio (75.9% and 28.2%, respectively) and television (16.2% and 56.5%), followed by mobile (0.5% and 7.2%) and online display (6.7% and 3.6%). Across ad occurrences and expenditures, prominent headline themes included 'freedom' (26.0% and 17.1%, respectively), 'brand' (9.6% and 18.6%) and 'flavour' (16.4% and 7.6%); images mainly featured the product alone (61.4% and 56.1%), text (16.2% and 24.6%) or men (8.7% and 8.6%); and prominent channel themes were entertainment (34.7% and 37.3%), news/weather (14.3% and 21.7%), business/finance (12.9% and 9.0%) and sports (9.5% and 1.0%). Zyn and On! prioritised online display and print; Velo prioritised radio and television. Zyn's and Velo's headlines focused on 'freedom', with Zyn also emphasising 'brand' and Velo 'innovation'; On!'s headlines emphasised 'flavour'. CONCLUSIONS Regulatory efforts must be informed by surveillance of nicotine pouch marketing and impacts on consumer subgroups (eg, young people).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshuan Duan
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Donna Vallone
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica M Rath
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Douglas Evans
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Global Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Katelyn F Romm
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Christina Wysota
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Global Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Berg CJ, Romm KF, Bar-Zeev Y, Abroms LC, Klinkhammer K, Wysota CN, Khayat A, Broniatowski DA, Levine H. IQOS marketing strategies in the USA before and after US FDA modified risk tobacco product authorisation. Tob Control 2023; 32:418-427. [PMID: 34667105 PMCID: PMC9016087 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorised reduced exposure messaging to be used in IQOS marketing, we examined: (1) IQOS ad content; (2) advertising media channels and (3) changes in advertising efforts over time. METHODS We conducted a mixed-methods study regarding IQOS ad content (headlines, themes, images), ad occurrence characteristics (including content, media channels and adspend) in the USA from August 2019 to April 2021 using Numerator advertising/marketing data. RESULTS Across 24 unique ads and 591 occurrences (84.6% online, 8.0% print, 7.4% mobile), there was $4 902 110 total adspend (98.9% allocated to print). Across unique ads, occurrences and adspend, prominent themes included 'real tobacco' (45.8%, 47.4%, 30.1%, respectively), less odour/ash (29.2%, 21.0%, 29.9%) and switching from cigarettes (25.0%, 19.5%, 69.4%), and images mainly featured the product alone (58.2%, 61.4%, 99.5%) or with women (25.0%, 19.1%, 0.3%). Per occurrences and adspend, the most prominent media channel themes (eg, magazine/website topics) were technology (19.3%, 10.6%), women's fashion (18.1%, 26.2%), weather/news (9.0%, 15.3%) and entertainment/pop culture/gaming (8.5%, 23.1%). Ad themes appearing only post-FDA authorisation included switching from traditional cigarettes, same-day/home-delivery, convenience (eg, use indoors), reduced exposure to some dangerous substances, science/research and distinction from e-cigarettes. Overall adspend per occurrence increased postauthorisation (p=0.016); the highest adspend per unique ad (69.3% of total) focused on ads featuring reduced exposure. CONCLUSIONS Regulatory efforts must be informed by ongoing surveillance of IQOS marketing efforts and its impacts, particularly how specific consumer subgroups (eg, tobacco non-users, women, young people) are impacted by marketing exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katelyn F Romm
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yael Bar-Zeev
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lorien C Abroms
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katharina Klinkhammer
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christina N Wysota
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amal Khayat
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David A Broniatowski
- Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hagai Levine
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Hadassah Medical Organization, Jerusalem, Israel
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Wu J, Origgi JM, Ranker LR, Bhatnagar A, Robertson RM, Xuan Z, Wijaya D, Hong T, Fetterman JL. Compliance With the US Food and Drug Administration's Guidelines for Health Warning Labels and Engagement in Little Cigar and Cigarillo Content: Computer Vision Analysis of Instagram Posts. JMIR INFODEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:e41969. [PMID: 37113379 PMCID: PMC10132024 DOI: 10.2196/41969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Health warnings in tobacco advertisements provide health information while also increasing the perceived risks of tobacco use. However, existing federal laws requiring warnings on advertisements for tobacco products do not specify whether the rules apply to social media promotions. Objective This study aims to examine the current state of influencer promotions of little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) on Instagram and the use of health warnings in influencer promotions. Methods Instagram influencers were identified as those who were tagged by any of the 3 leading LCC brand Instagram pages between 2018 and 2021. Posts from identified influencers, which mentioned one of the three brands were considered LCC influencer promotions. A novel Warning Label Multi-Layer Image Identification computer vision algorithm was developed to measure the presence and properties of health warnings in a sample of 889 influencer posts. Negative binomial regressions were performed to examine the associations of health warning properties with post engagement (number of likes and comments). Results The Warning Label Multi-Layer Image Identification algorithm was 99.3% accurate in detecting the presence of health warnings. Only 8.2% (n=73) of LCC influencer posts included a health warning. Influencer posts that contained health warnings received fewer likes (incidence rate ratio 0.59, P<.001, 95% CI 0.48-0.71) and fewer comments (incidence rate ratio 0.46, P<.001, 95% CI 0.31-0.67). Conclusions Health warnings are rarely used by influencers tagged by LCC brands' Instagram accounts. Very few influencer posts met the US Food and Drug Administration's health warning requirement of size and placement for tobacco advertising. The presence of a health warning was associated with lower social media engagement. Our study provides support for the implementation of comparable health warning requirements to social media tobacco promotions. Using an innovative computer vision approach to detect health warning labels in influencer promotions on social media is a novel strategy for monitoring health warning compliance in social media tobacco promotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Wu
- College of Communication Boston University Boston, MA United States
| | - Juan Manuel Origgi
- Department of Computer Science Boston University Boston, MA United States
| | - Lynsie R Ranker
- Department of Community Health Sciences School of Public Health Boston University Boston, MA United States
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville, KY United States
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center Dallas, TX United States
| | - Rose Marie Robertson
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center Dallas, TX United States
- Department of Medicine School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN United States
| | - Ziming Xuan
- Department of Community Health Sciences School of Public Health Boston University Boston, MA United States
| | - Derry Wijaya
- Department of Computer Science Boston University Boston, MA United States
| | - Traci Hong
- College of Communication Boston University Boston, MA United States
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Boston, MA United States
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Romanian young adult perceptions on using heated tobacco products following exposure to direct marketing methods. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2023; 33:8. [PMID: 36864067 PMCID: PMC9981255 DOI: 10.1038/s41533-023-00333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products have a rapid uptake, especially among young people, mostly where advertising is unregulated, as is the case in Romania. This qualitative study explores the influence of direct marketing methods of heated tobacco products on young people, their perception and behaviour towards smoking. We have carried out 19 interviews with smokers of heated tobacco products (HTPs) or/and combustible cigarettes (CCs) or non-smokers (NS), aged 18-26. Using the thematic analysis, we have identified three overarching themes: (1) people, places, and subjects of marketing, (2) engagement with risk narratives and (3) social body, family bonds, and autonomous self. Even if most of the participants have been exposed to a mix of marketing methods, they did not acknowledge the influence that marketing has on their decision to experience smoking. Young adults' decision to use heated tobacco products seems to be influenced by a cluster of reasons: overcoming the legislation gap which prohibits indoor use of combustible cigarettes but not heated tobacco products; the attractivity of the product (novelty, inviting appearance, technological appeal and price) and presumed less damaging effects on health.
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The effect of exposure to tobacco smoking-related media messages on youths' smoking behavior in Jordan: A longitudinal, school-based study. Prev Med 2023; 166:107386. [PMID: 36503015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Only a few studies investigated the link between tobacco smoking-related media and youth smoking in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). This study aimed to assess the influence of both promotional and control messages on cigarette smoking behavior among young Jordanian students. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were analyzed using data from the Irbid Longitudinal Smoking Study that followed a random sample of 2174 students (2008-2011). We examined the associations of media messaging with smoking behavior, as well as intention-to-quit smoking, and intention-to-start smoking, among young adolescents. At baseline, 12.2% and 43.7% of students were exposed to only pro-smoking or only anti-smoking messages, while 41.8% were equally exposed to both. Exposure to anti-smoking messages was associated with lower odds of ever smoking at baseline among girls (AOR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8). Boys who were exposed to anti-smoking messages were more likely to report an intention to quit, with borderline significance (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI: 0.9, 4.1). The cumulative exposure to anti-smoking messages over time was associated with lower odds of intention to smoke among girls (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3, 0.9) but with higher odds among boys (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.0, 3.1). In both sexes, media messaging was not associated with progression of the smoking habit. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis of both pro- and anti-smoking messages advances our understanding of their role in influencing youths' smoking behaviors, and could guide the development of evidence-based interventions to address adolescent tobacco smoking in Jordan and the EMR.
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Ribera-Osca JA, Carrion-Valero F, Martin-Gorgojo V, Rando-Matos Y, Martin-Cantera C, Martin-Moreno JM. Characteristics of tobacco use among secondary school students: a cross-sectional study in a school in Valencia, Spain. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1069294. [PMID: 37206875 PMCID: PMC10189142 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1069294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cigarette smoking is a significant public health problem, and it is essential to work actively with young people to limit the incorporation of this addiction. This study aimed to identify characteristics associated with tobacco use in adolescents in a real setting. Methods Epidemiologic, cross-sectional study including secondary school students aged 12-17 years in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades of "Joan Fuster High School" in the city of Sueca, Valencia (Spain). An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, cigarette smoking history, alcohol consumption, nicotine dependence, and exposure to parental cigarette smoking. Results The final sample of individuals surveyed included 306 students (50.6% females) with a median age of 13 years. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 11.8% (13.5% in females and 9.9% in males). The mean age of cigarette smoking onset was 12.7 ± 1.6 years. Ninety-three students (30.4%) were repeaters, and 114 (37.3%) reported alcohol consumption. Significant factors associated with tobacco use were being a repeater (odds ratio [OR] 4.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.75-10.55, p = 0.002), alcohol consumption (OR 4.06, 95% CI 1.75-10.15, p = 0.002) and parental cigarette smoking (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.52-10.74, p = 0.007). Discussion An operational profile of features associated with tobacco consumption was identified in the presence of parental cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and poor academic performance. Consideration of these factors could be useful in the operational design of cigarette smoking cessation interventions for young people in a context where there is a great need for better prevention and control of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Carrion-Valero
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Martin-Gorgojo
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Rando-Matos
- Primary Health Center Florida Nord, Direcció d'Atenció Primària Costa de Ponent, Catalan Health Institute, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Martin-Cantera
- Research Support Unit, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Martin-Moreno
- Medicine Department, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose M. Martin-Moreno,
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Viegas JRR, Szklo AS, Assunção KHR, Pontes BM, Mendes FL. Publicidade e Venda de Produtos de Tabaco em Plataformas Digitais de Delivery. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CANCEROLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.32635/2176-9745.rbc.2022v68n4.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução: Com a pandemia do vírus Sars-CoV-2 no Brasil, a comercialização de produtos on-line cresceu significativamente por meio de plataformas digitais de delivery de produtos de diversos gêneros. Estudos mostram que as medidas de isolamento social acarretaram efeitos no comportamento e sobre a saúde dos indivíduos, incluindo o aumento do tabagismo. Objetivo: Avaliar as ocorrências e características da venda e publicidade de produtos de tabaco e de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar, realizadas por lojas físicas, por meio de três plataformas digitais que atuam no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre fevereiro e junho de 2021. Método: As buscas nas plataformas simularam a jornada de compra de um consumidor por intermédio de uma rede social. Os pontos de venda foram georreferenciados a partir de centros de regiões administrativas do município ou de um ponto central nas demais cidades do Estado. Os resultados do georreferenciamento foram cruzados com indicadores sociais para caracterizar o público consumidor. Além disso, os preços de venda foram comparados com as informações da Secretaria de Receita Federal. Resultados: Os resultados indicam a prática de venda ilegal desses produtos nas plataformas digitais pesquisadas. Em regiões com padrões socioeconômicos mais altos, foi identificado um maior número de pontos de venda físicos que aderiram aos serviços das plataformas de delivery. Os valores praticados nessa modalidade foram 83% superiores aos estabelecidos pela Receita Federal. Conclusão: O estudo revela a necessidade de uma revisão das ações dos órgãos de fiscalização para o controle das novas modalidades de venda de produtos de tabaco.
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Jain S, Mohanty V, Arora S, Grover S, Bidhuri M, Singh N. Perceptions regarding tobacco control strategies amongst female youth in Delhi, India - a qualitative study. Ecancermedicalscience 2021; 15:1303. [PMID: 34824626 PMCID: PMC8580720 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco-related cancer is one of the commonest causes of cancer-related mortality in low- and middle-income countries. As per Global Youth Tobacco Survey-4, India; nearly one-fifth of students aged 13-15 used any form of the tobacco product. Tobacco related challenges have been countered through various tobacco control strategies; however, ignorance and non-compliance to tobacco control strategies to combat the tobacco epidemic shield the tobacco industry in India as well. There is limited literature on perception of tobacco use and tobacco control strategies amongst female youth. Hence, the present study aimed to assess tobacco control perception and perceived challenges through a qualitative approach amongst the youth of Delhi, India. Thematic analysis design of qualitative research was used amongst students of the Senior Secondary (Class XII) at a Government School of Delhi. One-to-one in-depth interviews were carried out for 6-7 individual participants in a day depending upon their availability. A summative content analysis was conducted of all the responses obtained by a data coder who was blinded to the identity of the respondent. A total of 82 school children participated in the study. The majority (82.9%, N = 68) of the participants felt that 'Tobacco is dangerous to health' and 41.5% (N = 34) of the participants were aware of some of the existing tobacco control laws in the country. Around 53.7% (N = 44) of the study respondents considered existing tobacco related laws to be ineffective. Regarding the perceived challenges; 31.7% (N = 26) of the respondents considered the lack of strict tobacco control laws and punishment strategies as the main factors. The findings from this study substantiated the focus on school based tobacco control strategies. The participants were well appraised regarding the impending danger of tobacco use and dynamic involvement of youth in tobacco control policies is the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Consultant - Dental Public Health, Mobile Dental Clinic Project, National Health Mission, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Vikrant Mohanty
- MOI/C (Mobile Dental Clinic Project), Prof. & Head, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Shipra Arora
- Dental Surgeon, Mobile Dental Clinic Project, National Health Mission, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Shekhar Grover
- Dental Surgeon, Mobile Dental Clinic Project, National Health Mission, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Mohit Bidhuri
- Dental Surgeon, Mobile Dental Clinic Project, National Health Mission, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Dental Surgeon, Mobile Dental Clinic Project, National Health Mission, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002, India
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Othman M, Farid NDN, Aghamohammadi N, Danaee M. Determinants of smokeless tobacco use and prevalence among Sudanese adolescents. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:176. [PMID: 34641965 PMCID: PMC8507347 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco is a part of social and cultural life in Sudan. The affordability and availability of this kind of tobacco make it a fundamental issue in adolescents. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent of the use of smokeless tobacco in adolescents and its determinants. METHODS A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum state in Sudan. The study targeted male and female adolescents in secondary schools. A total of 3387 students from public and private schools participated in the study. Multistage random sampling was used to select the participants. The Arabic version questionnaire from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) was utilised to collect the data from the participants. RESULTS Among the participants, 57.3% were females and 42.7% were males. Students from private and public schools were 48.4 and 51.6%, respectively. The overall prevalence of those who had ever used smokeless tobacco was 7.6%, in which the prevalence among male students was 11.0% while among females was 5.0%. The determinant factors were male gender (OR 1.53 CI 95% 1.03-2.28), family structure (OR 1.52 CI 95% 1.03-2.23), exposure to second-hand smoke at home (OR 1.60 CI 95% 1.11-2.31), friends smoking cigarettes (OR 1.78 CI 95% 1.22-2.60), lack of restriction of selling tobacco to minors (OR 1.73 CI 95% 1.25-2.39), promotion of smokeless tobacco (OR 2.12 CI 95% 1.20-3.72) and low self-efficacy (OR 7.47 CI 95% 4.45-12.52). CONCLUSION A comprehensive prevention programme that enforces the prohibition of the promotion of smokeless tobacco and the selling of smokeless tobacco to minors is crucial. Moreover, the prevention programme should enhance adolescents' self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Othman
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Daliana Nik Farid
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nasrin Aghamohammadi
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, Department of social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud Danaee
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Epperson AE, Wong S, Lambin EF, Henriksen L, Baiocchi M, Flora JA, Prochaska JJ. Adolescents' Health Perceptions of Natural American Spirit's On-the-Pack Eco-Friendly Campaign. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:604-611. [PMID: 32713741 PMCID: PMC7855194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Natural American Spirit (NAS) cigarettes, which have recently grown in popularity, are marketed as eco-friendly and natural. The present study examined whether NAS's on-the-pack messaging influences adolescents' health perceptions of the brand. METHODS In a mixed-factor design, adolescent participants (N = 1,003, ages 13-17, 75% female) were randomized to one of the six exposure conditions. All viewed images of an NAS and a Pall Mall (comparison brand) cigarette pack, but differed in pack color (blue, green, or gold/orange) and brand viewed first. Perceptions of pack logos, addictiveness, harms to the smoker, others, and the environment were assessed directly after viewing pack images for each brand. RESULTS Adolescents who perceived NAS as more pro-environment tended to perceive NAS cigarettes to be less addictive, r = -.19, p < .01. NAS cigarettes also were perceived as less addictive and better for the environment than Pall Mall. Most (90%) participants provided nature-friendly words (e.g., environment, recycle) when asked to describe logos on the NAS packs. In adjusted models, relative to Pall Mall, NAS was perceived as healthier for smokers, healthier for smokers' family and friends, and safer for the environment. Findings did not differ by pack color and ever tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents perceived a health advantage for NAS cigarettes with its on-the-pack, eco-friendly and pro-health marketing. The findings are consistent with prior research with adults. Given the accumulating evidence of consumer misperceptions, eco-friendly messaging on cigarettes is a public health concern that warrants further consideration for regulatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Epperson
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Samantha Wong
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Eric F Lambin
- School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences, and Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Georges Lemaître Earth and Climate Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael Baiocchi
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - June A Flora
- Solutions Science Lab, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Judith J Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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13
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Klein DE, Chaiton M, Kundu A, Schwartz R. A Literature Review on International E-cigarette Regulatory Policies. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Gautam P, Bhatta D, Sharma E, Rahman A, Dawit R, Li W, Ebrahimi Kalan M, Acharya Gautam S, Li T, Maziak W. Influence of Tobacco Marketing on Nepalese Adolescents: Cigarette Use and Susceptibility to Cigarette Use. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2689-2695. [PMID: 32986370 PMCID: PMC7779454 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.9.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) are common tactics of the tobacco industry to encourage adolescents to use tobacco products. Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the influence of TAPS on cigarette use and susceptibility to cigarette use among Nepalese adolescents. Materials and Methods: Data (n=2,878) were drawn from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey for Nepal (GYTS, 2011). Channel-specific and cumulative TAPS exposure were the primary exposures of the study. Six multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine current and ever cigarette use outcome with exposure to TAPS. Six binary logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the susceptibility to cigarette use when exposed to TAPS. Results: Channel-specific TAPS analyses show that indirect TAPS increases the odds of all the three outcomes; current cigarette use (OR=1.68, 95% CI=1.10-2.58), ever cigarette use (OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.23-2.65) and susceptibility to cigarette use (OR=1.65, 95% CI=1.25-2.19) after adjusting for the covariates. Television (TV) and movies exposure decreases the odds of susceptibility to cigarette use (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.31-0.97). Cumulative TAPS analyses show that exposure to 5 sources of TAPS increases the odds of current cigarette use (OR=2.53, 95% CI=1.21-5.29). Being male increases the odds of all the three outcomes; current (OR=3.52, 95% CI=2.11-5.87), ever (OR=2.51, 95% CI=1.69-3.73) and susceptibility to cigarette use (OR=1.31, 95% CI=1.01-1.69). Social influence is likely to increase current (OR=6.47, 95% CI=2.50-16.74), ever (OR=1.79, 95% CI=1.10-2.93) and susceptibility to cigarette use (OR=1.66, 95% CI=1.25-2.21). Conclusion: Indirect TAPS exposure increased the current, ever, and susceptibility to cigarette use among Nepalese adolescents. Overall, the current use of cigarettes followed a dose-response relationship with TAPS exposure. The result implies a requirement of active surveillance of tobacco products and future research on adolescent-focused tobacco marketing in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Gautam
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, USA
| | - Dharma Bhatta
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Global Cancer Program, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eva Sharma
- Westat, 1600 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Abir Rahman
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, USA
| | - Rahel Dawit
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, USA
| | | | | | - Tan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wasim Maziak
- Ace Institute of Management, Pokhara University, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
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15
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Liu J, McLaughlin S, Lazaro A, Halpern-Felsher B. What Does It Meme? A Qualitative Analysis of Adolescents' Perceptions of Tobacco and Marijuana Messaging. Public Health Rep 2020; 135:578-586. [PMID: 32791026 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920947399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes and legalization of recreational marijuana, messaging from websites and social media is shaping product perceptions and use. Quantitative research on the aesthetic appeal of these advertisements from the adolescent and young adult perspective is lacking. We evaluated (1) how adolescents and young adults perceived tobacco and marijuana messaging online and through social media platforms and (2) interactive behaviors related to these messages. METHODS We interviewed 24 participants from the Tobacco Perceptions Study, a longitudinal study of adolescents' and young adults' (aged 17-21) tobacco-related perceptions and tobacco use. We collected qualitative data from October 2017 through February 2018, through individual semi-structured interviews, on participants' experiences and interactions with online tobacco and marijuana advertisements and the advertisements' appeal. Two analysts recorded, transcribed, and coded interviews. RESULTS Themes that emerged from the interviews focused on the direct appeal of online messaging to adolescents and young adults; the value of trusting the source; the role of general attitudes and personal decision-making related to using tobacco and/or marijuana; the appeal of messaging that includes colors, interesting packaging, and appealing flavors; and the preference of messages communicated by young people and influencers rather than by industry. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the need for increased regulation of social media messaging and marketing of tobacco and marijuana, with a particular focus on regulating social media, paid influencers, and marketing that appeals to adolescents and young adults. The findings also suggest the importance of prevention programs addressing the role of social media in influencing the use of tobacco and marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Liu
- 1857 Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheila McLaughlin
- 6429 Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Adrienne Lazaro
- 6429 Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bonnie Halpern-Felsher
- 6429 Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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16
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Weitzman M, Lee L. Similarities Between Alcohol and Tobacco Advertising Exposure and Adolescent Use of Each of These Substances. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:97-105. [PMID: 32079565 PMCID: PMC7063999 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Underage alcohol use is a major public health problem and substantial corporate money supports alcohol advertising across multiple venues. A diverse research literature demonstrates that adolescent exposure to such advertising is associated with drinking attitudes and behavior, but no scientific body has determined these associations to be causal. The objective of this study was to assess the association between alcohol advertising and teen drinking in the context of the "Analogy" criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria and consider a determination that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol use is causal. METHOD This study was a narrative review on the association between adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and subsequent alcohol use in the context of domains utilized in the Surgeon General's 2012 Report, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults, which concluded, "Advertising and promotional activities by tobacco companies have been shown to cause the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents and young adults." RESULTS In every aspect compared (i.e., adolescent knowledge; attitudes toward; initiation of use; continuation of use; mediums of advertisement; the use of mascots, celebrities, and themes; and frequency and density of advertisements and retailers), the findings for both tobacco and alcohol and their association with exposure to advertising are analogous. CONCLUSIONS Application of the Analogy criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria comparing alcohol and tobacco supports a judgment that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and increased adolescent knowledge, attitudes toward, initiation, and continuation of alcohol use are causal in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weitzman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Lily Lee
- Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York
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17
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Content analysis of online product descriptions from cannabis retailers in six US states. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 75:102593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Carroll DM, Soto C, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Huang LL, Lienemann BA, Meissner HI, Rose SW, Unger JB, Cruz TB. Tobacco Industry Marketing Exposure and Commercial Tobacco Product Use Disparities among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 55:261-270. [PMID: 31544562 PMCID: PMC6980664 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1664589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Non-Hispanic American Indians and Alaska Natives (NH AI/AN) have the highest commercial tobacco use (CTU) among U.S. racial/ethnic groups. Tobacco marketing is a risk factor, however few studies examine it among NH AI/AN. Objective: We identified prevalence of tobacco industry marketing exposure and correlates of CTU among NH AI/AN compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Methods: Data were from wave 1 (2013-2014; N = 32,320) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, analyzing self-reported exposure to tobacco ads from stores, tobacco package displays, direct mail and email marketing. Correlates of CTU were identified and interactions between racial/ethnic groups and tobacco marketing were assessed. Results: NH AI/AN (n = 955) had a higher prevalence of exposure to retail tobacco ads (64.5% vs 59.3%; p < 0.05), mail (20.2% vs.14.3%; p < 0.001) and email (17.0% vs.10.6%; p < 0.001) marketing than NH Whites (n = 19,297). Adjusting for tobacco use and related risk factors, exposure to email marketing remained higher among NH AI/AN than NH Whites. Interactions between racial/ethnic groups and marketing exposures on CTU were nonsignificant. CTU was higher among NH AI/AN than NH Whites and among adults who reported exposure to tobacco ads, mail, and email marketing. Conclusions/importance: There is higher tobacco marketing exposure in stores and via mail for NH AI/AN. Email marketing exposure was higher, even after controlling for tobacco-related risk factors. The tobacco industry may be targeting NH AI/AN through emails, which include coupons and other marketing promotions. Culturally relevant strategies that counter-act tobacco industry direct marketing tactics are needed to reduce disparities in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mowls Carroll
- Tobacco Research Programs, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Claradina Soto
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Li-Ling Huang
- PhD Program in Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Brianna A Lienemann
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Helen I Meissner
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Disease Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shyanika W Rose
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, United States
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tess Boley Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Peng S, Yu L, Yang T, Wu D, Bottorff JL, Barnett R, Jiang S. Susceptibility to smoking and determinants among medical students: A representative nationwide study in China. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:36. [PMID: 31516479 PMCID: PMC6662903 DOI: 10.18332/tid/106188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rationale behind why the majority of medical students are non-smokers, but some initiate smoking after becoming physicians is not fully understood in China. Exploring factors that may increase susceptibility to smoking initiation among medical students is an essential first step in assessing preventative actions. METHODS Participants were 11954 students, who were identified through a multistage survey sampling process that included 50 universities in China. Subsequent analysis focused on 8916 non-smokers among medical students. Both unadjusted and adjusted logistic methods were considered in the data analyses. RESULTS The prevalence of susceptibility to smoking was 23.0%. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in domestic places (OR= 1.63) and in public places (OR=1.78), cigarette advertising (OR=1.91) and promotional activities on campus (OR=1.90) were positively associated with susceptibility to smoking. In contrast, positive attitudes toward tobacco control on the part of health professionals, HPs, (OR=0.52) were negatively associated with susceptibility to smoking. Those who received information about the dangers of smoking (OR=0.75) and did not agree that light cigarettes are less harmful to health (OR=0.79) were less susceptible to smoke. Caring about exposure to secondhand smoke (OR=0.68 care, and OR=0.33 very) and advising family members to stop smoking (OR=0.81) were negatively associated with susceptibility to smoking. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of tobacco control training and establishing smoke-free campuses for reducing susceptibility to smoking among medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Peng
- Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingwei Yu
- Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingzhong Yang
- Children's Hospital/Center for Tobacco Control Research, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Joan L Bottorff
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Ross Barnett
- Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Shuhan Jiang
- School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Ratneswaran C, Steier J, Reed K, Khong TK. Electronic Cigarette Advertising Impacts Adversely on Smoking Behaviour Within a London Student Cohort: A Cross-Sectional Structured Survey. Lung 2019; 197:533-540. [PMID: 31463548 PMCID: PMC6778585 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In contrast to tobacco smoking, electronic cigarette (“vaping”) advertisement had been approved in the United Kingdom (UK) in January 2013. Currently, there are an estimated 3.2 million UK e-cigarette users. The impact of e-cigarette advertisement on tobacco use has not been studied in detail. We hypothesised that e-cigarette advertisement impacts on conventional smoking behaviour. Methods A cross-sectional structured survey assessed the impact of e-cigarette advertising on the perceived social acceptability of cigarette and e-cigarette smoking and on using either cigarettes or e-cigarettes (on a scale of 1 to 5/‘not at all’ to ‘a lot’). The survey was administered between January to March 2015 to London university students, before and after viewing 5 UK adverts including a TV commercial. Results Data were collected from 106 participants (22 ± 2 years, 66% male), comprising cigarette smokers (32%), non-smokers (54%) and ex-smokers (14%). This included vapers (16%), non-vapers (77%) and ex-vapers (7%). After viewing the adverts, smokers (2.6 ± 1.0 vs. 3.8 ± 1.1, p = 0.001) and non-smokers (3.2 ± 0.7 vs. 3.7 ± 0.8, p = 0.007) felt smoking was more socially acceptable, compared to before viewing them. Participants were more likely to try both e-cigarettes (1.90 ± 1.03 to 3.09 ± 1.11, p < 0.001) and conventional cigarettes (1.73 ± 0.83 to 2.27 ± 1.13, p < 0.001) after viewing the adverts compared to before. Vapers were less likely to smoke both an e-cigarette, and a conventional cigarette after viewing the adverts. Conclusion E-cigarette advertising encourages both e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use in young smokers and non-smokers. The adverts increase the social acceptability of smoking without regarding the importance of public health campaigns that champion smoking cessation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00408-019-00262-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ratneswaran
- Lane Fox Unit/ Sleep Disorders Centre, NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's and St ThomasWestminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK. .,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. .,Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
| | - J Steier
- Lane Fox Unit/ Sleep Disorders Centre, NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's and St ThomasWestminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Reed
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - T K Khong
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, London, UK
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21
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Rijhwani K, Hashmi S, Mohanty VR, Balappanavar AY, Kapoor S. Hookah products and online retail marketing strategies in India: A content analysis. Indian J Cancer 2019; 55:261-264. [PMID: 30693891 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_142_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hookah smoking is becoming increasingly popular among the youth. Evidence shows that exposure to marketing of the unhealthy products through social media platforms may impact adolescent health behaviors. The aim of the study was to perform a content analysis of online portals selling hookah products. MATERIALS AND METHODS A content analysis of online retail market was conducted on Google India using three keywords hookah, hookah products, and shisha. Retail websites popular in India that were selling hookah products were randomly selected and explored. A total of 15 themes were developed and used to describe various promotional strategies for hookah products. RESULTS In all, 41 (19.2%) products claimed to be tobacco/nicotine-free and only 14 products (6.5%) displayed age/health-specific warnings. About 86% of products were available at discounted rates; glamorizing words for describing products in form of superior, premium, and legendary were found on 189 (88.3%) products. Phrases such as "ultimate way to celebrate," "perfect excuse to chill with your friends," and "now enjoy the world of smoking without any doubt of harm" are commonly used to promote hookah products. CONCLUSION Easy availability of newer forms of smoking at online markets could play a role in promoting the use of hookah among the youth. Most products are being sold without any warnings and there is no means to control the selling of the products to minors. There is a need to raise the issue of hookah products in the same tune as done for other forms of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Rijhwani
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumbul Hashmi
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikrant R Mohanty
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aswini Y Balappanavar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivam Kapoor
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Jodalli PS, Panchmal GS. Socioeconomic Correlates and Key Aspects of Tobacco Surveillance Using Global Adult Tobacco Survey Among College Students of Mangaluru, South India. Cureus 2019; 11:e4115. [PMID: 31058009 PMCID: PMC6476605 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tobacco use in recent times has been identified to be the single biggest cause of morbidity and mortality. The epidemic of tobacco use has increased among young adults, which has changed the equation of the prevalence. The contribution of tobacco use to socioeconomic inequalities in health is increasing in India. Adolescent's tobacco use may play an important role in increasing social inequalities related to smoking and smokeless tobacco use. The objective of this research was to study the association between socioeconomic status and tobacco use among college students of Mangaluru, South India Methods To analyze the association between the socioeconomic status and tobacco use, the study was conducted among 18 to 24-year-old college students (n = 802) in different colleges of Mangaluru, South India. A subset of key questions from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) was used. The socioeconomic status of the participants was recorded using Kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale (for India) to categorize them into upper class and lower class. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess the factors related to tobacco use and socioeconomic status using SPSS ver. 24.0. Results Approximately 29.7% males and 70.3% of females completed the interview. Among 802 subjects, 69.9% belonged to the upper class and 30.04% belonged to the lower class. The current smokers who smoked daily 1.7% were from the upper class and 1.7% were from the lower class; no statistically significant difference was observed as well (p = 0.97). Approximately 3.4% from the upper class smoked less than daily and 3.1% from lower class smoked less than daily (NS). Among the upper class, 1.8% used daily and 2% subjects from the lower class used smokeless tobacco. A statistically significant difference was observed with subjects between the upper and lower class in noticing cigarette promotions in various forms during the last 30 days of interview. Conclusion Socioeconomic disparities on tobacco use need to be explored to ensure the initiation of new tobacco control activities and monitor the existing tobacco control policies. The current study finding demonstrates a significant but varied role of socioeconomic status on current and past tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen S Jodalli
- Public Health Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College and Hospital, Mangaluru, IND
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23
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Santiago S, Talbert EC, Benoza G. Finding Pete and Nikki: Defining the Target Audience for "The Real Cost" Campaign. Am J Prev Med 2019; 56:S9-S15. [PMID: 30661530 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Successfully reaching at-risk teens aged 12-17 years with smoking-prevention messages capable of changing their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about cigarette smoking requires a multifaceted approach to understand the target audience's unique demographic, environmental, behavioral, interpersonal, and intrapersonal characteristics. This paper explores the initial target audience segmentation and insights development approach used to create the underlying message strategy for "The Real Cost" youth smoking prevention media campaign-a public education effort responsible for preventing nearly 350,000 U.S. youth aged 11-18 years from initiating smoking from 2014 to 2016. SUPPLEMENT INFORMATION: This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of "The Real Cost," the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily C Talbert
- Office of Health Communication and Education, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
| | - Gem Benoza
- Office of Health Communication and Education, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Pasch KE, Nicksic NE, Opara SC, Jackson C, Harrell MB, Perry CL. Recall of Point-of-Sale Marketing Predicts Cigar and E-Cigarette Use Among Texas Youth. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:962-969. [PMID: 29069425 PMCID: PMC6037067 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction While research has documented associations between recall of point-of-sale (POS) tobacco marketing and youth tobacco use, much of the research is cross-sectional and focused on cigarettes. The present longitudinal study examined recall of tobacco marketing at the POS and multiple types of tobacco use 6 months later. Methods The Texas Adolescent Tobacco Advertising and Marketing Surveillance System (TATAMS) is a large-scale, representative study of 6th, 8th, and 10th graders in 79 middle and high schools in five counties in Texas. Weighted logistic regression examined associations between recall of tobacco advertisements and products on display at baseline and ever use, current use, and susceptibility to use for cigarette, e-cigarette, cigar, and smokeless products 6 months later. Results Students' recall of signs marketing e-cigarettes at baseline predicted ever e-cigarette use and increased susceptibility to use e-cigarettes at follow-up, across all store types. Recall of e-cigarette displays only predicted susceptibility to use e-cigarettes at follow-up, across all store types. Both recall of signs marketing cigars and cigar product displays predicted current and ever cigar smoking and increased susceptibility to smoking cigars at follow-up, across all store types. Recall of cigarette and smokeless product marketing and displays was not associated with tobacco use measures. Conclusion The POS environment continues to be an important influence on youth tobacco use. Restrictions on POS marketing, particularly around schools, are warranted. Implications Cross-sectional studies have shown that exposure to POS cigarette marketing is associated with use of cigarettes among youth, though longitudinal evidence of the same is sparse and mixed. Cross-sectional studies have found that recall of cigars, smokeless product, and e-cigarette tobacco marketing at POS is associated with curiosity about tobacco use or intentions to use tobacco among youth, but limited longitudinal research has been conducted. Findings from the present longitudinal study suggest that recall of tobacco marketing at retail POS predicts ever use of e-cigarettes and cigars, current use of cigars, and susceptibility to cigar and e-cigarette use among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keryn E Pasch
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Nicole E Nicksic
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Samuel C Opara
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Christian Jackson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Melissa B Harrell
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences
| | - Cheryl L Perry
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health in Austin, USA
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Plamondon G, Guindon GE, Paraje G. [Tobacco advertisement exposure and tobacco consumption among youths in South America]. SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO 2017; 59Suppl 1:80-87. [PMID: 28658456 DOI: 10.21149/7735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assesses the statistical association between exposure to tobacco marketing and tobacco consumption among adolescents in South America, by using data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Materials and methods: Using data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), the exposure to tobacco marketing at the school level was studied from advertising in TV, radio, massive public events and street advertisement. Tobacco behaviour was considered. The total pooled sample used was 134 073 youths from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Suriname, Colombia, Guyana, Ecuador, Paraguay and Venezuela. Results: The exposure to tobacco marketing is positively and significantly associated to the probability of youths experimenting with tobacco (at least once in their lifetime). For regular smokers, exposure to tobacco marketing is positively and significantly associated to smoking intensity. Conclusions: These results call for the implementation of strong restrictions on tobacco advertisement of various types in South American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Plamondon
- Département d'administration de la santé, Université de Montréal. Montréal, QC, Canadá
| | - G Emmanuel Guindon
- Center for Health Economics and Policy Analysis and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University. Hamilton, ON, Canadá
| | - Guillermo Paraje
- Escuela de Negocios, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez. Santiago de Chile, Chile
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de Sousa Fernandes Perna EB, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KPC, Evers EA, Stiers P, Toennes SW, Witteman J, van Dalen W, Ramaekers JG. Brain reactivity to alcohol and cannabis marketing during sobriety and intoxication. Addict Biol 2017; 22:823-832. [PMID: 26769333 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse stimulate striatal dopamine release and activate reward pathways. This study examined the impact of alcohol and cannabis marketing on the reward circuit in alcohol and cannabis users while sober and intoxicated. It was predicted that alcohol and cannabis marketing would increase striatal activation when sober and that reward sensitivity would be less during alcohol and cannabis intoxication. Heavy alcohol (n = 20) and regular cannabis users (n = 21) participated in a mixed factorial study involving administration of alcohol and placebo in the alcohol group and cannabis and placebo in the cannabis group. Non-drug users (n = 20) served as between group reference. Brain activation after exposure to alcohol and cannabis marketing movies was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging and compared between groups while sober and compared with placebo while intoxicated. Implicit alcohol and cannabis cognitions were assessed by means of a single-category implicit association test. Alcohol and cannabis marketing significantly increased striatal BOLD activation across all groups while sober. Striatal activation however decreased during intoxication with alcohol and cannabis. Implicit associations with cannabis marketing cues were significantly more positive in alcohol and cannabis users as compared with non-drug using controls. Public advertising of alcohol or cannabis use elicits striatal activation in the brain's reward circuit. Reduction of marketing would reduce brain exposure to reward cues that motivate substance use. Conversely, elevated dopamine levels protect against the reinforcing potential of marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eef L. Theunissen
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Kim P. C. Kuypers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. Evers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Peter Stiers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Stefan W. Toennes
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University of Frankfurt; Frankfurt Germany
| | | | - Wim van Dalen
- Dutch Institute for Alcohol Policy (STAP); Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. Ramaekers
- Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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Krauss MJ, Sowles SJ, Sehi A, Spitznagel EL, Berg CJ, Bierut LJ, Cavazos-Rehg PA. Marijuana advertising exposure among current marijuana users in the U.S. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 174:192-200. [PMID: 28365173 PMCID: PMC5436304 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about marijuana advertising exposure among users in the U.S. We examined the prevalence of advertising exposure among young adult marijuana users through traditional and new media, and identified characteristics associated with seeking advertisements. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 18-34 year-old past-month marijuana users in the U.S. using a pre-existing online panel (N=742). The survey queried about passively viewing and actively seeking marijuana advertisements in the past month, sources of advertisements, and marijuana use characteristics. RESULTS Over half of participants were exposed to marijuana advertising in the past month (28% passively observed advertisements, 26% actively sought advertisements). Common sources for observing advertisements were digital media (i.e., social media, online, text/emails; 77%). Similarly, those actively seeking advertisements often used Internet search engines (65%) and social media (53%). Seeking advertisements was more common among those who used medically (41% medical only, 36% medical and recreational) than recreational users (18%), who used concentrates or edibles (44% and 43%) compared to those who did not (20% and 19%), and who used multiple times per day (33%) compared to those who did not (19%) (all p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to marijuana advertising among users is common, especially via digital media, and is associated with medical use, heavier use, and use of novel products with higher THC concentrations (i.e., concentrates) or longer intoxication duration (i.e., edibles). As the U.S. marijuana policy landscape changes, it will be important to examine potential causal associations between advertising exposure and continuation or frequency/quantity of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Krauss
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Shaina J Sowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Auriann Sehi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Edward L Spitznagel
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA.
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Abstract
Based on a definition of comprehensive prevention, the author submits prevention actions in alcohol and tobacco related problems to the question: “Education or control, must we choose?” After reviewing the history, the author describes the current panorama of health education actions and control before discussing some methodological and ethical questions concerning the methods and the actors of prevention. He tries to define “prevention ideal” – which must be distinguished from “ideal prevention” and its totalitarian abuse – to introduce the second part of his text which deals with the question of evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol- and tobacco-related problems prevention. The author confirms the efficacy of control measures, but also shows that education has a certain degree of efficacy, despite the dominant trends in Anglo-Saxons countries. He also shows that education is necessary in the context of many European countries. After discussing the issue of cost-effectiveness ratio, the author emphasise the need for global prevention taking into account cultural and political elements to ensure efficient as well as effective prevention and social acceptance of this prevention.
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Johnson Shen M, Banerjee S, Greene K, Carpenter A, Ostroff J. A Content Analysis of Unique Selling Propositions of Tobacco Print Ads. Am J Health Behav 2017; 41:194-203. [PMID: 28452697 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.41.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We describe the unique selling propositions (USPs) (propositions used to convince customers to use a particular brand/product by focusing on the unique benefit) of print tobacco ads. METHODS A qualitative content analysis was conducted of print tobacco ads (N = 171) selected from August 2012 to August 2013 for cigarettes, moist snuff, e-cigarettes, cigars, and snus to determine the content and themes of USPs for tobacco ads. RESULTS Cigarette ad USP themes focused on portraying the product as attractive; moist snuff ads focused on portraying product as masculine; cigar ads focused on selling a "high end product;" and new and emerging tobacco products (e-cigarette, snus) focused on directly comparing these products to cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Whereas traditional tobacco product ads used USPs focused on themes of enjoyment and pleasure (eg, attractive for cigarettes, "high end product" for cigars), new and emerging tobacco product ads offered the unique benefit (USP) of their product being a better and "safer" alternative to traditional tobacco products. Snuff's USPs focused nearly exclusively on the masculinity of their products. Our results provide targets for potential tobacco regulatory actions that could be implemented to reduce demand for tobacco products by reducing their perceived unique benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Johnson Shen
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Persson K. Why Bariatric surgery should be given high priority: an argument from law and morality. HEALTH CARE ANALYSIS 2016; 22:305-24. [PMID: 22791464 DOI: 10.1007/s10728-012-0216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, bariatric surgery has become an increasingly popular treatment of obesity. The amount of resources spent on this kind of surgery has led to a heated debate among health care professionals and the general public, as each procedure costs at minimum $14,500 and thousands of patients undergo surgery every year. So far, no substantial argument for or against giving this treatment a high priority has, however, been presented. In this article, I argue that regardless which moral perspective we consider--greatest need, utility or personal responsibility--the conclusion is that we should give bariatric surgery a high priority when allocating scarce resources in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Persson
- Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 200, 405 30, Göthenburg, Sweden,
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The Effect of Comparatively-Framed versus Similarity-Framed E-Cigarette and Snus Print Ads on Young Adults' Ad and Product Perceptions. TOB REGUL SCI 2016; 2:214-229. [PMID: 28042597 DOI: 10.18001/trs.2.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of comparative-framing [C-F; ads highlighting differences between the advertised product and conventional cigarettes and/or smokeless tobacco products] versus similarity-framing (S-F; ads highlighting congruence with conventional cigarettes and/or smokeless tobacco products) in e-cigarette and snus ads on young adult smokers' and non-smokers' ad- and product-related perceptions. METHODS One thousand fifty one (1,051) young adults (18-24 years; 76% women; 50% smokers) from existing consumer panels were recruited in a within-subjects quasi-experiment. Each participant viewed 4 online advertisements, varied by tobacco product type (e-cigarette or snus) and ad framing (C-F or S-F). The dependent measures for this study were ad-related (ad perceptions, ad credibility) and product-related perceptions (absolute and comparative risk perceptions, product appeal, and product use intentions). RESULTS Former and current smokers rated C-F ads as more persuasive than S-F ads, as evidenced by favorable ad perceptions and high product use intentions. Former and current smokers also rated e-cigarette ads with more favorable ad perceptions, low absolute and comparative risk perceptions, high product appeal, and high product use intentions as compared to snus ads. However, the effect sizes of the significant differences are less than.2, indicating small magnitude of difference between the study variables. CONCLUSIONS Unless FDA regulates e-cig and snus advertising, there is a potential of decreasing risk perceptions and increasing use of e-cigs among young adults. Further research on implicit/explicit comparative claims in e-cigarettes and snus advertisements that encourage risk misperceptions is recommended.
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Berg CJ. Preferred flavors and reasons for e-cigarette use and discontinued use among never, current, and former smokers. Int J Public Health 2016; 61:225-36. [PMID: 26582009 PMCID: PMC4808473 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-015-0764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare e-cigarette flavors preferred and reasons for use and discontinued use across never, current, and former e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers. METHODS We recruited 1567 participants aged 18-34 years through Facebook ads targeting tobacco users and nonusers in August 2014 to complete an online survey. We assessed tobacco use, preferred flavors, and reasons for e-cigarette use and discontinued use. RESULTS Our sample was 49 % male, 87 % White; 56 % current cigarette smokers; and 53 % e-cigarette users. Current e-cigarette users used an average of 20.9 days in the past 30 (SD = 11.7) and 55.2 puffs/day (SD = 37.3). Compared to never and current smokers, former smokers used e-cigarettes more frequently (p's <0.001). Among users and nonusers, the most preferred was fruit flavors, and the most commonly reported reason for e-cigarette use was "they might be less harmful than cigarettes". The most endorsed reason for discontinued e-cigarette use was "using other tobacco products instead". Never, current, and former smokers had distinct reasons for e-cigarette use and discontinued use and differed in flavor preferences. CONCLUSIONS Regulating marketing and flavors may impact e-cigarette uptake by young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Berg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Room 524, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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El-Toukhy S, Choi K. A Risk-Continuum Categorization of Product Use Among US Youth Tobacco Users. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1596-605. [PMID: 26764258 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To examine prevalence and correlates of five mutually exclusive tobacco-use patterns among US youth tobacco users. METHODS A nationally representative sample of tobacco users (N = 3202, 9-17 years) was classified into five product-use patterns. Weighted multinominal and multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine prevalence of product-use patterns by gender, race and ethnicity, and grade level; and associations between product-use patterns and perceived accessibility of tobacco products, exposure and receptivity to pro-tobacco marketing, social benefits of smoking, and tobacco-associated risks. RESULTS Dual use (ie, use of two product categories) was the most prevalent pattern (30.5%), followed by non-cigarette combustible only (26.7%), polytobacco (ie, use of three product categories; 17.5%), cigarette only (14.9%), and noncombustible only (10.4%) use. Product-use patterns differed by gender, race, and ethnicity. Compared to cigarette only users, dual and polytobacco users were more likely to be exposed to and be receptive to pro-tobacco marketing, and were less likely to acknowledge tobacco-use related risks (Ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS Curbing tobacco use warrants research on users of more than one tobacco-product categories according to the risk-continuum categorization. IMPLICATIONS We present a risk-continuum categorization of product-use patterns among tobacco users not older than 17 years. We classify tobacco users into five mutually exclusive product-use patterns: cigarette only users, non-cigarette combustible only users, noncombustible only users, dual use, and polytobacco use. This categorization overcomes limitations in current literature on tobacco-use patterns, which include exclusion of certain products (eg, e-cigarettes) and product-use patterns (eg, exclusive users of non-cigarette products), and inconsistent classification of tobacco users. It is parsimonious yet complex enough to retain differential characteristics of sub-tobacco users based on number (single, dual, polytobacco) and categories (cigarettes, non-cigarette combustibles, noncombustibles) of tobacco products consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine El-Toukhy
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Do KT, Galván A. FDA cigarette warning labels lower craving and elicit frontoinsular activation in adolescent smokers. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1484-96. [PMID: 25887154 PMCID: PMC4631145 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an economically and epidemiologically expensive public health concern. Most adult smokers become addicted during adolescence, rendering it a crucial period for prevention and intervention. Although litigation claims have delayed implementation, graphic warning labels proposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may be a promising way to achieve this goal. We aimed to determine the efficacy of the labels in reducing in-scanner craving and to characterize the neurobiological responses in adolescent and adult smokers and non-smokers. While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, thirty-nine 13- to 18-year-old adolescent and forty-one 25- to 30-year-old adult smokers and non-smokers rated their desire to smoke when presented with emotionally graphic warning labels and comparison non-graphic labels. Compared with adult smokers, adolescent smokers exhibited greater craving reduction in response to the warning labels. Although smokers evinced overall blunted recruitment of insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) relative to non-smokers, an effect that was stronger in adolescent smokers, parametrically increasing activation of these regions was associated with greater craving reduction. Functional connectivity analyses suggest that greater DLPFC regulation of limbic regions predicted cigarette craving. These data underscore a prominent role of frontoinsular circuitry in predicting the efficacy of FDA graphic warning labels in craving reduction in adult and adolescent smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy T Do
- Department of Psychology, University of California, LA, USA
| | - Adriana Galván
- Department of Psychology, University of California, LA, USA
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Smoking-Related Beliefs and Susceptibility Among United States Youth Nonsmokers. J Adolesc Health 2015; 57:448-50. [PMID: 26271160 PMCID: PMC4583789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to examine racial/ethnic disparities in smoking beliefs and susceptibility in a nationally representative sample of United States youth nonsmokers (N = 21,931). METHODS Weighted regression models were used to examine smoking-related beliefs and susceptibility by race/ethnicity adjusting for demographics, exposure to pro-tobacco advertising and promotions, parental guidance against tobacco use, and peer norms. RESULTS Compared with non-Hispanic whites, racial/ethnic minority youth endorsed pro-smoking beliefs and were susceptible to smoking. Non-Hispanic blacks, non-Hispanic Asians, and Hispanics embraced social benefits of smoking (all p < .05). Hispanics had lower perceptions of tobacco-related risks (adjusted odds ratio = .87) and were more susceptible to smoking (adjusted odds ratio = 1.56). Disparities in smoking beliefs and susceptibility persisted between minority and non-Hispanic white youth after adjusting for exposure to pro-tobacco advertising and promotions, parental guidance against tobacco use, and peer norms. CONCLUSIONS Smoking-related beliefs and susceptibility varied by race/ethnicity among youth nonsmokers after accounting for known predictors of youth smoking.
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Li L, Borland R, Yong HH, Sirirassamee B, Hamann S, Omar M, Quah ACK. Impact of Point-of-Sale Tobacco Display Bans in Thailand: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Southeast Asia Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9508-22. [PMID: 26287219 PMCID: PMC4555294 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In September 2005 Thailand became the first Asian country to implement a complete ban on the display of cigarettes and other tobacco products at point-of-sale (POS). This paper examined the impact of the POS tobacco display ban in Thailand, with Malaysia (which did not impose bans) serving as a comparison. The data came from the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Survey (2005–2011), a prospective cohort survey designed to evaluate the psychosocial and behavioral impacts of tobacco control policies. Main measures included smokers’ reported awareness of tobacco displays and advertising at POS. At the first post-ban survey wave over 90% of smokers in Thailand were aware of the display ban policy and supported it, and about three quarters thought the ban was effective. Noticing tobacco displays in stores was lowest (16.9%) at the first post-ban survey wave, but increased at later survey waves; however, the levels were consistently lower than those in Malaysia. Similarly, exposure to POS tobacco advertising was lower in Thailand. The display ban has reduced exposure to tobacco marketing at POS. The trend toward increased noticing is likely at least in part due to some increase in violations of the display bans and/or strategies to circumvent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Ron Borland
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Hua-Hie Yong
- Nigel Gray Fellowship Group, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
| | - Buppha Sirirassamee
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Stephen Hamann
- Tobacco Control Research and Knowledge Management Center, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Maizurah Omar
- National Poison Center, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Anne C K Quah
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Video games are played by a majority of adolescents, yet little is known about whether and how video games are associated with smoking behavior and attitudes. This systematic review examines research on the relationship between video games and smoking. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, psycINFO, and Web of Science through August 20, 2014. Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria. Studies were synthesized qualitatively in four domains: the prevalence and incidence of smoking imagery in video games (n = 6), video game playing and smoking behavior (n = 11), video game addiction and tobacco addiction (n = 5) and genre-specific game playing and smoking behavior (n = 3). RESULTS Tobacco content was present in a subset of video games. The literature is inconclusive as to whether exposure to video games as a single construct is associated with smoking behavior. Four of five studies found an association between video game addiction and smoking. For genre-specific game playing, studies suggest that the type of game played affected association with smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS Research on how playing video games influences adolescents' perceptions of smoking and smoking behaviors is still in its nascence. Further research is needed to understand how adolescents respond to viewing and manipulating tobacco imagery, and whether engaging in game smoking translates into changes in real-world attitudes or behavior. Smoking imagery in video games may contribute to normalizing adolescent smoking. IMPLICATIONS A large body of research has shown that smoking imagery in a variety of media types contributes to adolescent smoking uptake and the normalization of smoking behavior, and almost 90% of adolescents play video games, yet there has never been a published systematic review of the literature on this important topic. This is the first systematic review to examine the research on tobacco and video games.We found that tobacco imagery is indeed present in video games, the relationship between video game playing and smoking remains unclear, there appears to be a correlation between problem gaming and smoking and the genre of games may play a role in adolescent smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Forsyth
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ruth E Malone
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a descriptive and comparative content analysis of tobacco print magazine ads, with a focus on rhetorical and persuasive themes. METHODS Print tobacco ads for cigarettes, cigars, e-cigarettes, moist snuff, and snus (N = 171) were content analyzed for the physical composition/ad format (e.g., size of ad, image, setting, branding, warning label) and the content of the ad (e.g., rhetorical themes, persuasive themes). RESULTS The theme of pathos (that elicits an emotional response) was most frequently utilized for cigarette (61%), cigar (50%), and moist snuff (50%) ads, and the theme of logos (use of logic or facts to support position) was most frequently used for e-cigarette (85%) ads. Additionally, comparative claims were most frequently used for snus (e.g., "spit-free," "smoke-free") and e-cigarette ads (e.g., "no tobacco smoke, only vapor," "no odor, no ash"). Comparative claims were also used in cigarette ads, primarily to highlight availability in different flavors (e.g., "bold," "menthol"). CONCLUSIONS This study has implications for tobacco product marketing regulation, particularly around limiting tobacco advertising in publications with a large youth readership and prohibiting false or misleading labels, labeling, and advertising for tobacco products, such as modified risk (unless approved by the FDA) or therapeutic claims.
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Valdivieso López E, Rey-Reñones C, Rodriguez-Blanco T, Ferre Grau C, Arija V, Barrera Uriarte ML, Granado-Font E, Flores-Mateo G. Efficacy of a smoking prevention programme in Catalan secondary schools: a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Spain. Addiction 2015; 110:852-60. [PMID: 25515936 DOI: 10.1111/add.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the efficacy of a school-based educational programme in reducing the incidence and prevalence of smoking in secondary school students (compulsory secondary education: CSE) in Catalonia (Spain). DESIGN Cluster-randomized controlled trial. SETTING Schools in the Tarragona Health Care Region of Spain. PARTICIPANTS All students enrolled in the first year of CSE during the 2007-08 school year in the 29 participating schools (n = 2245); 1583 students completed the follow-up over the 4-year study period (804 and 779 in the control and intervention groups, respectively). MEASURES Self-reported questionnaires were administered during the first quarter of the 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 school years. A smoker was defined as 'smoking cigarettes daily or occasionally within the past 30 days'. Multi-level logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyse the prevalence and incidence of smoking between the intervention and control groups. INTERVENTION A school-based educational programme comprising seven modules, each with a different approach to smoking habits. Each module included activities, work-shops and/or class sessions. FINDINGS The initial prevalence of smokers in the control and intervention groups who completed the follow-up was 3.9% and 4.2%, respectively. At the end of the study, the prevalence of smokers was 24.4% in the control group and 19.9% in the intervention group. The accumulated incidence of new smokers was 230.57/1000 in the control group and 183.65/1000 in the intervention group. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) comparing the intervention group with the control group was 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.49, 1.15] for smoking prevalence, and 0.74 (95% CI = 0.48, 1.14) for smoking incidence. CONCLUSIONS A school-based educational intervention for secondary school students in Catalonia, Spain was not found to lead to a statistically significant reduction of smoking prevalence and incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Empar Valdivieso López
- Primary Care Department, Camp de Tarragona, Institut Català de la Salut, Catalonia, Spain; Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Tarragona-Reus, Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Tarragona, Spain
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Smoking characteristics among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Prev Med 2015; 74:123-30. [PMID: 25485860 PMCID: PMC4390536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death and disease in the United States. Sexual minorities (lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals), smoke at higher rates than the general population. However, little else is known about sexual minority smokers. Furthermore, the sexual minority population is diverse and little research exists to determine whether subgroups, such as lesbians, gay men, and female and male bisexuals, differ on smoker characteristics. We examine differences in smoking characteristics (advertising receptivity, age of first cigarette, non-daily smoking, cigarettes per day, nicotine dependence, desire to quit and past quit attempts) among lesbians, gay men, and female and male bisexual adults in the United States. METHODS Secondary analysis of the CDC's (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey (N=118,590). RESULTS Controlling for age, race, socioeconomic status and geographic region, identifying as a female bisexual was associated with fewer past quit attempts, lower age at first cigarette, and higher nicotine dependence when compared to heterosexual women. There were no differences in desire to quit between male or female sexual minorities and their heterosexual counterparts. CONCLUSION Sexual minority individuals smoke at higher rates than heterosexuals and yet similarly desire to quit. Tailored efforts may be needed to address smoking among bisexual women.
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Aldrich MC, Hidalgo B, Widome R, Briss P, Brownson RC, Teutsch SM. The role of epidemiology in evidence-based policy making: a case study of tobacco use in youth. Ann Epidemiol 2015; 25:360-5. [PMID: 24875267 PMCID: PMC4211989 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sound public health policy is based on relevant and timely information. A brief review of the history of youth tobacco control illustrates the central role of epidemiology to inform policy choices and evaluate their consequences. METHODS A narrative review was conducted. RESULTS Epidemiologic studies have shown that most smokers begin as adolescents or young adults and individuals who reach their mid-20s as nonsmokers are unlikely to ever become smokers. This key recognition made it clear that long-term tobacco control must prevent initiation of smoking among youth. Over time, tobacco use prevention interventions have evolved, increasing in reach and effectiveness as they moved from initially focusing on the individual to an approach that targets both populations and communities. Effective interventions for preventing youth smoking include raising tobacco prices, clean indoor air laws, and intensive mass media campaigns. CONCLUSIONS Great strides have been made in youth tobacco control but 18% of high-school students continue to smoke. It is up to epidemiologists, fellow scientists, practitioners, and advocates to assure that strategies that are known to work are fully implemented and to continue to find more successful solutions that can further lower the incidence of youth smoking initiation and can address new tobacco products and changing contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda C. Aldrich
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Department of Biostatistics, Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rachel Widome
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Peter Briss
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ross C. Brownson
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Division of Public Health Sciences and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Bogdanovica I, Szatkowski L, McNeill A, Spanopoulos D, Britton J. Exposure to point-of-sale displays and changes in susceptibility to smoking: findings from a cohort study of school students. Addiction 2015; 110:693-702. [PMID: 25488727 PMCID: PMC4402022 DOI: 10.1111/add.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between frequency of visiting shops and noticing of tobacco point-of-sale (PoS) displays and the development of susceptibility to smoking, or smoking uptake, in secondary school students. DESIGN Two surveys of a school based cohort study carried out in 2011 and 2012. SETTINGS Nottinghamshire, UK. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2270 children aged 11-16 years from eight schools in Nottinghamshire. MEASUREMENTS We investigated changes in susceptibility to smoking and smoking status in relation to frequency of visiting shops and noticing PoS displays and number of tobacco brands recognized, controlling for a range of potential confounders. Susceptibility to smoking was defined using a set of three questions covering intentions to try smoking, to smoke within the next year and likelihood of smoking if a best friend offered a cigarette. For the analysis we used multinomial logistic regression. FINDINGS Among non-susceptible never smokers, noticing PoS displays more frequently was associated independently with an increased risk of becoming susceptible to smoking [adjusted relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.74; 99% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-2.69], but was not associated with smoking uptake. Recognizing a higher number of brands among non-susceptible never smokers doubled the risk of becoming susceptible to smoking and of becoming a smoker, but this did not have a significant effect on transition to smoking among susceptible never smokers. Frequency of noticing tobacco PoS displays was not associated significantly with smoking uptake among those who were susceptible never smokers at baseline. CONCLUSIONS Noticing tobacco point-of-sale displays more often and recognizing a higher number of tobacco brands is associated with an increased risk of becoming susceptible to smoking among adolescents in the United Kingdom, and recognizing a higher number of brands is associated positively with an increased risk of smoking uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Bogdanovica
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamClinical Sciences BuildingNottinghamUK
| | - Lisa Szatkowski
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamClinical Sciences BuildingNottinghamUK
| | - Ann McNeill
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Addictions DepartmentInstitute of Psychiatry, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dionysis Spanopoulos
- Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamClinical Sciences Building, City HospitalNottinghamUK
| | - John Britton
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamClinical Sciences BuildingNottinghamUK
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Cranwell J, Murray R, Lewis S, Leonardi‐Bee J, Dockrell M, Britton J. Adolescents' exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in YouTube music videos. Addiction 2015; 110:703-11. [PMID: 25516167 PMCID: PMC4402034 DOI: 10.1111/add.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To quantify tobacco and alcohol content, including branding, in popular contemporary YouTube music videos; and measure adolescent exposure to such content. DESIGN Ten-second interval content analysis of alcohol, tobacco or electronic cigarette imagery in all UK Top 40 YouTube music videos during a 12-week period in 2013/14; on-line national survey of adolescent viewing of the 32 most popular high-content videos. SETTING Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2068 adolescents aged 11-18 years who completed an on-line survey. MEASUREMENTS Occurrence of alcohol, tobacco and electronic cigarette use, implied use, paraphernalia or branding in music videos and proportions and estimated numbers of adolescents who had watched sampled videos. FINDINGS Alcohol imagery appeared in 45% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 33-51%] of all videos, tobacco in 22% (95% CI = 13-27%) and electronic cigarettes in 2% (95% CI = 0-4%). Alcohol branding appeared in 7% (95% CI = 2-11%) of videos, tobacco branding in 4% (95% CI = 0-7%) and electronic cigarettes in 1% (95% CI = 0-3%). The most frequently observed alcohol, tobacco and electronic cigarette brands were, respectively, Absolut Tune, Marlboro and E-Lites. At least one of the 32 most popular music videos containing alcohol or tobacco content had been seen by 81% (95% CI = 79%, 83%) of adolescents surveyed, and of these 87% (95% CI = 85%, 89%) had re-watched at least one video. The average number of videos seen was 7.1 (95% CI = 6.8, 7.4). Girls were more likely to watch and also re-watch the videos than boys, P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS Popular YouTube music videos watched by a large number of British adolescents, particularly girls, include significant tobacco and alcohol content, including branding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Cranwell
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamClinical Sciences Building, City HospitalNottinghamUK
| | - Rachael Murray
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamClinical Sciences Building, City HospitalNottinghamUK
| | - Sarah Lewis
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamClinical Sciences Building, City HospitalNottinghamUK
| | - Jo Leonardi‐Bee
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamClinical Sciences Building, City HospitalNottinghamUK
| | | | - John Britton
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamClinical Sciences Building, City HospitalNottinghamUK
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Cupurdija V. Economic Impact of Leading Prosperity Diseases: COPD in South East Europe. Front Public Health 2015; 3:50. [PMID: 25853118 PMCID: PMC4371557 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vojislav Cupurdija
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University in Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia ; Clinical Center Kragujevac, Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases , Kragujevac , Serbia
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Bosque-Prous M, Espelt A, Guitart AM, Bartroli M, Villalbí JR, Brugal MT. Response to Jernigan & Ross (2014): Alcohol advertising and hazardous drinkers. Addiction 2014; 109:1645-6. [PMID: 25163710 DOI: 10.1111/add.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bosque-Prous
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Peltzer K. Prevalence, Correlates and Perceptions Towards Cigarette Smoking Among Male and Female in School Adolescents (Aged 11–18 Years) in South Africa: Results from the 2008 GYTS Study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2012.10874517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Peltzer
- HAST, Human Sciences Research Council and Department of Psychology, University of Limpopo, South Africa
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Cho HJ. The status and future challenges of tobacco control policy in Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 2014; 47:129-35. [PMID: 24921015 PMCID: PMC4050209 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.3.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death. The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international public health treaty, came into force in 2005. This paper reviews the present status of tobacco control policies in Korea according to the WHO FCTC recommendations. In Korea, cigarette use is high among adult males (48.2% in 2010), and cigarette prices are the lowest among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries with no tax increases since 2004. Smoke-free policies have shown incremental progress since 1995, but smoking is still permitted in many indoor public places. More than 30% of non-smoking adults and adolescents are exposed to second-hand smoke. Public education on the harmful effects of tobacco is currently insufficient and the current policies have not been adequately evaluated. There is no comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, or sponsorship in Korea. Cigarette packages have text health warnings on only 30% of the main packaging area, and misleading terms such as "mild" and "light" are permitted. There are nationwide smoking cessation clinics and a Quitline service, but cessation services are not covered by public insurance schemes and there are no national treatment guidelines. The sale of tobacco to minors is prohibited by law, but is poorly enforced. The socioeconomic inequality of smoking prevalence has widened, although the government considers inequality reduction to be a national goal. The tobacco control policies in Korea have faltered recently and priority should be given to the development of comprehensive tobacco control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Peltzer K. Prevalence, Correlates and Perceptions Toward Cigarette Smoking Among Male and Female In-School Adolescents (Aged 11–18 years) in South Africa: Results from the 2008 GYTS Study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IN AFRICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14330237.2012.10820544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Peltzer
- Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, University of Limpopo, Turfloop, South Africa
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50
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Delayed tobacco plain packaging: how much more evidence do we need? J Adolesc Health 2014; 54:364. [PMID: 24388107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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