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Calzetta L, Pistocchini E, Cito G, Ritondo BL, Verri S, Rogliani P. Inflammatory and contractile profile in LPS-challenged equine isolated bronchi: Evidence for IL-6 as a potential target against AHR in equine asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2022; 73-74:102125. [PMID: 35351641 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) are pivotal characteristics of equine asthma. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may have a central role in modulating airway inflammation and dysfunction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to match the inflammatory and contractile profile in LPS-challenged equine isolated bronchi to identify molecular targets potentially suitable to counteract AHR in asthmatic horses. METHODS Equine isolated bronchi were incubated overnight with LPS (0.1-100 ng/ml). The contractile response to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and the levels of cytokines, chemokines, and neurokinin A (NKA) were quantified. The role of capsaicin sensitive-sensory nerves, neurokinin-2 (NK2) receptor, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 receptors (TRPV1), and epithelium were also investigated. RESULTS LPS 1 ng/ml elicited AHR to EFS (+238.17 ± 25.20% P < 0.001 vs. control). LPS significantly (P < 0.05 vs. control) increased the levels of IL-4 (+36.08 ± 1.62%), IL-5 (+38.60 ± 3.58%), IL-6 (+33.79 ± 2.59%), IL-13 (+40.91 ± 1.93%), IL-1β (+1650.16 ± 71.16%), IL-33 (+88.14 ± 8.93%), TGF-β (22.29 ± 1.03%), TNF-α (+56.13 ± 4.61%), CXCL-8 (+98.49 ± 17.70%), EOTAXIN (+32.26 ± 2.27%), MCP-1 (+49.63 ± 4.59%), RANTES (+36.38 ± 2.24%), and NKA (+112.81 ± 6.42%). Capsaicin sensitive-sensory nerves, NK2 receptor, and TRPV1 were generally involved in the LPS-mediated inflammation. Epithelium removal modulated the release of IL-1β, IL-33, and TGF-β. Only the levels of IL-6 fitted with AHR to a wide range of EFS frequencies, an effect significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by anti-IL-6 antibody; exogenous IL-6 induced significant (P < 0.05) AHR to EFS similar to that elicited by LPS. CONCLUSION Targeting IL-6 with specific antibody may represent an effective strategy to treat equine asthma, especially in those animals suffering from severe forms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Pistocchini
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cito
- ASL Roma 2, UOC Tutela Igienico Sanitaria Degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ludovica Ritondo
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Verri
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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2
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Ding L, Yuan X, Yan J, Huang Y, Xu M, Yang Z, Yang N, Wang M, Zhang C, Zhang L. Nrf2 exerts mixed inflammation and glucose metabolism regulatory effects on murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 71:198-204. [PMID: 30913518 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that mediates a broad range of cellular antioxidative, detoxification and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the precise mechanism by which Nrf2 regulates inflammation and metabolism in macrophages remains controversial and unclear. To further clarify the roles of Nrf2 in inflammation and glucose metabolism regulation, retrovirus-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 was performed in murine RAW264.7 macrophages, and the cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide for 24 h for M1 activation. qPCR and western blotting results indicated that Nrf2 knockdown significantly enhanced expression of the inflammatory genes Il1a and Il1b in unstimulated macrophages and increased expression of the inflammatory genes Il1a, Il1b, Il6, Il10, Ccl2, Ccl22, and CD38 but decreased that of Tnfa and Tgfb1 in M1 macrophages. Nrf2 knockdown also significantly elevated IL6 and IL10 secretion by M1 macrophages. Western blotting showed that Nrf2 knockdown reduced iNOS protein levels in resting macrophages and enhanced CD38 protein levels in both resting and M1 macrophages. The differential regulation of these macrophage inflammation and polarization markers by Nrf2 reveals multiple roles for Nrf2 in regulating inflammation in macrophages. Moreover, Nrf2 knockdown increased the Glu4 protein level and decreased AKT and GSK3β protein phosphorylation in M1 macrophages, suggesting multiple roles for Nrf2 in regulating glucose metabolism in macrophages. Overall, our results are the first to demonstrate mixed inflammation and glucose metabolism regulatory effects of Nrf2 in macrophages that may occur independent of its classic function in redox regulation. These findings support the potential of Nrf2 as a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of inflammation- and obesity-associated syndromes, including diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ding
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Brain Aging and Cognitive, Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Mulin Xu
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ni Yang
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Manting Wang
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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3
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Kim ML, Maloney C, Klimova N, Gurzenda E, Lin X, Arita Y, Walker T, Fazzari MJ, Hanna N. Repeated lipopolysaccharide exposure leads to placental endotoxin tolerance. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13080. [PMID: 30586203 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Placental infection induces increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pre-term labor. Endotoxin tolerance is a phenomenon in which exposure to a dose of endotoxin makes tissue less responsive to subsequent exposures. The objective of our study was to determine whether repeated exposure to endotoxin will induce a tolerant phenotype in normal human second-trimester placental tissue. METHODS OF STUDY Human second-trimester placental explants from elective termination of pregnancy were cultured and exposed to endotoxin (LPS). After 24 hours, the media was collected for analysis, and the explants were re-exposed to LPS after adding fresh media for another 24 hours. This process was repeated for a total of 4 LPS doses. The media was collected from each day and analyzed for cytokine levels. RESULTS The first LPS treatment stimulated the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. However, their production was significantly diminished with repeated LPS doses. Production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ra and IL-10, was also stimulated by the first LPS treatment, but secretion was more gradually and moderately decreased with repeated LPS doses compared to the pro-inflammatory cytokines. The ratios of the anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1ra/IL-1β and IL-10/TNF-α) indicate a progressively more anti-inflammatory milieu with repeated LPS doses. CONCLUSION Repeated LPS exposure of human second-trimester placental tissues induced endotoxin tolerance. We speculate that endotoxin tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface will protect the fetus from exaggerated inflammatory responses after repeated infectious exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Kim
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Caroline Maloney
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine and Northwell/Hofstra, Hempstead, New York
| | - Natalia Klimova
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York.,University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ellen Gurzenda
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Yuko Arita
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | | | - Melissa J Fazzari
- Department of Biostatistics, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Nazeeh Hanna
- Women and Children's Research Laboratory, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York.,Department of Pediatrics, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
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Lea SR, Reynolds SL, Kaur M, Simpson KD, Hall SR, Hessel EM, Singh D. The effects of repeated Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 stimulation in COPD alveolar macrophages. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018. [PMID: 29535517 PMCID: PMC5841324 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s97071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COPD is a progressive inflammatory airway disease characterized by increased numbers of alveolar macrophages in the lungs. Bacterial colonization of the lungs is a common feature in COPD and can promote inflammation through continual and repeated Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. We have studied the response of COPD alveolar macrophages to repetitive stimulation with TLR2 and TLR4 ligands. We investigated the effect of sequential stimulation with different ligands to determine whether this results in tolerance or amplification of the immune response. Methods We stimulated alveolar macrophages from COPD patients (n=9) and smokers (n=8) with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 for 24 hours before restimulating again for 24 hours. Cytokine protein release and gene expression were investigated. Results Repetitive stimulation of COPD and smokers macrophages with LPS for both 24-hour periods caused a reduction in tumor necrosis factor α, CCL5, and IL-10 production compared to cells that were not exposed initially to LPS. IL-6 and CXCL8 production were not significantly altered following repetitive LPS stimulation. The same pattern was observed for repeated stimulation with Pam3CSK4. Using COPD macrophages, LPS followed by Pam3CSK4 stimulation increased the levels of all cytokines compared to media followed by Pam3CSK4. Conclusion TLR tolerance in COPD alveolar macrophages occurs after repetitive stimulation with the same TLR ligand, but this only occurs for selected cytokines. CXCL8 production is not reduced after repetitive TLR stimulation with the same ligand; this may be an important mechanism for the increased CXCL8 levels that have been observed in COPD. We showed that TLR4 stimulation followed by TLR2 stimulation does not cause tolerance, but enhances cytokine production. This may be a relevant mechanism by which bacteria cause excessive inflammation in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Lea
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester
| | - Sophie L Reynolds
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester
| | - Manminder Kaur
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester
| | - Karen D Simpson
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Simon R Hall
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester
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5
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Lin TH, Su HH, Kang HY, Chang TH. The Interactive Roles of Lipopolysaccharides and dsRNA/Viruses on Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Dendritic Cells in Allergic Respiratory Disorders: The Hygiene Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102219. [PMID: 29065558 PMCID: PMC5666898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The original hygiene hypothesis declares "more infections in early childhood protect against later atopy". According to the hygiene hypothesis, the increased incidence of allergic disorders in developed countries is explained by the decrease of infections. Epithelial cells and dendritic cells play key roles in bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems. Among the various pattern-recognition receptor systems of epithelial cells and dendritic cells, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and others, TLRs are the key systems of immune response regulation. In humans, TLRs consist of TLR1 to TLR10. They regulate cellular responses through engagement with TLR ligands, e.g., lipopolysaccharides (LPS) acts through TLR4 and dsRNA acts through TLR3, but there are certain common components between these two TLR pathways. dsRNA activates epithelial cells and dendritic cells in different directions, resulting in allergy-related Th2-skewing tendency in epithelial cells, and Th1-skewing tendency in dendritic cells. The Th2-skewing effect by stimulation of dsRNA on epithelial cells could be suppressed by the presence of LPS above some threshold. When LPS level decreases, the Th2-skewing effect increases. It may be via these interrelated networks and related factors that LPS modifies the allergic responses and provides a plausible mechanism of the hygiene hypothesis. Several hygiene hypothesis-related phenomena, seemingly conflicting, are also discussed in this review, along with their proposed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Hsiung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Hao Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Yo Kang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Hormone Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 71703, Taiwan.
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6
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Cross AS. Invited review: Endotoxin tolerance — current concepts in historical perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519020080020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Cross
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ziegler-Heitbrock
- Department Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK GSF-Institute for Inhalationbiology, Gauting, Germany,
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8
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Blázquez-Prieto J, López-Alonso I, Amado-Rodríguez L, Batalla-Solís E, González-López A, Albaiceta GM. Exposure to mechanical ventilation promotes tolerance to ventilator-induced lung injury by Ccl3 downregulation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L847-56. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00193.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the development of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Preconditioning with a previous exposure can damp the subsequent inflammatory response. Our objectives were to demonstrate that tolerance to VILI can be induced by previous low-pressure ventilation, and to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. Intact 8- to 12-wk-old male CD1 mice were preconditioned with 90 min of noninjurious ventilation [peak pressure 17 cmH2O, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 2 cmH2O] and extubated. Seven days later, preconditioned mice and intact controls were submitted to injurious ventilation (peak pressure 20 cmH2O, PEEP 0 cmH2O) for 2 h to induce VILI. Preconditioned mice showed lower histological lung injury scores, bronchoalveolar lavage albumin content, and lung neutrophilic infiltration after injurious ventilation, with no differences in Il6 or Il10 expression. Microarray analyses revealed a downregulation of Calcb, Hspa1b, and Ccl3, three genes related to tolerance phenomena, in preconditioned animals. Among the previously identified genes, only Ccl3, which encodes the macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α), showed significant differences between intact and preconditioned mice after high-pressure ventilation. In separate, nonconditioned animals, treatment with BX471, a specific blocker of CCR1 (the main receptor for MIP-1α), decreased lung damage and neutrophilic infiltration caused by high-pressure ventilation. We conclude that previous exposure to noninjurious ventilation induces a state of tolerance to VILI. Downregulation of the chemokine gene Ccl3 could be the mechanism responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Blázquez-Prieto
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Inés López-Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Amado-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Área de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Valle del Nalón, Langreo, Spain
| | - Estefanía Batalla-Solís
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Adrián González-López
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Guillermo M. Albaiceta
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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9
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De Buck M, Berghmans N, Pörtner N, Vanbrabant L, Cockx M, Struyf S, Opdenakker G, Proost P, Van Damme J, Gouwy M. Serum amyloid A1α induces paracrine IL-8/CXCL8 via TLR2 and directly synergizes with this chemokine via CXCR2 and formyl peptide receptor 2 to recruit neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:1049-60. [PMID: 26297794 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0315-085r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration depends on the ability of leukocytes to sense an external gradient of chemotactic proteins produced during inflammation. These proteins include chemokines, complement factors, and some acute phase proteins, such as serum amyloid A. Serum amyloid A chemoattracts neutrophils, monocytes, and T lymphocytes via its G protein-coupled receptor formyl peptide receptor 2. We demonstrate that serum amyloid A1α more potently chemoattracts neutrophils in vivo than in vitro. In contrast to CD14(+) monocytes, no rapid (within 2 h) induction of interleukin-8/CXC chemokine ligand 8 or macrophage-inflammatory protein-1α/CC chemokine ligand 3 was observed in purified human neutrophils after stimulation of the cells with serum amyloid A1α or lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, interleukin-8/CXC chemokine ligand 8 induction in monocytes by serum amyloid A1α was mediated by toll-like receptor 2 and was inhibited by association of serum amyloid A1α with high density lipoprotein. This indicates that the potent chemotactic response of neutrophils toward intraperitoneally injected serum amyloid A1α is indirectly enhanced by rapid induction of chemokines in peritoneal cells, synergizing in a paracrine manner with serum amyloid A1α. We observed direct synergy between IL-8/CXC chemokine ligand 8 and serum amyloid A1α, but not lipopolysaccharide, in chemotaxis and shape change assays with neutrophils. Furthermore, the selective CXC chemokine receptor 2 and formyl peptide receptor 2 antagonists, SB225002 and WRW4, respectively, blocked the synergy between IL-8/CXC chemokine ligand 8 and serum amyloid A1α in neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro, indicating that for synergy their corresponding G protein-coupled receptors are required. Additionally, SB225002 significantly inhibited serum amyloid A1α-mediated peritoneal neutrophil influx. Taken together, endogenous (e.g., IL-1β) and exogenous (e.g., lipopolysaccharide) inflammatory mediators induce primary chemoattractants such as serum amyloid A that synergize in an autocrine (monocyte) or a paracrine (neutrophil) fashion with secondary chemokines induced in stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke De Buck
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noëmie Pörtner
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Vanbrabant
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maaike Cockx
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- *Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Domínguez-Nieto A, Zentella A, Moreno J, Ventura JL, Pedraza S, Velázquez JR. Human endotoxin tolerance is associated with enrichment of the CD14+ CD16+ monocyte subset. Immunobiology 2014; 220:147-53. [PMID: 25172544 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prior exposure to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induces a state of cell resistance to subsequent LPS restimulation, known as endotoxin tolerance, mainly by repressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We established an endotoxin tolerance model in human monocytes Endotoxin-tolerant cells showed a decrease in IκBα degradation and diminished expression of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (both messenger RNA [mRNA] and protein content). The myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/MyD88 splice variant (MyD88s) ratio, an indirect way to test the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) MyD88-dependent signaling cascade, did not change in endotoxin-tolerant cells when compared to LPS-stimulated or -unstimulated ones. Remarkably, cell population analysis indicated a significant increase of the CD14+ CD16+ subset only under the endotoxin-tolerant condition. Furthermore, endotoxin-tolerant cells produced higher amounts of C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), a typical MyD88-independent cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Domínguez-Nieto
- Departamento de Inmunogenética y Alergia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zentella
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (ICMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Moreno
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad La Salle, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Ventura
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IIBM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sigifredo Pedraza
- Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (ICMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan R Velázquez
- Departamento de Inmunogenética y Alergia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Musie E, Moore CC, Martin EN, Scheld WM. Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation before or after Streptococcus pneumoniae induced sepsis improves survival and is dependent on T-cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86015. [PMID: 24465843 PMCID: PMC3897608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endotoxin tolerance improves outcomes from gram negative sepsis but the underlying mechanism is not known. We determined if endotoxin tolerance before or after pneumococcal sepsis improved survival and the role of lymphocytes in this protection. Methods Mice received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle before or after a lethal dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Survival, quantitative bacteriology, liver function, and cytokine concentrations were measured. We confirmed the necessity of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) for endotoxin tolerance using C3H/HeN (TLR4 replete) and C3H/HeJ (TLR4 deficient) mice. The role of complement was investigated through A/J mice deficient in C5 complement. CBA/CaHN-Btkxid//J mice with dysfunctional B cells and Rag-1 knockout (KO) mice deficient in T and B cells delineated the role of lymphocytes. Results Endotoxin tolerance improved survival from pneumococcal sepsis in mice with TLR4 that received LPS pretreatment or posttreatment. Survival was associated with reduced bacterial burden and serum cytokine concentrations. Death was associated with abnormal liver function and blood glucose concentrations. Endotoxin tolerance improved survival in A/J and CBA/CaHN-Btkxid//J mice but not Rag-1 KO mice. Conclusions TLR4 stimulation before or after S. pneumoniae infection improved survival and was dependent on T-cells but did not require an intact complement cascade or functional B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Musie
- University of Venda, Department of Microbiology, Venda, South Africa
| | - Christopher C. Moore
- University of Virginia, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Edward N. Martin
- University of Virginia, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - W. Michael Scheld
- University of Virginia, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Cavaleiro R, Tendeiro R, Foxall RB, Soares RS, Baptista AP, Gomes P, Valadas E, Victorino RMM, Sousa AE. Monocyte and Myeloid Dendritic Cell Activation Occurs Throughout HIV Type 2 Infection, an Attenuated Form of HIV Disease. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1730-42. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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13
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Bosnar M, Dominis-Kramarić M, Nujić K, Stupin Polančec D, Marjanović N, Glojnarić I, Eraković Haber V. Immunomodulatory effects of azithromycin on the establishment of lipopolysaccharide tolerance in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 15:498-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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King SN, Chen F, Jetté ME, Thibeault SL. Vocal fold fibroblasts immunoregulate activated macrophage phenotype. Cytokine 2012; 61:228-36. [PMID: 23123198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that fibroblasts play a critical role in regulating inflammation during wound healing because they express several inflammatory mediators in response to bacteria. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the immunomodulatory properties of vocal fold fibroblasts (VFFs) derived from polyps, scar and normal tissue co-cultured with macrophages, to provide insight into their interactions during the inflammatory process. Fibroblasts were co-cultured with CD14+ monocytes and after 7 days, wells were treated with LPS for 24 and 72 h. Culture supernatants were collected and concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1β and MCP-1 were quantified by ELISA. Normal VFF and CD14+ monocultures were used as controls. Twenty-four hours after LPS activation, macrophages co-cultured with polyp VFF had significantly increased expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-10 compared to controls (p<0.0001). In contrast, macrophages co-cultured with scar VFF had significantly lower expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12 with significantly higher IL-10 compared to control (p<0.0001). After 72 h, macrophages co-cultured with polyp VFF increased expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and TGF-β (p<0.01) and macrophages co-cultured with scar VFF significantly decreased their expression of IL-1β and IL-12 compared to control (p<0.0001). Scar VFF at both time points produced significantly lower levels of IL-8, MCP-1, IL-6 and TGF-β compared to controls (p<0.05). Based on our findings, VFF and macrophages secrete several inflammatory mediators that modify their diverse functions. Polyp and scar VFF may play a role in regulating abnormal inflammatory responses, which could result in excessive ECM deposition that disrupts the function of the vocal folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N King
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2725, United States.
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15
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Zakharova E, Grandhi J, Wewers MD, Gavrilin MA. Mycoplasma suppression of THP-1 Cell TLR responses is corrected with antibiotics. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9900. [PMID: 20360862 PMCID: PMC2845629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination of cultured cell lines is a serious problem in research, altering cellular response to different stimuli thus compromising experimental results. We found that chronic mycoplasma contamination of THP-1 cells suppresses responses of THP-1 cells to TLR stimuli. For example, E. coli LPS induced IL-1 β was suppressed by 6 fold and IL-8 by 10 fold in mycoplasma positive THP-1 cells. Responses to live F. novicida challenge were suppressed by 50-fold and 40-fold respectively for IL-1β and IL-8. Basal TLR4 expression level in THP-1 cells was decreased by mycoplasma by 2.4-fold (p = 0.0003). Importantly, cell responses to pathogen associated molecular patterns are completely restored by mycoplasma clearance with Plasmocin. Thus, routine screening of cell lines for mycoplasma is important for the maintenance of reliable experimental data and contaminated cell lines can be restored to their baseline function with antibiotic clearance of mycoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Zakharova
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jaykumar Grandhi
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Wewers
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDW); (MAG)
| | - Mikhail A. Gavrilin
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDW); (MAG)
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Ara T, Kurata K, Hirai K, Uchihashi T, Uematsu T, Imamura Y, Furusawa K, Kurihara S, Wang PL. Human gingival fibroblasts are critical in sustaining inflammation in periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:21-7. [PMID: 19515019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A major factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, which is one of the biofilm infectious diseases, is thought to be lipopolysaccharide (LPS), owing to its ability to cause inflammation and promote tissue destruction. Moreover, the elimination of pathogens and their component LPSs is essential for the successful treatment of periodontal disease. Lipopolysaccharide tolerance is a mechanism that prevents excessive and prolonged responses of monocytes and macrophages to LPS. Since persistence of inflammation is necessary for inflammatory cytokine production, cells other than monocytes and macrophages are thought to maintain the production of cytokines in the presence of LPS. In this study, we investigated whether human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), the most abundant structural cell in periodontal tissue, might be able to maintain inflammatory cytokine production in the presence of LPS bynot displaying LPS tolerance. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human gingival fibroblasts were pretreated with LPS (from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Escherichia coli) and then treated with LPS, and the amounts of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in the cell culture supernatants were measured. The expression of negative regulators of LPS signalling (suppressor of cytokine signalling-1, interleukin-1 receptor-associated-kinase M and SH2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase-1) was also examined in LPS-treated HGFs. RESULTS Human gingival fibroblasts did not display LPS tolerance but maintained production of IL-6 and IL-8 when pretreated with LPS, followed by secondary LPS treatment. Lipopolysaccharide-treated HGFs did not express negative regulators. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that HGFs do not show LPS tolerance and suggest that this characteristic of HGFs sustains the inflammatory response in the presence of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Ara
- Department of Pharmacology, Matsumoto Dental University, Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Japan
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Antoniades CG, Berry PA, Wendon JA, Vergani D. The importance of immune dysfunction in determining outcome in acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2008; 49:845-61. [PMID: 18801592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) shares striking similarities with septic shock with regard to the features of systemic inflammation, progression to multiple organ dysfunction and functional immunoparesis. While the existence of opposing systemic pro- and anti-inflammatory profiles resulting in organ failure and immune dysfunction are well recognised in septic shock, characterization of these processes in ALF has only recently been described. This review explores the evolution of the systemic inflammation in acute liver failure, its relation to disease progression, exacerbation of liver injury and development of innate immune dysfunction and extra-hepatic organ failure as sequelae. Defects in innate immunity are described in hepatic and extra-hepatic compartments. Clinical studies measuring levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and expression of the antigen presentation molecule HLA-DR on monocytes, in combination with ex-vivo experiments, demonstrate that the persistence of a compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome, leading to functional monocyte deactivation, is a central event in the evolution of systemic immune dysfunction. Accurate immune profiling in ALF may permit the development of immunomodulatory strategies in order to improve outcome in this condition.
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Ara T, Fujinami Y, Imamura Y, Wang PL. Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Human Gingival Fibroblasts Continuously Produce PGE2. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.17.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wakelin SJ, Forsythe JLR, Garden OJ, Howie SEM. Commercially available recombinant sonic hedgehog up-regulates Ptc and modulates the cytokine and chemokine expression of human macrophages: an effect mediated by endotoxin contamination? Immunobiology 2007; 213:25-38. [PMID: 18207025 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling pathway plays an important role in developmental patterning and proliferation. Recent evidence suggests that Shh also plays a role in the development of the immune system. Here, we demonstrate that components of the Shh signalling pathway are expressed in human macrophages and that the receptor for Shh, Ptc, is up-regulated by a commercially available recombinant preparation of Shh (CArShh). Further, we report that the addition of CArShh up-regulates the production of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, IP-10, MIG and RANTES by macrophages, an effect enhanced by the presence of fetal calf serum in the culture medium. In contrast, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-1b, IL-12 and IL-10 production were not modulated by CArShh and VEGF was minimally up-regulated even in the presence of serum. The up-regulation of these cytokines and chemokines was abrogated by CD14 inhibition and polymixin B, but not reliably inhibited by the specific Shh pathway inhibitor cyclopamine. These results suggest that, although components of the Shh signalling pathway are expressed in macrophages, the modulation of macrophage cytokine and chemokine effector function seen in response to commercially available rShh results from low levels of endotoxin contained within the CArShh preparations employed to explore the effects of Shh in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia J Wakelin
- Immunobiology Group, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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20
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Torisu-Itakura H, Lee JH, Scheri RP, Huynh Y, Ye X, Essner R, Morton DL. Molecular characterization of inflammatory genes in sentinel and nonsentinel nodes in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3125-32. [PMID: 17545514 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of regional node metastasis is important for accurate staging and optimal treatment of early melanoma. We hypothesize that the nodal profile of immunoregulatory cytokines can confirm the identity of the first tumor-draining regional node, i.e., the sentinel node (SN) and indicate its tumor status. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RNA was extracted from freshly dissected and preserved nodal tissue of 13 tumor-negative SNs, 10 tumor-positive SNs (micrometastases <2 mm), and 11 tumor-negative non-SNs (NSN). RNA was converted into cDNA and then amplified by PCR. Expression of 96 cytokines and chemokines was assessed using cDNA microarray and compared by using hierarchical clustering. RESULTS Fifty-seven genes were expressed at significantly (P < 0.05) different levels in SNs and NSNs (4 genes had higher expression, and 53 genes had lower expression in SNs). Expression levels of interleukin-13 (IL-13), leptin, lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbR), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1b (MIP1b) were significantly higher (P < 0.04, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.01, respectively), and expression level of IL-11Ra was lower (P < 0.03) for tumor-positive as compared with tumor-negative SN. Receiver-operator characteristics curve analyses showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for IL-13, leptin, LTbR, MIP1b, and IL-11Ra was 0.79, 0.83, 0.75, 0.81, and 0.77, respectively. The AUC for the five genes in combination was 0.973, suggesting high concordance of gene-expression profiles with SN staging. CONCLUSIONS SNs have a different immunoregulatory cytokine profile than NSNs. The cytokine profile of tumor-positive SNs; increased expression of IL-13, leptin, LTbR, and MIP1b and decreased expression of IL-11Ra, may provide clues to the local tumor lymph node interaction seen in the earliest steps of melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoe Torisu-Itakura
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics , John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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21
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Foster SL, Hargreaves DC, Medzhitov R. Gene-specific control of inflammation by TLR-induced chromatin modifications. Nature 2007; 447:972-8. [PMID: 17538624 DOI: 10.1038/nature05836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 964] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce a multi-component inflammatory response that must be tightly regulated to avoid tissue damage. Most known regulatory mechanisms target TLR signalling pathways and thus broadly inhibit multiple aspects of the inflammatory response. Given the functional diversity of TLR-induced genes, we proposed that additional, gene-specific regulatory mechanisms exist to allow individual aspects of the TLR-induced response to be differentially regulated. Using an in vitro system of lipopolysaccharide tolerance in murine macrophages, we show that TLR-induced genes fall into two categories on the basis of their functions and regulatory requirements. We demonstrate that representatives from the two classes acquire distinct patterns of TLR-induced chromatin modifications. These gene-specific chromatin modifications are associated with transient silencing of one class of genes, which includes pro-inflammatory mediators, and priming of the second class, which includes antimicrobial effectors. These findings illustrate an adaptive response in macrophages and reveal component-specific regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simmie L Foster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06405, USA
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22
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Cho H, Lasco TM, Allen SS, Yoshimura T, McMurray DN. Recombinant guinea pig tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates the expression of interleukin-12 and the inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in macrophages. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1367-76. [PMID: 15731034 PMCID: PMC1064954 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.3.1367-1376.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays an important role in the host immune response to infection with the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is essential for the formation of protective tuberculous granulomas and regulates the expression of other cytokines which contribute to a protective immune response. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is known to promote a Th1 response, which is essential for antimycobacterial resistance. Recombinant guinea pig TNF-alpha (rgpTNF-alpha) protein (17 kDa) was purified, and its bioactivity was confirmed by its cytotoxicity for L929 fibroblasts. High titers of polyclonal anti-gpTNF-alpha antibody were obtained by immunization of rabbits. Resident alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were isolated from guinea pigs and infected with either the H37Ra or H37Rv strain of M. tuberculosis. The mRNA levels for TNF-alpha and IL-12 p40 were measured using real-time PCR. IL-12 p40 mRNA was up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner by rgpTNF-alpha alone. In infected macrophages, a lower dose of rgpTNF-alpha intensified the mRNA levels of TNF-alpha and IL-12 p40. However, higher doses of rgpTNF-alpha suppressed TNF-alpha and IL-12 p40 mRNA. The antimycobacterial activity of macrophages was assessed by metabolic labeling of M. tuberculosis with [3H]uracil. Resident alveolar and peritoneal macrophages treated with anti-gpTNF-alpha antibody to block endogenous TNF-alpha exhibited increased intracellular mycobacterial growth. These data suggest that the dose of TNF-alpha is crucial to the stimulation of optimal expression of protective cytokines and that TNF-alpha contributes to the control of mycobacterial replication to promote host resistance against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosun Cho
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.
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Skwor TA, Cho H, Cassidy C, Yoshimura T, McMurray DN. Recombinant guinea pig CCL5 (RANTES) differentially modulates cytokine production in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:1229-39. [PMID: 15377675 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0704414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5; regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted) is known to recruit and activate leukocytes; however, its role in altering the responses of host cells to a subsequent encounter with a microbial pathogen has rarely been studied. Recombinant guinea pig (rgp)CCL5 was prepared, and its influence on peritoneal and alveolar macrophage activation was examined by measuring cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression in cells stimulated with rgpCCL5 alone or exposed to rgpCCL5 prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Levels of mRNA for guinea pig tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1beta, CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and CXC chemokine ligand 8 (IL-8) were analyzed by reverse transcription followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis using SYBR Green. Bioactive TNF-alpha protein concentration was measured using the L929 bioassay. Both macrophage populations displayed significant enhancement of all the genes and TNF-alpha protein levels when stimulated with rgpCCL5, except for CCL2 in alveolar macrophages. When peritoneal or alveolar macrophages were pretreated with rgpCCL5 for 2 h and then exposed to low concentrations of LPS, diminished cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels were apparent at 6 h compared with LPS alone. At the protein level, there was a reduction in TNF-alpha protein at 6 h in the CCL5-pretreated cells compared with LPS alone. These results further support a role for CCL5 in macrophage activation in addition to chemotactic properties and suggest a role in regulating the inflammatory response to LPS in the guinea pig by modulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Skwor
- Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 407 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.
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Lin SM, Frevert CW, Kajikawa O, Wurfel MM, Ballman K, Mongovin S, Wong VA, Selk A, Martin TR. Differential regulation of membrane CD14 expression and endotoxin-tolerance in alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:162-70. [PMID: 15059784 PMCID: PMC4096031 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0307oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD14 is important in the clearance of bacterial pathogens from lungs. However, the mechanisms that regulate the expression of membrane CD14 (mCD14) on alveolar macrophages (AM) have not been studied in detail. This study examines the regulation of mCD14 on AM exposed to Escherichia coli in vivo and in vitro, and explores the consequences of changes in mCD14 expression. The expression of mCD14 was decreased on AM exposed to E. coli in vivo and AM incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or E. coli in vitro. Polymyxin B abolished LPS effects, but only partially blocked the effects of E. coli. Blockade of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways attenuated LPS and E. coli-induced decrease in mCD14 expression. Inhibition of proteases abrogated the LPS-induced decrease in mCD14 expression on AM and the release of sCD14 into the supernatants, but did not affect the response to E. coli. The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in response to a second challenge with Staphylococcus aureus or zymosan was decreased in AM after incubation with E. coli but not LPS. These studies show that distinct mechanisms regulate the expression of mCD14 and the induction of endotoxin tolerance in AM, and suggest that AM function is impaired at sites of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Min Lin
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the VA Puget Sound Medical Center, and the Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Supported in part by NIH grants GM37696, HL30542
| | - Charles W. Frevert
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the VA Puget Sound Medical Center, and the Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Osamu Kajikawa
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the VA Puget Sound Medical Center, and the Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Mark M. Wurfel
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the VA Puget Sound Medical Center, and the Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Kimberly Ballman
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the VA Puget Sound Medical Center, and the Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Stephen Mongovin
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the VA Puget Sound Medical Center, and the Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Venus A. Wong
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the VA Puget Sound Medical Center, and the Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Amy Selk
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the VA Puget Sound Medical Center, and the Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Thomas R. Martin
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the VA Puget Sound Medical Center, and the Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
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Müller G, Steinbach G, Berndt A, Köhler H. Effects of various applications of lipopolysaccharides on blood parameters of pigs. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2002; 49:429-37. [PMID: 12489711 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2002.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In five experiments, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Escherichia coli O26:B6 and O111:B4 were applied intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intrabronchially in doses of 5000-15,000 U/kg body mass to a total of 47 weaner pigs and compared with the application of sodium chloride. Different parameters of blood cells were investigated, including cell numbers, in vivo interleukin secretion, radical formation, phagocytosis capacity and IL-6 as well as TNFalpha formation ex vivo. Non-specific effects and dependencies on the type of application and LPS dose are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Müller
- Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine, Jena, Germany
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Varma TK, Lin CY, Toliver-Kinsky TE, Sherwood ER. Endotoxin-induced gamma interferon production: contributing cell types and key regulatory factors. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:530-43. [PMID: 11986256 PMCID: PMC119981 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.3.530-543.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is an important mediator of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS])-induced immune responses. However, the specific cell types that produce IFN-gamma in response to LPS and the cellular factors that regulate LPS-induced IFN-gamma production have not been fully determined. The present studies were undertaken to characterize the cell populations that produce IFN-gamma after LPS challenge in the spleens of mice and to determine the regulatory factors that modulate LPS-induced production of IFN-gamma. Our studies show that the levels of splenic IFN-gamma mRNA and protein production peak at 6 and 8 h, respectively, after systemic LPS challenge. Approximately 60% of IFN-gamma-producing cells are natural killer (NK) cells (CD3(-)DX5(+)) and 25% are NKT cells (CD3(+)DX5(+)). Most of the remaining IFN-gamma-producing cells are T cells (CD3(+)DX5(-)), macrophages, and dendritic cells. Functionally, interleukin-12 (IL-12) is the major IFN-gamma-stimulating factor after LPS challenge, with costimulation provided by IL-15, IL-18, and B7 proteins. IL-10 is a major inhibitor of LPS-induced IFN-gamma production. Unlike intact heat-killed gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, the class II major histocompatibility complex did not play a functional role in LPS-induced IFN-gamma production. LPS is a potent stimulus for splenic IL-10, IL-12 p40, and IL-15 mRNA expression, whereas IL-12 p35 and IL-18 mRNAs, as well as B7 proteins, are constitutively expressed in the mouse spleen. Of the factors studied, IL-18 serves as the most potent costimulus with IL-12 for IFN-gamma production, followed by IL-15 and B7 proteins. These data demonstrate that NK cells and NKT cells are the most abundant IFN-gamma-producing cells in the mouse spleen after LPS challenge and that IL-10 and IL-12 are key functional regulators of LPS-induced IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Varma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0591, USA
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Muscato TV, Tedeschi LO, Russell JB. The effect of ruminal fluid preparations on the growth and health of newborn, milk-fed dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:648-56. [PMID: 11949870 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of oral doses of ruminal fluid (RF) on the growth and health of newborn, milk-fed heifer dairy calves (0 to 6 wk of age). Calves given 8 ml of RF each day until weaning gained more weight and had fewer scours than controls that did not receive RF. Because RF that was exposed to oxygen or was autoclaved also gave a response, it is unlikely that the preparations were acting as a probiotic. When the RF was centrifuged to separate the cells (RFC) from the fluid (RFS), both fractions had similar activity, and this result indicated that the response was not nutritional; that is, 1) RFC supplied a small amount of protein (approximately 8 mg/d), but RFS had much less protein, and 2) RFS had volatile fatty acid, but RFC had little if any volatile fatty acid. However, both RFS and RFC had bacterial polysaccharide, and bacterial polysaccharide has strong antigenic properties. In the first three studies, treated calves were given RF preparations each day until weaning (6 wk), but a subsequent experiment indicated that calves given autoclaved RF for only 5 d (d 1 to 5) also had greater body weight gains during the first 2 wk of life and fewer scours than untreated controls. Given that the dosage of RF was small and the material could be autoclaved to prevent disease transmission, RF supplementation could be a practical tool for improving calf health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Muscato
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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28
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Faas MM, Moes H, Fijen JW, Muller Kobold AC, Tulleken JE, Zijlstra JG. Monocyte intracellular cytokine production during human endotoxaemia with or without a second in vitro LPS challenge: effect of RWJ-67657, a p38 MAP-kinase inhibitor, on LPS-hyporesponsiveness. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 127:337-43. [PMID: 11876759 PMCID: PMC1906333 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of RWJ-67657, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, upon in vivo LPS-induced monocyte cytokine production and upon monocyte LPS-hyporesponsiveness. Thirty minutes before a single injection of LPS (4 ng/kg BW), healthy male volunteers received a single oral dose of RWJ-67657 at increasing dosages (0-1400 mg). Blood samples (pre-medication, 3, 6 and 24 h after LPS) were immediately incubated with LPS (reflecting LPS-hyporesponsiveness) or without LPS (reflecting in vivo monocyte stimulation) for 4 h at 37 degrees C. Following red blood cells lysis and white blood cell permeabilization, cells were labelled with alpha-CD14-FITC and alpha-IL-1beta, alpha-IL-12 or alpha-TNFalpha (PE-labelled), fixed, and analysed using flow cytometry. In vivo LPS injection resulted in an increased percentage of circulating monocytes producing IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IL-12 only at 3 h after the LPS injection. This was dose-dependently inhibited by RWJ-67657 treatment. LPS-hyporesponsiveness to in vitro LPS treatment was most prominent at 3 and 6 h after the in vivo LPS injection; compared with pre-medication monocytes, at these intervals a reduced percentage of monocytes produced IL-1beta, TNFalpha or IL-12 after the in vitro LPS stimulus. At t = 6 h, this LPS-hyporesponsiveness could dose-dependently be inhibited by RWJ-67657 treatment of the volunteers. We therefore conclude that p38 MAP kinase inhibition with RWJ-67657 inhibited monocyte production of cytokines following in vivo LPS injection. Treatment with RWJ-67657 also reversed the LPS-hyporesponsiveness. Whether this result can be extended to the clinical situation remains to be elucidated. Patients with sepsis or an otherwise high risk for multi-organ failure are potential study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Faas
- Reproductive Immunology, Medical Biology Branch, Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance was initially described when it was observed that animals survived a lethal dose of bacterial endotoxin if they had been previously treated with a sublethal injection. In animal models, two phases of endotoxin tolerance are described, an early phase associated with altered cellular activation and a late phase associated with the development of specific antibodies against the polysaccharide side chain of Gram-negative organisms. Recently, there has been a tremendous resurgence of interest in the mechanisms responsible for altered responsiveness to bacterial endotoxin. Host immune cells, particularly macrophages and monocytes, that are exposed to endotoxin for 3 to 24 hrs are rendered "tolerant" and manifest a profoundly altered response when rechallenged with bacterial endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide. The "lipopolysaccharide-tolerant" phenotype is characterized by inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor production, altered interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 release, enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 activation, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and impaired nuclear factor-kappaB translocation. Human monocytes and macrophages can be induced to become tolerant, and there is increasing evidence that monocytic cells from patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis have many characteristics of endotoxin tolerance.
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30
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Josse C, Boelaert JR, Best-Belpomme M, Piette J. Importance of post-transcriptional regulation of chemokine genes by oxidative stress. Biochem J 2001; 360:321-33. [PMID: 11716760 PMCID: PMC1222232 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3600321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), is activated by various stimuli including cytokines, radiation, viruses and oxidative stress. Here we show that, although induction with H(2)O(2) gives rise to NF-kappa B nuclear translocation in both lymphocyte (CEM) and monocyte (U937) cells, it leads only to the production of mRNA species encoding interleukin-8 (IL-8) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha in U937 cells. Under similar conditions these mRNA species are not observed in CEM cells. With the use of a transient transfection assay of U937 cells transfected with reporter constructs of the IL-8 promoter and subsequently treated with H(2)O(2), we show that (1) IL-8-promoter-driven transcription is stimulated in both U937 and CEM cells and (2) the NF-kappa B site is crucial for activation because its deletion abolishes activation by H(2)O(2). The production of IL-8 mRNA in U937 cells is inhibited by the NF-kappa B inhibitors clasto-lactacystin-beta-lactone and E-64D (l-3-trans-ethoxycarbonyloxirane-2-carbonyl-L-leucine-3-methyl amide) but requires protein synthesis de novo. Moreover, inhibition of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase also decreases the IL-8 mRNA up-regulation mediated by H(2)O(2). Taken together, these results show the importance of post-transcriptional events controlled by a p38-dependent pathway in the production of IL-8 mRNA in U937. The much lower activation of p38 in CEM cells in response to H(2)O(2) could explain the lack of stabilization of IL-8 mRNA in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Josse
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Pathology B23, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Lehner MD, Morath S, Michelsen KS, Schumann RR, Hartung T. Induction of cross-tolerance by lipopolysaccharide and highly purified lipoteichoic acid via different Toll-like receptors independent of paracrine mediators. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5161-7. [PMID: 11290799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of macrophages to LPS induces a state of hyporesponsiveness to subsequent stimulation with LPS termed LPS desensitization or tolerance. To date, it is not known whether similar mechanisms of macrophage refractoriness are induced on contact with components of Gram-positive bacteria. In the present study, we demonstrate that pretreatment with highly purified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) results in suppression of cytokine release on restimulation with LTA in vitro and in vivo in both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice, but not in macrophages from Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-deficient mice. Furthermore, desensitization in response to LPS or LTA exposure also inhibits responses to the other stimulus ("cross-tolerance"), suggesting that signaling pathways shared by TLR2 and TLR4 are impaired during tolerance. Finally, we show that LPS- or LTA-induced cross-tolerance is not transferred to hyporesponsive cells cocultured with LPS/LTA-responsive macrophages, showing that soluble mediators do not suffice for tolerance induction in neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lehner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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