Heat of Adsorption

Nitrogen-enriched flexible metal-organic framework for CO2 adsorption

A novel MOF named [Zn2(L)(DMF)] was synthesized using solvothermal methods from the reaction of the new linker (4,4',4''-(4,4',4''-(benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(methylene))tris(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4,1-diyl))tribenzoic acid) and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O. This new MOF was characterized by means of different techniques: powder X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, suitable crystals were obtained, which allowed us to perform the X-Ray structure determination of this MOF. The capability of these new MOF to adsorb CO2 at different temperatures was measured and its isosteric enthalpy of adsorption was calculated. The novel MOF shows an uncommon node composed of a Zn3(-COO)6(DMF)2, and the asymmetric unit contains one crystallographically independent linker, one DMF molecule, and two Zn atoms. The [Zn2(L)(DMF)] MOF is a microporous material with high crystallinity and stability up to 250 °C. The multiple nitrogenated pyrazole linkers in its framework enhance its CO2 adsorption capabilities. This material exhibits a low CO2 isosteric enthalpy of adsorption (Hads), comparable to previously reported values for similar nitrogenated materials. All the observed CO2 adsorption capacities were further supported by DFT calculations.

Interaction energy and isosteric heat of adsorption between hydrogen and magnesium diboride

Hydrogen storage materials form a crucial research topic for future energy utilization employing hydrogen and among those of interest magnesium diboride (MgB₂) has shown its prevalence. In this study, a first-principles analytical adsorption model of one hydrogen molecule in the vicinity of various magnesium diboride crystal surfaces was developed in order to obtain surface thermodynamic properties as a function of molecular and lattice properties. Henry's law constant (K_H) and isosteric heat of adsorption (ΔH_ads) indicators of the affinity between a gaseous molecule and a solid surface are thus calculated. The results in this paper not only address questions pertaining to the first stage of hydrogen storage processes but also advance the understanding of physisorption thermodynamics of a neutral molecule (H₂) coming in contact with a layered metallic-like surface (MgB₂). Although the model is built from a framework of classical calculations, quantum effects are incorporated as the fractional charge of the ions on the free surfaces, which is essential for the calculation of analytic thermodynamic values that approximate calculations from other methods. To benchmark our theoretical models, periodic density functional calculations were performed to determine the interactions between H₂ and different MgB₂ surfaces from first-principles. By considering both the top and sublayers of MgB₂ in calculating interaction energy, we have analytically and computationally calculated the interaction energies of H₂ molecules and MgB₂'s terminated planes, and witnessed the strong dependence of interaction energies on surface charges. We have also observed a dipole flipping phenomenon which explains the discontinuity seen in the interaction energy graph of Mg(0001). Both analytical and computational results showed heat of adsorption at zero coverage varying at a very low range (<7 kJ mol^-1).

Creating porosity in a trianglimine macrocycle by heterochiral pairing

Macrocycles are usually non-porous or barely porous in the solid-state because of their small intrinsic cavity sizes and tendency to close-pack. Here, we use a heterochiral pairing strategy to introduce porosity in a trianglimine macrocycle, by co-crystallising two macrocycles with opposing chiralities. The stable racemic trianglimine crystal contains an interconnected pore network that has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 355 m2 g-1.

A practical guide to calculate the isosteric heat/enthalpy of adsorption via adsorption isotherms in metal-organic frameworks, MOFs

Porous materials such as MOFs are interesting candidates for gas separation and storage. An important parameter to gain deeper insights to the adsorption process of an adsorptive on an adsorbent is the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption, ΔHads which is defined as the heat to be released/required when an adsorptive binds to/detaches from the solid surface of an adsorbent. Two or three adsorption isotherms at different but close temperatures with ΔT ≤ 20 K for two and ΔT ≈ 10 K for three isotherms are the basis to derive the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption through the Clausius-Clapeyron approach or the virial analysis. This Perspective presents the procedure of the common (dual-site) Freundlich-Langmuir fit/Clausius-Clapeyron approach and the virial fit of the isotherms with usable Excel sheets and Origin files for the subsequent derivation of ΔHads. Exemplary adsorption isotherms of CO2, SO2 and H2 at two temperatures on MOFs are analyzed. The detailed computational description and comparison of the Clausius-Clapeyron approach and the virial analysis to determine ΔHads outlines the limitations of the two methods with respect to the available experimental data, especially at low pressure/low uptake values. It is emphasized that no extrapolation beyond the experimental data range should be done. The quality of the important and underlying isotherm fits must be checked and ensured with logarithmic-scale n/p isotherm plots for the (dual-site) Freundlich-Langmuir fit in the low-pressure region and through low standard deviations for the coefficients in the virial analysis.

CO2 adsorption on chemically modified activated carbon

CO2 adsorption capacity of a commercial activated carbon was improved by using HNO3 oxidation, air oxidation, alkali impregnation and heat treatment under helium gas atmosphere. The surface functional groups produced were investigated by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometer (DRIFTS). CO2 adsorption capacities of the samples were determined by gravimetric analyses for 25-200°C temperature range. DRIFTS studies revealed the formation of carboxylic acid groups on the HNO3 oxidized adsorbents. Increased aromatization and uniform distribution of the Na particles were observed on the samples prepared by Na2CO3 impregnation onto HNO3 oxidized AC support. The adsorption capacities of the nonimpregnated samples were increased by high temperature helium treatments or by increasing the adsorption temperature; both leading to decomposition of surface oxygen groups, forming sites that can easily adsorb CO2. The adsorption capacity loss due to cyclic adsorption/desorption procedures was overcome with further surface stabilization of Na2CO3 modified samples with high temperature He treatments. With Na2CO3 impregnation the mass uptakes of the adsorbents at 20 bars and 25 °C were improved by 8 and 7 folds and at 1 bar were increased 15 and 16 folds, on the average, compared to their air oxidized and nitric acid oxidized supports, respectively.

Binary adsorption equilibrium of carbon dioxide and water vapor on activated alumina

Adsorption equilibria of a CO2/H2O binary mixture on activated alumina F-200 were measured at several temperatures and over a wide range of concentrations from 4% to around 90% of the saturated water vapor pressure. In comparison with the single-component data, the loading of CO2 was not reduced in the presence of H2O, whereas at low relative humidity the adsorption of H2O was depressed. The binary system was described by a competitive/cooperative adsorption model where the readily adsorbed water layers acted as secondary sites for further CO2 adsorption via hydrogen bonding or hydration reaction. The combination of kinetic models, namely, a Langmuir isotherm for characterizing pure CO2 adsorption and a BET isotherm for H2O, was extended to derive a binary adsorption equilibrium model for the CO2/H2O mixture. Models based on the ideal adsorbed solution theory of Myers and Prausnitz failed to characterize the data over the whole composition range, and a large deviation of binary CO2/H2O equilibrium from ideal solution behavior was observed. The extended Langmuir-BET (LBET) isotherm, analogous to the extended Langmuir equation, drastically underestimated the CO2 loading. By incorporating the interactions between CO2 and H2O molecules on the adsorbent surface and taking into account the effect of nonideality, the realistic interactive LBET (R-LBET) model was found to be in very good agreement with the experimental data. The derived binary isosteric heat of adsorption showed that the heat was reduced by competitive adsorption but promoted by cooperative adsorption.

Adsorption isotherms of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and toluene vapors on hydrocarbon adsorber and light-off catalyst

Two monolithic hydrocarbon adsorbers and a monolithic light-off catalyst were selected as adsorbents, and the adsorptive capacity of a hydrocarbon for the adsorbents was measured by using a precise volumetric adsorption apparatus. 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane and toluene vapors were chosen as adsorbates. Equilibrium experiments were carried out at three different temperatures of 303.15, 323.15, and 343.15 K. Adsorption data of each hydrocarbon was fitted to the well-known isotherms such as the Langmuir equation and the Freundlich equation. The Freundlich isotherm predicted equilibrium data better than the Langmuir isotherm. Furthermore, the surface energetic heterogeneity of the adsorbents was evaluated using the isosteric heat of adsorption based on Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The surface energetic heterogeneity of the adsorbents depended on the precious metal (PM) loading and H-ZSM5 loading.