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Yao C, Tang J, Chen R, Mao Z, Chen X, Chen P, An Z. Bis-tolane liquid crystals terminated by 2,2-difluorovinyloxyl with high birefringence and large electrical anisotropy. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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2
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Li R, Ren K, Su H, Wei Y, Su G. Target and suspect analysis of liquid crystal monomers in soil from different urban functional zones. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158408. [PMID: 36057313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the occurrence of liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) in sediment, indoor dust, hand wipes, and human serum samples; however, information regarding their contamination status in soil is currently unavailable. The concentrations of 39 target LCMs were determined in n = 96 surface soil samples collected from five different urban functional zones including agricultural, scenic, industrial, commercial, and residential zones. We observed that 76 of 96 surface soil samples contained at least 19, 13, 16, 19, and 14 of the 39 target LCMs that were detectable in samples from agricultural, scenic, industrial, commercial, and residential zones, respectively. The LCMs in the samples from the agricultural zone exhibited the highest mean concentrations of 12.9 ng/g dry weight (dw), followed by those from commercial (5.23 ng/g dw), residential (3.30 ng/g dw), industrial (2.48 ng/g dw), and scenic zones (0.774 ng/g dw). Furthermore, strong and statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlations were observed for several pairs of LCMs (3cH2B vs. 5bcHdFB in the agricultural zone; 5bcHdFB vs. 2bcHdFB, 5bcHdFB vs. 3cH2B in the commercial zone; 5bcHdFB vs. 2bcHdFB in the industrial zone), indicating that they might have similar commercial applications and sources. Based on a newly established database containing 1173 LCMs, suspect screening was applied to discover other LCMs in these 96 soil samples using gas chromatograph coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF/MS). We tentatively identified 51 LCM formulas with 69 chemical structures. Collectively, this study provides the first evidence for the occurrence of LCMs in soil samples, and suggests that LCMs could be widely distributed across all five urban functional zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Kefan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Huijun Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yu Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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3
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Lu H, Xiao RX, Shi CY, Song ZL, Lin HW, Zhang A. Synthesis of aryldifluoromethyl aryl ethers via nickel-catalyzed suzuki cross-coupling between aryloxydifluoromethyl bromides and boronic acids. Commun Chem 2022; 5:78. [PMID: 36697792 PMCID: PMC9814959 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a unique organofluorine fragment, gem-difluoromethylated motifs have received widespread attention. Here, a convenient and efficient synthesis of aryldifluoromethyl aryl ethers (ArCF2OAr') was established via Nickel-catalyzed aryloxydifluoromethylation with arylboronic acids. This approach features easily accessible starting materials, good tolerance of functionalities, and mild reaction conditions. Diverse late-stage difluoromethylation of many pharmaceuticals and natural products were readily realized. Notably, a new difluoromethylated PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor was conveniently synthesized and showed both improved metabolic stability and enhanced antitumor efficacy. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested the involvement of a Ni(I/III) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Pharm-X Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Ruo-Xuan Xiao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Pharm-X Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Chang-Yun Shi
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Pharm-X Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Zi-Lan Song
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Pharm-X Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Pharm-X Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Ao Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Pharm-X Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
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4
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Liu Y, Mo X, Majeed I, Zhang M, Wang H, Zeng Z. An Efficient and Straightforward Approach for Accessing Thioesters via Palladium-Catalyzed C-N Cleavage of Thioamides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1532-1537. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02349g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We first report the coupling of activated thioamides with alcohols to efficiently form thioesters via palladium-catalyzed C-N cleavage strategy. The new approach employs the thioamides as thioacylating reagent to give...
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5
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Shi HS, Li SH, Zhang FG, Ma JA. Catalytic regioselective construction of phenylthio- and phenoxyldifluoroalkyl tetrazoles from difluorodiazoketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13744-13747. [PMID: 34851338 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05890h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the design and synthesis of two new difluoro-diazoketone reagents (difluorophenylthiol diazoketone and difluorophenoxyl diazoketone) and their [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with aryldiazonium salts under silver catalysis conditions. This protocol enables regioselective access to a broad scope of difluorophenylthiol- and difluorophenoxyl-substituted tetrazole-carbinols in a one-pot operation. Further synthetic derivatizations including dephenylthiolation and unexpected phenylthiol group migration/fluorination allow the efficient preparation of α-difluoromethyl tetrazole-carbinols and α-trifluoromethyl tetrazole-thioethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Song Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China.
| | - Shuo-Han Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China.
| | - Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China.
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China.
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6
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Song Z, Liu B, Peng X, Gu W, Sun Y, Xing L, Xu Y, Geng M, Ai J, Zhang A. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Biaryl-Containing PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction Inhibitors Bearing a Unique Difluoromethyleneoxy Linkage. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16687-16702. [PMID: 34761679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of immune checkpoint PD-1/PD-L1 has been a promising anticancer strategy; however, clinically available PD-1/PD-L1 small-molecule inhibitors are lacking. In view of the high potency of compound 2 (BMS-1002), structural fine tuning of the methoxy linkage together with diverse modification in the solvent interaction region was conducted. A series of novel derivatives featuring a difluoromethyleneoxy linkage were designed. Compound 43 was identified as the most promising PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 10.2 nM in the HTRF assay. This compound is capable of promoting CD8+ T cell activation through inhibiting PD-1/PD-L1 cellular signaling. Moreover, in the Hepa1-6 syngeneic mouse model, administration of compound 43 at 1 mg/kg dosage promoted CD8+ T cell activation and delayed the tumor growth with good tolerance. Notably, the tumor in one mouse of the compound 43-treated group was completely regressed. These results indicate that compound 43 is a promising candidate worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilan Song
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xia Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wangting Gu
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Xing
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Shanghai Pinghe School, 261 Huangyang Road, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Pharm-X Center, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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7
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Su H, Shi S, Zhu M, Li J, Su G. Liquid Crystal Monomers (LCMs) in Sediments: Method Validation and Detection in Sediment Samples from Three Typical Areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2336-2345. [PMID: 33528249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) have been proposed to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) substances; however, there is a dearth of information regarding their occurrence in sediment samples. Here, an analytical method was developed for the quantitative determination of LCMs in sediment samples, and n = 76 sediment samples were collected and analyzed to determine accurate concentrations of LCMs. Our results indicated that the developed pretreatment procedure was applicable for the determination of LCM concentrations in sediments. We observed that LCMs were detected in 75 out of the 76 sediment samples, and 23, 18, and 14 out of the 39 target LCMs were quantified in at least one of the analyzed sediments from rivers around LCM or liquid crystal device (LCD) manufacturers, Taihu Lake, and rivers around e-waste recycling sites, respectively. The LCMs in the samples from rivers around LCM/LCD manufacturers exhibited the greatest mean concentrations of 26.1 ng/g dry weight (dw), followed by those from e-waste recycling site areas (1.15 ng/g dw) and Taihu Lake (0.076 ng/g dw). Collectively, this study provided the first analytical method that was able to quantify the concentrations of LCMs in sediment samples and provided the first evidence for the occurrence of LCMs in sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaobo Shi
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Maebayashi H, Araki K, Fuchigami T, Gotoh Y, Inoue M. Regioselective reaction of fluorinated aryllithium reagents and carbon disulfide in cyclopentyl methyl ether: Efficient synthesis of dithioesters and liquid crystal compounds having a difluoromethyleneoxy moiety. J Fluor Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Newton J, Driedger D, Nodwell MB, Schaffer P, Martin RE, Britton R, Friesen CM. A Convenient Synthesis of Difluoroalkyl Ethers from Thionoesters Using Silver(I) Fluoride. Chemistry 2019; 25:15993-15997. [PMID: 31538366 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the mild and rapid fluorodesulfurization of thionoesters using only silver(I) fluoride. This reaction demonstrates excellent functional group tolerance and complements existing strategies for difluoroalkyl ether synthesis, which rely on toxic and often dangerous reagents that demonstrate limited functional group compatibility. We additionally report the translation of this finding to the production of 18 F-labelled difluoroalkyl ethers using fluoride-derived [18 F]AgF. This new process should enable the synthesis of a wide range of difluoroalkyl ethers with applications in medicinal and materials chemistry, and radiotracer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Newton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Daniel Driedger
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Matthew B Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chadron M Friesen
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, V2Y 1Y1, Canada
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10
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Abstract
In this paper, we review liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) technology and focus on its new application in emerging augmented reality (AR) displays. In the first part, the LCoS working principles of three commonly adopted LC modes—vertical alignment and twist nematic for amplitude modulation, and homogeneous alignment for phase modulation—are introduced and their pros and cons evaluated. In the second part, the fringing field effect is analyzed, and a novel pretilt angle patterning method for suppressing the effect is presented. Moreover, we illustrate how to integrate the LCoS panel in an AR display system. Both currently available intensity modulators and under-developing holographic displays are covered, with special emphases on achieving high image quality, such as a fast response time and high-resolution. The rapidly increasing application of LCoS in AR head-mounted displays and head-up displays is foreseeable.
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11
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Savoie PR, von Hahmann CN, Penger A, Wei Z, Welch JT. The control of stereochemistry by the pentafluorosulfanyl group. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3151-3159. [PMID: 29645036 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03146g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of pentafluorosulfanylation on biological activity has been revealed in numerous comparative studies of biologically active compounds, but considerably less is known about the influence of pentafluorosulfanylation on reactivity. Among the distinctive properties of the pentafluorosulfanyl group is the profound dipole moment that results from introduction of this substituent. It has been shown that dipolar effects coupled with the steric demand of the SF5 group may be employed to influence the stereochemistry of reactions, especially those processes with significant charge separation in the transition state. The Staudinger ketene-imine cycloaddition reaction is an ideal platform for investigation of dipolar control of diastereoselectivity by the pentafluorosulfanyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Savoie
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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12
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Huang YC, Nguyen A, Gräßle S, Vanderheiden S, Jung N, Bräse S. Addition of dithi(ol)anylium tetrafluoroborates to α,β-unsaturated ketones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:515-522. [PMID: 29623112 PMCID: PMC5852463 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presented study, dithi(ol)anylium tetrafluoroborates are added to α,β-unsaturated ketones in a Michael-type reaction yielding diverse substituted ketene diothi(ol)anes. The reactions proceed at room temperature in 1 or 13 h without the need of further additives. The presented procedure is in particular useful for dithi(ol)anylium tetrafluoroborates without electron-withdrawing groups in α-position. This is advantageous with respect to previous approaches, which were limited to the use of ketene dithioacetals substituted with electron-withdrawing groups. Aiming for the systematic investigation of possible steric and electronic influences on the outcome of the reaction, various combinations of electrophiles and nucleophiles were used and the results of the reactions were compared based on the type of the used dithioacetal. The scope of the presented procedure is shown with four additional transformations including the use of additional electrophiles and nucleophiles, the use of a chiral auxiliary and subsequent reduction of selected products. Additionally, we extended the reaction to the synthesis of diene dithiolanes by addition of an ynone to α-alkyl or aryl-substitued dithiolanylium TFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Huang
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - An Nguyen
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Simone Gräßle
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Vanderheiden
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Al-Maharik N, Kirsch P, Slawin AMZ, Cordes DB, O'Hagan D. Fluorinated liquid crystals: evaluation of selectively fluorinated facially polarised cyclohexyl motifs for liquid crystal applications. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9974-9980. [PMID: 27722421 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01986b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the synthesis of a series of prototype negative dielectric liquid crystalline (LC) compounds which contain fluorinated cyclohexane motifs. The series are analogues and differ only in that they contain between one to four fluorine atoms. The stereochemistry is such that all of the fluorines/C-F bonds are on one face of the cyclohexane ring. This follows from the recent recognition that cyclohexanes with fluorines orientated in one direction, perpendicular to the ring have a strong molecular dipole, a characteristic that might be an advantage in the design of negative dielectric materials. However it is found that the increased polarity, particularly with two or more oriented C-F bonds, leads to higher melting points and poorer solubility in test matrix formulations, relative to hydrocarbon liquid crystals. This arises due to electrostatic intermolecular interactions between the polarised cyclohexyl and aryl rings. The study highlights that in order to take advantage of these polar cyclohexane motifs for liquid crystal design, appropriate scaffolds are required which are free of aromatic rings and contain peripheral solubilising motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaf Al-Maharik
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Peer Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Liquid Crystals R&D Chemistry, Frankfurter Str. 250, D-64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - David O'Hagan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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14
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Du J, Hua G, Beier P, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD. Single crystal X-ray structural features of aromatic compounds having a pentafluorosulfuranyl (SF5) functional group. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Balenkova ES, Shastin AV, Muzalevskiy VM, Nenajdenko VG. Freons in catalytic olefination reaction. Synthesis of fluorinated compounds from the products of olefination. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428016080017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Hong F, Xia Z, Zhu D, Wu H, Liu J, Zeng Z. N-terminal strategy (N1–N4) toward high performance liquid crystal materials. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Srinivas D, Ghule VD. Synthesis of nitrate ester and nitramine derivatives of polyfluoro alkyl compounds for high energy materials. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new poly-fluorine containing molecules were synthesized from economical and commercially available materials for high energy material applications by straightforward routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharavath Srinivas
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad-500 046
- India
| | - Vikas D. Ghule
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Kurukshetra-136 119
- India
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18
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19
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Savoie PR, Welch JT. Preparation and utility of organic pentafluorosulfanyl-containing compounds. Chem Rev 2014; 115:1130-90. [PMID: 25341449 DOI: 10.1021/cr500336u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Savoie
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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20
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Kyasa SK, Dussault PH. Synthesis of S,S,O-orthoesters and 1,1-difluoroalkyl ethers via reaction of peroxides with lithiated 1,3-dithianes. Org Lett 2014; 16:5235-7. [PMID: 25286364 DOI: 10.1021/ol502726p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl tetrahydropyranyl peroxides (ROOTHP) transfer alkoxide (OR) to lithiated 1,3-dithianes. The derived S,S,O-orthoesters undergo fluorodesulfurization with HF/pyridine and N-bromosuccinamide (NBS) to furnish difluoromethyl ethers. The overall protocol can be applied to synthesis of both terminal (ROCF2H) and internal (ROCF2R') ethers. Application of the same set of reactions to a lithiated tris(alkylthio)alkane is shown to generate a trifluoromethyl ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva K. Kyasa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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The influence of vicinal threo-difluorination on electro-optic and mesogenic properties of propyleneoxy-linked nematic liquid crystals. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bremer M, Kirsch P, Klasen-Memmer M, Tarumi K. The TV in Your Pocket: Development of Liquid-Crystal Materials for the New Millennium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8880-96. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bremer M, Kirsch P, Klasen-Memmer M, Tarumi K. Der Fernseher in der Westentasche: Flüssigkristall- Materialentwicklung für das neue Jahrtausend. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liang T, Neumann CN, Ritter T. Introduction of fluorine and fluorine-containing functional groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8214-64. [PMID: 23873766 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1965] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C-F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metal-fluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Geelhaar T, Griesar K, Reckmann B. 125 Jahre Flüssigkristalle - die wissenschaftliche Revolution im Wohnzimmer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Geelhaar T, Griesar K, Reckmann B. 125 years of liquid crystals--a scientific revolution in the home. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8798-809. [PMID: 23740565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Geelhaar
- Technology Office Chemicals, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Nenajdenko VG, Goldberg AA, Muzalevskiy VM, Balenkova ES, Shastin AV. Design and Synthesis of a New Family of Fluorinated Liquid Crystals. Chemistry 2013; 19:2370-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee SH, Bhattacharyya SS, Jin HS, Jeong KU. Devices and materials for high-performance mobile liquid crystal displays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30635b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fluorinated isatin derivatives. Part 3. New side-chain fluoro-functionalized pyrrolidinyl sulfonyl isatins as potent caspase-3 and -7 inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:969-89. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dysregulation of type I programmed cell death (apoptosis) leads to a variety of diseases, among which cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders are the most prominent and widespread. Effector caspases such as caspases-3 and -7 get activated during the apoptotic signaling cascade and hence represent a biological target for the diagnosis and therapy of apoptosis-associated diseases. Methods: Synthesis of potent fluorinated analogs of the lead compound (S)-(+)-5-[1-(2-methoxymethylpyrrolidinyl)sulfonyl]isatin facilitates the aim-oriented identification of precursor candidates for 18F-radiofluorination resulting in radiolabeled compounds that could be employed as tracers for the specific imaging of apoptosis in vivo, using positron-emission tomography. Conclusion: Within a series of new mono-, di- and trifluoromethylated pyrrolidine ring analogs of the lead compound, high inhibition potencies were found for caspases-3 and -7 with IC50 values up to 30 and 37 nM, respectively. A new oxidative desulfurization–fluorination protocol was shown to be a versatile technique for fluorine incorporation.
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Welch JT, Lim DS. The synthesis and biological activity of pentafluorosulfanyl analogs of fluoxetine, fenfluramine, and norfenfluramine. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6659-66. [PMID: 17765553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The trifluoromethyl group of fluoxetine 1 and fenfluramine and norfenfluramine, 2 and 3, was substituted by the pentafluorosulfanyl group. On examination of the efficacy of the pentafluorosulfanyl containing compounds as inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, it was found that substitution could lead to enhanced selectivity and in the case of the pentafluorosulfanyl analog of fenfluramine, 18, it significantly enhanced potency against the 5-HT(2b), 5-HT(2c), and 5-HT(6) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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Nicoletti M, Bremer M, Kirsch P, O'Hagan D. Liquid crystals carrying stereodefined vicinal difluoro- and trifluoro- alkyl motifs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:5075-7. [PMID: 18049758 DOI: 10.1039/b711839b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the stereospecifically fluorinated difluoro- and trifluoro- rac-3 and rac-4 is described where the fluorine atoms are positioned adjacent/vicinal to each other and the physical characteristics of these candidate liquid crystals including negative dielectric anisotropy are measured and rationalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Nicoletti
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK KY16 9ST
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Liquid crystals with partially fluorinated side chains: Highly polar materials with very low birefringence. J Fluor Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
This critical review begins with a brief, but essential, introduction to the special nature of liquid crystal materials, their peculiar properties, and their commercial applications, followed by an introductory insight into the remarkable nature of the fluoro substituent, and its fascinating influence on the properties of organic compounds. However, the main focus of the review is to discuss the enormous amount of exciting research on fluorinated liquid crystals that has been reported. The small size of the fluoro substituent enables its incorporation into all types of liquid crystal, including calamitic, discotic, banana, lyotropic, and polymers, without ruining the liquid crystalline nature of the material. However the fluoro substituent is larger than hydrogen, and hence causes a significant steric effect, which combined with the high polarity, confers many fascinating, and often remarkable, modifications to melting point, mesophase morphology and transition temperatures, and the many other very important physical properties, such as dielectric anisotropy, optical anisotropy, and visco-elastic properties. There are many different positions within a liquid crystal structure where a fluoro substituent can be located, including (i) a terminal position, (ii) within a terminal chain, as a semi-fluorinated or as a perfluorinated chain, or as one fluoro substituent at a chiral centre, (iii) as part of a linking group, and (iv) a lateral position in the core section. Such variety enables the interesting and advantageous tailoring of properties, both for the fundamental purposes of establishing structure-property relationships, and for materials targeted towards commercially-successful liquid crystal display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hird
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Kirsch P, Binder JT, Lork E, Röschenthaler GV. Liquid crystals based on hypervalent sulfur fluorides. J Fluor Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Winter R, Dodean R, Smith J, R. A, Burton D, Gard G. Site directed synthesis of mono and disubstituted SF5-polyfluoroalkyl benzenes. J Fluor Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Matsushita T, Koseki S. Theoretical Study on Mesogenic Core Structures of Nematic Liquid Crystalline Compounds. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:13493-8. [PMID: 16852687 DOI: 10.1021/jp050959e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structures and intermolecular interaction energies of 10 dimers, included in the mesogenic core structures of typical liquid crystalline (LC) compounds, are obtained at the MP2/6-31G(d) level of theory. It is proved that the dispersion energy significantly contributes to the total interaction energy of these dimers. Even when bulky substituents are introduced into the core part, the interaction energy is still large. It is also revealed that when a long intermolecular distance is provided by a high steric repulsion originating from the linkage of two phenyl groups, the dispersion energy is significantly small. However, in this range of intermolecular distances, the electrostatic energy caused by a strong quadrupole-quadrupole attractive interaction plays a dominant role, and as a result, a rather stable dimer is formed. In all 10 dimers, the dispersion, electrostatic, and exchange-repulsion energies strongly depend on the geometrical orientation of the molecules. The calculated interaction energies of these dimers are also compared with the corresponding experimentally measured viscosities. The results suggest an explicit linear relationship between the interaction energies and viscosities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsushita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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New 4-pentafluorosulfanyl and 4-perfluoroalkylthio derivatives of 1-chloro-2-nitro- and 1-chloro-2,6-dinitrobenzenes. J Fluor Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kirsch P, Lenges M, Ruhl A, Sevenard DV, Röschenthaler GV. Reductive dimerization of dithianylium salts and fluorodesulfuration: a new synthetic approach to tetrafluoroethylene substructures. J Fluor Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Winter R, Dodean R, Smith J, Anilkumar R, Burton D, Gard G. The application of novel methodology for the synthesis of o-, m-, and p-(SF5-perfluoroethyl) benzene derivatives. J Fluor Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(03)00086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Kirsch P, Huber F, Lenges M, Taugerbeck A. Liquid crystals with multiple fluorinated bridges in the mesogenic core structure. J Fluor Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(01)00488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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