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Caffrey BJ, Pedrazo-Tardajos A, Liberti E, Gaunt B, Kim JS, Kirkland AI. Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy of Bacterial Ultrastructure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402871. [PMID: 39239997 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in liquid phase scanning transmission electron microscopy (LP-STEM) have enabled the study of dynamic biological processes at nanometer resolutions, paving the way for live-cell imaging using electron microscopy. However, this technique is often hampered by the inherent thickness of whole cell samples and damage from electron beam irradiation. These restrictions degrade image quality and resolution, impeding biological interpretation. Using graphene encapsulation, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to mitigate these issues provides unprecedented levels of intracellular detail in aqueous specimens. This study demonstrates the potential of LP-STEM to examine and identify internal cellular structures in thick biological samples. Specifically, it highlights the use of LP-STEM to investigate the radiation resistant, gram-positive bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans using various imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Caffrey
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 OQX, UK
| | - Adrián Pedrazo-Tardajos
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 OQX, UK
| | - Emanuela Liberti
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 OQX, UK
| | - Benjamin Gaunt
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 OQX, UK
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Judy S Kim
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 OQX, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 OQX, UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
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2
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Strobel KR, Schlegel M, Jain M, Kretschmer S, Krasheninnikov AV, Meyer JC. Temperature-dependence of beam-driven dynamics in graphene-fullerene sandwiches. Micron 2024; 184:103666. [PMID: 38850966 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
C60 fullerenes encapsulated between graphene sheets were investigated by aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy at different temperatures, namely about 93 K, 293 K and 733 K, and by molecular dynamics simulations. We studied beam-induced dynamics of the C60 fullerenes and the encapsulating graphene, measured the critical doses for the initial damage to the fullerenes and followed the beam-induced polymerization. We find that, while the doses for the initial damage do not strongly depend on temperature, the clusters formed by the subsequent polymerization are more tubular at lower temperatures, while sheet-like structures are generated at higher temperatures. The experimental findings are supported by the results of first-principles and analytical potential molecular dynamics simulations. The merging of curved carbon sheets is clearly promoted at higher temperatures and proceeds at once over few-nm segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Strobel
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen 72770, Germany.
| | - Michael Schlegel
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Mitisha Jain
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Silvan Kretschmer
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Jannik C Meyer
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Applied Physics, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, Tübingen 72076, Germany; NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen 72770, Germany.
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Smith JW, Carnevale LN, Das A, Chen Q. Electron videography of a lipid-protein tango. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk0217. [PMID: 38630809 PMCID: PMC11023515 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Biological phenomena, from enzymatic catalysis to synaptic transmission, originate in the structural transformations of biomolecules and biomolecular assemblies in liquid water. However, directly imaging these nanoscopic dynamics without probes or labels has been a fundamental methodological challenge. Here, we developed an approach for "electron videography"-combining liquid phase electron microscopy with molecular modeling-with which we filmed the nanoscale structural fluctuations of individual, suspended, and unlabeled membrane protein nanodiscs in liquid. Systematic comparisons with biochemical data and simulation indicate the graphene encapsulation involved can afford sufficiently reduced effects of the illuminating electron beam for these observations to yield quantitative fingerprints of nanoscale lipid-protein interactions. Our results suggest that lipid-protein interactions delineate dynamically modified membrane domains across unexpectedly long ranges. Moreover, they contribute to the molecular mechanics of the nanodisc as a whole in a manner specific to the protein within. Overall, this work illustrates an experimental approach to film, quantify, and understand biomolecular dynamics at the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lauren N. Carnevale
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Aditi Das
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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4
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Shafiee S, Hong W, Lucas J, Khampang P, Runge CL, Wells C, Yan K, Kerschner JE, Joshi A. In vivo biodistribution and ototoxicity assessment of cationic liposomal-ceftriaxone via noninvasive trans-tympanic delivery in chinchilla models: Implications for otitis media therapy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 178:111894. [PMID: 38350381 PMCID: PMC10939715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2024.111894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report the in vivo biodistribution and ototoxicity of cationic liposomal-ceftriaxone (CFX) delivered via ear drop formulation in adult chinchilla. METHODS CFX was encapsulated in liposomes with size of ∼100 nm and surface charge of +20 mV. 100 μl liposomes or free drug was applied twice daily in both external ear canals of adult chinchillas for either 3 or 10 days. Study groups included free ceftriaxone (CFX, Day 3: n = 4, Day 10: n = 8), liposomal ceftriaxone (CFX-Lipo, Day 3: n = 4, Day 10: n = 8), and a systemic control group (Day 3: n = 4, Day 10: n = 4). Ceftriaxone delivery to the middle ear and systemic circulation was quantified by HPLC assays. Liposome transport was visualized via confocal microscopy. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests and cochlear histology were used to assess ototoxicity. RESULTS Liposomal ceftriaxone (CFX-Lipo) displayed a ∼658-fold increase in drug delivery efficiency in the middle ear relative to the free CFX (8.548 ± 0.4638% vs. 0.013 ± 0.0009%, %Injected dose, Mean ± SEM). CFX measured in blood serum (48.2 ± 7.78 ng/ml) following CFX-Lipo treatment in ear was 41-fold lower compared to systemic free-CFX treatment (1990.7 ± 617.34 ng/ml). ABR tests and histological analysis indicated no ototoxicity due to the treatment. CONCLUSION Cationic liposomal encapsulation results in potent drug delivery across the tympanic membrane to the middle ear with minimal systemic exposure and no ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Shafiee
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christina L Runge
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Clive Wells
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Pediatrics Quantitative Health Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Amit Joshi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Sun Y, Zhang X, Huang R, Yang D, Kim J, Chen J, Ang EH, Li M, Li L, Song X. Revealing microscopic dynamics: in situ liquid-phase TEM for live observations of soft materials and quantitative analysis via deep learning. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2945-2954. [PMID: 38236129 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04480g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In various domains spanning materials synthesis, chemical catalysis, life sciences, and energy materials, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods exert a profound influence. These methodologies enable the real-time observation and manipulation of gas-phase and liquid-phase reactions at the nanoscale, facilitating the exploration of pivotal reaction mechanisms. Fundamental research areas like crystal nucleation, growth, etching, and self-assembly have greatly benefited from these techniques. Additionally, their applications extend across diverse fields such as catalysis, batteries, bioimaging, and drug delivery kinetics. However, the intricate nature of 'soft matter' presents a challenge due to the unique molecular properties and dynamic behavior of these substances that remain insufficiently understood. Investigating soft matter within in situ liquid-phase TEM settings demands further exploration and advancement compared to other research domains. This research harnesses the potential of in situ liquid-phase TEM technology while integrating deep learning methodologies to comprehensively analyze the quantitative aspects of soft matter dynamics. This study centers on diverse phenomena, encompassing surfactant molecule nucleation, block copolymer behavior, confinement-driven self-assembly, and drying processes. Furthermore, deep learning techniques are employed to precisely analyze Ostwald ripening and digestive ripening dynamics. The outcomes of this study not only deepen the understanding of soft matter at its fundamental level but also serve as a pivotal foundation for developing innovative functional materials and cutting-edge devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sun
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Rui Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui Province, 230009, China.
| | - Dahai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui Province, 230009, China.
| | - Juyeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Junhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui Province, 230009, China.
| | - Edison Huixiang Ang
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Mufan Li
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, the College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Pecking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lin Li
- Beijing Shunce Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xiaohui Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui Province, 230009, China.
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6
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DiCecco LA, Gao R, Gray JL, Kelly DF, Sone ED, Grandfield K. Liquid Transmission Electron Microscopy for Probing Collagen Biomineralization. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9760-9768. [PMID: 37669509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Collagen biomineralization is fundamental to hard tissue assembly. While studied extensively, collagen mineralization processes are not fully understood, with the majority of theories derived from electron microscopy (EM) under static, dehydrated, or frozen conditions, unlike the liquid phase environment where mineralization occurs. Herein, novel liquid transmission EM (TEM) strategies are presented, in which collagen mineralization was explored in liquid for the first time via TEM. Custom thin-film enclosures were employed to visualize the mineralization of reconstituted collagen fibrils in a calcium phosphate and polyaspartic acid solution to promote intrafibrillar mineralization. TEM highlighted that at early time points precursor mineral particles attached to collagen and progressed to crystalline mineral platelets aligned with fibrils at later time points. This aligns with observations from other techniques and validates the liquid TEM approach. This work provides a new liquid imaging approach for exploring collagen biomineralization, advancing toward understanding disease pathogenesis and remineralization strategies for hard tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza-Anastasia DiCecco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4400, United States
| | - Ruixin Gao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gray
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Deborah F Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-4400, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Eli D Sone
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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7
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Chen A, Dissanayake TU, Sun J, Woehl TJ. Unraveling chemical processes during nanoparticle synthesis with liquid phase electron microscopy and correlative techniques. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12830-12846. [PMID: 37807847 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) has enabled unprecedented direct real time imaging of physicochemical processes during solution phase synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. LPTEM primarily provides images of nanometer scale, and sometimes atomic scale, metal nanoparticle crystallization processes, but provides little chemical information about organic surface ligands, metal-ligand complexes and reaction intermediates, and redox reactions. Likewise, complex electron beam-solvent interactions during LPTEM make it challenging to pinpoint the chemical processes, some involving exotic highly reactive radicals, impacting nanoparticle formation. Pairing LPTEM with correlative solution synthesis, ex situ chemical analysis, and theoretical modeling represents a powerful approach to gain a holistic understanding of the chemical processes involved in nanoparticle synthesis. In this feature article, we review recent work by our lab and others that has focused on elucidating chemical processes during nanoparticle synthesis using LPTEM and correlative chemical characterization and modeling, including mass and optical spectrometry, fluorescence microscopy, solution chemistry, and reaction kinetic modeling. In particular, we show how these approaches enable investigating redox chemistry during LPTEM, polymeric and organic capping ligands, metal deposition mechanisms on plasmonic nanoparticles, metal clusters and complexes, and multimetallic nanoparticle formation. Future avenues of research are discussed, including moving beyond electron beam induced nanoparticle formation by using light and thermal stimuli during LPTEM. We discuss prospects for real time LPTEM imaging and online chemical analysis of reaction intermediates using microfluidic flow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Thilini U Dissanayake
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Jiayue Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Taylor J Woehl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Acosta S, Ojeda-Galván HJ, Quintana M. 2D materials towards energy conversion processes in nanofluidics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24264-24277. [PMID: 37671413 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00702b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically assembled 2D material membranes are extremely promising platforms for energy conversion processes in nanofluidics. In this perspective, we discuss recent advances in the production of smart 2D material membranes that come close to mimicking biological energy conversion processes and how these efforts translate into the design of water purification systems, artificial photosynthesis, and solar energy conversion devices. As we depict here, 2D material membranes synergistically modulate the intrinsic active sites (nanopores), electron transport, mass transfer, and mechanical and chemical stability aiming at cost-effective and highly efficient smart membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Acosta
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - H Joazet Ojeda-Galván
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mildred Quintana
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78000, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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9
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Ellepola K, Bhatt L, Chen L, Han C, Jahanbazi F, Klie RF, Lagunas Vargas F, Mao Y, Novakovsky K, Sapkota B, Pesavento RP. Nanoceria Aggregate Formulation Promotes Buffer Stability, Cell Clustering, and Reduction of Adherent Biofilm in Streptococcus mutans. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4686-4697. [PMID: 37450411 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is one of the key etiological factors in tooth-borne biofilm development that leads to dental caries in the presence of fermentable sugars. We previously reported on the ability of acid-stabilized nanoceria (CeO2-NP) produced by the hydrolysis of ceric salts to limit biofilm adherence of S. mutans via non-bactericidal mechanism(s). Herein, we report a chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) formulation (CeO2-NP-CSA) comprising nanoceria aggregates that promotes resistance to bulk precipitation under a range of conditions with retention of the biofilm-inhibiting activity, allowing for a more thorough mechanistic study of its bioactivity. The principal mechanism of reduced in vitro biofilm adherence of S. mutans by CeO2-NP-CSA is the production of nonadherent cell clusters. Additionally, dose-dependent in vitro human cell toxicity studies demonstrated no additional toxicity beyond that of equimolar doses of sodium fluoride, currently utilized in many oral health products. This study represents a unique approach and use of a nanoceria aggregate formulation with implications for promoting oral health and dental caries prevention as an adjunctive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassapa Ellepola
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- The Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Lopa Bhatt
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Chen Han
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Forough Jahanbazi
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Francisco Lagunas Vargas
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yuanbing Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Kirill Novakovsky
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- The Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Bibash Sapkota
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Russell P Pesavento
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- The Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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10
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Ma H, Kang S, Lee S, Park G, Bae Y, Park G, Kim J, Li S, Baek H, Kim H, Yu JS, Lee H, Park J, Yang J. Moisture-Induced Degradation of Quantum-Sized Semiconductor Nanocrystals through Amorphous Intermediates. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37399231 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the water-induced degradation mechanism of quantum-sized semiconductor nanocrystals is an important prerequisite for their practical application because they are vulnerable to moisture compared to their bulk counterparts. In-situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy is a desired method for studying nanocrystal degradation, and it has recently gained technical advancement. Herein, the moisture-induced degradation of semiconductor nanocrystals is investigated using graphene double-liquid-layer cells that can control the initiation of reactions. Crystalline and noncrystalline domains of quantum-sized CdS nanorods are clearly distinguished during their decomposition with atomic-scale imaging capability of the developed liquid cells. The results reveal that the decomposition process is mediated by the involvement of the amorphous-phase formation, which is different from conventional nanocrystal etching. The reaction can proceed without the electron beam, suggesting that the amorphous-phase-mediated decomposition is induced by water. Our study discloses unexplored aspects of moisture-induced deformation pathways of semiconductor nanocrystals, involving amorphous intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjong Ma
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Lee
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Gisang Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Bae
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuri Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Baek
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongseung Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sung Yu
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Energy Science and Engineering Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonkyung Lee
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Energy Science and Engineering Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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11
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Hirokawa S, Teshima H, Solís-Fernández P, Ago H, Li QY, Takahashi K. Random but limited pressure of graphene liquid cells. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 250:113747. [PMID: 37104983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Even though many researchers have used graphene liquid cells for atomic-resolution observation of liquid samples in the last decade, no one has yet simultaneously measured their three-dimensional shape and pressure. In this study, we have done so with an atomic force microscope, for cells with base radii of 20-134 nm and height of 3.9-21.2 nm. Their inner pressure ranged from 1.0 to 63 MPa but the maximum value decreased as the base radius increased. We discuss the mechanism that results in this inverse relationship by introducing an adhesive force between the graphene membranes. Also, the sample preparation procedure used in this experiment is highly reproducible and transferable to a wide variety of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Hirokawa
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideaki Teshima
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Pablo Solís-Fernández
- Global Innovation Center, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ago
- Global Innovation Center, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Qin-Yi Li
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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12
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Phakatkar AH, Yurkiv V, Ghildiyal P, Wang Y, Amiri A, Sorokina LV, Zachariah MR, Shokuhfar T, Shahbazian-Yassar R. In Situ Microscopic Studies on the Interaction of Multi-Principal Element Nanoparticles and Bacteria. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5880-5893. [PMID: 36921123 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi-principal element nanoparticles are an emerging class of materials with potential applications in medicine and biology. However, it is not known how such nanoparticles interact with bacteria at nanoscale. In the present work, we evaluated the interaction of multi-principal elemental alloy (FeNiCu) nanoparticles with Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria using the in situ graphene liquid cell (GLC) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) approach. The imaging revealed the details of bacteria wall damage in the vicinity of nanoparticles. The chemical mappings of S, P, O, N, C, and Cl elements confirmed the cytoplasmic leakage of the bacteria. Our results show that there is selective release of metal ions from the nanoparticles. The release of copper ions was much higher than that for nickel while the iron release was the lowest. In addition, the binding affinity of bacterial cell membrane protein functional groups with Cu, Ni, and Fe cations is found to be the driving force behind the selective metal cations' release from the multi-principal element nanoparticles. The protein functional groups driven dissolution of multielement nanoparticles was evaluated using the density functional theory (DFT) computational method, which confirmed that the energy required to remove Cu atoms from the nanoparticle surface was the least in comparison with those for Ni and Fe atoms. The DFT results support the experimental data, indicating that the energy to dissolve metal atoms exposed to oxidation and/or the to presence of oxygen atoms at the surface of the nanoparticle catalyzes metal removal from the multielement nanoparticle. The study shows the potential of compositional design of multi-principal element nanoparticles for the controlled release of metal ions to develop antibacterial strategies. In addition, GLC-STEM is a promising approach for understanding the nanoscale interaction of metallic nanoparticles with biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit H Phakatkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Vitaliy Yurkiv
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Pankaj Ghildiyal
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Azadeh Amiri
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Lioudmila V Sorokina
- Department of Civil, Materials, and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Michael R Zachariah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Tolou Shokuhfar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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13
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Crook MF, Moreno-Hernandez IA, Ondry JC, Ciston J, Bustillo KC, Vargas A, Alivisatos AP. EELS Studies of Cerium Electrolyte Reveal Substantial Solute Concentration Effects in Graphene Liquid Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6648-6657. [PMID: 36939571 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy is a powerful technique to visualize nanoscale dynamics and transformations at atomic resolution. However, the solution in liquid cells is known to be affected by radiolysis, and the stochastic formation of graphene liquid cells raises questions about the solution chemistry in individual pockets. In this study, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was used to evaluate a model encapsulated solution, aqueous CeCl3. First, the ratio between the O K-edge and Ce M-edge was used to approximate the concentration of cerium salt in the graphene liquid cell. It was determined that the ratio between oxygen and cerium was orders of magnitude lower than what is expected for a dilute solution, indicating that the encapsulated solution is highly concentrated. To probe how this affects the chemistry within graphene liquid cells, the oxidation of Ce3+ was measured using time-resolved parallel EELS. It was determined that Ce3+ oxidizes faster under high electron fluxes, but reaches the same steady-state Ce4+ concentration regardless of flux. The time-resolved concentration profiles enabled direct comparison to radiolysis models, which indicate rate constants and g-values of certain molecular species are substantially different in the highly concentrated environment. Finally, electron flux-dependent gold nanocrystal etching trajectories showed that gold nanocrystals etch faster at higher electron fluxes, correlating well with the Ce3+ oxidation kinetics. Understanding the effects of the highly concentrated solution in graphene liquid cells will provide new insight on previous studies and may open up opportunities to systematically study systems in highly concentrated solutions at high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle F Crook
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ivan A Moreno-Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alfred Vargas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Fei Y, Tong T, Bao J, Hu YH. In Situ Observation of Electron-Beam-Induced NaH Decomposition in Graphene Nanoreactors by Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1-8. [PMID: 36562535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sodium hydride (NaH) was unprecedently embedded inside graphene nanobubbles via the discovered reaction between NaH and CO. With the graphene nanobubble as a nanoreactor for NaH, we directly observed the electron-beam-induced decomposition process of graphene-covered NaH by in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry and electron energy loss spectroscopy, revealing its decomposition mechanism. This can provide guidance for the design of hydrogen storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Fei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan49931, United States
| | - Tian Tong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, Texas77204, United States
| | - Jiming Bao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity (TcSUH), University of Houston, Houston, Texas77204, United States
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan49931, United States
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15
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Wang H, Xu Z, Mao S, Granick S. Experimental Guidelines to Image Transient Single-Molecule Events Using Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18526-18537. [PMID: 36256532 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In quest of the holy grail to "see" how individual molecules interact in liquid environments, single-molecule imaging methods now include liquid-phase electron microscopy, whose resolution can be nanometers in space and several frames per second in time using an ordinary electron microscope that is routinely available to many researchers. However, with the current state of the art, protocols that sound similar to those described in the literature lead to outcomes that can differ. The key challenge is to achieve sample contrast under a safe electron dose within a frame rate adequate to capture the molecular process. Here, we present such examples from different systems─synthetic polymer, lipid assembly, DNA-enzyme─in which we have done this using graphene liquid cells. We describe detailed experimental procedures and share empirical experience for conducting successful experiments, starting from fabrication of a graphene liquid cell, to identification of high-quality liquid pockets from desirable shapes and sizes, to effective searching for target sample pockets under electron microscopy, and to discrimination of sample molecules and molecular processes of interest. These experimental tips can assist others who wish to make use of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Spectroscopy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Mao
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea, 44919
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea 44919
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16
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Electronic interactions and stability issues at the copper-graphene interface in air and in alkaline solution under electrochemical control. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Nugroho FAA, Świtlik D, Armanious A, O’Reilly P, Darmadi I, Nilsson S, Zhdanov VP, Höök F, Antosiewicz TJ, Langhammer C. Time-Resolved Thickness and Shape-Change Quantification using a Dual-Band Nanoplasmonic Ruler with Sub-Nanometer Resolution. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15814-15826. [PMID: 36083800 PMCID: PMC9620406 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved measurements of changes in the size and shape of nanobiological objects and layers are crucial to understand their properties and optimize their performance. Optical sensing is particularly attractive with high throughput and sensitivity, and label-free operation. However, most state-of-the-art solutions require intricate modeling or multiparameter measurements to disentangle conformational or thickness changes of biomolecular layers from complex interfacial refractive index variations. Here, we present a dual-band nanoplasmonic ruler comprising mixed arrays of plasmonic nanoparticles with spectrally separated resonance peaks. As electrodynamic simulations and model experiments show, the ruler enables real-time simultaneous measurements of thickness and refractive index variations in uniform and heterogeneous layers with sub-nanometer resolution. Additionally, nanostructure shape changes can be tracked, as demonstrated by quantifying the degree of lipid vesicle deformation at the critical coverage prior to rupture and supported lipid bilayer formation. In a broader context, the presented nanofabrication approach constitutes a generic route for multimodal nanoplasmonic optical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan
1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department
of Physics, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Dominika Świtlik
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antonius Armanious
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Padraic O’Reilly
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Iwan Darmadi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sara Nilsson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Vladimir P. Zhdanov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Boreskov
Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tomasz J. Antosiewicz
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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18
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Bultema LA, Bücker R, Schulz EC, Tellkamp F, Gonschior J, Miller RD, Kassier GH. The effect of secondary electrons on radiolysis as observed by in liquid TEM: The role of window material and electrical bias. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 240:113579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Shalom BO, Andrés MA, Yu Y, Head AR, Eren B. Electrochemically controlled solid liquid interfaces probed with lab-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Arble C, Guo H, Matruglio A, Gianoncelli A, Vaccari L, Birarda G, Kolmakov A. Addressable graphene encapsulation of wet specimens on a chip for optical, electron, infrared and X-ray based spectromicroscopy studies. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4618-4628. [PMID: 34679149 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00440a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Label-free spectromicroscopy methods offer the capability to examine complex cellular phenomena. Electron and X-ray based spectromicroscopy methods, though powerful, have been hard to implement with hydrated objects due to the vacuum incompatibility of the samples and due to the parasitic signals from (or drastic attenuation by) the liquid matrix surrounding the biological object of interest. Similarly, for many techniques that operate at ambient pressure, such as Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy (FTIRM), the aqueous environment imposes severe limitations due to the strong absorption of liquid water in the infrared regime. Here we propose a microfabricated multi-compartmental and reusable hydrated sample platform suitable for use with several analytical techniques, which employs the conformal encapsulation of biological specimens by a few layers of atomically thin graphene. Such an electron, X-ray, and infrared transparent, molecularly impermeable and mechanically robust enclosure preserves the hydrated environment around the object for a sufficient time to allow in situ examination of hydrated bio-objects with techniques operating under both ambient and high vacuum conditions. An additional hydration source, provided by hydrogel pads lithographically patterned in the liquid state near/around the specimen and co-encapsulated, has been added to further extend the hydration lifetime. Note that the in-liquid lithographic electron beam-induced gelation procedure allows for addressable capture and immobilization of the biological cells from the solution. Scanning electron microscopy and optical fluorescence microscopy, as well as synchrotron radiation based FTIR and X-ray fluorescence microscopy, have been used to test the applicability of the platform and for its validation with yeast, A549 human carcinoma lung cells and micropatterned gels as biological object phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Arble
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Hongxuan Guo
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China
| | - Alessia Matruglio
- CERIC-ERIC (Central European Research Infrastructure Consortium), S.S. 14 Km 163,4 in Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, S.S. 14 Km 163,4 in Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, S.S. 14 Km 163,4 in Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Birarda
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, S.S. 14 Km 163,4 in Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrei Kolmakov
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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21
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Kidambi PR, Chaturvedi P, Moehring NK. Subatomic species transport through atomically thin membranes: Present and future applications. Science 2021; 374:eabd7687. [PMID: 34735245 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Piran R Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Material Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavan Chaturvedi
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nicole K Moehring
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Material Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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22
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Jokisaari JR, Hu X, Mukherjee A, Uskoković V, Klie RF. Hydroxyapatite as a scavenger of reactive radiolysis species in graphene liquid cells for in situelectron microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:485707. [PMID: 34407513 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1ebb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid cell electron microscopy is an imaging technique allowing for the investigation of the interaction of liquids and solids at nanoscopic length scales. Suchin situobservations are increasingly in-demand in an array of fields, from biological sciences to medicine to batteries. Graphene liquid cells (GLCs), in particular, have generated a great interest as a low-scattering window material with the potential for increasing the quality of both imaging and spectroscopy. However, preserving the stability of the liquid and of the sample in the GLC remains a considerable challenge. In the present work we encapsulate water and hydroxyapatite (HAP), a pH-sensitive biological material, in GLCs to observe the interactions between the graphene, HAP, and the electron beam. HAP was chosen for several reasons. One is its ubiquity in biological specimens such as bones and teeth, and the second is the presence of phosphate ions in common buffer solutions. Finally, there is its sensitivity to changes in pH, which result from beam-induced hydrolysis in liquid cells. A dynamic process of dissolution and recrystallization of HAP was observed, which correlated with the production of H+ions by the beam during imaging. In addition, a large increase in the stability of the GLC under irradiation was noted. Specifically, no stable hydrogen bubbles were detected under the electron fluxes routinely exceeding 170 e-Å-2s-1. With the measured threshold dose for the bubble formation in pure water equaling 9 e-Å-2s-1, it was concluded that the presence of HAP increases the resistance of water against radiolysis in the GLC by more than an order of magnitude. These results confirm the possibility of using biological materials, such as HAP, as stabilizers in liquid cell electron microscopy. They outline a potential route for stabilization of specimens in liquid cells through the addition of a scavenger of reactive species generated by the beam-induced hydrolysis of water. These improvements are essential for enhancing both the resolution of imaging and the available imaging time, as well as avoiding the beam-induced artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Jokisaari
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Xuan Hu
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arijita Mukherjee
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- TardigradeNano LLC, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States of America
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23
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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24
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Verification of water presence in graphene liquid cells. Micron 2021; 149:103109. [PMID: 34332298 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cells (GLCs) present the thinnest possible sample enclosures for liquid phase electron microscopy. However, the actual presence of liquid within a GLC is not always guaranteed. Of key importance is to reliably test the presence of the liquid, which is most frequently water or saline. Here, the commonly used methods for verifying the presence of water were evaluated. It is shown that depending on the type of sample, applying a single criterion does not always conclusively verify the presence of water. Testing liquid filling for a specific GLC sample preparation protocol should thus be considered critically. The most reliable method is direct observation of the water exciton peak using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). But if this method cannot be carried out, water filling of the GLC can be verified from a combination of higher contrast in the image, the presence of bubbles, and an oxygen signal in the EEL spectrum, which can be accomplished at a high electron dose in spot mode. Nanoparticle movement does not always occur in a GLC.
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25
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Serra-Maia R, Kumar P, Meng AC, Foucher AC, Kang Y, Karki K, Jariwala D, Stach EA. Nanoscale Chemical and Structural Analysis during In Situ Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscopy in Liquids. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10228-10240. [PMID: 34003639 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-cell scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) has impacted our understanding of multiple areas of science, most notably nanostructure nucleation and growth and electrochemistry and corrosion. In the case of electrochemistry, the incorporation of electrodes requires the use of silicon nitride membranes to confine the liquid. The combined thickness of the liquid layer and the confining membranes prevents routine atomic-resolution characterization. Here, we show that by performing electrochemical water splitting in situ to generate a gas bubble, we can reduce the thickness of the liquid to a film approximately 30 nm thick that remains covering the sample. The reduced thickness of the liquid allows the acquisition of atomic-scale S/TEM images with chemical and valence analysis through electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and structural analysis through selected area electron diffraction (SAED). This contrasts with a specimen cell entirely filled with liquid, where the broad plasmon peak from the liquid obscures the EELS signal from the sample and induces beam incoherence that impedes SAED analysis. The gas bubble generation is fully reversible, which allows alternating between a full cell and thin-film condition to obtain optimal experimental and analytical conditions, respectively. The methodology developed here can be applied to other scientific techniques, such as X-ray scattering, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, allowing for a multi-modal, nanoscale understanding of solid-state samples in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Serra-Maia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrew C Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alexandre C Foucher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yijin Kang
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Khim Karki
- Hummingbird Scientific, USA, Lacey, Washington 98516, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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26
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Kubota R, Tanaka W, Hamachi I. Microscopic Imaging Techniques for Molecular Assemblies: Electron, Atomic Force, and Confocal Microscopies. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14281-14347. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Kubota
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- JST-ERATO, Hamachi Innovative Molecular Technology for Neuroscience, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
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27
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Sun M, Tian J, Chen Q. The studies on wet chemical etching via in situ liquid cell TEM. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 231:113271. [PMID: 33879369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Wet chemical etching is a widely used process to fabricate fascinating nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles with precisely controlled size and shape. Understanding the etching mechanism and kinetic evolution process is crucial for controlling wet chemical etching. The development of in situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) enables the study on wet chemical etching with high temporal and spatial resolutions. However, there still lack a detailed literature review on the wet chemical etching studies by in situ LCTEM. In this review, we summarize the studies on wet etching nanoparticles, one-dimensional nanomaterials and nanoribbons by in situ LCTEM, including etching rate, anisotropic etching, morphology evolution process, and etching mechanism. The challenges and opportunities of in situ LCTEM are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiamin Tian
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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28
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Park J, Koo K, Noh N, Chang JH, Cheong JY, Dae KS, Park JS, Ji S, Kim ID, Yuk JM. Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy: Progress, Applications, and Perspectives. ACS NANO 2021; 15:288-308. [PMID: 33395264 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy (GLC-EM), a cutting-edge liquid-phase EM technique, has become a powerful tool to directly visualize wet biological samples and the microstructural dynamics of nanomaterials in liquids. GLC uses graphene sheets with a one carbon atom thickness as a viewing window and a liquid container. As a result, GLC facilitates atomic-scale observation while sustaining intact liquids inside an ultra-high-vacuum transmission electron microscopy chamber. Using GLC-EM, diverse scientific results have been recently reported in the material, colloidal, environmental, and life science fields. Here, the developments of GLC fabrications, such as first-generation veil-type cells, second-generation well-type cells, and third-generation liquid-flowing cells, are summarized. Moreover, recent GLC-EM studies on colloidal nanoparticles, battery electrodes, mineralization, and wet biological samples are also highlighted. Finally, the considerations and future opportunities associated with GLC-EM are discussed to offer broad understanding and insight on atomic-resolution imaging in liquid-state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjae Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunmo Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Namgyu Noh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Cheong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Seong Dae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Ji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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29
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Parent LR, Gnanasekaran K, Korpanty J, Gianneschi NC. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymeric Materials by In Situ Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:14-38. [PMID: 35548998 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A century ago, Hermann Staudinger proposed the macromolecular theory of polymers, and now, as we enter the second century of polymer science, we face a different set of opportunities and challenges for the development of functional soft matter. Indeed, many fundamental questions remain open, relating to physical structures and mechanisms of phase transformations at the molecular and nanoscale. In this Viewpoint, we describe efforts to develop a dynamic, in situ microscopy tool suited to the study of polymeric materials at the nanoscale that allows for direct observation of discrete structures and processes in solution, as a complement to light, neutron, and X-ray scattering methods. Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) is a nascent in situ imaging technique for characterizing and examining solvated nanomaterials in real time. Though still under development, LPTEM has been shown to be capable of several modes of imaging: (1) imaging static solvated materials analogous to cryo-TEM, (2) videography of nanomaterials in motion, (3) observing solutions or nanomaterials undergoing physical and chemical transformations, including synthesis, assembly, and phase transitions, and (4) observing electron beam-induced chemical-materials processes. Herein, we describe opportunities and limitations of LPTEM for polymer science. We review the basic experimental platform of LPTEM and describe the origin of electron beam effects that go hand in hand with the imaging process. These electron beam effects cause perturbation and damage to the sample and solvent that can manifest as artefacts in images and videos. We describe sample-specific experimental guidelines and outline approaches to mitigate, characterize, and quantify beam damaging effects. Altogether, we seek to provide an overview of this nascent field in the context of its potential to contribute to the advancement of polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Parent
- Innovation Partnership Building, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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30
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Hsu WH, Hwang IS. Investigating states of gas in water encapsulated between graphene layers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2635-2645. [PMID: 34164032 PMCID: PMC8179326 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06262f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, only two states are assumed to exist in water: well-dispersed gas monomers and gas bubbles. Rarely is this paradigm explored experimentally. To close this gap, here we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study degassed water, deionized water, and gas-supersaturated water encapsulated in graphene liquid cells. While neither degassed water nor deionized water yielded specific features, two major microscopic structures were evident in gas-supersaturated water: (1) polycrystalline nanoparticles formed of gas molecules and (2) a high density of tiny cells. Dark-field TEM imaging revealed that water molecules surrounding each cell form crystalline structures-a surprising discovery of a clathrate state in gas-supersaturated water that may help resolve several long-standing puzzles. Overall, this study suggests that water may form a matrix that actively interacts with gas molecules in complex and subtle ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Hsu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica Nankang Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Ing-Shouh Hwang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica Nankang Taipei 11529 Taiwan
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31
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Koo K, Park J, Ji S, Toleukhanova S, Yuk JM. Liquid-Flowing Graphene Chip-Based High-Resolution Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005468. [PMID: 33215775 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy represent tremendous potential in many different fields and exciting new opportunities. However, achieving both high-resolution imaging and operando capabilities remain a significant challenge. This work suggests a novel in situ imaging platform of liquid-flowing graphene chip TEM (LFGC-TEM) equipped with graphene viewing windows and a liquid exchange system. The LFGCs are robust under high-pressure gradients and rapid liquid circulation in ranges covering the experimental conditions accessible with conventional thick SiNx chips. LFGC-TEM provides atomic resolution for colloidal nanoparticles and molecular-level information limits for unstained wet biomolecules and cells that are comparable to the resolutions achievable with solid-phase and cryogenic TEM, respectively. This imaging platform can provide an opportunity for live imaging of biological phenomena that is not yet achieved using any current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunmo Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungjae Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Ji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Saltanat Toleukhanova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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32
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Wang L, Liu L, Chen J, Mohsin A, Yum JH, Hudnall TW, Bielawski CW, Rajh T, Bai X, Gao S, Gu G. Synthesis of Honeycomb‐Structured Beryllium Oxide via Graphene Liquid Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy London Centre for Nanotechnology Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
- School of physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ali Mohsin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Jung Hwan Yum
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Todd W. Hudnall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Xuedong Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Shang‐Peng Gao
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Gong Gu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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33
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Noh N, Park J, Park JS, Koo K, Park JY, Yuk JM. Lithographically patterned well-type graphene liquid cells with rational designs. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2796-2803. [PMID: 32633750 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy allows in situ observation of nanomaterial dynamics in a liquid environment. However, this method suffers from both random formation and small size of liquid pockets. Here, we introduce facile and mass-producible graphene-sealed well-type liquid cells with rational designs. The developed liquid cell structure and its formation mechanism depending on hole diameter (d)/spacer thickness (h) ratio are systematically analyzed. Finally, we show its high-resolution imaging and chemical analysis capability for nanoparticles and biomaterial applications. This work will provide an enhanced liquid cell platform for diverse liquid environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namgyu Noh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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34
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Wang L, Liu L, Chen J, Mohsin A, Yum JH, Hudnall TW, Bielawski CW, Rajh T, Bai X, Gao S, Gu G. Synthesis of Honeycomb‐Structured Beryllium Oxide via Graphene Liquid Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15734-15740. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy London Centre for Nanotechnology Thomas Young Centre University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
- School of physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ali Mohsin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Jung Hwan Yum
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Todd W. Hudnall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA
| | - Xuedong Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Shang‐Peng Gao
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Gong Gu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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35
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Qiu S, Garg V, Zhang S, Chen Y, Li J, Taylor A, Marceau RKW, Fu J. Graphene encapsulation enabled high-throughput atom probe tomography of liquid specimens. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 216:113036. [PMID: 32540722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new method for imaging liquid specimens with atom probe tomography (APT) is proposed by introducing graphene encapsulation. By tuning the encapsulation speed and the number of encapsulations, controllable volumes of liquid can be encapsulated on a pre-sharpened specimen tip, with the end radius less than 75 nm to allow field ionization and evaporation. Encapsulation of liquid has been confirmed by using various characterization techniques, including electron microscopy and stimulated emission depletion microscopy. The graphene-encapsulated liquid specimen was then directly frozen at the cryogenic stage inside the atom probe instrument, followed by APT imaging in laser-pulsed mode. Using water as a test example, water-related ions have been identified in the acquired mass spectrum, which are spatially correlated to a reconstructed three-dimensional volume of water on top of the base specimen tip, as clearly revealed in the chemical maps. In addition, the proposed method has also been shown to produce multiple liquid specimens simultaneously on a pre-sharpened silicon micro-tip array for high-throughput APT imaging of liquid specimens. It is expected that the proposed lift-out-free method for preparing APT specimens in their hydrated state will open a new avenue for obtaining insights into various materials at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Vivek Garg
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia; IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Yu Chen
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Geelong, VIC3216, Australia
| | - Ross K W Marceau
- Deakin University, Institute for Frontier Materials, Geelong, VIC3216, Australia.
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC3800, Australia.
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36
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O'Callahan BT, Park KD, Novikova IV, Jian T, Chen CL, Muller EA, El-Khoury PZ, Raschke MB, Lea AS. In Liquid Infrared Scattering Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Chemical and Biological Nanoimaging. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4497-4504. [PMID: 32356991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Imaging biological systems with simultaneous intrinsic chemical specificity and nanometer spatial resolution in their typical native liquid environment has remained a long-standing challenge. Here, we demonstrate a general approach of chemical nanoimaging in liquid based on infrared scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (IR s-SNOM). It is enabled by combining AFM operation in a fluid cell with evanescent IR illumination via total internal reflection, which provides spatially confined excitation for minimized IR water absorption, reduced far-field background, and enhanced directional signal emission and sensitivity. We demonstrate in-liquid IR s-SNOM vibrational nanoimaging and conformational identification of catalase nanocrystals and spatio-spectral analysis of biomimetic peptoid sheets with monolayer sensitivity and chemical specificity at the few zeptomole level. This work establishes the principles of in-liquid and in situ IR s-SNOM spectroscopic chemical nanoimaging and its general applicability to biomolecular, cellular, catalytic, electrochemical, or other interfaces and nanosystems in liquids or solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Eric A Muller
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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37
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Abstract
As a promising tool over the optical resolution limits, liquid electron microscopy is practically utilized to visualize the structural information on wet biological specimens, such as cells, proteins, and nucleic acids. However, the functionality of biomolecules during their observation is still controversial. Here we show the feasibility of live-cell electron microscopy using graphene veils. We demonstrate that the electron dose resistivity of live bacterial cells increases to 100-fold in graphene veils, and thus they maintain their structures and functions after electron microscopy experiments. Our results provide the guidelines and show possibilities for the electron microscopy imaging of live cells and functional biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunmo Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 355 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Seong Dae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 355 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Hahn
- Biomedical Convergence Science & Technology, Industrial Technology Advances, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 355 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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38
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Wu H, Friedrich H, Patterson JP, Sommerdijk NAJM, de Jonge N. Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy for Soft Matter Science and Biology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001582. [PMID: 32419161 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Innovations in liquid-phase electron microscopy (LP-EM) have made it possible to perform experiments at the optimized conditions needed to examine soft matter. The main obstacle is conducting experiments in such a way that electron beam radiation can be used to obtain answers for scientific questions without changing the structure and (bio)chemical processes in the sample due to the influence of the radiation. By overcoming these experimental difficulties at least partially, LP-EM has evolved into a new microscopy method with nanometer spatial resolution and sub-second temporal resolution for analysis of soft matter in materials science and biology. Both experimental design and applications of LP-EM for soft matter materials science and biological research are reviewed, and a perspective of possible future directions is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglong Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Jonge
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
- Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
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39
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Qing F, Zhang Y, Niu Y, Stehle R, Chen Y, Li X. Towards large-scale graphene transfer. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10890-10911. [PMID: 32400813 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01198c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transfer process is crucial for obtaining high-quality graphene for its large-scale industrial application. In this review, graphene transfer methods are systematically classified along with an analysis of the contamination or impurity of graphene that is introduced during the transfer process. Two key processes are emphasized, the substrate removal process and the direct/indirect transfer of graphene. Based on the efficiency and cost factors of industrial scale production, various transfer methods are summarized and evaluated. Potential transfer technologies and future research directions for industrial application are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhu Qing
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| | - Yuting Niu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| | - Richard Stehle
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Sichuan University - Pittsburgh Institute, Sichuan University, Jiang'an Campus, Chengdu 610207, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanfu Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
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40
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Narayanan S, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Shokuhfar T. In Situ Visualization of Ferritin Biomineralization via Graphene Liquid Cell-Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3208-3216. [PMID: 33463263 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin biomineralization is essential to regulate the toxic Fe2+ iron ions in the human body. Unravelling the mechanism of biomineralization in ferritin facilitates our understanding of the causes underlying many iron disorder-related diseases. Until now, no report of in situ visualization of ferritin biomineralization events at nanoscale exists due to the requirement for high-resolution imaging of nanometer-sized ferritin proteins in their hydrated states. Herein, for the first time, we show that the biomineralization processes within individual ferritin proteins can be visualized by means of graphene liquid cell-transmission electron microscopy (GLC-TEM). The increase in the ratio of Fe3+/Fe2+ ions over time monitored via electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) reveals the change in oxidation state of iron oxide phases with time. This study lays a foundation for future investigations on iron regulation mechanisms in healthy and dysfunctional ferritins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Narayanan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Tolou Shokuhfar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 851 South Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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41
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Banner DJ, Firlar E, Jakubonis J, Baggia Y, Osborn JK, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Megaridis CM, Shokuhfar T. Correlative ex situ and Liquid-Cell TEM Observation of Bacterial Cell Membrane Damage Induced by Rough Surface Topology. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1929-1938. [PMID: 32256069 PMCID: PMC7093104 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s232230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoscale surface roughness has been suggested to have antibacterial and antifouling properties. Several existing models have attempted to explain the antibacterial mechanism of nanoscale rough surfaces without direct observation. Here, conventional and liquid-cell TEM are implemented to observe nanoscale bacteria/surface roughness interaction. The visualization of such interactions enables the inference of possible antibacterial mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Nanotextures are synthesized on biocompatible polymer microparticles (MPs) via plasma etching. Both conventional and liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy observations suggest that these MPs may cause cell lysis via bacterial binding to a single protrusion of the nanotexture. The bacterium/protrusion interaction locally compromises the cell wall, thus causing bacterial death. This study suggests that local mechanical damage and leakage of the cytosol kill the bacteria first, with subsequent degradation of the cell envelope. CONCLUSION Nanoscale surface roughness may act via a penetrative bactericidal mechanism. This insight suggests that future research may focus on optimizing bacterial binding to individual nanoscale projections in addition to stretching bacteria between nanopillars. Further, antibacterial nanotextures may find use in novel applications employing particles in addition to nanotextures on fibers or films.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Banner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Emre Firlar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Justas Jakubonis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Yusuf Baggia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Jodi K Osborn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Constantine M Megaridis
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
| | - Tolou Shokuhfar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, USA
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42
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Qiu S, Zheng C, Garg V, Chen Y, Gervinskas G, Li J, Dunstone MA, Marceau RKW, Fu J. Three-Dimensional Chemical Mapping of a Single Protein in the Hydrated State with Atom Probe Tomography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5168-5177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Changxi Zheng
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Vivek Garg
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Yu Chen
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gediminas Gervinskas
- Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle A. Dunstone
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ross K. W. Marceau
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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In Situ
Electron Microscopy of Poly(ethylene glycol) Crystals Grown in Thin Ionic Liquids Films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Bhatt L, Chen L, Guo J, Klie RF, Shi J, Pesavento RP. Hydrolyzed Ce(IV) salts limit sucrose-dependent biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 206:110997. [PMID: 32169780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.110997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have focused on the antimicrobial effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NP) but few have focused on their effects on bacteria under initial biofilm formation conditions. Streptococcus mutans is a prolific biofilm former contributing to dental caries in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates and is a recognized target for therapeutic intervention. CeO2-NP derived solely from Ce(IV) salt hydrolysis were found to reduce adherent bacteria by approximately 40% while commercial dispersions of "bare" CeO2-NP (e.g., 3 nm, 10-20 nm, 30 nm diameter) and Ce(NO3)3·6H2O were either inactive or observed to slightly increase biofilm formation under similar in vitro conditions. Planktonic growth and dispersal assays support a non-bactericidal mode of biofilm inhibition active in the initial phases of S. mutans biofilm production. Human cell proliferation assays suggest only minor effects of hydrolyzed Ce(IV) salts on cellular metabolism at concentrations up to 1 mM Ce, with less observed toxicity compared to equimolar concentrations of AgNO3. The results presented herein have implications in clinical dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopa Bhatt
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jinglong Guo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Robert F Klie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Junhe Shi
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Russell P Pesavento
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; The Center for Biomolecular Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Graphene liquid-cell electron microscopy reveals intermediate states of self-assembly—in this example, DNA when single strands form double helices. Molecules are observed for up to minutes at a time without apparent beam damage when electron energy and electron dose are low. Simultaneous in situ single-molecule imaging of conformational adaptations and motion gives more comprehensive understanding of self-assembly successes, failures, and error-producing mechanisms, confirming some earlier predictions and also presenting surprises. Loop intermediates were observed to facilitate error correction. Hybridization events accompany enhanced translational mobility and mechanistically specific persistent rotation. The information obtained goes beyond that from other single-molecule methods. Traditional single-molecule methods do not report whole-molecule kinetic conformations, and their adaptive shape changes during the process of self-assembly. Here, using graphene liquid-cell electron microscopy with electrons of low energy at low dose, we show that this approach resolves the time dependence of conformational adaptations of macromolecules for times up to minutes, the resolution determined by motion blurring, with DNA as the test case. Single-stranded DNA molecules are observed in real time as they hybridize near the solid surface to form double-stranded helices; we contrast molecules the same length but differing in base-pair microstructure (random, blocky, and palindromic hairpin) whose key difference is that random sequences possess only one stable final state, but the others offer metastable intermediate structures. Hybridization is observed to couple with enhanced translational mobility and torsion-induced rotation of the molecule. Prevalent transient loops are observed in error-correction processes. Transient melting and other failed encounters are observed in the competitive binding of multiple single-stranded molecules. Among the intermediate states reported here, some were predicted but not observed previously, and the high incidence of looping and enhanced mobility come as surprises. The error-producing mechanisms, failed encounters, and transient intermediate states would not be easily resolved by traditional single-molecule methods. The methods generalize to visualize motions and interactions of other organic macromolecules.
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46
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Smith JW, Chen Q. Liquid-phase electron microscopy imaging of cellular and biomolecular systems. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8490-8506. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase electron microscopy, a new method for real-time nanoscopic imaging in liquid, makes it possible to study cells or biomolecules with a singular combination of spatial and temporal resolution. We review the state of the art in biological research in this growing and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
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47
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Narayanan S, Firlar E, Rasul MG, Foroozan T, Farajpour N, Covnot L, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Shokuhfar T. On the structure and chemistry of iron oxide cores in human heart and human spleen ferritins using graphene liquid cell electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16868-16878. [PMID: 31482911 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01541h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a protein that regulates the iron ions in humans by storing them in the form of iron oxides. Despite extensive efforts to understand the ferritin iron oxide structures, it is still not clear how ferritin proteins with a distinct light (L) and heavy (H) chain subunit ratio impact the biomineralization process. In situ graphene liquid cell-transmission electron microscopy (GLC-TEM) provides an indispensable platform to study the atomic structure of ferritin mineral cores in their native liquid environment. In this study, we report differences in the iron oxide formation in human spleen ferritins (HSFs) and human heart ferritins (HHFs) using in situ GLC-TEM. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) along with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) of the mineral core and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analyses enabled the visualization of morphologies, crystal structures and the chemistry of iron oxide cores in HSFs and HHFs. Our study revealed the presence of metastable ferrihydrite (5Fe2O3·9H2O) as a dominant phase in hydrated HSFs and HHFs, while a stable hematite (α-Fe2O3) phase predominated in non-hydrated HSFs and HHFs. In addition, a higher Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio was found in HHFs in comparison with HSFs. This study provides new understanding on iron-oxide phases that exist in hydrated ferritin proteins from different human organs. Such new insights are needed to map ferritin biomineralization pathways and possible correlations with various iron-related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Narayanan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Bioengineering, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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48
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Hufschmid R, Teeman E, Mehdi BL, Krishnan KM, Browning ND. Observing the colloidal stability of iron oxide nanoparticles in situ. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13098-13107. [PMID: 31268080 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03709h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal processes such as nucleation, growth, ripening, and dissolution are fundamental to the synthesis and application of engineered nanoparticles, as well as numerous natural systems. In nanocolloids consisting of a dispersion of nanoparticles in solution, colloidal stability is influenced by factors including the particle surface facet and capping layer, and local temperature, chemistry, and acidity. In this paper, we investigate colloidal stability through the real-time manipulation of nanoparticles using in situ liquid cell Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). In a distribution of uniform iron oxide nanoparticles, we use the electron beam to precisely control the local chemistry of the solution and observe the critical role that surface chemistry plays in nanoparticle stability. By functionalizing the nanoparticle surfaces with charged amino acids and peptides, stability can be tuned to promote dissolution, growth, or agglomeration, either permanently or reversibly. STEM imaging is used to quantify kinetics of individual nanoparticles subject to local variations in chemistry. These measurements of dissolution and growth rates of iron oxide nanoparticles provide insights into nanoparticle stability relevant to synthesis and functionalization for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hufschmid
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2129, USA.
| | - Eric Teeman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2129, USA.
| | - B Layla Mehdi
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK. and Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK
| | - Kannan M Krishnan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2129, USA.
| | - Nigel D Browning
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK. and Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK and Physical and Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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49
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Chen FC, Chen JY, Lin YH, Kuo MY, Hsu YJ, Wu WW. In situ TEM observation of Au-Cu 2O core-shell growth in liquids. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10486-10492. [PMID: 31112184 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00972h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous nanoparticles are widely used in catalysis, sensors and biology due to their versatile functions. Among the various heterogeneous nanoparticles, Au-Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles show high stability and short response times for use as sensors and catalysts and have thus attracted much attention. Previous studies show that the properties of Au-Cu2O are mainly related to the shape and size of the Au-Cu2O nanoparticles. However, the forming behavior of heterostructures and the mechanism have not been fully explored. In this work, liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) was used to investigate the formation of these interesting Au-Cu2O nanoparticles and their process of aggregation. The electron beam and dispersion of gold nanoparticles are both important parameters for the reduction reaction in in situ LCTEM. The Au-Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles can be synthesized to have two morphologies, multifaceted and cubic. The nanoparticles grew into these different morphologies due to the amount of remaining citrate ligands on the surface of the gold nanoparticles. For the multifaceted nanoparticles, the epitaxy of the two components is confirmed from high-resolution TEM images and electron diffraction patterns with an epitaxial relationship of Au (020)//Cu2O (020) and Au [101]//Cu2O [101]. The growth rate is approximately 210 nm2 s-1. On the other hand, the cubic nanoparticles nucleate and grow independently. The growth kinetics and elemental distributions have been systematically studied. In addition, the nanoclusters would float, rotate, and finally aggregate with the surrounding clusters. This in situ experiment sheds light on the growth mechanisms of nanostructures and will improve the applicability and controllability of heterostructure synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, 30010, Hsinchiu, Taiwan.
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50
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Ghodsi SM, Anand S, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Shokuhfar T, Megaridis CM. In Situ Study of Molecular Structure of Water and Ice Entrapped in Graphene Nanovessels. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4677-4685. [PMID: 30908009 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water is ubiquitous in natural systems, ranging from the vast oceans to the nanocapillaries in the earth crust or cellular organelles. In bulk or in intimate contact with solid surfaces, water molecules arrange themselves according to their hydrogen (H) bonding, which critically affects their short- and long-range molecular structures. Formation of H-bonds among water molecules designates the energy levels of certain nonbonding molecular orbitals of water, which are quantifiable by spectroscopic techniques. While the molecular architecture of water in nanoenclosures is of particular interest to both science and industry, it requires fine spectroscopic probes with nanometer spatial resolution and sub-eV energy sensitivity. Graphene liquid cells (GLCs), which feature opposing closely spaced sheets of hydrophobic graphene, facilitate high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements of attoliter water volumes encapsulated tightly in the GLC nanovessels. We perform in situ TEM and EELS analysis of water encased in thin GLCs exposed to room and cryogenic temperatures to examine the nanoscale arrangement of the contained water molecules. Simultaneous quantification of GLC thickness leads to the conclusion that H-bonding strengthens under increased water confinement. The present results demonstrate the feasibility of nanoscale chemical characterization of aqueous fluids trapped in GLC nanovessels and offer insights on water molecule arrangement under high-confinement conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammadreza Ghodsi
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Sushant Anand
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Tolou Shokuhfar
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
| | - Constantine M Megaridis
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
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