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Wong J, Yeung YY. Solvent and catalyst-free bromofunctionalization of olefins using a mechanochemical approach. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13564-13570. [PMID: 35423890 PMCID: PMC8697521 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01816g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bromofunctionalizations of olefins are an important class of chemical transformations. N-Bromoimide reagents are commonly used in these reactions but catalysts and chlorinated solvents are often employed to achieve a reasonable reaction rate. In this report, we present a solvent and catalyst-free bromofunctionalization of olefins using mechanical force. Efficient bromofunctionalization of olefins including bromolactonization, bromocycloetherification, and intermolecular bromoesterification were achieved under solvent and catalyst-free conditions using a mechanochemical approach.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wong
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Ying-Yeung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
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Abstract
Intermolecular haloesterification is an important class of transformations. The resulting products are valuable building blocks. However, it is often necessary to use super-stoichiometric amount of acid in order to compensate the low reactivity. Herein, we report a zwitterion-catalyzed intermolecular bromoesterification using acid and olefin in an equimolar ratio. Mechanistic study revealed that the charge pair in the zwitterion works synergistically in activating both NBS and carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hin Ng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rong-Bin Hu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Pong Lam
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Yeung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Cresswell AJ, Eey STC, Denmark SE. Catalytic, Stereoselective Dihalogenation of Alkenes: Challenges and Opportunities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15642-82. [PMID: 26630449 PMCID: PMC5072131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although recent years have witnessed significant advances in the development of catalytic, enantioselective halofunctionalizations of alkenes, the related dihalogenation of olefins to afford enantioenriched vicinal dihalide products remains comparatively underdeveloped. However, the growing number of complex natural products bearing halogen atoms at stereogenic centers has underscored this critical gap in the synthetic chemist's arsenal. This Review highlights the selectivity challenges inherent in the design of enantioselective dihalogenation processes, and formulates a mechanism-based classification of alkene dihalogenations, including those that may circumvent the "classical" haliranium (or alkene-dihalogen π-complex) intermediates. A variety of metal and main group halide reagents that have been used for the dichlorination or dibromination of alkenes are discussed, and the proposed mechanisms of these transformations are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley T-C Eey
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Scott E Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA) http://www.scs.illinois.edu/denmark.
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Katalytische stereoselektive Dihalogenierung von Alkenen: Herausforderungen und Chancen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Dunkelblum E. Addition Reactions to Methylenecyclopropanes II: Electrophilic Additions of Diphenylmethylenecyclopropane. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wang Z, Zhang Z, Yao Q, Liu X, Cai Y, Lin L, Feng X. Highly Stereoselective Conjugate Addition and α-Alkynylation Reaction with Electron-Deficient Alkynes Catalyzed by Chiral Scandium(III) Complexes. Chemistry 2013; 19:8591-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Brooner REM, Widenhoefer RA. Stereochemistry and mechanism of the Brønsted acid catalyzed intramolecular hydrofunctionalization of an unactivated cyclic alkene. Chemistry 2011; 17:6170-8. [PMID: 21506179 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Through employment of deuterium-labeled substrates, the triflic acid catalyzed intramolecular exo addition of the X-H(D) (X=N, O) bond of a sulfonamide, alcohol, or carboxylic acid across the C=C bond of a pendant cyclohexene moiety was found to occur, in each case, with exclusive formation (≥90%) of the anti-addition product without loss or scrambling of deuterium as determined by (1)H and (2)H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analysis. Kinetic analysis of the triflic-acid-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination of N-(2-cyclohex-2'-enyl-2,2-diphenylethyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide (1a) established the second-order rate law: rate=k(2)[HOTf][1a] and the activation parameters ΔH(++)=(9.7±0.5) kcal mol(-1) and ΔS(++)=(-35±5) cal K(-1) mol(-1). An inverse α-secondary kinetic isotope effect of k(D)/k(H) =(1.15±0.03) was observed upon deuteration of the C2' position of 1a, consistent with partial C-N bond formation in the highest energy transition state of catalytic hydroamination. The results of these studies were consistent with a mechanism for the intramolecular hydroamination of 1a involving concerted, intermolecular proton transfer from an N-protonated sulfonamide to the alkenyl C3' position of 1a coupled with intramolecular anti addition of the pendant sulfonamide nitrogen atom to the alkenyl C2' position.
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Skorobogatova EV, Kartashov VR. Reactions of thiocyanogen and thiocyanogen halides with unsaturated compounds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1998v067n05abeh000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kartashov VR, Skorobogatova EV, Zefirov NS. Reactions of cyclopropene derivatives with electrophiles. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1993v062n10abeh000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abu-yousef IA, Harpp DN. New Sulfenyl Chloride Chemistry: Synthesis, Reactions and Mechanisms Toward Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/01961770308047977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Easton CJ, Edwards AJ, McNabb SB, Merrett MC, O'Connell JL, Simpson GW, Simpson JS, Willis AC. Allylic halogenation of unsaturated amino acids. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:2492-8. [PMID: 12956066 DOI: 10.1039/b303719c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of dehydro amino acid derivatives has been prepared and subjected to halogenation using either molecular bromine or chlorine, or NBS. Allylic halogenation of the unsaturated amino acid side chains occurs through radical bromination with NBS. The procedure is complementary to treatment with chlorine, which also affords allyl halides. This latter and unusual reaction is shown through a deuterium labelling study to proceed via an ionic mechanism. The choice of NBS or chlorine for allyl halide synthesis is shown to depend on the potential to avoid competing reactions, such as halolactonization of leucine derivatives with chlorine, and hydrogen abstraction and bromine incorporation at multiple sites on treatment of isoleucine derivatives with NBS. The synthetic utility of the allyl halides prepared in this study is indicated through the synthesis of a cyclopropyl amino acid derivative and the extension of the carbon skeleton of an amino acid side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Easton
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Dijs IJ, van Ochten HL, van Walree CA, Geus JW, Jenneskens LW. Alkyl sulphonic acid surface-functionalised silica as heterogeneous acid catalyst in the solvent-free liquid-phase addition of acetic acid to camphene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(02)00334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Oki M, Hirose T, Maeda K, Yanagawa M, Kataoka Y, Kojima H, Morita N, Toyota S. Reactions ofap- andsp-1-(9-Fluorenyl)-2-(1-methylethenyl)naphthalene Rotamers with Bromine Chloride or Iodine Chloride and Unusual Populations of the Corresponding 1-(9-Fluorenyl)-2-[(E)-2-halo-1-methylethenyl]naphthalene Rotamers. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.70.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Heterocyclic routes to polysubstituted cyclopentanes: Molecular modelling of electrophilic additions to di- and trisubstituted cyclopentenes. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)01116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Remote substituent effect on the electrophilic additions of 1,3-dienes. Synthesis of (2R)-5-(acetoxymethyl)-2-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-10-methoxynaphthacene-2,12-diyl diacetate. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Functionalization of alkenes by polyfluorinated α,β-unsaturated sulfenyl chlorides: reactions of 2-chloroperfluoro-1-cyclohexenesulfenyl chloride-1 with activated olefins. J Fluor Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(00)80852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ager DJ, East MB. Methodology to establish 1,2- and 1,3-difunctionality for the synthesis of carbohydrate derivates. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)90970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The synthesis of rigid norbornylogs for the purpose of studying orbital interactions through bonds. Tetrahedron 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fluorination with caesium fluoroxysulphate. Room temperuture flourination of phenyl substituted olefins. Tetrahedron 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kawaguchi H, Loeffler P, Vogl O. Head-to-head polymers: 33. Bromination of cis-1,4-polybutadiene to head-to-head poly(vinyl bromide). POLYMER 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(85)90263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Beck K, Höhn A, Hünig S, Prokschy F. Azobrücken aus Azinen, I. Isopyrazole als elektronenarme Diene zur Synthese von 2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19841170209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kawaguchi H, Sumida Y, Muggee J, Vogl O. Head-to-head polymers: 19. Chlorination of cis-1,4-polybutadiene. POLYMER 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(82)90126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Verniette M, Daremon C, Simonet J. Chloration anodique de liaisons insaturees en solvants nucleophiles - comportement des derives ethyleniques et acetyleniques. Electrochim Acta 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(78)87017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Staab HA, Wittig CM, Naab P. Polare Bromwasserstoff-Addition an Olefine, I. Bromwasserstoff-Addition an 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,4-dihydronaphthalin: Synthesen von Ausgangs- und Reaktionsprodukten; Produktbilanz und sterischer Verlauf der Reaktion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19781110826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gregorčič A, Zupan M. Halofluorination of norbornadiene. Evidence for endo and exo attack by electrophiles. Tetrahedron 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(77)80144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wilson MA. Mechanisms of addition -1; The addition of bromine and bromine acetate to some para-substituted cinnamates in acetic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)72638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ibusuki T, Saito Y. Determination of the stereochemistry of ethylene methoxymercuration by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Organomet Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)89958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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