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Sarcevic J, Heitkemper T, Sindlinger CP. Borole-based half-sandwich complexes of germanium and tin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:246-249. [PMID: 34878448 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and initial observations regarding the reactivity of borole-based half-sandwich complexes with apical divalent group 14 elements germanium and tin are described. The 2,5-disilylborole substitution pattern allows their access via salt metathesis of the respective borole dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julijan Sarcevic
- Insitut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Heitkemper
- Insitut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Insitut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Wrackmeyer B, Khan E. 1,1-Carboboration through Activation of Silicon-Carbon and Tin-Carbon Bonds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Uhl W, Pelties S, Tannert J, Ravoo BJ, Würthwein EU. Germacyclobutenes: generation by 1,1-carbalumination or 1,1-carbagallation and their photophysical properties. Chemistry 2015; 21:2629-37. [PMID: 25522339 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium- and gallium-functionalised alkenylalkynylgermanes, R(1) 2 Ge(C≡C-R(2) )[C{E(CMe3 )2 }=C(H)-R(2) ] (E=Al, Ga), exhibit a close contact between the coordinatively unsaturated Al or Ga atoms and the α-C atoms of the intact ethynyl groups. These interactions activate the Ge-C(alkynyl) bonds and favour the thermally induced insertion of these C atoms into the E-C(vinyl) bonds by means of 1,1-carbalumination or 1,1-carbagallation reactions. For the first time the latter method was shown to be a powerful alternative to known metallation processes. Germacyclobutenes with an unsaturated GeC3 heterocycle and endo- and exocyclic C=C bonds resulted from concomitant Ge-C bond formation to the β-C atoms of the alkynyl groups. These heterocyclic compounds show an interesting photoluminescence behaviour with Stokes shifts of >110 nm. The fascinating properties are based on extended π-delocalisation including σ*-orbitals localised at Ge and Al. High-level quantum chemical DFT and TD-DFT calculations for an Al compound were applied to elucidate their absorption and emission properties. They revealed a biradical excited state with the transfer of a π-electron into the empty p-orbital at Al and a pyramidalisation of the metal atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster (Germany), Fax: (+49) 251-8336660.
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Möbus J, Galstyan A, Feldmann A, Daniliuc CG, Fröhlich R, Strassert CA, Kehr G, Erker G. Preparation of dithienylphospholes by 1,1-carboboration. Chemistry 2014; 20:11883-93. [PMID: 25123406 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study the scope of the 1,1-carboboration reaction was extended to the preparation of mixed heterole-based conjugated π-systems. Two arylbis(alkynyl)phosphane starting materials 2 were synthesized bearing two thiophene isomers at the alkyne units and the bulky tipp-substituent (tipp=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) at the phosphorous atom. The bis(thienylethynyl)phosphanes 2 were converted into the corresponding 2,5-thienyl-substituted 3-borylphospholes 4 in a double 1,1-carboboration reaction sequence employing the strongly electrophilic B(C6 F5 )3 reagent under mild reaction conditions. Subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura type cross-coupling yielded the corresponding 3-phenylphospholes 7 in a one-pot procedure from phosphanes 2 in high yields. Phospholes 7 were converted into the respective phosphole oxides 8. A photophysical characterization of derivatives 7 and 8 was carried out. The results presented here demonstrate the suitability of the 1,1-carboboration reaction for the preparation of phosphole-/thiophene-based, light-emitting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Möbus
- Organisch-chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany), Fax: (+49) 251-8336503
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Melen RL. Applications of pentafluorophenyl boron reagents in the synthesis of heterocyclic and aromatic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1161-74. [PMID: 24292326 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48036d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, main group reagents have attracted a lot of attention in bond-forming reactions in organic synthesis. This article highlights the use of pentafluorophenyl substituted boron reagents in their reactions with C=C and C≡C π-bonds for the synthesis of heterocyclic and aromatic compounds. These cyclisation reactions fall into four general classes although there is some overlap between classes and often combinations of these different types of reactivity are observed in the formation of the final heterocyclic product: (i) 1,2- (and 1,4-) additions of nucleophile and Lewis-acidic boron centre, (ii) 1,1-carboboration, (iii) carbocation rearrangements and (iv) cycloaddition chemistry. In addition, the prospect of using such boron reagents catalytically in the synthesis of aromatic compounds such as oxazoles and dibenzopentalene derivatives is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Melen
- Department of Chemistry, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Uhl W, Pelties S, Rohling M, Tannert J. Alkenyl-Alkynylgermanes Functionalised by Lewis Acids: Intramolecular Aluminium- and Gallium-Alkyne Interactions and Potential Ge-C Bond Activation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Uhl W, Heller D, Kösters J, Würthwein EU, Ghavtadze N. Hydroalumination of Bis(alkynyl)silanes: Generation of Chelating Lewis Acids, Their Application in the Coordination of Chloride Ions and a 1,1-Carbalumination Reaction. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Lei H, Fettinger JC, Power PP. Synthesis and Structures of Low-Valent Alkynyl Tin and Germanium Complexes Supported by Terphenyl Ligands: Heavier Group 14 Element Enediyne Analogues. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100492u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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Chen C, Fröhlich R, Kehr G, Erker G. Remarkably variable reaction modes of frustrated Lewis pairs with non-conjugated terminal diacetylenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3580-2. [PMID: 20376397 DOI: 10.1039/b926830h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The frustrated Lewis pair P(o-tolyl)(3)/B(C(6)F(5))(3) reacts with 1,7-octadiyne by acetylene C-C coupling to yield the zwitterionic product 2a. In contrast, the P(o-tolyl)(3)/B(C(6)F(5))(3) Lewis pair reacts with 1,6-heptadiyne by a sequence involving 1,1-carboboration of a terminal acetylene to eventually yield the heterocyclic product 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Dierker G, Ugolotti J, Kehr G, Fröhlich R, Erker G. Reaction of Bis(alkynyl)silanes with Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane: Synthesis of Bulky Silole Derivatives by Means of 1,1-Carboboration under Mild Reaction Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rousseau G, Blanco L. Heterocyclic compounds with a silicon atom and another non-adjacent different heteroatom. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hofmann A, Ren R, Lough A, Fekl U. Highly substituted cyclohexanes: strong proximity effects influence synthetic access to 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)-1,3,5-trialkylcyclohexanes (alkyl=methyl, n-propyl). Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wrackmeyer B. Metallacyclopentadienes and related heterocycles via 1,1-organoboration of alkyn-1-ylmetal compounds. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wrackmeyer B, Tok OL, Milius W. A novel 4-methylene-3-borahomoadamantane: 1,1-organoboration of an alkyn-1-ylsilane using 1-boraadamantane. Appl Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Reactivity of 1-boraadamantanes towards bis(trialkylstannyl)ethynes. First examples of 3-boratricyclo[5.3.1.13,9]dodecanes, and the molecular structure of a tetraalkyldiboroxane. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wrackmeyer B, Milius W, Tok OL. Reaction of Alkyn-1-yl(diorganyl)silanes with 1-Boraadamantane: Si-H-B Bridges Confirmed by the Molecular Structure in the Solid State and in Solution. Chemistry 2003; 9:4732-8. [PMID: 14566880 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200304961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
1-Boraadamantane 1 was treated with alkyn-1-ylsilanes 2 containing one or two Si[bond]H functions. Under mild conditions, the reaction gave 4-methylene-3-borahomoadamantane derivatives 4 quantitatively and selectively by 1,1-organoboration. An electron deficient Si-H-B bridge was present in the product. The analogous reaction of 1 with an alkyn-1-yl-disilane 3 gave the corresponding alkene derivative 5, however, without the Si-H-B bridge. Evidence for the Si-H-B bridge in 4 was given by IR data, an extensive set of NMR spectroscopical data ((1)H, (11)B, (13)C, (29)Si NMR) including various unusual isotope effects on chemical shifts and coupling constants, as well as from the molecular structure of one example, 4 e, in the solid state. The precursor of 4 e, alkyne 2 e, Ph(2)Si(H)C[triple bond]CSi(H)Ph(2), was also studied by X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wrackmeyer
- Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie, der Universität Bayreuth, Germany.
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Wrackmeyer B, Milius W, Tok OL, Bubnov YN. Reactivity of 1,6-bis(trimethylsilyl)-hexa-3-ene-1,5-diynes towards triethylborane, triallylborane, and 1-boraadamantane: first molecular structure of a 4-methylene-3-borahomoadamantane derivative, and the first 6,8-diborabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene derivative. Chemistry 2002; 8:1537-43. [PMID: 11921238 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20020402)8:7<1537::aid-chem1537>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Compounds (E)- (1) and (Z)-1,6-bis(trimethylsilyl)-hexa-3-ene-1,5-diyne (2) react with triethylborane (3) by 1,1-ethylboration in a 1:1 or 1:2 molar ratio (in the case of 1), whereas in the case of 2 only the 1:1 product is formed. The analogous reactions of 1 or 2 with triallylborane (4) are more complex because of competition between 1,1-allyl- and 1,2-allylboration. Again, compound 2 reacts only with one equivalent of 4. In the case of 1-boraadamantane (5), 1,1-organoboration of 1 and 2 takes place either at one or at both C[triple bond]C bonds leading to compounds containing the 4-methylene-3-borahomoadamantane unit(s). The product of the reaction of 1 with two equivalents of 5 was characterized by X-ray structure analysis. The primary products of the reaction of 2 with 5 rearrange upon heating by deorganoboration and organoboration to give finally a tetracyclic compound 24 that contains an exocyclic allenylidene group. The product of the 1:2 reaction of 2 with 5 rearranges to give the 6,8-dibora-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene derivative 25. All reactions were monitored by (1)H, (11)B, (13)C, and (29)Si NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wrackmeyer
- Laboratorium für Anorganiche Chemie der Universität Bayreuth, Germany.
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