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Hewezi T. Phytopathogens Reprogram Host Alternative mRNA Splicing. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:173-192. [PMID: 38691872 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-121423-041908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process in eukaryotes in which multiple messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts are produced from a single gene. The concept that AS adds to transcriptome complexity and proteome diversity introduces a new perspective for understanding how phytopathogen-induced alterations in host AS cause diseases. Recently, it has been recognized that AS represents an integral component of the plant immune system during parasitic, commensalistic, and symbiotic interactions. Here, I provide an overview of recent progress detailing the reprogramming of plant AS by phytopathogens and the functional implications on disease phenotypes. Additionally, I discuss the vital function of AS of immune receptors in regulating plant immunity and how phytopathogens use effector proteins to target key components of the splicing machinery and exploit alternatively spliced variants of immune regulators to negate defense responses. Finally, the functional association between AS and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in the context of plant-pathogen interface is recapitulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA;
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Liu F, Cai S, Dai L, Ai N, Feng G, Wang N, Zhang W, Liu K, Zhou B. SR45a plays a key role in enhancing cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae by alternative splicing of immunity genes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:137-152. [PMID: 38569053 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) of pre-mRNAs increases the diversity of transcriptome and proteome and plays fundamental roles in plant development and stress responses. However, the prevalent changes in AS events and the regulating mechanisms of plants in response to pathogens remain largely unknown. Here, we show that AS changes are an important mechanism conferring cotton immunity to Verticillium dahliae (Vd). GauSR45a, encoding a serine/arginine-rich RNA binding protein, was upregulated expression and underwent AS in response to Vd infection in Gossypium australe, a wild diploid cotton species highly resistant to Vd. Silencing GauSR45a substantially reduced the splicing ratio of Vd-induced immune-associated genes, including GauBAK1 (BRI1-associated kinase 1) and GauCERK1 (chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1). GauSR45a binds to the GAAGA motif that is commonly found in the pre-mRNA of genes essential for PTI, ETI, and defense. The binding between GauSR45a and the GAAGA motif in the pre-mRNA of BAK1 was enhanced by two splicing factors of GauU2AF35B and GauU1-70 K, thereby facilitating exon splicing; silencing either AtU2AF35B or AtU1-70 K decreased the resistance to Vd in transgenic GauSR45a Arabidopsis. Overexpressing the short splicing variant of BAK1GauBAK1.1 resulted in enhanced Verticillium wilt resistance rather than the long one GauBAK1.2. Vd-induced far more AS events were in G. barbadense (resistant tetraploid cotton) than those in G. hirsutum (susceptible tetraploid cotton) during Vd infection, indicating resistance divergence in immune responses at a genome-wide scale. We provided evidence showing a fundamental mechanism by which GauSR45a enhances cotton resistance to Vd through global regulation of AS of immunity genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production cosponsored by Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Institue of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology/Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongling Street 50#, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Sheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production cosponsored by Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production cosponsored by Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Nijiang Ai
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi Agricultural Science Research Institute, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoli Feng
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi Agricultural Science Research Institute, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningshan Wang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi Agricultural Science Research Institute, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production cosponsored by Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production cosponsored by Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production cosponsored by Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering Research Center (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Liu Z, Jian Y, Shan L. Disarm resistance: Fungal effectors target WAK alternative splicing variant for virulence. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111939. [PMID: 36640313 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular interactions between pathogen effectors and plant immunity underpin the arms race of disease resistance and susceptibility. In a recently published Cell Reports paper, Zuo et al. reported the mechanistic characterization of Fusarium graminearum CFEM effectors that dampen ZmWAK17-mediated defenses in maize (Zea mays).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yunqing Jian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Tang C, Xu Q, Zhao J, Yue M, Wang J, Wang X, Kang Z, Wang X. A rust fungus effector directly binds plant pre-mRNA splice site to reprogram alternative splicing and suppress host immunity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1167-1181. [PMID: 35247281 PMCID: PMC9129083 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a crucial post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in plant resistance. However, whether and how plant pathogens target splicing in their host remains mostly unknown. For example, although infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), a pathogenic fungus that severely affects the yield of wheat worldwide, has been shown to significantly influence the levels of alternatively spliced transcripts in the host, the mechanisms that govern this process, and its functional consequence have not been examined. Here, we identified Pst_A23 as a new Pst arginine-rich effector that localizes to host nuclear speckles, nuclear regions enriched in splicing factors. We demonstrated that transient expression of Pst_A23 suppresses plant basal defence dependent on the Pst_A23 nuclear speckle localization and that this protein plays an important role in virulence, stable silencing of which improves wheat stripe rust resistance. Remarkably, RNA-Seq data revealed that AS patterns of 588 wheat genes are altered in Pst_A23-overexpressing lines compared to control plants. To further examine the direct relationship between Pst_A23 and AS, we confirmed direct binding between two RNA motifs predicted from these altered splicing sites and Pst_A23 in vitro. The two RNA motifs we chose occur in the cis-element of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53, and we validated that Pst_A23 overexpression results in decreased functional transcripts of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53 while silencing of TaXa21-H and TaWRKY53 impairs wheat resistance to Pst. Overall, this represents formal evidence that plant pathogens produce 'splicing' effectors, which regulate host pre-mRNA splicing by direct engagement of the splicing sites, thereby interfering with host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jinren Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mingxing Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Maillot P, Velt A, Rustenholz C, Butterlin G, Merdinoglu D, Duchêne E. Alternative splicing regulation appears to play a crucial role in grape berry development and is also potentially involved in adaptation responses to the environment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:487. [PMID: 34696712 PMCID: PMC8543832 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing (AS) produces transcript variants playing potential roles in proteome diversification and gene expression regulation. AS modulation is thus essential to respond to developmental and environmental stimuli. In grapevine, a better understanding of berry development is crucial for implementing breeding and viticultural strategies allowing adaptation to climate changes. Although profound changes in gene transcription have been shown to occur in the course of berry ripening, no detailed study on splicing modifications during this period has been published so far. We report here on the regulation of gene AS in developing berries of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties, Gewurztraminer (Gw) and Riesling (Ri), showing distinctive phenotypic characteristics. Using the software rMATS, the transcriptomes of berries at four developmental steps, from the green stage to mid-ripening, were analysed in pairwise comparisons between stages and varieties. RESULTS A total of 305 differential AS (DAS) events, affecting 258 genes, were identified. Interestingly, 22% of these AS events had not been reported before. Among the 80 genes that underwent the most significant variations during ripening, 22 showed a similar splicing profile in Gw and Ri, which suggests their involvement in berry development. Conversely, 23 genes were subjected to splicing regulation in only one variety. In addition, the ratios of alternative isoforms were different in Gw and Ri for 35 other genes, without any change during ripening. This last result indicates substantial AS differences between the two varieties. Remarkably, 8 AS events were specific to one variety, due to the lack of a splice site in the other variety. Furthermore, the transcription rates of the genes affected by stage-dependent splicing regulation were mostly unchanged, identifying AS modulation as an independent way of shaping the transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of AS profiles in grapevine varieties with contrasting phenotypes revealed some similarity in the regulation of several genes with developmental functions, suggesting their involvement in berry ripening. Additionally, many splicing differences were discovered between the two varieties, that could be linked to phenotypic specificities and distinct adaptive capacities. Together, these findings open perspectives for a better understanding of berry development and for the selection of grapevine genotypes adapted to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Maillot
- SVQV, INRAE - University of Strasbourg, 68000, Colmar, France.
- University of Haute Alsace, 68000, Mulhouse, France.
| | - Amandine Velt
- SVQV, INRAE - University of Strasbourg, 68000, Colmar, France
| | | | | | | | - Eric Duchêne
- SVQV, INRAE - University of Strasbourg, 68000, Colmar, France
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Lu M, Feau N, Vidakovic DO, Ukrainetz N, Wong B, Aitken SN, Hamelin RC, Yeaman S. Comparative Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Mechanism of Pinus contorta Response to the Fungal Pathogen Dothistroma septosporum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:397-409. [PMID: 33258711 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0282-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many conifers have distributions that span wide ranges in both biotic and abiotic conditions, but the basis of response to biotic stress has received much less attention than response to abiotic stress. In this study, we investigated the gene expression response of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) to attack by the fungal pathogen Dothistroma septosporum, which causes Dothistroma needle blight, a disease that has caused severe climate-related outbreaks in northwestern British Columbia. We inoculated tolerant and susceptible pines with two D. septosporum isolates and analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differential exon usage, and coexpressed gene modules using RNA-sequencing data. We found a rapid and strong transcriptomic response in tolerant lodgepole pine samples inoculated with one D. septosporum isolate, and a late and weak response in susceptible samples inoculated with another isolate. We mapped 43 of the DEG- or gene module-identified genes to the reference plant-pathogen interaction pathway deposited in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. These genes are present in PAMP-triggered and effector-triggered immunity pathways. Genes comprising pathways and gene modules had signatures of strong selective constraint, while the highly expressed genes in tolerant samples appear to have been favored by selection to counterattack the pathogen. We identified candidate resistance genes that may respond to D. septosporum effectors. Taken together, our results show that gene expression response to D. septosporum infection in lodgepole pine varies both among tree genotypes and pathogen strains and involves both known candidate genes and a number of genes with previously unknown functions.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 507 Campus Drive NW, Calgary, Canada
| | - Nicolas Feau
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Dragana Obreht Vidakovic
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nicholas Ukrainetz
- Forest Improvement and Research Management Branch, Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations & Rural Development, 18793-32nd Ave., Surrey, Canada
| | - Barbara Wong
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand 1030, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Canada
| | - Sally N Aitken
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand 1030, avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Canada
| | - Sam Yeaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 507 Campus Drive NW, Calgary, Canada
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Qin N, Zhang R, Zhang M, Niu Y, Fu S, Wang Y, Wang D, Chen Y, Zhao C, Chen Q, Lu H. Global Profiling of Dynamic Alternative Splicing Modulation in Arabidopsis Root upon Ralstonia solanacearum Infection. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091078. [PMID: 32942673 PMCID: PMC7563316 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is an important mechanism by which eukaryotes regulate transcription and protein diversity. The dynamic changes in AS that occur on a genome-wide scale during interactions between plant roots and pathogens remain unknown. Here, we used the interaction between Arabidopsis and Ralstonia solanacearum as a model to explore the AS changes that take place during the response of roots to infection by means of high-throughput RNA-sequencing. We showed that dynamic changes in AS occur much earlier than changes at the level of transcription during R.solanacearum infection. Comparing genes that are regulated at the transcriptional and AS levels indicated that there are few common genes between differentially spliced genes (DSGs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The functional gene ontology (GO) analysis identified that the enriched GO terms for the DSGs were different from those of the DEGs. The DSGs were over-represented in GO terms associated with post-transcriptional and translational regulations, suggesting that AS may act on RNA stability and during post-translation, thus affecting the output of plant defense molecules. Meanwhile, changes in DSGs were infection stage-specific. Furthermore, the nucleotide binding domain and leucine-rich repeat proteins and receptor-like kinases, key regulators in plant immunity, were shown to undergo dynamic changes in AS in response to R. solanacearum. Taken together, AS, along with transcription, modulates plant root defense to R. solanacearum through transcriptome reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Ruize Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Mancang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Shouyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yisa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dongdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cuizhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Qin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Q.C.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-18829010553 (H.L.)
| | - Haibin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (N.Q.); (R.Z.); (M.Z.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (Y.W.); (D.W.); (Y.C.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Q.C.); (H.L.); Tel.: +86-18829010553 (H.L.)
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Kim JH, Castroverde CDM. Diversity, Function and Regulation of Cell Surface and Intracellular Immune Receptors in Solanaceae. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040434. [PMID: 32244634 PMCID: PMC7238418 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The first layer of the plant immune system comprises plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins and intracellular receptors of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein superfamily. Together, these immune receptors act as a network of surveillance machines in recognizing extracellular and intracellular pathogen invasion-derived molecules, ranging from conserved structural epitopes to virulence-promoting effectors. Successful pathogen recognition leads to physiological and molecular changes in the host plants, which are critical for counteracting and defending against biotic attack. A breadth of significant insights and conceptual advances have been derived from decades of research in various model plant species regarding the structural complexity, functional diversity, and regulatory mechanisms of these plant immune receptors. In this article, we review the current state-of-the-art of how these host surveillance proteins function and how they are regulated. We will focus on the latest progress made in plant species belonging to the Solanaceae family, because of their tremendous importance as model organisms and agriculturally valuable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hum Kim
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.K.); (C.D.M.C.)
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Rigo R, Bazin JRM, Crespi M, Charon CL. Alternative Splicing in the Regulation of Plant-Microbe Interactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1906-1916. [PMID: 31106828 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are continuously exposed to a wide range of biotic interactions. While some biotic interactions are beneficial or even essential for the plant (e.g. rhizobia and mycorrhiza), others such as pathogens are detrimental and require fast adaptation. Plants partially achieve this growth and developmental plasticity by modulating the repertoire of genes they express. In the past few years, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing have revealed that, in addition to transcriptional control of gene expression, post-transcriptional processes, notably alternative splicing (AS), emerged as a key mechanism for gene regulation during plant adaptation to the environment. AS not only can increase proteome diversity by generating multiple transcripts from a single gene but also can reduce gene expression by yielding isoforms degraded by mechanisms such as nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. In this review, we will summarize recent discoveries detailing the contribution of AS to the regulation of plant-microbe interactions, with an emphasis on the modulation of immunity receptor function and other components of the signaling pathways that deal with pathogen responses. We will also discuss emerging evidences that AS could contribute to dynamic reprogramming of the plant transcriptome during beneficial interactions, such as the legume-symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rigo
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jï Rï Mie Bazin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Martin Crespi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Cï Line Charon
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
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10
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Djami-Tchatchou AT, Dubery IA. miR393 regulation of lectin receptor-like kinases associated with LPS perception in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:88-92. [PMID: 30940349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs regulate dynamic aspects of innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to lipopolysaccharides. Lectin-domain receptor-like kinases function as surveillance proteins and miR393 targets transcripts of an L-type LecRK (LECRK-V.7, At3g59740). This study investigated miR393 regulation of LecRLKs associated with LPS perception. Following pre-treatment of wild type -, miR393 ab double mutant - and miR393 overexpressor plants with LPS, the expression of miR393 and two other LecRLK genes (G-type lectin S-receptor-like protein kinases, SD1-13 (At1g11330) and SD1-29 (At1g61380) were evaluated. Overexpression and repression of miR393 respectively suppressed and induced transcripts of the LecRLK genes. The results indicate that miR393 regulates the three LecRLKs following perception of bacterial LPS, in support of immunity and basal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud T Djami-Tchatchou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
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11
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Hu P, Liu J, Xu J, Zhou C, Cao S, Zhou W, Huang Z, Yuan S, Wang X, Xiao J, Zhang R, Wang H, Zhang S, Xing L, Cao A. A malectin-like/leucine-rich repeat receptor protein kinase gene, RLK-V, regulates powdery mildew resistance in wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2561-2574. [PMID: 30030900 PMCID: PMC6637979 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can trigger plant immunity through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In this study, we report that a malectin-like/leucine-rich repeat receptor protein kinase gene, RLK-V, from Haynaldia villosa putatively acts as a PRR to positively regulate powdery mildew resistance caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) in wheat. RLK-V has two alternatively spliced transcripts corresponding to an intact RLK-V1.1 and a truncated RLK-V1.2 caused by intron retention. Expression analysis showed that both transcripts could be up-regulated by Bgt in resistant materials, whereas the functional RLK-V1.1 was expressed only after Bgt inoculation. Promoter activity assays indicated that RLK-V could respond to Bgt even in susceptible wheat. Silencing of RLK-V in Pm21-carrying resistant materials resulted in compromised resistance to Bgt. In addition, over-expression of RLK-V1.1 in Pm21-lacking susceptible Yangmai158 and SM-1 by single-cell transient expression and stable transformation in Yangmai158 could improve powdery mildew resistance. We propose that RLK-V regulates basal resistance to powdery mildew, which is also required for broad-spectrum resistance mediated by the Pm21 gene. Over-expression of RLK-V1.1 could trigger cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, and RLK-V1.1 transgenic wheat accumulated more reactive oxygen species and displayed a stronger hypersensitive response than did the recipient, which led to enhanced Bgt resistance. However, constitutive activation of RLK-V1.1 resulted in the abnormal growth of transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological BreedingHenan Institute of Science and Technology453003China
| | - Jiaqian Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Jiefei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Chuanyu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Shuqi Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Weihao Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Zhenpu Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Sufan Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Xiue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Jin Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Shouzhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Liping Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
| | - Aizhong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementCytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC‐MCPNanjing210095China
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Characterization of a splice variant of soybean ERECTA devoid of an intracellular kinase domain in response to shade stress. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-1035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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