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Wu Z, Zhang P, Yue J, Wang Q, Zhuang P, Jehan S, Fan L, Xue J, Zhou W, Wang H. Tea polyphenol nanoparticles enable targeted siRNA delivery and multi-bioactive therapy for abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:471. [PMID: 39118143 PMCID: PMC11308685 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening vascular disease, while there is a lack of pharmaceutical interventions to halt AAA progression presently. To address the multifaceted pathology of AAA, this work develops a novel multifunctional gene delivery system to simultaneously deliver two siRNAs targeting MMP-2 and MMP-9. The system (TPNs-siRNA), formed through the oxidative polymerization and self-assembly of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), efficiently encapsulates siRNAs during self-assembly. TPNs-siRNA safeguards siRNAs from biological degradation, facilitates intracellular siRNA transfection, promotes lysosomal escape, and releases siRNAs to silence MMP-2 and MMP-9. Additionally, TPNs, serving as a multi-bioactive material, mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation, fosters M1-to-M2 repolarization of macrophages, and inhibits cell calcification and apoptosis. In experiments with AAA mice, TPNs-siRNA accumulated and persisted in aneurysmal tissue after intravenous delivery, demonstrating that TPNs-siRNA can be significantly distributed in macrophages and VSMCs relevant to AAA pathogenesis. Leveraging the carrier's intrinsic multi-bioactive properties, the targeted siRNA delivery by TPNs exhibits a synergistic effect for enhanced AAA therapy. Furthermore, TPNs-siRNA is gradually metabolized and excreted from the body, resulting in excellent biocompatibility. Consequently, TPNs emerges as a promising multi-bioactive nanotherapy and a targeted delivery nanocarrier for effective AAA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yue
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Peipei Zhuang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Shah Jehan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiarun Xue
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
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2
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Mo F, Wang C, Li S, Li Z, Xiao C, Zhang Y, Hu C, Wang E, Lin P, Yuan T, Zuo Z, Fu W, Chen X, Ren L, Wang L. A Dual-Targeting, Multi-Faceted Biocompatible Nanodrug Optimizes the Microenvironment to Ameliorate Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2405761. [PMID: 38923441 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a highly lethal cardiovascular disease that currently lacks effective pharmacological treatment given the complex pathophysiology of the disease. Here, single-cell RNA-sequencing data from patients with AAA and a mouse model are analyzed, which reveals pivotal pathological changes, including the M1-like polarization of macrophages and the loss of contractile function in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Both cell types express the integrin αvβ3, allowing for their dual targeting with a single rationally designed molecule. To this end, a biocompatible nanodrug, which is termed EVMS@R-HNC, that consists of the multifunctional drug everolimus (EVMS) encapsulated by the hepatitis B virus core protein modifies to contain the RGD sequence to specifically bind to integrin αvβ3 is designed. Both in vitro and in vivo results show that EVMS@R-HNC can target macrophages as well as SMCs. Upon binding of the nanodrug, the EVMS is released intracellularly where it exhibits multiple functions, including inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization, thereby suppressing the self-propagating inflammatory cascade and immune microenvironment imbalance, while preserving the normal contractile function of SMCs. Collectively, these results suggest that EVMS@R-HNC presents a highly promising therapeutic approach for the management of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fandi Mo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Chufan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Zheyun Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuchong Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Chengkai Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Enci Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Tong Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Ziang Zuo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Weiguo Fu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Theranostics Center of Excellence (TCE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Lei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province University/Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Vascular Surgery Institute of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery (Xiamen), Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China
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3
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Zu HL, Zhuang PP, Peng Y, Peng C, Peng C, Zhu ZJ, Yao Y, Yue J, Wang QS, Zhou WH, Wang HY. Dual-Drug Nanomedicine Assembly with Synergistic Anti-Aneurysmal Effects via Inflammation Suppression and Extracellular Matrix Stabilization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402141. [PMID: 38953313 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) represents a critical cardiovascular condition characterized by localized dilation of the abdominal aorta, carrying a significant risk of rupture and mortality. Current treatment options are limited, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches. This study investigates the potential of a pioneering nanodrug delivery system, RAP@PFB, in mitigating AAA progression. RAP@PFB integrates pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) and rapamycin (RAP) within a metal-organic-framework (MOF) structure through a facile assembly process, ensuring remarkable drug loading capacity and colloidal stability. The synergistic effects of PGG, a polyphenolic antioxidant, and RAP, an mTOR inhibitor, collectively regulate key players in AAA pathogenesis, such as macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In macrophages, RAP@PFB efficiently scavenges various free radicals, suppresses inflammation, and promotes M1-to-M2 phenotype repolarization. In SMCs, it inhibits apoptosis and calcification, thereby stabilizing the extracellular matrix and reducing the risk of AAA rupture. Administered intravenously, RAP@PFB exhibits effective accumulation at the AAA site, demonstrating robust efficacy in reducing AAA progression through multiple mechanisms. Moreover, RAP@PFB demonstrates favorable biosafety profiles, supporting its potential translation into clinical applications for AAA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin Zu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Pei Pei Zhuang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zi Jia Zhu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Jie Yue
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Qing Shan Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Wen Hu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Hai Yang Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
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4
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Jian C, Wang M, Qian Y, Song X, Wang L, Li L, Huang L, Wang G, Shi X, Dong J, Li H, Lin A, Shi L. A TLR4-Targeting Bioactive Peptide Hydrogel to Regulate Immune-Microenvironment for Diabetic Wound Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400391. [PMID: 38568683 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation and disrupted immunoregulation are critical factors in impeding diabetic wound healing. While immunoregulatory hydrogel dressings hold significant promise for clinical applications in diabetic wound healing, the current application often demands intricate interventions and high-cost treatments involving cytokines and cell therapies. The development of single component immunoregulatory hydrogels remains a complex challenge. To address this issue, an active peptide hydrogel with immunoregulatory properties targeting the TLR4/NF-kB pathway, aiming to promote rapid diabetic wound healing, is engineered. The hydrogel sequence comprises naphthalene derivative, phenylalanine, and glycine to modulate hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics. The amino group on arginine contributes to tissue adhesion and regulation of intermolecular forces, ultimately yielding stable gels. The results underscore the formation of the peptide hydrogel (NFA) via the physical crosslinking of self-assembled nanofibers in water, thereby affording both excellent injectability and tissue adhesion. Notably, NFA demonstrates significant potential in promoting wound healing in a mouse model with full-thickness wounds by regulating macrophage responses in the inflammatory microenvironment through the TLR4/NF-kB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiang Jian
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Minjia Wang
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yunyun Qian
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ling Li
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Xianjie Shi
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jinqiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ang Lin
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Leilei Shi
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Chen J, Ren T, Xie L, Hu H, Li X, Maitusong M, Zhou X, Hu W, Xu D, Qian Y, Cheng S, Yu K, Wang JA, Liu X. Enhancing aortic valve drug delivery with PAR2-targeting magnetic nano-cargoes for calcification alleviation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:557. [PMID: 38228638 PMCID: PMC10792006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease is a prevalent cardiovascular disease with no available drugs capable of effectively preventing its progression. Hence, an efficient drug delivery system could serve as a valuable tool in drug screening and potentially enhance therapeutic efficacy. However, due to the rapid blood flow rate associated with aortic valve stenosis and the lack of specific markers, achieving targeted drug delivery for calcific aortic valve disease has proved to be challenging. Here we find that protease-activated-receptor 2 (PAR2) expression is up-regulated on the plasma membrane of osteogenically differentiated valvular interstitial cells. Accordingly, we develop a magnetic nanocarrier functionalized with PAR2-targeting hexapeptide for dual-active targeting drug delivery. We show that the nanocarriers effectively deliver XCT790-an anti-calcification drug-to the calcified aortic valve under extra magnetic field navigation. We demonstrate that the nano-cargoes consequently inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of valvular interstitial cells, and alleviate aortic valve calcification and stenosis in a high-fat diet-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mouse model. This work combining PAR2- and magnetic-targeting presents an effective targeted drug delivery system for treating calcific aortic valve disease in a murine model, promising future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tanchen Ren
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Lan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haochang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200030, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Miribani Maitusong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuhao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wangxing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dilin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Si Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kaixiang Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310053, P.R. China.
| | - Xianbao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, P.R. China.
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